DOCSLIB.ORG

Effects of Macro-Components and Sucrose in the Medium on in Vitro

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Effects of Macro-Components and Sucrose in the Medium on in Vitro 235 Short Communication Plant Biotechnology, 16 (3), 235- 238 (1999) Effects of Macro- COmponents and Sucrose in the Medium on in vitro Red- COlor Pigmentation ill Dionaea muscipula Ellis and Drosera spathulata Labill. Sayuri ICHIISHl* Toshiharu NAGAMITSU*, Yusuke Tsukasa IWASHINA* * , KONDO* , Katsuhiko KONDO* * * ,t and Norikazu TAGASHIRA* * * *Plant Bio- technology Section, Sanmei Electric Co., Ltd., 5- 7, Sumiyoshi- Cho. Handa City 475- 0862. Japan **Tsukuba Botanical Garden, National Science Museum, 1. City O005. 4- I- Amakubo, Tsukuba 305- Japan ***Laboratory of Plant Chromosome and Gene Stock, Faculty of Science, Hiroshima University, City 739-8526, 1- 4-3 Kagamiyama. Higashi-Hiroshima Japan E- mail :[email protected] u.ac.jp Received 21 september 1998; accepted 15 March 1999 Abstract in (1/2 red Effects of the five macro - components and sucrose half strength MS MS) agar medium on in the plant bodies of muscipula spathulata - color pigmentation were studied Dionaea and Drosera generated from multiple shoots in vitro. In 1/2 MS agar medium modified with 10.31 mM NH4N03 and 9.40 mM KN03 and supplemented with 0.75 or O% sucrose the subcultured plants continuously proliferated by multiple shoots and generated large, green - colored plants, while with dilution of those nitrogen components and increase of sucrose to 1.5% the red - oolor anthocyanin pigmentation spread from the glands or glandular hairs to the entire leaves and the plant sizes and dry weight decreased in inverse proportion to the depth of red color. The anthocyanin pigments of Dionaea muscipula consisted glucoside (chrysan- of delphinidin 3- O- glucoside which was new to the species and cyanidin 3- O= themin), and those of Drosera spathulata, studied here for the first time, consisted of cyanidin 3,5 - di - galactoside (idaein), cyanidin glucoside, pelargonidin O- glucoside (cyanin), cyanidin 3- O- 3- O- 3- O- galactoside, and pelargonidin 3- O- glucoside (callistephin). Dionaea muscipula Ellis and Drosera spathulata few species of Drosera other than D, spathulata Labill. in the Droseraceae are ornamental, carniv- (Gascoigne et al., 1948; Paris and Denis, 1957; orous plants (Kondo and Kondo, 1983). The plant Paris and Delaveau, 1959; Bienenfeld and Katz- bodies of the two species vary in coloration from meister, 1966; Bendz and Lindberg, 1968; Bendz green to red. However, plants with stable red color and Lindberg, 1970; Ayuga et al., 1985). are horticulturally more desirable than green ones. Dionaea muscipula and Drosera spathulata, The commercialized cultivars of 'Red Dragon', which are autotrophic plants, commonly occupy 'Red Giant', 'Red Purple', and 'Royal Red' of relatively closed ecosystems where the soil is poor Dionaea muscipula are artificially selected to bring in nutrient substances, wet and acid. They take in out a stable, deep red- color pigment in whole plant and absorb nutrients directly from small animal body when cultivated in vivo. resources by way of carnivorous leaves (Lloyd, Although anthocyanin pigmentation in leaves of a 1942). Darwin (1875) and some other workers few species of Dionaea and Drosera is a common (Kellermann and Raumer, 1878; Thum, 1988, 1989; phenomenon, it has been poorly characterized with Gibson, 1991) stated that the plants of some Dros- limited references; cyanidin -3 -glucoside in Dio- era species fed small animals artificially through naea muscipula (Di Gregorio and Di Palma, 1961; their leaves increased the number of flowers, total Jay and Lebreton, 1972), cyanidin-glycoside, mal- weight of seeds and vegetative organs. In contrast, vidin- glycosides, pelargonidin- glycoside, quercetin the plants of Dionaea muscipula and some Drosera galactoside, qercetin- digalactoside, in species fed mineral nutrients