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Designul Auto UNIVERSITATEA POLITEHNICA DIN BUCUREŞTI FACULTATEA DE INGINERIE MECANICA SI MECATRONICA DESIGNUL AUTO 2012 1 CUPRINS CAPITOLUL 1. Designul auto…………………………………………..pag 3; Elementele de design…………………………………..pag 3; Design de Exterior (styling)…………………………...pag 3; Design interior (styling)……………………………….pag 3; Design de culoare şi trim……………………………....pag 4; CAPITOLUL 2. Istoria designului de automobile din SUA…………….pag 4; Caroseriile auto……………………………………….pag 4; Constructia automobilelor……………………………..pag 5; CAPITOLUL 3. Stiluri în curs de utilizare …….……………………….pag 6; Stiluri de corp Historical………………………………pag 10; CAPITOLUL 4. Jaguar XJ-istoria designului…………………………..pag 12; Efectul interior al Fiat Puncto Evo…………………….pag 13; Ferrari 458 Italia-istoria designului,balans dinamic…...pag 13; Top 10: Maşinile cu cel mai bun design……………….pag 14 Bibliografie……………………………………pag 15; Designul auto 2 Proiectarea automobilelor este profesia implicatǎ în dezvoltarea de apariţie şi într-o anumită măsură, ergonomia, autovehiculelor sau mai exact vehicule rutiere. Acest lucru cel mai frecvent se referă la automobile, de asemenea, se referă la motociclete, camioane, autobuze, autocare, şi furgonete. Designul funcţional şi de dezvoltare a unui autovehicul modern este de obicei efectuată de către o echipă mare din mai multe discipline diferite incluzând inginerii auto. Proiectarea automobilelor în acest context, este în curs de dezvoltare, cu aspectul vizual sau estetica vehiculului de asemenea, este implicat în crearea conceptului de produs. Designul antomobilelor este practicat de designeri, care de obicei au un fundal de artă şi un grad în design industrial sau de transport de proiectare. Elementele de design Misiunea echipei de proiectare este, de obicei, împărţiţǎ în trei aspecte principale: amenajǎri exterioare, design interior, precum şi de culoare şi de design total. Designul vizează nu numai privirea la forma izolatǎ- exteriorul pieselor auto,ci se concentrează şi asupra combinaţiei de forma şi funcţie, pornind de la vehicul. Valoarea estetică va trebui să corespundă , de asemenea cu funcţionalitatea ergonomicǎ şi funcţiile de utilitate. În special, componentele vehiculelor electronice şi piesele vor oferi mai multe provocări pentru designerii de automobile, care sunt necesare pentru a actualiza cele mai recente informaţii şi cunoştinţe asociate cu vehiculul în curs de dezvoltare, în special ecranele, dispozitive mobile, cum ar fi de navigaţie GPS, radio prin satelit, radio HD, televiziune mobilă, MP3 playere, redare video şi interfeţe smartphone. Deşi nu toate gadget-uri noi ale vehiculelor urmează a fi desemnate ca elemente standard de fabrică, unele dintre acestea ar putea fi parte integrantă în determinarea cursului viitor al modelelor vehiculelor specifice . Design de Exterior (styling) Stilistul care răspunde de proiectarea exteriorului vehiculului dezvoltă proporţiile, forma şi suprafeţe vehiculului. Designul exterior este primul efectuat de către o serie de desene digitale sau manuale. Progresiv desenele mai detaliate sunt executate şi aprobate. Clay (plastilina industrialǎ) sau modelele digitale sunt dezvoltate împreună cu desenele. Datele din aceste modele sunt apoi folosite pentru a crea un plin de dimensiuni şi deasemenea macheta designului final (organism în alb), POZA 12 . Cu 3 şi 5 axe CNC, maşini de frezat, primul model de lut este proiectat într-un program de computer şi apoi "sculptat", folosind maşina şi cantitǎţi mari de lut. Chiar şi în momente de inaltaǎ clasǎ 3d software-ul şi modele virtuale pe powerwalls duc la concluzia cǎ model de lut este în continuare cel mai important instrument pentru a evalua concepţia despre o maşină şi, prin urmare, utilizat în întreaga industrie. Design interior (styling) Stilistul care răspunde de proiectarea interiorului vehiculului dezvoltă proporţiile, forma, plasamentul şi suprafeţele pentru tabloul de bord, scaune, usi panouri trim, headliner, ornamentele ,pilonul, etc . Aici accentul se pune pe ergonomie şi confortul pasagerilor . Procedura este aceeaşi ca cea a unui design exterior (schiţă, POZA 13, model digital şi model de lut). Design de culoare şi trim 3 De culoare şi trim (sau de culoare şi de materiale) designerul este responsabil pentru cercetare, proiectare, precum şi dezvoltarea tuturor culorilelor de interior şi exterior şi materialele utilizate pe un vehicul. Acestea includ vopsele, materiale plastice, desene din stofǎ, piele, POZA 14 , mochetǎ, headliner, interior ornat cu lemn , culoare, contrast, texturǎ, model şi trebuie să fie atent combinate pentru a oferi vehiculului o experienţă unică de interior de mediu. Designerii totali colaboreazǎ strâns cu designeri de exterior si interior.Designerii se inspirǎ din alte discipline, cum ar fi: design