Romania Forest Development Project: Environmental Assessment Update

Volume II

Annex 3 Environmental Assessment for the Rehabilitation of the Forest Road Valea Mare – Crizbav (Brasov County) and Environmental Assessment for the Rehabilitation of the Forest Road Paltinoasa (Prahova County)

Prepared by Intergroup Engineering for the Romania Forest Development Project, May 2001.

E NVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE, FOOD AND FORESTS

E NVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT MINISTRY OF AGRICULTUR E, FOOD AND FORESTS

ForestryDevelopment Program

INTERGROUPENGINEERING SRL

ROMANIA

FORESTRYDEVELOPMENT PROGRAM

ENVIRONMENTALASSESSMENT FOR PROJECTPREPARATION

Valea Mare-Crizbav(Brasov County)

DATE: May 2001

EnvironmentalAssessment for the Forest RoadValea Mare-Crizbav Page 1 Forestry DevelopmentProgram

Tableof Contents

1 Introduction...... 4 1.1 Concept of Forest Roads Sub-componentof FDP ...... 4 1.2 The ProposedProject ...... 4 2 A Summary of the Current Situation with Respect to the Forest Road Management(Policy, Legal and AdministrativeContext) ...... 5 3 ExistingConditions: Key EnvironmentalParameters ...... 9 3.1 AdministrativeIssues, Population and SurfaceArea ...... 9 3.2 Elementsof Morphologyand Topography ...... 10 3.3 Elementsof Geology...... 10 3.4 Seismic Potential in the Zone...... 10 3.5 Types of Soil and its Utilisation...... 11 3.6 Water Resources...... 11 3.7 Climate...... 11 3.8 Flora and Fauna...... 11 4 ProposedProject W orks ...... 12 5 Scopeof Work for the EnvironmentalAssessment ...... 15 5.1 Background to the Environmental Assessment of the "Rehabilitation of Forest Road Valea Mare -CrizbaV...... 15 5.2 Scopeof the EA ...... 16 5.3 RegulatoryFramework and ApplicableGuidelines .16 5.3.1 Council Directive 85/337/EEC27 June 1985 on assessmentsof certain public and private projects on the environment,and the Amending Directive CD 97/11/EC3 March 1997.16 5.3.2 Romanian EnvironmentalAssessment Regulations .17 6 Identificationof Possible Impacts 18 6.1 ImpactsDuring the ConstructionPeriod (Short Term Impact) 18 6.2 Impacts Duringthe OperationalPeriod (Long Term Impact).20 7 Proposed Measures to Prevent, Reduce or Mitigate the Negative Effects of the Project Implementation ...... 22 7.1 Public Participation ...... 22 7.2 ProposedMeasures ...... 22 7.2.1 Water Quality Protection...... 22 7.2.2 Health and Safety Risks...... 23 7.2.3 Education ...... 24 8 Enforcementand Co-ordinationProcedures . . .25 9 Abbreviations . . . 27 10 References...... 27

List of Tables

Table 1.1- ScreeningSystem for the ExistingRoads to be Rehabilitated...... 4 Table 6.1 - Summaryof Key ConstructionPeriod Impacts...... 19 Table 6.2 - Summaryof Key OperationalPeriod Impacts...... 21 Table 7-1- The Measures Proposedfor the Reductionof the Project Impacton the Environment...... 24

EnvironmentalAssessment for the Forest Road Valea Mare-Crizbav Page 2 Forestry DevelopmentProgram

List of Figures

Figure 1 - Annual Average TemperatureDistribution Figure 2 - Relief in the Road Zone Figure 3 - Rehabilitationof Valea Mare Road:General Layout Figure 4 - Typical Cross Sectionsof the Designed Road

List of Photos

Photo no. 1 - General view of the road Valea Mare - Crizbav. No significantworks are needed for some adjustments and maintenance of the hydraulic structures along this road. Photo no. 2 - A small bridge on the road Valea Mare - Crizbav.Some materialsare carried forming natural barrages(see photo 3), causing sedimentation in this zone. In this way scouring is avoided. Photo no. 3 - Natural barrage formed by the material carried by the river Valea Mare. This barrage is located near by the bridge (downstream)shown in Photo 2. Photo no. 4 - Intersectionof the road Valea Mare with the road Valea Tiganilor(hm 0+00). Photo no. 5 - At hm 0+04 - the bridge abutmenthas to be restored. Photo no. 6 - Bridge abutmentdeteriorated (hm 1+34). Photo no. 7 - Zone of the road on the bridge shown in Photo 6 where the span was deterioratedby the flow storm. Photo no. 8 - General view of Valea Mare (km 0+00 to hm 0+25). Photo no. 9 - General view of Valea Tiganilor road. The slopes are stable in the road zone. Photo no. 10 - Tyrolese Water Intake on the river Valea Mare, downstreamthe forest road to be rehabilitated. Photo no. 11 - WTP for drinking water supply of Crizbav and Feldioara.The plant is located downstream the intersection of Valea Mare and Valea Tiganilor. Photo no. 12 - Someone needed ballast for construction and excavated the existing road superstructure.

EnvironmentalAssessment for the Forest Road Valea Mare-Crizbav Page3 Forestry DevelopmentProgram

I Introduction

1.1 Concept of Forest Roads Sub-component of FDP

The forest roads sub-componentof the FDP is under development.Because of the physical works involved, this item will absorb a large proportionof the total funds available within the FDP. The Project Concept Document (PCD) estimates were US $ 15.4 million out of US $ 24.35 million (63%).

Romania has a low density of forest roads (approx. 6m/ha). The concept in the PCD was for the Programto provide:

'... the physical infrastructurenecessary for economic and environmentallysound access to wood harvesting through construction of forest roads, to the required density and in accordance with best environmentalpractice, in existing production forest and facilitatingcompetitive bidding and pricing of forestroad construction.'

The PCD Review Meeting (23 Dec. '99) qualified the PCD by emphasisingthe importance of the forest conservation and sustainable managementfocus of the project, including:

'emphasisingthat forest road construction,and planning for increased density of the forest road network, will only take place in existing areas of productionforest with the objective of reducing the negative environmentalimpacts, as well as the economiccosts of harvestingoperations'.

Also of relevanceto the roads sub-component,the Review Meeting highlightedthe importanceof capacity-buildingin all key public and privatesector organisations.

1.2 The ProposedProject

The project proposedhas been chosen after applying the screeningsystem based on the environmentalimpact assessment.This grit system is presented in Table 1. 1.

All the project titles mentioned in the Table 1.1 have been nominated after a careful selection in such a way that the projects listed would not have any problemsas far as environmentalprotection needs are concerned.

The project proposed is related to the rehabilitation of the existing forest road Valea Mare in combinationwith Valea Tiganilorroad.

The project is consideredto be representativedue to the positive answers put into evidencein Table 1.1.