through their under- - 3- and 3- a ground roots in vivo grew poorly (Robert and t addressed. To whorn correspondence should be Oosting, 1958; Juniper et al., 1989). A tissue culture 236 of another carnivorous plant, Utricularia praelonga color pigmentation in the inner surface of the trap St. Hil., (Idei and Kondo, 1998) showed different 10be in Dionaea muscipula and in the glandular hair organogenesis, micropropagation, growth forms, in Drosera spathulata and in the whole leaves of the and so on by adjusting KN03 concentrations be- both species after four months culture. However, well they plant In 1/2 tween 24.73 and 3 mM as as BAP (N6 - made growth worse. contrast, MS benzylaminopurine) concentrations in B5 (Gamborg media with more to complete macro -components et al., 1968) Iiquid medium. However, studies on promoted deeper green color in the whole plant the correlation between nutrients and anthocyanin bodies and larger growth and more proliferation in pigmentation in Dionaea miscipula and Drosera the both species. spathulata as well as other carnivorous plants are Moreover, the modified 1/2 MS media with no very much lacking. NH4N03 resulted in some red colored glands, glan- Seeds of Dionaea muscipula and Drosera spathu- dular tissues and sensitive hairs but green color in lata Kanto type collected in cultivation were sur- the other parts of the leaves in Dionaea muscipula face-sterilized with 0.1% (w/v) benzalkonium after four months culture and the modified 1/2 MS chloride solution for 5 min, 1% (w/v) sodium medium with no NH4N03 and no KN03 resulted red hypochlorite solution for 5 min, 70% (v/v) ethanol coloration in the inner surface of the trap lobe and for 30 s and were rinsed three times with sterile, relatively red color in the whole leaves and reduc- distilled water before they were sown on half tion of dry weight (Fig. 1). Thus, NH~N03 among strength of MS (1/2 MS; Murashige and Skoog, the macro -components of the 1/2 MS media could 1962) medium supplemented with O.8% sucrose. be the major nitrogen source for Dionaea muscipula They germinated 30 to 60 days after they were to giving thin red -color pigmentation and more sown. green color and to increasing plant growth. The Individual leaves of Dionaea muscipula used as natural habitat of Dionaea muscipula in North explants were planted on 1/2 MS supplernented with Carolina, U.S.A, has low contents of NH4' (2 1.5% sucrose. After 5 months they propagated an mg/Kg dry weight), P04 (less than 2 mg/Kg), K (2 average of 6plants per explant by adventitious buds mg/Kg) and Mg (1 mglKg) and no N03~, Ca and and multiple shoots. Each plant averaged 2 cm in Mn (Robert and Oosting, 1958). diameter, 0.12 ~ 0.04 g fresh weight, and 0.02 d:: Similarly, the lack of NH4N03 and KN03 among 0.00 g dry weight was used for the present experi- the macro -components of the 1/2 MS medium ment. deepened red- color pigmentation in glandular hairs Individual plants of Drosera spathulata averaging and the other parts of the leaves and reduced plant 2.5 cm in diameter each were used as explants. growth and dry weight in Drosera spathulata. On planted and subcultured at intervals of the other hand, the lack They were of NH4N03 and MgS0.1 ' 20 days on 1/2 MS supplemented with 1.5% su- 7H20 among the macro -components of the 1/2 MS crose. After 5 months they propagated numerous medium exhibited healthy -looking plant bodies plants per explant by multiple shoots. Plants aver- without any dead leaf but no plant growth perhaps aging 2.5 cm diameter, 0.14 ~: 0.03 g fresh weight, due to the balanced combination of N, P, K, and Ca. and 0.02 i 0.00 g dry weight were used for the In contrast, when the 1/2 MS medium lacked CaC12, present experiment. MgS04 ' 7H20 and KH2P04 the leaf and shoot tips All cultures were planted on 50 ml medium died perhaps due to an unbalanced combination of supplemented with no growth regulator at pH 5.5 in less Ca against more N and K. Thus, NH4N03 and