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Triatominos De Venezuela: Aspectos Taxonómicos, Biológicos, Distribución Geográfica E Importancia Médica

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Triatominos De Venezuela: Aspectos Taxonómicos, Biológicos, Distribución Geográfica E Importancia Médica CAZORLA-PERFETTI D, ET AL ARTÍCULO ESPECIAL Avances Cardiol 2010;30(4):347-369 Triatominos de Venezuela: aspectos taxonómicos, biológicos, distribución geográfica e importancia médica Triatomine bugs from Venezuela: taxonomic and biological aspects, geographic distribution and medical significance Drs. Dalmiro J. Cazorla-Perfetti1 MSc, DrSc, Elsa E. Nieves-Blanco2 MSc, PhD 1Laboratorio de Entomología, Parasitología y Medicina Tropical (L.E.P.A.M.E.T.), Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CIB), Universidad Nacional Experimental “Francisco de Miranda” (UNEFM), Coro-RB de Venezuela. 2 Laboratorio de Parasitología Experimental (LAPEX), Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida-RB de Venezuela. RESUMEN geniculatus generalmente considerada de poseer hábitos Se ha realizado una revisión actualizada y crítica de los silvestres, aparece implicada como un vector relevante de la triatominos vectores de la enfermedad de Chagas actualmente protozoosis en la región centro-norte, pero su potencialidad descritos para Venezuela, haciéndose hincapié en los aspectos para domiciliarse requiere ser precisado, similarmente las taxonómicos, bio-ecológicos, distribuciones geográficas y especies T. nigromaculata y Eratyrus mucronatus, toda vez epidemiológicos. La situación actual de TRIATOMINAE que se han capturado intradomiciliarmente ninfas e imagos, de Venezuela revela que existen 22 especies con status aunque en pocas densidades. En virtud de que los estudios taxonómicos considerados válidos, agrupadas en 5 tribus y 9 moleculares y/o morfométricos indican que en R. prolixus, R. géneros. De estas, 19 especies se han encontrado infectadas robustus, R. pictipes, P. geniculatus y T. dimidiata existen naturalmente con Trypanosoma cruzi. Rhodnius prolixus complejos de especies, es necesario aplicar estas técnicas es considerado el principal vector, Triatoma maculata se a las poblaciones triatominas venezolanas. Torrealbaia le ha incriminado como vector alterno, y Panstrongylus martinezi, Psammolestes salazari, P. herreri and P. turpiali son sinonimias confirmadas de Amphibolus, P. arthuri, P. lignarius y P. chinai, respectivamente, recomendándose implementar herramientas taxonómicas complementarias CORRESPONDENCIA para su correcta identificación. Se requiere incrementar los Dr. Dalmiro Cazorla P. muestreos de campo para confirmar la presencia de 6 especies L.E.P.A.M.E.T., CIB, UNEFM, Apartado Postal 7403, Coro con uno o pocos ejemplares conocidos. Es imperativo realizar 4101. estudios morfológicos, ecológicos, citogenéticos, moleculares Estado Falcón, Venezuela. y epidemiológicos para precisar la identificación y rol en la Telefax: 0058-268-252.16.68. transmisión zoonótica y/o antropozoonótica/zooantroponótica E-mail: [email protected] de T. cruzi de los triatominos de Venezuela. DECLARACIÓN DE CONFLICTO DE INTERÉS DE LOS AUTORES Palabras clave: Triatominae, Enfermedad de Chagas, No hay conflicto de intereses que declarar sobre este tópico. Venezuela AGRADECIMIENTO Tecana American University, Miami, Florida, EE.UU. Este SUMMARY trabajo recibió financiamiento parcial de la UNEFM, Coro, Estado Falcón, Venezuela. An updated list and critical revision have been made of Chagas disease triatomine vectors actually recorded from Venezuela. Highlighted notes on their taxonomic, bioecological, Recibido en: julio 29, 2010 geographical distribution and epidemiological aspects is given. Aceptado en: noviembre 11, 2010 Up till now, there has been recorded 22 triatomine species in Avances Cardiol 347 TRIATOMINOS DE VENEZUELA Venezuela with taxonomic status considered as valid, grouped “fitófagos” (fito= planta; fago= alimentación), los into 9 genus forming 5 tribes. Of these, 19 species has been cuales se alimentan de savia vegetal, “entomófagos” found naturally infected with Tryapanosoma cruzi. Rhodnius prolixus is regarded as the main vector and Triatoma maculata (entomo= insecto; fago= alimentación) que son as of a secondary importance one. Panstrongylus geniculatus predadores de otros artrópodos al succionarles commonly reported as a sylvatic vector, appears strongly sus fluidos, y “hematófagos” (hemato= sangre; involucrate in the dwelling transmission of Chagas disease in fago= alimentación) que necesitan de la sangre north-central region of Venezuela, nevertheless it’s domiciliation de los vertebrados para nutrirse y desarrollar trend needs to be precise, as well as those of T. nigromaculata (1) and Eratyrus mucronatus, due to a low density of nymph and sus huevos . De las 73 familias que integran a adults have been found into human dwellings. R. prolixus, R. los Heterópteros (2), los triatominos