EnvironmentalAssessment for the ForestRoad Valea Mare-Crizbav Page 4 Table 1.1t.SCREENING SYSTEM FOR THE EXISTINGROADS TO BE REHABILITATED

E N V I R 0 N M E N T SO0C IA L

SInpStbiiity -d Ermini NA_cn .vation qufi Ai,4dkQ and R m Rnl-atiiandothnr LanI Commaity (LandSananana) Resoaon Mintmanan ng8gativo cfad (LC)

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+ 9 Valea latla + A NA + NA + + NA- a + * ±A 4.27 a NA NA + NA 4 NA + +

17 Bainnas + NA NA- + NA + + NA a 4 + NA+ 136 ± NAN A NA 4 NA + + 4 13 Zlai-Siti + NA4 NA a NA + + NA a o + 4 x NA NA + NA + + NA 4 + + 14 Dok-4 g + NA 4 +NA + NA x + * 4 + 45A7 4 NA NA± ± NA 4 + -+ SI CaVfflta + NA 4 NA -4 4 NA 4 + + + 4 - 11.6 4 NA NAa + ± NA 4 4 4 + + ± 22 CaaaaaSFuain ± 4 NA +NA 4 + NA ± + 4 + 4,27 . NA NA a NA 4 + NA + 4 23 DLao 4 NA + NA 4 NA- 4 NA 4 4 + 4 4 3664 NAI NA + A 4 + -NA

26 RotaDru- linic + - a NA 4 NA 4 a NA a I 4 4 + 2,4A7 a NA NA + NA 4 4 NA 4 + 8 27 Gaasta 4 NA NA 4 NA + NA 4 4 + 4 56' a NA NA a NA + + NA 4 4 4 21 COaan. Cnna.+ NA a N 4 NA 4 a NA 4 4 634 N+ A NA a NA 4 4 NA 4 + 4 29 ValaaMaraCniabav 4~~~ + ~~+~ NA 4 NA N4A 4 -4 4 249 NA NA 4 4 ± NA + -+ VI BIS R

27 BojanMrni a - - NA +4 + x + ± 4 4 NA 4[l, NA 4 4 4Na -39 DaaaMm a a + ± A + 4 + 4 + 292 a N NNA AI+xNA + *

432 Ax Bfib v.a + NA + NA a NA + + N H+ + + ~ + NA NA 1+ NA + + NA + 42 Rabdalaa + NA + NA + NA + + + I L 4~ _ + + 2194 . +, NA I + + + + + --

44 dAaiaaa ga + NA + - +- NA + 4 NA + ± + + NA 26$ NANA+NA + NA +4 + X35 VGORJLo

46 Otto M + 4 NA + + -- + a - ± 4- + [2+ NA +- ± + 4 + +

49 a=, + a 4- A + N+NA * + i- + * -, 243 + NA NA-4 NA+ + + 1- *

40 Dabo,, ± 4 NA + + +- NA± a~. -4 231A ± + NA- 4 + NA + - 41 AaalrmbCao4 NA NA NA NA + + N a + 4 4 + 3 4 NA NA x I 4 + +- 4 + +

12 RW. S. 4- NA -~ + NA 4N t + 4 a + 4 4 4 _27 4- + NA x + 4 + t 4- + 4- 43 N.g.i. ai~ Mu + I N + ± N 4NA ±+ + + ± 1.4 4 NA NA 4 * + NA + +4- 14 PAitarnn + - + - NA + ± 4 NA x + 4 4 + 42.14 4 4 NA + NA +-- NA ± 4-

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46 ParalLa +- NA -NA +- 4 . 4- * 4 4 NA L3.8 + NA 4 + 4 4 NA + + ± 47 VailaMar + - 4 NA + 4 4 + 4 4+ + NA 23 4 NA + ± 4 - 4- 4 *

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66 CdnelOb, 4 670 aBaal0,a Maa

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_XX SUCAHVA

77 Mlcana 4 + NA 4N NA 4 4 NA 4 4 4 4 209 4 NA NA 4 NA x 4 NA 4 4 4 79 V.I.l R4 4 4 NA 4N NA 4 NA 4 + 4 6.21 4 NA NA- 1 + L_ x NA 4- 4 +

9$ Mataaa. a 4 4 NAa A 4 4 NA + 4 4 a 64 4 NA 4 + 4 4 4 4 4 4 71I lhAST A + ++ + + 34 + + N S 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 It 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 19 Ral~dfi +I IOD HIARGErrA P.d PintAw _ _ NA NA NA + _ NA NA _ + _ _ s NA NA _ _ _ _ 91 BMW + -_ + NA x + + NA x _ _ _ 9.2 _ NA NA x _+ _+ _ + TOTALdincare CREDIT BUGET

Notice about classification of marks + Environmental issues VERY WELL solved by the Project Program X Environmental issues SOLVED BUr NOT VERY WELL by the Project Program - Environmental issues NOT solved by the Project Program NA Not Applicable Forestry DevelopmentProgram

2 A Summaryof the CurrentSituation with Respectto the Forest Road Management(Policy, Legal and AdministrativeContext)

Forests

Law and InstitutionalFramework

General provisions for management of the national 'Forest Fund' (all legally- declaredforests) are given in the Forest Code (Law 26/24 of April 1996).

For the basic legislative framework on biodiversity and forests in Romania, see www.envir. ee/proprammid/pharecd/soes/romania/html/biodiversity (this includes internationalconventions).

Forest Policy

The existing forest strategy dates from 1995, and was developed following the 1992/93 Forestry Sector Review. Romania is in the process of developinga new forest policy, the NationalForestry Policy and Strategy 2001-2010(NFPS). Most of the work was carried out during2000 with assistancefrom the World Bank.

Although endorsed by the Ministry of Waters, Forests and Environmental Protection and Ministry for Industry and Technology under the previous government, at present the draft NFPS is in abeyance, pending review by the incominggovernment and the re-organisedMinistries.

The principal policy statement within the draft NFPS concerning Logging, Transport and Wood Processingis:

'Policy: The better utilisationof wood resources through the integrationof logging and wood processing activities within the concept of sustainablemanagement of the natural resource.'

In addition to enhanced research and training, NFPS 'Strategic Actions' of particularrelevance to forest roads include:

A. Silviculture/Management A1.4 Harmonisationof the forest administrationsystem with Europeanpractice. A2.5 Modernisationof the forest managementplanning system. A5. 1 Upgradingand consolidationof existingforest roads. A5.2 Increasethe density of the forest road network. A5.3 Developmentof the access networkwithin forest compartments. A8.2 Inclusion of aspects relating to biodiversity and the management of protectedareas in forest managementplans.

B. Logging,Transport and Wood Processing B3.1 Increase the accessibility of forests, by designing an internal skidding/collection network, oriented towards reducing the average skidding/collectiondistance and use of environmentally-friendlymethods and technologies.

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B3.2 Developmentof an integratedskidding/collection system in order to protect the forest.

Forest Roads

Forest roads are major engineering structuresand can absorb a high proportionof all investmentsin forest management.

Until 1991 forest roads in Romaniawere built and maintainedby timber harvesting companiesusing central governmentfunds. In 1992 the roads were transferredto ROMSILVA, and subsequently to the NFA. Funds for construction of new roads during the '90s were scarce.

Forest roads on land are managed and maintained by the NFA on behalf of the state. Funds for road maintenance are obtained by a levying a charge on wood removed by logging companiesfollowing the tender/auctionprocess. The relevant Ministerial Order is 2205/1997.The fee is a flat rate of approx. $1/m3. This fee is retained by the NFA and used locally.

Forest roads on restituted forest land continue to belong to the state. If new roads are built on private forest land, they will (presumably)belong to the person who pays for them.

EnvironmentalAssessment

DomesticLegislation and Procedures

Environmental impact assessment (EIA) was formally introduced by the EnvironmentalProtection Law No. 137/1995(and subsequentamendments). This establishes the principles and framework (procedures, participants and their responsibilities,and an inclusion list of activitiesfor which EIA is mandatory).

Detailed guidance on EIA methodology, procedures, report content etc. is contained in Ministerial Order No. 125/1996 Permitting Procedure for Economic and Social ActivitiesHaving an EnvironmentalImpact.

ElAs can only be carried out by authorised EIA practitioners. Procedures for certifying EIA and environmental audit specialists are given in Ministerial Order 278/1996. Significantly, the persons or organisation carrying out an EIA of a proposeddevelopment must be legally independentof the developer.

For state-level projects, the authority to issue an environmentalagreement rests with MWEP. Regional and local projects consents is given by environmentallocal authorities,namely EPIs.

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InternationalIssues

Europe: The drivingforce for the new environmentalpolicy and legislationhas beenthe AssociationAgreement signed with the EuropeanUnion. Consequently, in the interestsof harmonisation,the basisfor the EIA regulationsin Romaniais EC Directive85/337/EEC on EnvironmentalImpact Assessment.