cylindrical- shaped, culture vials 80 mm diameter X KN03 among the macro-components of the 1/2 MS 129.5 mm high, 450 ml capacity, air-tight with a media could be the major nitrogen sources for transparent, clear lid at 25 ~C under 3500 Iux contin- Drosera spathulata creating thin red- color pigmen- uous illumination. tation and more green color and increasing plant 0.2 g fresh weight of plant bodies, especially growth and even propagation. leaves, per sample was utilized to extract anthoc- The anthocyanin pigments of Dionaea muscipula yanin pigments with I ml MeOH -HCI mixture consisted of delphinidin 3-O -glucoside and cya- (methanol:hydrochloric acid=1000:1) for 3 h to nidin 3-0-glucoside (chrysanthemin), and those of overnight and filtrated by Toyopak ODS M (Tosoh) Drosera spathulata consisted of cyanidin 3,5- di- O- Maisyoridisc O.45 and H - 13-5 ,Im (Tosoh) pre - glucoside (cyanin), cyanidin 3-O-glucoside, pelar- cartridge. The composition of plant extracts was gonidin 3-O-glucoside (callistephin). Delphinidin the of (1996). determined by methods lwashina 3- O- glucoside was reported here in Dionaea musci- Modified 1/2 MS media with less or no macro pula for the first time, while the other one was components and with more sucrose induced red - already known in the species (Di Gregorio and Di I l*~~ l F:ffecrs oT t.he mas:rL)-components (Nll,¥_ O;, KNaE, C~C]., lvlgh.S0.･7H2O ancl Kll2P0.1) iTl ~ hillf ~rol;vth and coloration uf clonal Etrength of )IS agar medium SLlpplemented T~~*1rh 1 ~:~;o s]J(~r(Ise f] n Dion(2ea tn~i ~~ipstla and Drasen7 spath~!tatr, in ~.'itrr, after 4months tFeatment - A-It: Di~?sa.a ,,ts~~c~pulp> G_. L: Droseru spath#tlata, A= D, G ~tnd J: L~r~e-siz~ plants ~rown in the medium with the complete nlacro-cQmponents* IS, E, Il and K: TYTedium-si;,e planrs grown In the medium with 9 4C mM KNO: ~nd O 75m~,1 IYlgSO*･7H20.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Carnivorous Plant Responses to Resource Availability
    Carnivorous plant responses to resource availability: environmental interactions, morphology and biochemistry Christopher R. Hatcher A doctoral thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of requirements for the award of Doctor of Philosophy of Loughborough University November 2019 © by Christopher R. Hatcher (2019) Abstract Understanding how organisms respond to resources available in the environment is a fundamental goal of ecology. Resource availability controls ecological processes at all levels of organisation, from molecular characteristics of individuals to community and biosphere. Climate change and other anthropogenically driven factors are altering environmental resource availability, and likely affects ecology at all levels of organisation. It is critical, therefore, to understand the ecological impact of environmental variation at a range of spatial and temporal scales. Consequently, I bring physiological, ecological, biochemical and evolutionary research together to determine how plants respond to resource availability. In this thesis I have measured the effects of resource availability on phenotypic plasticity, intraspecific trait variation and metabolic responses of carnivorous sundew plants. Carnivorous plants are interesting model systems for a range of evolutionary and ecological questions because of their specific adaptations to attaining nutrients. They can, therefore, provide interesting perspectives on existing questions, in this case trait-environment interactions, plant strategies and plant responses to predicted future environmental scenarios. In a manipulative experiment, I measured the phenotypic plasticity of naturally shaded Drosera rotundifolia in response to disturbance mediated changes in light availability over successive growing seasons. Following selective disturbance, D. rotundifolia became more carnivorous by increasing the number of trichomes and trichome density. These plants derived more N from prey and flowered earlier.