se ubican en robustus, R. pictipes, P. geniculatus y T. dimidiata belong to la familia reduviidae, que se distinguen de las a species complex as reveal by molecular and morphometric restantes, entre otros caracteres, por la posesión studies. Therefore, these taxonomic tools should be applied to the Venezuelan triatomine bug species. Torrealbaia martinezi, de un “rostrum” tri segmentado que se fija sobre el (3) Psammolestes salazari, P. herreri y P. turpiali are confirmed “sulco estridulatorio” en el proesterno . junior synonymies of Amphibolus, P. arthuri, P. lignarius and P. chinai, respectively; thus, using complementary taxonomic Triatominae es una de las 31 subfamilias tools for their correct identification is recommended. Only 1 or que componen a los reduvídeos; generalmente, few individuals have been recorded of 6 triatomine species, thus dentro de sus características biológicas distintivas extensive field sampling should be implemented for confirming destacan antes que nada su obligada hematofagia, them. It’s imperative to perform morphological, ecological, y desde el punto de vista morfológico, la posesión citogenetic, molecular and epidemiological studies for a precise taxonomic identification and role played for zoonotic and/or de una conexión membranosa entre los segundo y antropozoonotic/zooanthroponotic transmission of T. cruzi of tercer segmentos del “rostrum”, que les permite the triatomine bug species present in Venezuela. una amplia flexión del tercer segmento rostral en el acto de hematofagia (3). Sin embargo, se debe acotar en primer lugar que los triatominos no Key words: Triatominae, Chagas disease, Venezuela son la única sufamilia de reduvídeos con hábitos hematofágicos (e.g., emesiinae, harpactorinae, piratinae, physoderinae, reduviinae), y que no Aspectos taxonómicos todas las especies son estrictamente hematófagas, Los triatominos representan un grupo de al existir algunas que poseen conductas tácitamente animales de la clase insecta. Dentro de los 31 de predación (e.g., Belminus, Eratyrus, Triatoma) órdenes que abarcan los insectos, los triatominos (4). Por otra parte, las características morfológicas se ubican en el orden hemiptera, el cual comprende distintivas entre los triatominos y otras subfamilias actualmente tres subórdenes: auchenorrhyncha, de Reduvideos no son tan explícitas, al existir sternorrhyncha, anteriormente ambos conformaban sinonimias e identificaciones incorrectas aun a nivel el orden homóptera, y heteróptera; todos tienen de subfamilias (4). partes bucales adaptadas para perforar y chupar (1). La subfamilia triatominae está compuesta Los insectos ubicados en el suborden heteróptera (del actualmente por alrededor de 140 taxones, griego heteros-diferente) se distinguen por poseer agrupados en 6 tribus y, dependiendo del criterio sus alas anteriores, denominadas “hemiélitros”, con de los investigadores, 15-18 géneros, incluyendo la mitad basal membranosa o más delgadas que la Alberproseniini (Alberprosenia), Bolboderini otra mitad distal, la cual es más coriácea; además, (Bolbodera, Belminus, Microtriatoma, Parabelminus), en los miembros del grupo la trompa, “rostrum” Linshcosteusinii (Linshcosteus), Cavernicolini o aparato succionador sale de la parte frontal de la (Cavernicola), Rhodniini (Rhodnius, Psammolestes) cabeza (1). y Triatomini (Triatoma, Meccus, Hermanlentia, Este aparato picador/succionador les permite Eratyrus, Mepraia, Dipetalogaster, Panstrongylus, alimentarse de líquidos de diversa naturaleza, Nesotriatoma, Paratriatoma) (4,5). característica esta que permite agruparlos en 348 Vol. 30, Nº 4, diciembre 2010 CAZORLA-PERFETTI D, ET AL Importancia médica de los triatominos Situación de la enfermedad de Chagas en Venezuela La relevancia de los triatominos en la Salud Pública radica en su condición de ser los vectores En Venezuela, se debe a E. Tejera en 1919 biológicos de la enfermedad de Chagas, tanto a la presentación del primer caso de la enfermedad nivel silvestre como en los ambientes sinatrópicos, de Chagas en humanos (10,11). En los años 60-70, donde algunas especies transmiten la enfermedad los registros oficiales del Ministerio de Sanidad y en humanos y/o sus animales domésticos (6). La Asistencia Social arrojaban cifras de hasta cerca tripanosomiasis americana, o enfermedad de del 40% de seropositividad al T. cruzi (10,11). Con la Chagas, es una protozoosis ocasionada por el puesta en marcha del Programa Nacional contra la flagelado Trypanosoma (Schizotrypanum) cruzi enfermedad de Chagas, mediante la implementación (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae), siendo del rociado de insecticidas de origen químico y ubicado el mismo en el grupo “Stercoraria” de los la mejora de las viviendas, se ha logrado reducir tripanosomas que contaminan a sus hospedadores los índices de infestación de las viviendas de 17,9 vertebrados a través de las heces de los insectos-
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