Presumably,Romania has, or will, updatethe regulationsand proceduresfrom time to time in line with developingEU policy,specifically the new EIA Directive 97/11/EEC, and the Strategic Environmental Assessment Directive (as and when this is issued).

Public participation: In 1998 Romania signed the UNECE Convention on the Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-Making and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters (Aarhus Convention).

Impact Assessment of Projects in Forests

Forest roads are not listed in Appendix 2 of the Environmental Protection Law, and therefore do not require a formal EIA.

Roads in 'protected areas' are listed, and therefore do require EIA.

In order to undertake an EIA, a company or agency must first obtain a licence from the Ministry of Waters and Environmental Protection. Currently ICAS (MAFF's Forest Management and Research Institute), has the only licence to undertake ElAs on forest land. Typical activities requiring EIA in forests are mining and oil exploration.

As yet, ICAS has not carried out any impact studies on proposed forest roads; roads are very much the domain of INL (the National Wood Institute), which is almost always the successful bidder for contracts for new forest road feasibility and design studies. Feasibility Studies for new forest road construction do not include a formal environmental assessment. The INL also has authority to undertake ElAs but not specifically in forests.

It appears that there is a potential for either conflict or cooperation between INL and ICAS with respect to the future incorporation of additional environmental issues in the forest road design and approval process.

Constraints to the development of EA in Romania, as seen by ICAS, include: * lack of previous experience;

* large cadre of senior staff requiring re-training, attitudinal change and awareness-building; * limited domestic capacity for postgraduate training in environmental impact assessment; * lack of private sector capacity.

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Biodiversityand ProtectedAreas

As a signatory to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), in the mid-90s Romania developed a National BiodiversityStrategy and Action Plan (1996), with four principal biodiversityconservation priorities: (1) developmentof the legal frameworkand capacitybuilding; (2) organisationof the nationalsystems of protectedareas; (3) in-situ and ex-situ conservation of threatened, economically-valuable species; (4) conservation outside formal protected areas through changes in land-use, land management,habitat restorationetc. Within these overall strategic priorities, priority actions include:

'Elaboration of a model administration (in 3-4 forest districts with representative bioclimaticzones and layers) for the sustainablemanagement of forests consistent with the principles and actions requiredunder the CBD.' Romania is now in the process of updating its protected area legislation and institutions, and establishing a formal network of protected areas. Specific protectedarea legislation has been drafted, but has not been circulatedwidely for comment.

A summary of Romania's biodiversity, threats, legal and institutionalframework, and the national biodiversity strategy can be found at www.prida. no/enrin/biodiv/national/romania/.

Romania takes part in many regional conservation initiatives, as part of 'The Environmentfor Europe' process.

The GoR is receiving assistance from the GEF through a Biodiversity ConservationManagement Project. This is now in its early stages of implementation.Fauna & Flora International(FFI) is providing technical assistance to the project, which is establishingand placing under managementthree different types of demonstrationprotected area, largelyforested.

Water

Water is managed under the WaterLaw (No. 107/1996).Article 31 of this law deals with forests. Paragraph(4) of Article 31 requires forests to be managedso as not to contributeto floods and soil erosion (Box).

Developments(but not, normally, forest roads)which may affect water are subject to a permifting system. Permits are issued by local offices of MWEP, and may contain conditions relating to water quality. These conditions are, typically, water quality standards which should not be exceeded, rather than methods of constructionor operationintended to preventpollution.

EnvironmentalAssessment for the Forest Road Valea Mare-Crizbav Page 8 ForestryDevelopment Program

The Water Law does not appear to considersediment and other natural materials to be 'waste', i.e. a pollutingsubstance within the meaningof the Act.

Regulations under the Water Law were issued in 1997 (Ministerial Order No. 277/1997). This Order specifies the documentation required to obtain a permit under the act. In response to Article 31 of the Law, Article 32 of the Order deals specifically with forest managementplans. Forest managementplan documents are requiredto cover, inter alia:

'(d) the expectedeffects of forest managementplan implementationon soil stabilityand on conservationof aquaticecosystems.'

Box Water Law No. 107/1996 Article 31 (1) The forests having special protectionfunctions, from the receptionof the reservoirs, those in basins of high torrential degree and prone to erosion, in major river beds, in the dam-bank areas, as well as the forest belts located along undammedrivers belong to the group of forests with special protection functions and are managedas such, through intensive treatments,the clear- cuttings or short-timeregenerating treatments being forbidden.

(2) The water protection forests, the soil protection ones located on cliffs, detritus areas, on eroded soil, on lands of slopes higher than 350,and other such forests are managedunder special protectionregime.

(3) Within the areas mentionedin paragraphs(1) and (2) works of soil erosion control and torrent annihilation shall be performed, and special rules of maintainingsuch works shall be applied.

(4) The forests in the mountain and hill areas must be managed in such a way so as not to contributeto the developmentof floods and soil erosion.

Source: English translationsupplied by Water ManagementGeneral Directorate,Ministry of Waters and EnvironmentalProtection, 9/3/2001

3 ExistingConditions: Key EnvironmentalParameters

3.1 AdministrativeIssues, Populationand SurfaceArea

The road Valea Mare-Crizbavis located in the North-Westernpart of the town of Brasov which is the capital of Brasov County.The county covers a surfacearea of 5,351 sq.km (2.2 percent of the whole territory of Romania). There are about 484,000 inhabitants living in the county, which means a population density of about 90.5 inh. per sq.km, [2].

EnvironmentalAssessment for the Forest RoadValea Mare-Crizbav Page 9 Forestry DevelopmentProgram

The county is situated in the central part of Romania,on the middle course of the river Olt at the intersectionzone of some old commercial ways, connectingthree importantregions of Romania,namely Muntenia,Moldova and Transilvania.

The road Valea Mare-Crizbavbelongs to the silviculture unit Codlea. That is this unit responsible for operation and maintenance of the forest in this zone. Administrativelythe road is located in the territory of Halciu parish, in the Brasov County.

3.2 Elements of Morphology and Topography

All project actions, and their sphere of influence, are situated in the county of Brasov at the intersectionof parallelof 460and the meridian250.

The County of Brasov is crossed by the middle course of river Olt. The county is located in the central part of Romania and is superpose on two morph-structures: Carpathian Mountainsand TransilvanianPlateau. About 40 percent of the territory of the county are covered by mountainswith altitudes higher than 750 m and 60 percent of the whole area of the county are covered by TransilvanianPlateau and Brasov Depression.The local differencethroughout the county is 2000 m and due to this difference in levels, there are two distinct floors characterisedby typical climate, flora and fauna.

3.3 Elementsof Geology

The road Valea Mare-Crizbavand Valea Tiganilor is situated in the South-Eastern part of Persani Mountains (see map in the Figure 2). These mountains belong to the Eastern CarpathianMountains.

From the geological point of view the road is located in sedimentaryformations, belonging to Cretacic strata. The basal conglomerate is partially degraded and covered by adobe material. Generallythe adobe material;has a thicknessof 0.5 to 2.0 m above the conglomerates.

No unstable slopes have been observedalong with the road under discussion.

3.4 SeismicPotential in the Zone

According to standard P100/1992 "Codes for Anti-Seismic Projection of Buildings and Constructions" the Crizbav zone is registered in zone "B" which is characterisedthrough: * Ks- seismicity (acceleration)coefficient =0.25 * T, - wedge period = 1.0 second

The seismic degree is of 8 (eight).

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3.5 Types of Soil and its Utilisation

There are a variety of soil types distributionsthroughout the county. There are alluvial soils, brown soils and argillaceoussoils. In Fagarasdepression there are acid brown soils. The main problems of soil use in the zone are related to water courses regulation, prevention and fighting against soil erosion, especially of slopes, [4].

3.6 Water Resources

The zone in discussion belongs to the river Olt tributary area. At the entrance to the county the surface area of the basin is 4,105 sq.km and after leaving the county the tributary area amountsto 9,974 sq.km, [4].