industrial, modǎ, mobilier de acasă şi arhitecturǎ. Cercetarea se face în tendinţele globale de design pentru proiecte de doi-trei ani, în modelul de viitor. Plǎcile de trend sunt create din această cercetare, în scopul de a urmări influenţe de design care se referă la industria de automobile. Designerul apoi utilizează aceste informaţii pentru a dezvolta teme şi concepte care apoi sunt în continuare rafinate şi testate pe modele de vehicule. Istoria designului de automobile din SUA În SUA, designul automobilelor a ajuns la un punct de cotitură în 1924, atunci când piaţa americană naţională de automobile a ajuns la saturaţie. Pentru a menţine unitatea de vânzare, General Motors cap Alfred P. Sloan Jr. a conceput modelul anual-schimbări anuale de proiectare pentru a convinge proprietarii de maşina pe care au nevoie să o cumpere - un schimbare care se face în fiecare an. Sloganul preferat a fost termenul de "uzura dinamică". Această strategie a avut ca anvergură efecte asupra afacerii auto, domeniul de design de produs, precum şi în cele din economia americană. Jucători mai mici nu ar putea să menţină ritmul şi cheltuieli anuale de re-styling. Henry Ford nu are cum sǎ efectueze schimbarea anualǎ pentru că s-a agăţat de noţiuni de inginerie de simplitate, economie de scară şi integritate de design. GM a depasit vânzǎrile Ford în 1931 şi a devenit jucător dominant în industria de după această dată. Modificările frecvente de proiectare, de asemenea, a fost necesare pentru a utiliza un organism de-pe-cadru, mai degrabă decât mai uşoare, dar mai puţin flexibil în proiectare lucru unic utilizat de către producătorii de automobile europene. Cel mai renumit stilist auto american este, probabil, Harley Earl, care a adus idei şi alte referinţe aeronautice de proiectare pentru a realiza automobilul în anii 1950. El s-a alăturat designerilor legendari de Gordon Buehrig, responsabil pentru Auburn 851 şi măduva iconicǎ 810 şi 812 (de unde, de asemenea, Hupmobile Skylark şi la Hollywood Graham). Caroseriile auto Automobile poate fii create într-o mare varietate de stiluri şi corpuri diferite. Unele sunt încă în producţie, în timp ce altele sunt numai de interes istoric numai. Aceste stiluri sunt în mare măsură (deşi nu a fost complet), independent de clasificarea unei maşini în ceea ce priveşte preţul, mărimea şi destinaţia pieţei generale; acelaşi model de maşinǎ ar putea fi disponibilǎ în mai multe stiluri de corp intervale (sau model). Pentru unele dintre următorii termeni, în special cu privire la patru roţi motrice / modele SUV, microbuz / modele MPV, distincţia între stilul caroseriei şi de clasificare este deosebit de îngustă.Reţineţi că, în timp ce fiecare stil are o definiţie istorică şi tehnicǎ, în utilizarea comună astfel de definiţii sunt adesea neclare. În inginerie auto, caroseria unui automobil , POZA 15, este structura care protejează: Ocupanţii,Orice altă sarcină utilă,Componentele mecanice. În vehicule cu un cadru separat al şasiului termenul este aplicat în mod normal, doar 4 panourilor structurale, inclusiv uşi şi alte panouri mobile, dar poate fi, de asemenea, folosit mai mult pentru a include componentelor structurale care sprijină componentele mecanice. Constructia automobilelor Există trei tipuri principale de caroserie auto: Automobile din primul model au fost adaptate în mare parte de la trăsuri trase de cai , POZA 16, şi a avut corp-pe-cadru de construcţie cu un cadru de lemn şi produse din lemn sau panouri metalice ca structurǎ. Acestea erau create din lemn, încadrate de vehicule cu motor de producţie pentru a rămâne pe piaţǎ pânǎ in zilele noastre, multe din maşinile făcute de Morgan Motor Company încă mai au structuri din lemn care stau la baza lor de caroserie. Un şasiu din oţel sau cadru scarǎ a fost înlocuit cu rama de lemn. Această formă de corp-pa-cadru de construcţie este în continuare comunǎ pentru vehiculele comerciale.Monocoque, sau unibody de construcţie, din care face parte şasiul sunt integrate şi cu corpul de metal. Acesta oferă suport pentru toate componentele mecanice, precum şi de protecţie pentru ocupanţii vehiculului. Deşi nu există nici un cadru separat complet sau al şasiului, multe monocoque / unibody partea desenelor şi modelelor acum includ adesea subcadre. Oţelul de construcţie monocoque este acum cea mai comună formă de caroserie auto, cu toate că aluminiul si fibra de carbon pot fi, de asemenea, folosite.Masinile moderne pot utiliza, de asemenea, policarbonaţi. Mai puţin frecventsunt incluse în cadru tipuri de tuburi şi modele de cadru spaţiu utilizate pentru maşini de înaltă performanţă. Au fost, de asemenea, hibrizi de diferite modele , de exemplu, Volkswagen Beetle a avut un şasiu, constând din podea, glafuri uşă şi tunelul de centrale, dar acest lucru s-a întemeiat pe şasiu rigid furnizat
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