    [Show full text]
  • A New Carnivorous Plant Lineage (Triantha) with a Unique Sticky-Inflorescence Trap
    A new carnivorous plant lineage (Triantha) with a unique sticky-inflorescence trap Qianshi Lina,b,1, Cécile Anéc,d, Thomas J. Givnishc, and Sean W. Grahama,b aDepartment of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; bUBC Botanical Garden, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; cDepartment of Botany, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706; and dDepartment of Statistics, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison WI 53706 Edited by Elizabeth A. Kellogg, Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO, and approved June 5, 2021 (received for review October 30, 2020) Carnivorous plants consume animals for mineral nutrients that and in wetlands, including bogs, marly shorelines, and calcareous enhance growth and reproduction in nutrient-poor environments. spring-fed fens. In bogs, T. occidentalis is commonly found with Here, we report that Triantha occidentalis (Tofieldiaceae) represents recognized carnivorous plants such as Drosera rotundifolia a previously overlooked carnivorous lineage that captures insects on (Droseraceae) and Pinguicula vulgaris (Lentibulariaceae). During sticky inflorescences. Field experiments, isotopic data, and mixing the summer flowering season, T. occidentalis produces leafless models demonstrate significant N transfer from prey to Triantha, erect flowering stems up to 80 cm tall (12). These scapes have with an estimated 64% of leaf N obtained from prey capture in sticky glandular hairs, especially on their upper portions, a feature previous years, comparable to levels inferred for the cooccurring distinguishing Triantha from other genera of Tofieldiaceae round-leaved sundew, a recognized carnivore. N obtained via carnivory (Fig. 1). Small insects are often found trapped by these hairs; is exported from the inflorescence and developing fruits and may herbarium specimens are frequently covered in insects (Fig.
    [Show full text]
  • Unearthing Belowground Bud Banks in Fire-Prone Ecosystems
    Unearthing belowground bud banks in fire-prone ecosystems 1 2 3 Author for correspondence: Juli G. Pausas , Byron B. Lamont , Susana Paula , Beatriz Appezzato-da- Juli G. Pausas 4 5 Glo'ria and Alessandra Fidelis Tel: +34 963 424124 1CIDE-CSIC, C. Naquera Km 4.5, Montcada, Valencia 46113, Spain; 2Department of Environment and Agriculture, Curtin Email [email protected] University, PO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia; 3ICAEV, Universidad Austral de Chile, Campus Isla Teja, Casilla 567, Valdivia, Chile; 4Depto Ci^encias Biologicas,' Universidade de Sao Paulo, Av P'adua Dias 11., CEP 13418-900, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil; 5Instituto de Bioci^encias, Vegetation Ecology Lab, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Av. 24-A 1515, 13506-900 Rio Claro, Brazil Summary To be published in New Phytologist (2018) Despite long-time awareness of the importance of the location of buds in plant biology, research doi: 10.1111/nph.14982 on belowground bud banks has been scant. Terms such as lignotuber, xylopodium and sobole, all referring to belowground bud-bearing structures, are used inconsistently in the literature. Key words: bud bank, fire-prone ecosystems, Because soil efficiently insulates meristems from the heat of fire, concealing buds below ground lignotuber, resprouting, rhizome, xylopodium. provides fitness benefits in fire-prone ecosystems. Thus, in these ecosystems, there is a remarkable diversity of bud-bearing structures. There are at least six locations where belowground buds are stored: roots, root crown, rhizomes, woody burls, fleshy
    [Show full text]
  • Nutrient Uptake from Soils