The average river density in the county is 0.9 km/sq.kmhigher than the average value in the country, that is 0.5 km/sq.km.The average annualflows are different from year to year. Comparingwith the average multi-annualflow the average flow is 2.47 times bigger than the average multi-annual flow (1995) and 0.34 times lowers (1963), in Valea Mare River, [4].

3.7 Climate

The territory of Brasov County is 75 percent- the central and the Northern part with a moderate - continental type and 25 percent exposed to mountainous climatewith the western winds.

For the mountainous sector it is characteristic to meet cool summers, with high precipitation value and cold winter. The solar radiation is 117.5 kcal/sq.cm.yearin depressionzones and 100 kcal/sq.cm.yearat the high level - mountainouszones.

Air temperaturevalues are 7.5 0C at Bod, 7.6 °C at Brasov, 8.2 °C at Fagaras- lower in the lower level part of the county and 4.9 °C at Predeal and negative on the top of the mountains. The annual average temperature distribution in the county is shown in Figure 1.

Precipitationvalues are increasing with the altitude. The average values are 610 mm at Bod, 747.2 mm at Brasov, 945 mm at Predeal.

The yearly average frequenciesof wind directionsare 18.7%for NW, 19.3%for W, 17.3% for SW, 13.4%for E. The wind velocities(annual average values) are lower in the depression zones, namely lower than 3 m/s and higher in the mountain zones, namely 4 or even more than 10 m/s.

3.8 Flora and Fauna

Flora and fauna are defined by means of the altitude.The zone of deciduoustrees is located in the North-Westernpart of the county and consists of oak forests

EnvironmentalAssessment for the ForestRoad Valea Mare-Crizbav Page 11 Figure 1. Annual average temperature distribution

zzAnnualaverage11-12°C

._X } Annualaverage 8-11° C

Annual average< 8°C Figure 2. Relief in the Road Zone

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(Luercus robur), evergreen oak (Quercus petraea) and hombeam (Carpinus betulus). The forest consisting of beech and hornbeam cover almost the whole area of PersanioMountains.

The forest that is about 190 thousand hectares covers about 35 percent of the county.

Fauna in this region is representedmostly by mammals with much attraction for hunting, e.g. dears, bears, lynx, squirrel, wild boar, wolf, hares, capercaillies, hazelhen, etc. The aquatic fauna is represented by trout, umber in the upper coursesof rivers and barbel (Barbus barbus) in the middle coursesof the rivers.

4 ProposedProject Works

The road has a total length of 9.3 km and has been put into operationin 1957.

The road has been stronglydamaged with the storm flow occurred in 1984 (13-15 May). That is why the calamitatedzones of the road createdenvironmental, social and economicalproblems. Environmental deleterious effects have been observed.

The proposedworks consist of: a) Valea Mare Rehabilitationof 1.33 km of the road from the issuing point of the Tiganilor River into Valea Mare River to the issuing point of Racochiasul Mic into Valea Mare river.

The level of the road (axis) at hm 0+0.00 is 700.00 and at hm 13+35, 748.50. A typical cross sectionof the designed road is shown in Figure 4. b) Valea Tiganilor Rehabilitationof 1.1 km of the road placed along with Tiganilor River.

The level of the road (axis) at hm 0+0.00 is 700.00 and at hm 11+17.00,749.50. A typical cross section of the designed road is shown in Figure4.

Rehabilitationof 9.3 km of the road Valea Mare-Crizbavis not included in the project proposed, but some works for water course regulation,hydraulic structures and other minor adjustmentsof the existing road are necessary.

In the Photographyno.1 a part of this road is shown, and the Photographyno.2 and no.3 show a bridge and a portion of the river Valea Mare where the carried material is deposited blocking the water floe and creating opportunities of sand sedimentation.Anyhow, in this way scouringof the bridge abutmentis avoided.

The general layout of the Valea Mare road to be rehabilitated is presented in Figure 3.

EnvironmentalAssessment for the ForestRoad Valea Mare-Crizbav Page 12 Rctbav' 4jf.l 0. S. M A I E R U _

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1-uj4=at Trees from which main products are harvested

r |Trees over S0 years old from which secondary products are harvested

| - Trees less than 80 years old from which secondary products are harvested

| |Existing Forest Road

= Damaged Forest Road (to be tedesigned) Figure 3. Rehabi4tation of Valea Mare - Cirizbav Road: General Layout scale 1: 2000 L'L-A ,c , g'S;. t:, J

alongsthisroad-

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4 4

Photo no. 2. A small bridge on the road Valea Mare - Crizbav. Some materials are carried forming natural barrages (see photo 3), causing sedimentation in this zone. In this way scounng is avoided. Photo no. 3. Natural barrage formed by the material carried by the river Valea Mare. This barrage is located near by the bridge (downstream) shown in Photo 2. Forestry DevelopmentProgram

In all documents hm "0" represents the intersectionpoint of the rivers Valea Mare and Valea Tiganilor. This intersection (hm 0+0.00) can be seen in Photography no.4.

VALEA MARE The following aspects of the existing road and the rehabilitationworks provided are presentedbelow.

* On the first part of the road from hm "0" to hm 3+00 the damages are not so important; they consist of erosion of deficiencies and scouring of hydraulic structures; * From hm 3,00 to hm 11+30 the road has been almost completely destroyedby the flow storm; * 0 the last part of the road- 2 - m length - the damagesare not so important.

The following works are to be accomplished: * On the first part of the road-fromhm 0 to hm 2+50 the existing platform is to be kept as it is, providing only the recovering and consolidating of the eroded embankment; - Between hm 0+06 - 0+30 and hm 0+92 - 1+16 the embankment will be completedby using stone materialtransported by means of tractor; * Between hm 0+04 - 0+12 an abutmentwall will be constructedfor the bridge situated at the intersection of the Tiganilor River and Valea Mare river (see Photography no. 5); - The bridge from hm 1+34, having a length of 4 m has not been movedfrom its initial position due to the flow storm, but the bridge abutments are to be restored (see Photos 6 and 7). However these works have to be considered with higher priority due to the fact that with the heavy transport the existing damages might be augmented.Besides, the river bed will be stabilised in the zone of this bridge by providinga concreteslab embeddedin the bottom of the river; * Between hm 3+00 ands hm 11+30, where the road has received the most important impact from the flood, a new platform has been provided; this new platform is 2 m above the river water level.

The deforestationis to be at minimumwith the road rehabilitationworks.

Abutment walls have been provided at the base of the road embankmentwhere erosion might occur.

Materials used are to be provided from local resources mostly (e.g. pebles, stones). Where is the danger of scouring concrete blocks will be put on the mattressof foundation.

* Not importanterosion has been met upstreamhm 11+30.Here the platformwill be raised and enlarged towardthe descent; * At hm 12+88.10the existing road is crossed by the river RacochiesulMic. Here the bridge made by means of two tubes of 0.80 m in diameter was not proved

EnvironmentalAssessment for the Forest RoadValea Mare-Crizbav Page 13 Forestry DevelopmentProgram

to be satisfactory.The road in this zone was broken by the heavy water flow. A new bridge, L=4 m with an angle of 600C on the river directionof flow; * At hm 13+31 the rehabilitatedroad and the existing road will be connected; * A drainage material of 30 cm thicknesswill be providedas road superstructure where the road is founded on soil. Where the road is built on the massive stone, the superstructure will be made by broken stones of 0.1m thickness (Figure4).

The total amountof earthworks(slots, riverbedcorrection, etc ) is 7,800 cu.m.

The abutmentwalls and the other defendingworks amountto about 1,000cu.m.

The drainage material used as superstructurein the zones where the road will be built on soil amountsto 750 cu.m, and the broken stones used as superstructurein the zones where the roadwill be built on the massivestone amountsto 340 cu.m.

The construction materials have been providedto be conveyedfrom the following sources. * From the water sides of Valea Mare river; the average road transport distance is 10 km, v From the stone deposit along the road under rehabilitation;the average road transport distance is 1 km,

The surface area that is to be deforested is about 4,800 sq.m

A general view of the existingValea Mare road is shown in Photographyno. 8.

