The Some Good and Mostly Bad About Maximum Sustainable Yield As a Management Target
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National Life Stories an Oral History of British
NATIONAL LIFE STORIES AN ORAL HISTORY OF BRITISH SCIENCE Professor Bob Dickson Interviewed by Dr Paul Merchant C1379/56 © The British Library Board http://sounds.bl.uk This interview and transcript is accessible via http://sounds.bl.uk . © The British Library Board. Please refer to the Oral History curators at the British Library prior to any publication or broadcast from this document. Oral History The British Library 96 Euston Road London NW1 2DB United Kingdom +44 (0)20 7412 7404 [email protected] Every effort is made to ensure the accuracy of this transcript, however no transcript is an exact translation of the spoken word, and this document is intended to be a guide to the original recording, not replace it. Should you find any errors please inform the Oral History curators. © The British Library Board http://sounds.bl.uk British Library Sound Archive National Life Stories Interview Summary Sheet Title Page Ref no: C1379/56 Collection title: An Oral History of British Science Interviewee’s surname: Dickson Title: Professor Interviewee’s forename: Bob Sex: Male Occupation: oceanographer Date and place of birth: 4th December, 1941, Edinburgh, Scotland Mother’s occupation: Housewife , art Father’s occupation: Schoolmaster teacher (part time) [chemistry] Dates of recording, Compact flash cards used, tracks [from – to]: 9/8/11 [track 1-3], 16/12/11 [track 4- 7], 28/10/11 [track 8-12], 14/2/13 [track 13-15] Location of interview: CEFAS [Centre for Environment, Fisheries & Aquaculture Science], Lowestoft, Suffolk Name of interviewer: Dr Paul Merchant Type of recorder: Marantz PMD661 Recording format : 661: WAV 24 bit 48kHz Total no. -
Cumulated Bibliography of Biographies of Ocean Scientists Deborah Day, Scripps Institution of Oceanography Archives Revised December 3, 2001
Cumulated Bibliography of Biographies of Ocean Scientists Deborah Day, Scripps Institution of Oceanography Archives Revised December 3, 2001. Preface This bibliography attempts to list all substantial autobiographies, biographies, festschrifts and obituaries of prominent oceanographers, marine biologists, fisheries scientists, and other scientists who worked in the marine environment published in journals and books after 1922, the publication date of Herdman’s Founders of Oceanography. The bibliography does not include newspaper obituaries, government documents, or citations to brief entries in general biographical sources. Items are listed alphabetically by author, and then chronologically by date of publication under a legend that includes the full name of the individual, his/her date of birth in European style(day, month in roman numeral, year), followed by his/her place of birth, then his date of death and place of death. Entries are in author-editor style following the Chicago Manual of Style (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 14th ed., 1993). Citations are annotated to list the language if it is not obvious from the text. Annotations will also indicate if the citation includes a list of the scientist’s papers, if there is a relationship between the author of the citation and the scientist, or if the citation is written for a particular audience. This bibliography of biographies of scientists of the sea is based on Jacqueline Carpine-Lancre’s bibliography of biographies first published annually beginning with issue 4 of the History of Oceanography Newsletter (September 1992). It was supplemented by a bibliography maintained by Eric L. Mills and citations in the biographical files of the Archives of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UCSD. -
The Early Life History of Fish
Rapp. P.-v. Réun. Cons. int. Explor. Mer, 191: 339-344. 1989 Johan Hjort - founder of modern Norwegian fishery research and pioneer in recruitment thinking P. Solemdal and M. Sinclair Solemdal, P., and Sinclair, M. 1989. Johan Hjort - founder of modern Norwegian fishery research and pioneer in recruitment thinking. - Rapp. P.-v. Réun. Cons. int. Explor. Mer, 191: 339-344. A description of some major scientific controversies prior to 1914 that influenced the development of Hjort's thinking is presented. Particular attention is given to the difficulties encountered with the migration theory (which explained interannual fluctuations in fisheries landings in the North Atlantic) and the debate on local populations, overfishing, and the role of hatcheries in increasing yields from marine fisheries. The steps leading to his classic 1914 paper are summarized and highlights of the 1914 paper are discussed. It is concluded that Hjort’s work between 1893 and 1917 led to a shift in emphasis from adult migration to early life history processes in the study of interannual fluctuations in yield. P. Solemdal: Institute o f Marine Fisheries Research, P.O. Box 1870, N-5024 Bergen, Norway. M. Sinclair: Department o f Fisheries and Oceans, Halifax Fisheries Research Laboratory, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3J 257, Canada. Introduction Problems in the 1890s The great fluctuations in the fisheries of northern The major scientific problem facing marine biologists Europe at the end of the last century had enormous and oceanographers in the latter half of the 19th century influence on the economy. It was at this time that was an explanation of the interannual fluctuations in the question of overfishing was formulated. -
