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Supporting Indigenous Rangers Manage the Impacts of Climate Change on Cultural Sites

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Supporting Indigenous Rangers Manage the Impacts of Climate Change on Cultural Sites Supporting Indigenous Rangers Manage the Impacts of Climate Change on Cultural Sites Bethune Carmichael July 2018 A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of Charles Darwin University The Australian National University Table of contents Abstract ....................................................................................................................... vi Author statement ........................................................................................................ vii Acknowledgements .................................................................................................. viii Chapter 1 – Introduction ........................................................................................................ 1 Aims of the research .................................................................................................... 2 Background ................................................................................................................. 3 Indigenous adaptive capacity and bottom-up planning ............................................ 16 Regional setting ......................................................................................................... 20 Thesis – conceptual development .............................................................................. 28 Methodology .............................................................................................................. 32 Thesis structure ......................................................................................................... 44 References .................................................................................................................. 51 Chapter 2 – Supporting Indigenous rangers’ management of climate-change impacts on heritage sites: developing an effective planning tool and assessing its value .......... 62 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 63 Conceptual frameworks ............................................................................................. 64 The basis of a heritage adaptation tool ..................................................................... 65 Adaptation planning phases ....................................................................................... 66 Developing the scoping phase of the tool .................................................................. 66 Model for validation of the planning tool .................................................................. 68 Validating the two primary assumptions of the adaptation planning tool with Indigenous rangers ............................................................................................ 69 Discussion .................................................................................................................. 71 References .................................................................................................................. 72 Chapter 3 – Testing the scoping phase of a bottom-up planning guide designed to support Australian Indigenous rangers manage the impacts of climate change on cultural heritage sites ........................................................................................................ 74 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 76 Methodology .............................................................................................................. 79 Results........................................................................................................................ 81 Discussion .................................................................................................................. 90 ii Conclusions................................................................................................................ 91 References .................................................................................................................. 92 Chapter 4 – Local and Indigenous management of climate change risks to archaeological sites ............................................................................................................ 96 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 99 Conceptual and methodological frameworks .......................................................... 100 Case studies ............................................................................................................. 103 Methods .................................................................................................................. 106 Results...................................................................................................................... 108 Discussion and conclusion ....................................................................................... 114 References ................................................................................................................ 118 Chapter 5 – High tide for heritage ..................................................................................... 123 Indigenous participatory planning for cultural site adaptation ............................... 125 An options analysis methodology for local and Indigenous cultural site adaptation planning .......................................................................................................... 130 Case study sites and selection ................................................................................. 131 Methodology ............................................................................................................ 134 Results...................................................................................................................... 141 Discussion ................................................................................................................ 148 Conclusion ............................................................................................................... 153 References ................................................................................................................ 155 Chapter 6 – Communicating Indigenous cultural site vulnerability to climate change – Places in Peril: Archaeology in the Anthropocene a video documentary case study .................................................................................................. 161 Video documentary as planning option for climate change adaptation .................. 162 Decolonising the ethnographic film in the Northern Territory, ‘reality archaeology’ and inconvenient climate truths .................................................................... 164 Aims ........................................................................................................................ 166 Methodology ............................................................................................................ 167 Results...................................................................................................................... 167 Discussion and conclusion ....................................................................................... 170 References ................................................................................................................ 171 iii Chapter 7 – Conclusion ....................................................................................................... 173 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 174 Key findings and contribution to knowledge .......................................................... 178 Effectiveness of the planning methodology ........................................................... 181 Limitations of the research ...................................................................................... 187 Future work .............................................................................................................. 192 Conclusions.............................................................................................................. 196 References ................................................................................................................ 197 Table of appendices Appendix 1 – The Cultural Site Adaptation Guide .......................................................... 201 Appendix 2 – Risk Field Survey results for Djelk IPA coastal middens ........................ 207 Appendix 3 – Djelk Ranger preliminary cultural site adaptation plan ......................... 210 Appendix 4 – Australian Indigenous rangers managing the impacts of climate change on cultural heritage sites ................................................................. 212 Table of figures Chapter 1. Figure 1. Testing the Risk Field Survey at an Ubirr rock shelter ........................... 1 Figure 2. Location and setting of case study sites ................................................. 21 Chapter 2. Figure 1A. Early adaptation to environmental change ......................................... 62 Figure 1. Process for developing an innovative planning tool for Indigenous rangers to adapt heritage sites ..................................................................... 64 Chapter 3. Figure 1A. Djelk Ranger Scoping workshop
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