VALEA TIGANILOR

The following works are to be accomplished. • where the road has received the most important impact from the flood, a new platform has been provided; this new platform is 2 m above the river water level. * providingthe recoveringand consolidatingof the eroded embankmentbetween bollard 60 and 58; The embankmentwill be completed by using stone material transported by meansof tractor; * Reconstructionof the bridge situated at the intersection of the Tiganilor River and Valea Mare River at hm 0+12 00, as it is mentionedabove; * Reconstructionof the bridge situated at hm 10+62.60on the Valea Tiganilor.

The deforestationis to be at minimumwith the road rehabilitationworks.

Abutment walls have been provided at the base of the road embankmentwhere erosion might occur

Materials used are to be provided from local resources mostly (e g. pebles, stones). Where is the danger of scouring concrete blocks will be put on the mattressof foundation.

EnvironmentalAssessment for the Forest RoadValea Mare-Crizbav Page 14 Photo no. 4. Intersection of the road Valea Mare with the road Valea Tiganilor (hm 0+00) Photo no. 5. At hm 0+04 - the bridge abutment has to be restored. Photo no. 6. Bridge abutment deteriorated (hm 1+34). Photo no. 7. Zone of the road on the bridge shown in Photo 6 where the span was deteriorated by the flow storm. r- '' a

Photo no. 8. General view of Valea Mare (hm 0+00 to hm 0+25). Forestry DevelopmentProgram

* A drainage material of 30 cm thickness will be provided as road superstructure where the road is founded on soil. Where the road is built on the massive stone, broken stones of 0.1m thickness(Figure 4) will make the superstructure.

The total amount of earthworks (slots, riverbedcorrection, etc.) is 6,683 cu.m.

The abutmentwalls and the other defendingworks amountto about752 cu.m.

The drainage material used as superstructurein the zones where the road will be built on soil amountsto 812 cu.m, and the broken stones used as superstructurein the zones where the road will be built on the massivestone amountsto 219 cu.m.

The constructionmaterials have been providedto be conveyedfrom the following sources: * From the water sides of Valea Mare river; the average road transportdistance is 10 km; * From the stone deposit along the road under rehabilitation;the average road transport distance is 1 km;

The surface area that is to be deforestedis about 4,860 sq.m.

A generalview of the existing Valea Tiganilorroad is shown in Photographyno. 9.

5 Scopeof Work for the EnvironmentalAssessment

5.1 Backgroundto the EnvironmentalAssessment of the "Rehabilitationof Forest Road Valea Mare-Crizbav"

Romania is undergoingtransition from a command to a free-market economy. In the forest sector this will involve, inter alia, the return of a significant proportionof the forest estate to private ownership ("restitution"),and structural changesin the forest administrationand whole forest-to-marketchain. The process is attendedby potential significantrisks of unsustainablemanagement.

At present, a World Bank-sponsored Forestry Development Program (FDP) is under preparation.The FDP have four components:

Component 1 - Development of public sector capacity to support sustainable forest management: * Establishinga forest inspectorate * Establishinga forest informationand monitoringsystem Component2 - Sector development: * Reform of the national ForestAdministration (NFA) * Establishinga privateforest owners association * Establishinga businessdevelopment and advisory servicewithin MAFF * Physical infrastructure,specifically environmentally-sound forest roads Component3 - Public awareness

EnvironmentalAssessment for the Forest Road Valea Mare-Crizbav Page 15 Photo no. 9. General view of Valea Tiganilor road. The slopes are stable in the road zone. Forestry DevelopmentProgram

Component4 - Project managementand monitoring

The principal outputs of the project preparation contract will be a Project ImplementationPlan and draft Project Appraisal Document in accordancewith Bank guidelines.

5.2 Scopeof the EA

The EA follows the EEC Council Directives (CD) 85/33/EEC27 June 1985, on Assessment of the Effects of Certain Public and private Projects on the Environment and 9711171ECof 3 March 1997, Amending Directive 851331EEC, and local standards given by the Ministryof Waters and EnvironmentalProtection of Romania. The EA is subject to approval according to both Romania regulations (MO 125/1995) and EEC standards.Towards this end, a Romanianversion of the EA was preparedparallel to the Englishone.

The informationprovided by the Consultantsincludes: • A descriptionof existing conditions * An outline of the main alternatives studied and an indication of the main reasons for this choice,taking into accountthe environmentaleffects; and * A preliminarydescription of the proposedProject comprising information on the site, design and size * As requested, comparison between EC and Romanian environmental legislationas a special chapter of the EA. * A descriptionof the measuresenvisaged to avoid, reduce and, where possible, remedy significantadverse environmentaleffects; * A non-technicalsummary of this information.

5.3 RegulatoryFramework and Applicable Guidelines

5.3.1 Council Directive 85/337/EEC 27 June 1985 on assessments of certain public and private projects on the environment,and the Amending Directive CD 97111/EC 3 March 1997

Council Directive 85/337/EEC27 June 1985 "On Assessmentsof Certain Public and Private Projects on the Environment"introduces a systemfor the assessment of the environmentaleffects of those public and private projects,which are likely to have significant effects on the environment.It was amended by CD 97/11/EC 3 March 1997 and stipulates that Member States should adopt all measures necessary to ensure that, before consent is given, projects likely to have significanteffects on the environmentby virtue of their nature, size, or locationare made subject to an environmentalimpact assessmentwith regard to their effects.

The environmentalimpact assessmentwill identify, describe, and assess for each individual case and in accordancewith the Articles 4 to 11 of the CD, the direct and indirect effects of a project on the followingfactors: * Human beings, fauna and flora

EnvironmentalAssessment for the Forest Road Valea Mare-Crizbav Page 16 Forestry DevelopmentProgram

* Soil, water, air, climateand the landscape * The inter-actionbetween the factors mentionedabove * Material assets and cultural heritage

Accordingto this EC Directive,environmental impact assessmentsshould include: * A description of the physical characteristicof the whole project and the land- use requirementsduring the constructionand operationalphase * A descriptionof the main characteristicsof the processes,for instance,nature and quality of the materials used * An estimate, by type and quantity, of expected residues and emissions(water, air and soil pollution, noise and vibration, light, heat, radiation, etc.) resulting from the operationof the proposedproject * An outline of the main alternative studied by the developerand an indicationof the main reasons for his choice,taking into accountthe environmentaleffects * Descriptionof the aspects of the environmentlikely to be significantlyaffected by the proposed project, including, in particular, population,fauna, flora, soil, water, air, climatic factors, material assets, including the architectural and archaeological heritage, landscape and the inter-relationship between the above factors * Description of the likely significant effects of the proposed project on the environment resulting from the existence of the project, the use of natural resources, the emission of pollutants, the creation of nuisances and the elimination of waste; and the description by the developer of the forecasting methodsused to assessthe effects on the environment - Descriptionof the measure envisaged to prevent, reduce and where possible offset any significantadverse effects on the environment - A non-technical summary of the information provided under the above headings * An indication of any difficulties (technical deficiencies or lack of know-how) encounteredby the developerin compilingthe requiredinformation This description should cover the direct effects and any indirect, secondary, cumulative, short, medium,and long-term,permanent and temporary, positive and negative effects of the project.

5.3.2 RomanianEnvironmental Assessment Regulations

Romanian legislation is relatively new, dating from 1995. Legislation containing guidance on environmental protection and management relative to this Project includes: * Law No.137, 29 December1995 on environmentalprotection * Law 107, 25 September 1996 on water * Order 125, 19 March 1996 outlining regulatory procedures for social and economic activitieswith potential impact on the environment * Order 185 on environmentalauditing Order 125, 19 March 1996 outlining regulatoryprocedures for social and economic activities with potential impact on the environment, provides guidance to the environmental screening of proposed Projects, the preparation of a preliminary environmental impact assessment,the contents and methodologyof EAs, as well

EnvironmentalAssessment for the Forest RoadValea Mare-Crizbav Page 17 ForestryDevelopment Program as permittingand approvalprocedures. It alsocontains provision for actionsto be taken to comply with stipulations contained in the EnvironmentalAgreement or Consent.