    Chapter 4 - Nutrient uptake from soils Chapter editors: Rana Munns and Susanne Schmidt Contributing Authors: MC Brundrett1,2, BJ Ferguson3, PM Gressshoff3, U Mathesius5, R Munns1,6, A Rasmussen7, MH Ryan1, S Schmidt8, M Watt5 1School of Plant Biology, University of Western Australia; 2Department of Parks and Wildlife, Western Australia; 3Centre for Integrative Legume Research, University of Queensland; 5Research School of Biology, Australian National University; 6CSIRO Agriculture, Canberra; 7Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, UK; 8School of Agriculture and Food Science, University of Queensland With acknowledgements to authors of the original edition Chapter 3, sections 3, 4 and 5 respectively: BJ Atwell, JWG Cairney and KB Walsh Contents 4.1 - Nutrient requirements and root architecture 4.2 - Soil-root interface 4.3 - Mycorrhizal associations Case Study 4.3 - Regulation of legume nodule numbers 4.4 - Symbiotic nitrogen fixation 4.6 - References Plants require at least 14 essential minerals for growth, along with water and carbohydrates. The processes by which plants convert CO2 to carbohydrate are described in Chapters 1 and 2 of this text book, and Chapter 3 explains how plants take up water from the soil and transport it to leaves. Chapter 4 describes the fundamental processes by which plants acquire minerals from the soil, with N and P as main examples. In most situations, roots do not take up minerals directly from the soil, but work in association with soil microbes that make the minerals more available to plants. Different nutrient acquisition strategies. (Original drawing courtesy S. Buckley) 1 This chapter first explains the concept of plant nutrition, then describes the various root structures and symbioses with microorganisms that allow plants to take up essential nutrients.
    [Show full text]
  • TREE November 2001.Qxd
    Review TRENDS in Ecology & Evolution Vol.16 No.11 November 2001 623 Evolutionary ecology of carnivorous plants Aaron M. Ellison and Nicholas J. Gotelli After more than a century of being regarded as botanical oddities, carnivorous populations, elucidating how changes in fitness affect plants have emerged as model systems that are appropriate for addressing a population dynamics. As with other groups of plants, wide array of ecological and evolutionary questions. Now that reliable such as mangroves7 and alpine plants8 that exhibit molecular phylogenies are available for many carnivorous plants, they can be broad evolutionary convergence because of strong used to study convergences and divergences in ecophysiology and life-history selection in stressful habitats, detailed investigations strategies. Cost–benefit models and demographic analysis can provide insight of carnivorous plants at multiple biological scales can into the selective forces promoting carnivory. Important areas for future illustrate clearly the importance of ecological research include the assessment of the interaction between nutrient processes in determining evolutionary patterns. availability and drought tolerance among carnivorous plants, as well as measurements of spatial and temporal variability in microhabitat Phylogenetic diversity among carnivorous plants characteristics that might constrain plant growth and fitness. In addition to Phylogenetic relationships among carnivorous plants addressing evolutionary convergence, such studies must take into account have been obscured by reliance on morphological the evolutionary diversity of carnivorous plants and their wide variety of life characters1 that show a high degree of similarity and forms and habitats. Finally, carnivorous plants have suffered from historical evolutionary convergence among carnivorous taxa9 overcollection, and their habitats are vanishing rapidly.