Ecoevoapps: Interactive Apps for Teaching Theoretical Models In
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.06.18.449026; this version posted June 19, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. 1 Last rendered: 18 Jun 2021 2 Running head: EcoEvoApps 3 EcoEvoApps: Interactive Apps for Teaching Theoretical 4 Models in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology 5 Preprint for bioRxiv 6 Keywords: active learning, pedagogy, mathematical modeling, R package, shiny apps 7 Word count: 4959 words in the Main Body; 148 words in the Abstract 8 Supplementary materials: Supplemental PDF with 7 components (S1-S7) 1∗ 1∗ 2∗ 1 9 Authors: Rosa M. McGuire , Kenji T. Hayashi , Xinyi Yan , Madeline C. Cowen , Marcel C. 1 3 3,4 10 Vaz , Lauren L. Sullivan , Gaurav S. Kandlikar 1 11 Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles 2 12 Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin 3 13 Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia 4 14 Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia ∗ 15 These authors contributed equally to the writing of the manuscript, and author order was 16 decided with a random number generator. 17 Authors for correspondence: 18 Rosa M. McGuire: [email protected] 19 Kenji T. Hayashi: [email protected] 20 Xinyi Yan: [email protected] 21 Gaurav S. Kandlikar: [email protected] 22 Coauthor contact information: 23 Madeline C. Cowen: [email protected] 24 Marcel C. -
1. Canadian Marine SCIENCE from Before Titanic to the Establishment of the Bedford Institute of Oceanography in 1962 Eric L. Mills
HISTORICAL ROOTS 1. CANADIAN MARINE SCIENCE FROM BEFORE TITANIC TO THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE BEDFORD INSTITUTE OF OCEANOGRAPHY IN 1962 Eric L. Mills SUMMARY Beginning in the early 1960s, the Bedford Institute of Oceanography consolidated marine sciences and technologies that had developed separately, some of them since the late 19th century. Marine laboratories, devoted mainly to marine biology, were established in 1908 in St. Andrews, New Brunswick, and Nanaimo, British Columbia, and it was in them that Canada’s first studies in physical oceanography began in the early 1930s and became fully established after World War II. Charting and tidal observation developed separately in post-Confederation Canada, beginning in the last two decades of the 19th century, and becoming united in the Canadian Hydrographic Service in 1924. For a number of scientific and political reasons, Canadian marine sciences developed most rapidly after World War II (post-1945), including work in the Arctic, the founding of graduate programs in oceanography on both Atlantic and Pacific coasts, the reorientation of physical oceanography from the federal Fisheries Research Board to the federal Department of Mines and Technical Surveys, increased work on marine geology and geophysics, and eventually the founding of the Bedford Institute of Oceanography, which brought all these fields together. Key words: Canadian marine science, Atlantic and Pacific biological stations, charting, tides, hydrography, post-World War II developments, origin of BIO. E-mail: [email protected] The Bedford Institute of Oceanography (BIO) opened formally in 1962 Europe decades before. The result, achieved with the help of university (Fig. 1), bringing together scientists and technologists who had worked in biologists, was an organizational structure, the Board of Management of fields as diverse as physical oceanography, hydrographic charting, marine the Biological Station (became the Biological Board of Canada in 1912), geology, and marine ecology. -
Fisheries Managementmanagement
ISSN 1020-5292 FAO TECHNICAL GUIDELINES FOR RESPONSIBLE FISHERIES 4 Suppl. 2 Add.1 FISHERIESFISHERIES MANAGEMENTMANAGEMENT These guidelines were produced as an addition to the FAO Technical Guidelines for 2. The ecosystem approach to fisheries Responsible Fisheries No. 4, Suppl. 2 entitled Fisheries management. The ecosystem approach to fisheries (EAF). Applying EAF in management requires the application of 2.1 Best practices in ecosystem modelling scientific methods and tools that go beyond the single-species approaches that have been the main sources of scientific advice. These guidelines have been developed to forfor informinginforming anan ecosystemecosystem approachapproach toto fisheriesfisheries assist users in the construction and application of ecosystem models for informing an EAF. It addresses all steps of the modelling process, encompassing scoping and specifying the model, implementation, evaluation and advice on how to present and use the outputs. The overall goal of the guidelines is to assist in ensuring that the best possible information and advice is generated from ecosystem models and used wisely in management. ISBN 978-92-5-105995-1 ISSN 1020-5292 9 7 8 9 2 5 1 0 5 9 9 5 1 TC/M/I0151E/1/05.08/1630 Cover illustration: Designed by Elda Longo. FAO TECHNICAL GUIDELINES FOR RESPONSIBLE FISHERIES 4 Suppl. 2 Add 1 FISHERIES MANAGEMENT 2.2. TheThe ecosystemecosystem approachapproach toto fisheriesfisheries 2.12.1 BestBest practicespractices inin ecosystemecosystem modellingmodelling forfor informinginforming anan ecosystemecosystem approachapproach toto fisheriesfisheries FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome, 2008 The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. -