EA mustcontain: * Projectdescription with data on the raw materialsto be used and the waste productsthat will result * A site planshowing access * The relationshipof the proposedproject to localdevelopment plans * Detailedland use surveyanalysis * Baseline data on geology,soils, water resources,climate, air, aquatic an terrestrialecology, vegetation * Culturalresources and demography * Potentialpositive and negativeimpacts, including polluting emissions, noise and vibrations,on all environmentalmedia, water, air, soil as well as human settlements * Risks * The regulatoryframework * Mitigationmeasures * Recommendations

The EA is submitted to the relevant authorities for review and approval. Five flowcharts describing review procedures are attached to the law. This law is comparableto CouncilDirective 85/337/EEC.

6 Identificationof PossibleImpacts

6.1 Impacts During the Construction Period (Short Term Impact)

Forest roads are major engineeringstructures and can absorb a high portion of all investmentsin forest management. This is to generate the major impact on the environment,during constructionperiod of time.

The following constructionworks will generateenvironmental impacts: * Works preparation * Earthworks * Site stabilisation * River embankmentregulation * Culverts * Bridges * Abutmentwalls * Transportationof materials * Blasting for stone or knob removal

Construction works related to the activities listed above will be required to be carried out accordingto internationaland Romanianstandards, providing safe and adequatetemporary paths for workers. Permissionto carry out constructionworks

EnvironmentalAssessment for the Forest RoadValea Mare-Crizbav Page 18 Forestry DevelopmentProgram

from the local Council will be obtained. Care will be taken to prevent loss of soil, stones, or other release of material or waste to local water bodies.

The most important potential impact during the constructionworks is on the water intake and water treatment plant for drinking water supply system of Crizbav, Feldioara and the factory "Reconstructia".This drinking water supply system is located downstreamthe placement of the works related to the project proposed. That is why special measures must be taken in order to avoid the contaminationof Valea Mare river having the importantfunction of serving, as water resource, the drinkingwater supply of Crizbav and Feldioaralocalities.

.The works will generate noise and dust during the construction period of time. Construction works will include earthworks, excavation, fillings, compaction, levelling of the areas, casting of concrete. The negative effects will be only in this area, and temporary.

The overall constructionperiod of the proposed Project is estimatedto be one-two years. However, most potentially sensitive receptors will only be affected in a localised sense for the period of time when work on the water embankment regulation,for example, occurs in the immediatevicinity.

A summary of preliminary assessmentof potential constructionphase impacts on environment resulting from the proposed actions, as these are currently understood is presented in Table 6.1. Here the impact is mainly directed to the potential accidents on the existing drinking water supply system, downstreamthe river intake, water treatment plant (sand filtration and disinfectingby chlorination), main pipe and a small water distribution network. Water flow within the water supply systemworks by gravity. No pumpingstation is neededfor the water supply of the respective localities.

The water intake is placed on the riverbed (so called "Tyrolese Water Intake"). It can be seen in Photography no.10. The VWTP(horizontal plain sedimentation basins and the house of filters) on the roadsideis shown in Photographyno. 11.

Another effect expected is related to the fact that the hunting will be temporarily disturbed in the area of constructiondue the noise, vibration and dust emissions.

Table 6.1 - Summaryof Key ConstructionPeriod Impacts

Effects ImpactLevel POSITIVE Constructionsfor Forest Road Rehabilitation Social and economic effeOctsdue to employment M opportunities in constructionworks Institutional effects due to implementationof the H locally based EA review process and public information program NEGATIVE

EnvironmentalAssessment for the Forest Road Valea Mare-Crizbav Page 19 L.hi Ai

Photo no. 10. TyroleseWater Intake on the fiver Valea Mare, downstream the forest road to be rehabilitated. - wr4 >>#;- X -4

- A

Photo no. 11. WTP for drinking water supply of Crizbav and Feldioara. The plant is located downstream the intersection of Valea Mare and Valea Tiganilor Forestry DevelopmentProgram

Risks of contamination of raw water abstracted H from Valea Mare river, downstream. Noise impacts on fauna (decrement of hunting M activities)Aquatic fauna will be disturbed. Decrement of water quality downstream due to M untreated wastewater discharged from the work preparationfacilities Decrement of water quality downstream due to H the handling of excavated material, soil loss to adjacent body and sedimentationfillings, levelling of the areas and other activities for earthworks, slope stabilisation,river embankmentregulations, culverts, bridges, abutment walls, transportation and work preparation Dust emission and construction waste disposal M will affect the air, water and soil quality Visual impact M Traffic disruption H Haul road damage H Disposalof waste dredge material M Interruptionof service H Blocked access to adjacent properties H Security, health and safety of workers M

H - High M - Moderate L - Low

As it can be seen the temporary impacts from construction activities are deemed of major importanceso, special measuresare to be taken.

6.2 Impacts During the Operational Period (Long Term Impact)

Environmentalimpacts will be generatedfrom the following operationalactivities: * Transportationof harvestedwood * Maintenanceconsisting of: * Regravellingof road surfaces * Works for erosion alleviationor elimination * Works for avoiding the blockageof drains and culverts * Supervisingand repairmenof bridges abutments * Supervisingand maintaining piers usedfor traffic orientation * Monitoring

A summary of the operationalphase impacts due to the proposed project actions is presentedin Table 6.2.

EnvironmentalAssessment for the Forest RoadValea Mare-Crizbav Page 20 ForestryDevelopment Program

Table 6.2 - Summaryof Key Operational PeriodImpacts

Effects Impactlevel POSITIVE Constructionsfor Forest Road Rehabilitation Prevention of future erosion and downstream H flooding Access to degraded areas for rehabilitation M Preventionof further erosion of stream banks H Access to watershed protectionworks M Forest access continuity H Improvementsto local roads L Social effects due to increasedsite security L Reduction of emissions by optimising speed and L by reducingthe number of start/stop cycles Safety driving and reducing the risks of H accidents.Increased site security Economicaccess to fallen trees L Open space and visual quality M Social economic effects due to tourism M developmentand other inducedactivities More comfortable access to the zoological area M and hunting interest (tourismpromotion) Institutional impacts due to improving the ability H of local stakeholders to collaborate on environmentalissues Increasingthe quantityof wood transportedto the H place where is to be turned to good NEGATIVE Soil or water contaminationby oil handling H Separation("fencing" effect) M Solid wastes H Noise emission in various sensitive areas where H the wildlife is disturbed Dust emission by increasingthe vehicles speed H Gases emission (NMVOC, HC, lead) by M increasing the total traffic and lorries Risk on water supply system downstream M Risk of accidents M

H - High M - Moderate L - Low

It goes without saying that positive effects are predominant while judging the project of rehabilitationof the forest road Valea Mare-Crizbav.

EnvironmentalAssessment for the Forest Road Valea Mare-Crizbav Page 21 Forestry DevelopmentProgram

The main positive effects of the project are related to the land severance that is the road rehabilitationworks will contribute to the preventionof future erosion and further erosion of stream banks.

Increasingthe traffic and lorries due to the better conditionsof the road will have, as consequences,a positive effect, consistingof the productionincrement, on one hand, and noise, dust, NMVOC, HC, lead emission increment-asnegative effect. Anyhow the negative effects should be regarded in the context of the existing activitieswith the same type of emissionsbut at the not significantlower level.

Risk of contaminationof water supply system downstreamwill be increaseddue to the traffic increment (tourism and forest harvesting area to be promoted). It must be remindedthat this risk is higher during the constructionperiod of time.