    [Show full text]
  • Energetics and the Evolution of Carnivorous Plants - Darwin's "Most Wonderful Plants in the World"
    Energetics and the evolution of carnivorous plants - Darwin's "most wonderful plants in the world" The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Ellison, Aaron M. and Nicholas J. Gotelli. Energetics and the Evolution of Carnivorous Plants - Darwin's "Most Wonderful Plants in the World." Journal of Experimental Botany 60(1): 19-42. Published Version http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/ern179 Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:2265303 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Open Access Policy Articles, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#OAP 1 Energetics and the evolution of carnivorous plants – Darwin’s “most 2 wonderful plants in the world” 3 4 Aaron M. Ellison1,* and Nicholas J. Gotelli2 5 1Harvard Forest, Harvard University, 324 North Main Street, Petersham, 6 Massachusetts 01366 USA 7 2Department of Biology, University of Vermont, 120 Marsh Life Sciences Building, 8 Burlington, Vermont 05405 USA 9 10 Received: 6 May 2008; Revised 3 June 2008; Accepted XX YYYY 2008. 11 12 Suggested running head: Carnivorous plants since Darwin 13 Number of tables: 1 14 Number of figures: 8 15 16 *To whom correspondence should be addressed: 17 Aaron M. Ellison 18 Harvard Forest 19 Harvard University 20 324 North Main Street 21 Petersham, Massachusetts 01366 USA 22 tel: +1-978-724-3302 x278 23
    [Show full text]
  • Abstract an Examination of Possible Carnivory in Silene
    ABSTRACT AN EXAMINATION OF POSSIBLE CARNIVORY IN SILENE REGIA, A MEMBER OF THE CARYOPHYLLACEAE by Garrett John Dienno Silene regia, commonly known as Royal Catchfly, a member of the Caryophyllaceae, is known to ensnare small insects with its glandular trichomes. This morphological adaptation is primarily thought to deter herbivory, but it has been speculated that S. regia may also be carnivorous. To demonstrate that S. regia is carnivorous the following objectives must be shown: S. regia can attract, capture, and retain prey; secrete proteinases to facilitate nutrient absorption; and absorb/translocate the resultant nutrients. This study addressed the first two of these objectives through field observations, UV photography, SEM imaging, and a series of experiments designed to examine a capture- induced proteinase response. While S. regia was able to ensnare insects and possessed highly specialized morphological structures for doing so a form of active attractant could not be demonstrated, and as such failed to support the first objective in its entirety. Negative test results for a capture-induced proteinase response failed to support the second objective. As both objectives were unsupported it was concluded that S. regia is not carnivorous. AN EXAMINATION OF POSSIBLE CARNIVORY IN SILENE REGIA, A MEMBER OF THE CARYOHPYLLACEAE A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Miami University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science by Garrett John Dienno Miami University Oxford, Ohio 2017 Advisor: R. James Hickey Reader: Alfredo J. Huerta Reader: Richard C. Moore Reader: Richard H. Munson ©2017 Garrett John Dienno This thesis titled AN EXAMINATION OF POSSIBLE CARNIVORY IN SILENE REGIA, A MEMBER OF THE CARYOHPYLLACEAE by Garrett John Dienno has been approved for publication by The College of Arts and Science and Department of Biology ____________________________________________________ R.
    [Show full text]
  • Droseraceae Gland and Germination Patterns Revisited: Support for Recent Molecular Phylogenetic Studies
    DROSERACEAE GLAND AND GERMINATION PATTERNS REVISITED: SUPPORT FOR RECENT MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETIC STUDIES JOHN G. CONRAN • Centre for Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity • Environmental Biology • School of Earth and Environmental Sciences • Darling Building DP418 • The University of Adelaide • SA 5005 • Australia • [email protected] GUNTA JAUDZEMS • Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology • Monash University • Clayton • Vic. 3168 • Australia NEIL D. HALLAM • Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology • Monash University • Clayton • Vic. 3168 • Australia Keywords: Physiology: Aldrovanda, Dionaea, Drosera. Abstract Droseraceae germination and leaf gland and microgland character state patterns were re-exam- ined in the light of new molecular phylogenetic relationships. Phanerocotylar germination is basal in the family, with cryptocotylar germination having evolved at least twice; once in Aldrovanda, and again in Drosera within the Bryastrum/Ergaleium clade. Gland patterns also support major clades; with the Bryastrum clade taxa having marginal and Rorella-type glands whereas the terminal branch of the Drosera clade had marginal glands and most of the clade possessed biseriate type 3 glands. The gland and germination patterns are supported by growth habit features, suggesting that the family and the main clades within Drosera in particular have undergone major adaptive radiations for these charac- ters. Introduction Relationships between the genera and species of Droseraceae have been the subject of numerous studies, with a range of morphology-based systems produced, mainly using traditional characters such as habit, leaf-associated features and specialised propagation techniques (e.g. Planchon 1848; Diels 1906). Character evolution of traps has also been considered important in carnivorous plants (Juniper et al. 1989; Jobson & Albert 2002) and glandular patterns (Seine & Barthlott 1992, 1993; Länger et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Why Are Plants Carnivorous?