Document View
Document View http://proquest.umi.com.myaccess.library.utoronto.ca/pqdlink?index=1&s... Databases selected: Multiple databases... Salmon farms destroying wild salmon populations in Canada, Europe: study ALISON AULD . Canadian Press NewsWire . Toronto: Feb 11, 2008. Abstract (Summary) The authors, including the late Halifax biologist Ransom Myers, claim the study is the first of its kind to take an international view of stock sizes in countries that have significant salmon aquaculture industries. The paper didn't look to the causes of the declines, which have been discussed in a series of studies over the last decade that have linked disease, interbreeding of escaped salmon and lice from farmed fish with reductions. Full Text (618 words) Copyright Canadian Press Feb 11, 2008 HALIFAX _ Salmon farming operations have reduced wild salmon populations by up to 70 per cent in several areas around the world and are threatening the future of the endangered stocks, according a new scientific study. The research by two Canadian marine biologists showed dramatic declines in the abundance of wild salmon populations whose migration takes them past salmon farms in Canada, Ireland and Scotland. ``Our estimates are that they reduced the survival of wild populations by more than half,'' Jennifer Ford, lead author of the study published Monday in the Public Library of Science journal, said in Halifax. ``Less than half of the juvenile salmon from those populations that would have survived to come back and reproduce actually come back because they're killed by some mechanism that has to do with salmon farming.'' The authors, including the late Halifax biologist Ransom Myers, claim the study is the first of its kind to take an international view of stock sizes in countries that have significant salmon aquaculture industries. -
Life History Strategies, Population Regulation, and Implications for Fisheries Management1
872 PERSPECTIVE / PERSPECTIVE Life history strategies, population regulation, and implications for fisheries management1 Kirk O. Winemiller Abstract: Life history theories attempt to explain the evolution of organism traits as adaptations to environmental vari- ation. A model involving three primary life history strategies (endpoints on a triangular surface) describes general pat- terns of variation more comprehensively than schemes that examine single traits or merely contrast fast versus slow life histories. It provides a general means to predict a priori the types of populations with high or low demographic resil- ience, production potential, and conformity to density-dependent regulation. Periodic (long-lived, high fecundity, high recruitment variation) and opportunistic (small, short-lived, high reproductive effort, high demographic resilience) strat- egies should conform poorly to models that assume density-dependent recruitment. Periodic-type species reveal greatest recruitment variation and compensatory reserve, but with poor conformity to stock–recruitment models. Equilibrium- type populations (low fecundity, large egg size, parental care) should conform better to assumptions of density- dependent recruitment, but have lower demographic resilience. The model’s predictions are explored relative to sustain- able harvest, endangered species conservation, supplemental stocking, and transferability of ecological indices. When detailed information is lacking, species ordination according to the triangular model provides qualitative -
Optimal Control of a Fishery Utilizing Compensation and Critical Depensation Models
Appl. Math. Inf. Sci. 14, No. 3, 467-479 (2020) 467 Applied Mathematics & Information Sciences An International Journal http://dx.doi.org/10.18576/amis/140314 Optimal Control of a Fishery Utilizing Compensation and Critical Depensation Models Mahmud Ibrahim Department of Mathematics, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana Received: 12 Dec. 2019, Revised: 2 Jan. 2020, Accepted: 15 Feb. 2020 Published online: 1 May 2020 Abstract: This study proposes optimal control problems with two different biological dynamics: a compensation model and a critical depensation model. The static equilibrium reference points of the models are defined and discussed. Also, bifurcation analyses on the models show the existence of transcritical and saddle-node bifurcations for the compensation and critical depensation models respectively. Pontyagin’s maximum principle is employed to determine the necessary conditions of the model. In addition, sufficiency conditions that guarantee the existence and uniqueness of the optimality system are defined. The characterization of the optimal control gives rise to both the boundary and interior solutions, with the former indicating that the resource should be harvested if and only if the value of the net revenue per unit harvest (due to the application of up to the maximum fishing effort) is at least the value of the shadow price of fish stock. Numerical simulations with empirical data on the sardinella are carried out to validate the theoretical results. Keywords: Optimal control, Compensation, Critical depensation, Bifurcation, Shadow price, Ghana sardinella fishery 1 Introduction harvesting of either species. The study showed that, with harvesting effort serving as a control, the system could be steered towards a desirable state, and so breaking its Fish stocks across the world are increasingly under cyclic behavior. -