Although separation ("fencing") effect exists due to the existing road, by implementing the project proposed this effect will be more definite due to the raised level of the road platform, new culverts and hydraulicstructures that are to be maintained. It is estimated that the needed surface area for the future developmentsis available. The land is in the ownership of the titleholder, namely NFA.

The rehabilitation of the forest road Valea Mare-Crizbavwill improve the overall environment and the operation conditions on the forest area in the respective zone.

Occupationalhealth and safety of the workerswill be improvedespecially through the provisionof the new rehabilitatedroad infrastructure,new hydraulic structures and the new safe equipment.

The rehabilitationof the existing forest road Valea Mare-Crizbav is evaluated as neutral against the historicaland cultural heritage.

7 Proposed Measures to Prevent, Reduce or Mitigate the NegativeEffects of the Project Implementation

7.1 Public Participation

At present the public attitude is positive. The mayoralty of Halciu and the other local authoritiesare keen to implementthe proposedproject.

7.2 ProposedMeasures 7.2.1 Water Quality Protection

To protect water quality special measures must be taken during the construction and operationalphases.

EnvironmentalAssessment for the Forest Road Valea Mare-Crizbav Page 22 ForestryDevelopment Program

The following main measures have been provided:

* Interdiction the discharge of the wastewater upstream the water intake for water supply system(Crizbav, Feldioaraand the brick Factory "Reconstructia"). The wastewater is recommendedto be discharged in a cesspool, downstream the water intake for drinking water supply of Crizbav, Feldioara and "Reconstructia"users. Periodically,the wastewater accumulatedin a cesspool is to be extracted, transported and discharged in the nearest WVMTP(e.g. Feldioara).

7.2.2 Health and Safety Risks

* The reduction of health and safety risks for staff currently working in the system. This important goal should be addressedthrough a training program aimed at developing and implementing improved standard operating and maintenancemanuals. There are needs to be focused, includingthe provision and use of personal protectiveequipment and other things, many as simple as requiring the presence and use of seatbelts in company vehicles. Time does not permit treating this in any further detail, but it was observed to be an important issue to be addressed in the future. A company-wideenvironmental management system would naturally contain comprehensive guidance on operationalhealth and safety issues. * For safety driving 97 indication piers will be provided, and 20 indicator tables will be installed. • Appropriate equipment-dozerswith front-buckets (tracked loader) should be used. Special measures shall be taken in order to avoid site damages and operatorswith specifictraining in road constructionwill be chosen for working. * Blasting is to be avoided. Hydraulic rock-breakers mounted on excavators to minimise site damage and hazards to construction crews are recommendedto be used. Dumptrucks rather than bulldozersshall be used. * New constructedsurfaces is to be revegetatedusing hydroseeding. * Personnel will use adequate protective equipment (gloves, safety foot wear, hard hats). * Usually the drainage structures-culverts and bridges- is well established: standard culverts are box-section, with reinforced concrete slab decks on masonryabutments; this design is simple and not prone to blocking by debris. * An environmentalmanagement plan is to be set up. * To the degree possible, the implementationof the environmentalmanagement plan should be fully integrated into the internal set of environmental managementactivities to be conducted in the future by operational company. The preliminary environmental management plan is divided into three parts: antecedent conditions, construction phase issues, operational phase issues. The constructionand operational phase impact section have been written as if the antecedentsare in place. * The earthworks will not be started before the road territory had been deforested and cleaned. The rest of woods shall be removed in order to avoid the accidents.

EnvironmentalAssessment for the Forest Road Valea Mare-Crizbav Page 23 _. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~4

U-~~~ t-;....

Photo no. 12. Someone needed ballast for construction and excavated the existing road superstructure. Forestry DevelopmentProgram

* In special cases the constructor will ask the designer to solve the problems appeared on site. In special cases, in dangeroussituations, the constructorwill stop all activities, drawingback the workers and the equipment.

7.2.3 Education

People in the zone should be told/explainedabout the importanceof the roads for the economy in the zone. Besides, other advantages are to be expected (e.g. forest access continuity,recreation, etc.). It seemsthis measure is necessary.

In the Photography12 could be seen a part of the road superstructureexcavated by someonewho needed some ballast for construction.

The measures to be taken for reducing the environmental impact of the rehabilitationof the forest road Valea Mare-Crizbavare presentedin Table 7.1.

Table 7-1- The Measures Proposedfor the Reduction of the Project Impact on the Environment

ProjectImpact and ProposedMitigation or Supporting RequiredPreparation PositiveEffects Actions Improvementof the Issues mandatefor Environmental On the Job operation company ProtectionDepartment to be responsibleon Training/Technical capabilitiesto perform behalf of the operationalcompany Assistancewith finalising environmental the environmental managementactivities managementplan Improvementof the Form an environmentalmanagement plan Seminarsor workshops ability of local StakeholdersCommittee and have regular on the environmental stakeholdersto meetings managementplan collaborateon environmental management . Improvementof the Submitthe environmentalimpact Handoverand intermittent ability to implementa assessmentstudy to receivethe consent support from local EPI locally based EA from the local environmentalauthority _ review processand Develop Public InformationProgram Preparationof approach public information to Public Involvement program CONSTRUCTIONPHASE IMPACTS Employment Utilise local labour resources Notify contractorsof this opportunities requirement Noise Restrict working hours, requiremufflers on - equipment Dust Controlledexcavation; cover haul trucks Contractspecification carrying fill material Damage to vegetation Surveysite and provide protectionto trees Contract specification and importantvegetation; limit construction disturbancewhere possible Pollution from -Providingcesspool for wastewater Contract specification; discharge of untreated discharged Preparingof a specific wastewater -Periodicallyextraction of the cesspool methodfor handling and content disposing of wastewaterif

EnvironmentalAssessment for the Forest Road Valea Mare-Crizbav Page 24 Forestry DevelopmentProgram

-Interdictionto dischargeany wastewater needed on the project into the river basis Excavatedmateral As much as possible reuse on site, dispose Contract specification handling and soil loss of excess property controlledexcavation to adjacentwater body, and sedimentation Blocked accessto Providetemporary access Contract specification adjacent functions Harvesting disruption Provide temporaryaccess during the not Contract specification working Visual impacts Complete constructionin as short a time as Contract specification possible; keep constructionsite as tidy as possible Security, health and Provide traffic managementplan and Contract specification safety of workers signagewhere needed; requirefencing and watchmen; warningsigns; use correct proceduresand personal protective equipment Pollutionto water Prohibit dischargeor disposal of any Contract specification bodies constructionmateral into water Pollutionto rvers Bathing Water QualityMonitorng and Co-ordinatewith key ReportingProgram stakeholders;develop Memorandumof Agreement as neededfor a co-ordinatedpublic l______infornation program OPERATIONALPHASE IMPACTS Impactsto surface Minimisepoints through design;take Co-ordinatewith water from the correctiveaction responsiblefactors (EPI) transportation activities Noise impact from Continuousmonitoring Routine monitofing transportationmeans Visual impacts Choosecolours and matenalsthat Conductsvisual impact harmonisewith surroundings;use planting analysesfor new and landscapingto screen; keep buildings construction in good repair and tidy condition Safety dnving and Maintainthe indicatorpiers for safety Routine monitorng reducingthe rsk of driving Contract specification accidents Maintainingand guardingthe works by daily Inspections.Co-operation inspections with the forest rangers. I Education measures

8 Enforcementand Co-ordinationProcedures

There are many instances where the operational company cannot achieve the proposedenvironmental objectives alone.

This will involve a co-ordinated effort between relevant authorities: e.g. MWEP (EPI), the respective operational company, the National Company "Romanian Waters" (Apele Romane),Local Council.

EnvironmentalAssessment for the Forest RoadValea Mare-Crizbav Page25 Forestry DevelopmentProgram

Who will do what; who reports to whom; what is the mechanismfor taking correctiveaction will have to be part of a larger institutionalanalysis effort in reparationfor developingnecessary monitoring and its protocols.