    1 ECOPHYSIOLOGICAL LOOK AT PLANT CARNIVORY: Why are plants carnivorous? LUBOMÍR ADAMEC Institute of Botany, Section of Plant Ecology Dukelská 135, CZ-379 82 T řebo ň, Czech Republic 1. Introduction About 650 species of vascular carnivorous (Latin: carnis – flesh, vorare – to swallow) plants occur throughout the world (e.g., Rice, 2006) out of the total of about 300,000 species of vascular plants. Carnivorous plants belong to 15-18 genera of 8-9 botanical families and 5 orders (Givnish, 1989; Juniper et al., 1989; Müller et al., 2004; Heubl et al., 2006; Porembski and Barthlott, 2006; Studni čka, 2006). Due to many remarkable and striking morphological, anatomical, physiological, and ecological features, carnivorous plants have always attracted considerable interest of both researchers and gardeners. Nevertheless, the degree and extent of knowledge of the main disciplines studying this particular ecological functional plant group has always considerably lagged behind the study of non-carnivorous plants. However, similar to the dynamically growing knowledge of non-carnivorous plants, the study of carnivorous plants has developed very rapidly and progressively within the last decade, mainly due to the use of modern molecular taxonomic approaches. Also, modern ecophysiological research of carnivorous plants has progressed considerably within the last decade and has elucidated most of the particulars of carnivorous plants. Thus we are increasingly more able to discuss to what extent carnivorous plants are unique from or common with “normal” non-carnivorous plants. The aim of this paper is to classify and review recent experimental results and concepts concerning plant carnivory from an ecophysiological point of view, with an emphasis on mineral nutrition, growth characteristics, and comparison of aquatic and terrestrial carnivorous plants.
    [Show full text]
  • Nuytsia the Journal of the Western Australian Herbarium 30: 1–18 Published Online 28 March 2019
    J.M. Percy-Bower & C.M. Parker, Updates to Western Australia’s vascular plant census for 2018 1 Nuytsia The journal of the Western Australian Herbarium 30: 1–18 Published online 28 March 2019 SHORT COMMUNICATION Updates to Western Australia’s vascular plant census for 2018 The census database at the Western Australian Herbarium (PERTH), which provides the nomenclature for the website FloraBase (Western Australian Herbarium 1998–), lists current names and recent synonymy for Western Australia’s native and naturalised vascular plants, as well as algae, bryophytes, lichens, slime moulds and some fungi. The names represented in the census are either sourced from published research or denote as yet unpublished names based on herbarium voucher specimens. We herein summarise the changes made to vascular plant names in this database during 2018. One hundred and twenty-nine taxa were newly recorded for the State, of which 24 are naturalised and 41 have been added to the Threatened and Priority Flora list for Western Australia (Smith & Jones 2018; Western Australian Herbarium 1998–) (Table 1). A total of 185 name changes were made, including the formal publication of 29 phrase-named taxa (Table 2). Plant groups for which a number of name changes were made include Hydrocotyle L. (Perkins 2018a, 2018b), Drosera L. (Lowrie 2013a, 2013b, 2014), Lepilaena Harv. (Ito et al. 2016; Macfarlane et al. 2017) and Zygophyllum L. (transferred to Roepera A.Juss. following Beier et al. 2003). Numerous phrased-named taxa in the genus Baeckea L. were formally published under an expanded circumscription of Hysterobaeckea (Nied.) Rye (Rye 2018). Table 2 also includes cases where there has been a change of taxonomic concept, misapplication, exclusion or rank change.