Qwinter 1994 Volume 43 Number 1
AWI uarterlWinter 1994 Volume 43 Q Number 1 magnificent humpback whale was captured on film by R. Cover : AWI • Shelton "Doc" White, who comes from a long line of seafarers and rtrl merchant seamen. He continues the tradition of Captain John White, an early New Q WInr l 4Y br I World explorer commissioned by Sir Walter Raleigh in 1587. In 1968, Doc was commissioned in the US Navy and was awarded two Bronze Stars, a Purple Heart, and the Vietnamese Cross of Gallantry. He has devoted himself to diving, professional underwater photography and photographic support, scientific research support, and seamanship. Directors Madeleine Bemelmans Jean Wallace Douglas David 0. Hill Freeborn G. Jewett, Jr. Christine Stevens Doc White/Images Unlimited Roger L. Stevens Aileen Train Investigation Reveals Continued Trade in Tiger Parts Cynthia Wilson Startling evidence from a recent undercover investigation on the tiger bone trade in Officers China was released this month by the Tiger Trust. Perhaps the most threatened of all Christine Stevens, President tiger sub-species is the great Amur or "Siberian" tiger, a national treasure to most Cynthia Wilson, Vice President Russians and revered by Russian indigenous groups who call it "Amba" or "Great Freeborn G. Jewett, Jr., Secretary Sovereign." Michael Day, President of Tiger Trust, along with Dr. Bill Clark and Roger L. Stevens, Treasurer Investigator, Steven Galster went to Russia in November and December to work with the Russian government to start up a new, anti-poaching program designed to halt the Scientific Committee rapid decline of the Siberian tiger. Neighboring China has claimed to the United Marjorie Anchel, Ph.D. -
Depensation: Evidence, Models and Implications
Paper 29 Disc FISH and FISHERIES, 2001, 2, 33±58 Depensation: evidence, models and implications Martin Liermann1 & Ray Hilborn2 1Quantitative Ecology and Resource Management, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98115, USA; 2School of Fisheries Box 355020, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA Abstract Correspondence: We review the evidence supporting depensation, describe models of two depensatory Martin Liermann, National Marine mechanisms and how they can be included in population dynamics models and Fisheries Service, discuss the implications of depensation. The evidence for depensation can be grouped North-west Fisheries into four mechanisms: reduced probability of fertilisation, impaired group dynamics, Science Center, 2725 Ahed conditioning of the environment and predator saturation. Examples of these Montlake Blvd. E., Bhed mechanisms come from a broad range of species including fishes, arthropods, birds, Seattle, WA 98112± Ched 2013, USA mammals and plants. Despite the large number of studies supporting depensatory Dhed Tel: +206 860 6781 mechanisms, there is very little evidence of depensation that is strong enough to be Fax: +206 860 3335 Ref marker important in a population's dynamics. However, because factors such as E-mail: martin. Fig marker demographic and environmental variability make depensatory population dynamics [email protected] Table marker difficult to detect, this lack of evidence should not be interpreted as evidence that Ref end depensatory dynamics are rare and unimportant. The majority of depensatory models Ref start Received 22 Sep 2000 are based on reduced probability of fertilisation and predator saturation. We review Accepted 29Nov 2000 the models of these mechanisms and different ways they can be incorporated in population dynamics models. -
CHAPTER 5 Ecopath with Ecosim: Linking Fisheries and Ecology
CHAPTER 5 Ecopath with Ecosim: linking fi sheries and ecology V. Christensen Fisheries Centre, University of British Columbia, Canada. 1 Why ecosystem modeling in fi sheries? Fifty years ago, fi sheries science emerged as a quantitative discipline with the publication of Ray Beverton and Sidney Holt’s [1] seminal volume On the Dynamics of Exploited Fish Populations. This book provided the foundation for how to manage fi sheries and was based on detailed, mathe- matical analyses of the dynamics of individual fi sh populations, of how they grow and how they are affected by fi shing. Fisheries science has developed and matured since then, and remarkably much of what has been achieved are modifi cations and further developments of what Beverton and Holt introduced. Given then that fi sheries science has developed to become one of the most data-rich, quantita- tive fi elds in ecology [2], how well has it fared? We often see fi sheries issues in the headlines and usually in a negative context and there are indeed many threats to the sustainability of ocean resources [3]. Many, judging not the least from newspaper headlines, consider fi sheries manage- ment a usual suspect in connection with fi sheries collapses. This may lead one to suspect that there is a problem with the science, but I hold this to be an erroneous conclusion. It should be stressed that the main problem is not to be found in the computational aspects of the science, but rather in how management advice actually is implemented in praxis [4]. The major force in fi sh- eries throughout the world is excessive fi shing capacity; the days with unexploited resources and untapped oceans are over [5], and the fi shing industry is now relying heavily on subsidies to keep the machinery going [6].