    [Show full text]
  • Color Pigmentation in Dionaea Muscipula Ellis and Drosera Spathulata Labill
    235 Short Communication Plant Biotechnology, 16 (3), 235-238 (1999) Effects of Macro-components and Sucrose in the Medium on in vitro Red- color Pigmentation in Dionaea muscipula Ellis and Drosera spathulata Labill. Sayuri ICHIISHI*, Toshiharu NAGAMITSU*, Yusuke KONDO*, Tsukasa IWASHINA* *, Katsuhiko KONDO* * *'t and Norikazu TAGASHIRA* * * *PlantBio-technology Section , Sanmei Electric Co., Ltd., 5-7, Sumiyoshi- Cho, Handa City 475-0862, Japan **Tsukuba Botanical Garden , National Science Museum, 4-1-1, Amakubo, Tsukuba City 305-0005, Japan ***Laboratory of Plant Chromosome and Gene Stock, Faculty of Science, Hiroshima University, 1-4-3 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima City 739-8526, Japan E-mail:kko Received 21 September 1998; accepted 15 March 1999 Abstract Effects of the five macro-components and sucrose in half strength MS (1/2 MS) agar medium on red -color pigmentation were studied in the plant bodies of Dionaea muscipula and Drosera spathulata generated from multiple shoots in vitro. In 1/2 MS agar medium modified with 10.31 mM NH4NO3 and 9.40 mM KNO3 and supplemented with 0.75 or 0% sucrose the subcultured plants continuously proliferated by multiple shoots and generated large, green-colored plants, while with dilution of those nitrogen components and increase of sucrose to 1.5% the red-color anthocyanin pigmentation spread from the glands or glandular hairs to the entire leaves and the plant sizes and dry weight decreased in inverse proportion to the depth of red color. The anthocyanin pigments of Dionaea muscipula consisted of delphinidin 3-0-glucoside which was new to the species and cyanidin 3-0-glucoside (chrysan- themin), and those of Drosera spathulata, studied here for the first time, consisted of cyanidin 3,5-di- 0-glucoside (cyanin), cyanidin 3-0-galactoside (idaein), cyanidin 3-0-glucoside, pelargonidin 3-0- galactoside, and pelargonidin 3-0-glucoside (callistephin).
    [Show full text]
  • What Exactly Is a Carnivorous Plant?
    7HFKQLFDO5HIHUHHG&RQWULEXWLRQ What exactly is a carnivorous plant? Barry A. Rice • Center for Plant Diversity • University of California • One Shields Avenue • Davis, California 95616 • USA • [email protected] We all find carnivorous plants fascinating, beautiful, and interesting. But just what is a carnivo- rous plant? What are the attributes that transform a mundane vegetable into a hungry killer? For a long time I preached that a plant is carnivorous if it attracts, captures, digests, and absorbs prey. This four-point definition seemed to work. In 2009 I was asked to write a scientific review of carnivorous plants for a technical volume (Rice 2010). I used this opportunity to review prior definitions of carnivory in plants. The first carefully stated definition I could find had two parts: (1) a plant must have at least one adaptation for attraction, capture, or digestion of prey, and (2) that the plant must be able to absorb the nutrients from the prey (Givnish et al. 1984). Juniper et al. (1989) also offered a definition with two criteria—the possession of both traps and digestive organs. To the common four-point definition (attract, capture, digest, and absorb), Schnell (2002) added that a carnivorous plant must clearly benefit from the obtained nutrients. Why is it so difficult to easily define what we mean by carnivorous plants? The problem is rooted in two underlying issues: paracarnivory, and hunting inefficiency. Paracarnivorous Plants Paracarnivorous plants are those that have some, but not all, of the characteristics of a carnivo- rous plant. The situation is exemplified by the two species in the genus Roridula (Anderson 2005; Anderson & Midgley 2002).
    [Show full text]