As generalconclusion concerning the environmentalimpact of the futureforest road, after its rehabilitation,it can be stated that the project meets the requirementsand solutionsadopted on Europeanand Internationallevel.

EnvironmentalAssessment for the ForestRoad Valea Mare-Crizbav Page26 ForestryDevelopment Program

9 Abbreviations

ATF Auto Tren Forestier( ForestRoad Train) EA Environmental Assessment (EA is the term used by the Bank for EnvironmentalImpact Assessment) EMP EnvironmentalManagement Plan EPI EnvironmentalProtection Inspectorate FDP ForestDevelopment Program GEF Global EnvironmentFacility HC Hydrocarbons hm hectometre(1 hm=1 00m) ICAS Forest Managementand Research Institute (Institutul de Cercetari si AmenajariSilvice) INL NationalWood Institute (InstitutulNational al Lemnului) MAFF Ministry of Agriculture,Forest and Food MWEP Ministry of Water and EnvironmentalProtection NFA NationalForest Administration NFPS NationalForestry Policy and Strategy NMVOC Non MethaneVolatile OrganicCompounds OS Ocolul Silvic (ForestryMaintenance and OperationDistrict) UP Unitatede parchet WTP Water TreatmentPlant WWTP WastewaterTreatment Plant

10 References

[1] National Commission for Statistics-"RomanianStatistical Yearbook 1998", Bucharest2000

[2] CUCU,V., M.STEFAN,"Romania, Ghid-Atlasal MonumentelorIstorice, Editura Stiintifica,Bucuresti, 1974

[3] UJVARI,I.,"Geografia apelor Romaniei",Editura stiintifica, Bucuresti, 1972

[4] POSEA, GR.et al., "EnciclopediaGeografica a Romaniei",Editura stiintifica si enciclopedica,Bucuresti, 1982

EnvironmentalAssessment for the ForestRoad Valea Mare-Crizbav Page27 Figure 4. Typical Cross Sections of the Designed Road

a) Foundation on soil zones

1~0.301, 0.60 35

0.3751_ 275 0.3751

material S

b) Foundation on stone zones

.rN -~~~~

0.90 0.375 2.75 0.375

Crushed Stones Forestry DevelopmentProgram

INTERGROUPENGINEERING SRL

ROMANIA

FORESTRYDEVELOPMENT PROGRAM

ENVIRONMENTALASSESSMENT FOR PROJECTPREPARATION

Paltinoasa(Prahova County)

DATE:May 2001

EnvironmentalAssessment for the Forest Road Paltinoasa Page 1 Forestry DevelopmentProgram

Table of Contents

1 Introduction...... 4 1.1 Concept of Forest Roads Sub-componentof FDP...... 4 1.2 The ProposedProject ...... 4 2 A Summary of the Current Situation with Respect to the Forest Road Management(Policy, Legal and AdministrativeContext) ...... 5 3 Existing Conditions:Key EnvironmentalParameters ...... 9 3.1 AdministrativeIssues, Populationand SurfaceArea ...... 9 3.2 Elementsof Morphologyand Topography...... 10 3.3 Elementsof Geology...... 10 3.4 Seismic Potential in the Zone...... 11 3.5 Types of Soil and its Utilisation...... 11 3.6 Water Resources...... 11 3.7 Climate...... 12 3.8 Flora and Fauna...... 12 4 ProposedProject Works ...... 13 5 Scope of Work for the EnvironmentalAssessment ...... 16 5.1 Background to the Environmental Assessment of the "Rehabilitation of Forest Road Paltinoasa"...... 16 5.2 Scope of the EA ...... 17 5.3 RegulatoryFramework and Applicable Guidelines...... 17 5.3.1 Council Directive85/337/EEC 27 June 1985 on assessmentsof certain public and private projects on the environment, and the Amending Directive CD 97/11/EC 3 March 1997 ...... 17 5.3.2 Romanian EnvironmentalAssessment Regulations ...... 18 6 Identificationof Possible Impacts...... 19 6.1 ImpactsDuring the ConstructionPeriod (Short Term Impact) 19 6.2 ImpactsDuring the OperationalPeriod (Long Term Impact).22 7 Proposed Measures to Prevent, Reduce or Mitigate the Negative Effects of the Project Implementation ...... 25 7.1 Public Participation ...... 25 7.2 ProposedMeasures ...... 25 7.2.1 Water Quality Protection...... 25 7.2.2 Health and Safety Risks...... 26 7.2.3 Education ...... 27 8 Enforcementand Co-ordinationProcedures . . .29 9 Abbreviations 30 10 References...... 30

List of Tables

Table 1.1- ScreeningSystem for the ExistingRoads to be Rehabilitated...... 4 Table 6.1 - Summaryof Key ConstructionPeriod Impacts...... 21 Table 6.2 - Summaryof Key OperationalPeriod Impacts...... 22 Table 7-1- The Measures Proposedfor the Reductionof the Project Impacton the Environment...... 27

EnvironmentalAssessment for the Forest Road Paltinoasa Page 2 Forestry DevelopmentProgram

List of Figures

Figure 1 - Geology in Prahova County Figure2 - Relief in the Zone of PrahovaCounty Figure 3 - PaltinoasaForest Road Layout Figure4 - Typical Cross Sectionsof the DesignedRoad

List of Photos

Photo no. 1 - Connection point of Paltinoasa forest road to the county road to Doftana (hm 0+0.00). Photo no. 2 - The road zone rebuilt in the last year, when the torrent (rain storm flow) destroyed the structure. This zone of the road is used by the people from Bertea and Pietriceaualocalities to go to the urban area. The road subjected to the project goes to the left (where the car is stopped). Photo no. 3 - The same zone as shown in Photo2 but here is shown how narrow is the road at the curve. Practicallya normal lorry could not pass this zone. Photo no. 4 - A bridge recently rebuilt after it had been destroyed last year. It is the last point accessibleusing a light vehicle. Under the actual bridge the former destroyedbridge can be seen. Photo no. 5 - A destroyed culvert. During the heavy rain period the torrent flows on the road flushing what has been remained.The road is accessible only by foot in the dry weather. In the left corner at the bottom of photo it can be observed how the road is sunk due to the water storm. Photo no. 6- Photo 5 in detail. Photo no. 7 - A zone of the road ready to breakdownrequiring breastworks.The road is narrow in this zone and it cannot use. Photo no. 8 - The road is broken by the storm flow. The existing breastwork is flushed by the torrent and the road is not accessible,even by foot. Photo no. 9 - The road is sunk. No way to go ahead. Only in the dry weather by foot. Photo no. 10 - The state of the road at about 5 km distance from hm 0+0.00. The road is sunk. Down more than a hundred metre below the river Paltinoasais bumpy. Even the trees were removed by the storm flow of the torrent scouringeffect.

EnvironmentalAssessment for the Forest Road Paltinoasa Page3 Forestry DevelopmentProgram

I Introduction

1.1 Concept of Forest Roads Sub-componentof FDP

The forest roads sub-componentof the FDP is under development.Because of the physical works involved, this item will absorb a large proportion of the total funds available within the FDP. The Project Concept Document (PCD) estimates were US $ 15.4 million out of US $ 24.35 million (63%).

Romania has a low density of forest roads (approx. 6m/ha). The concept in the PCD was for the Programto provide:

'... the physical infrastructurenecessary for economic and environmentallysound access to wood harvesting through construction of forest roads, to the required density and in accordance with best environmentalpractice, in existing production forest and facilitatingcompetitive bidding and pricing of forest road construction.'

The PCD Review Meeting (23 Dec. '99) qualified the PCD by emphasisingthe importance of the forest conservationand sustainable managementfocus of the project, including:

'emphasising that forest road construction,and planning for increased density of the forest road network, will only take place in existing areas of productionforest with the objective of reducing the negative environmentalimpacts, as well as the economiccosts of harvestingoperations'.

Also of relevanceto the roads sub-component,the Review Meeting highlightedthe importanceof capacity-buildingin all key public and private sector organisations.

1.2 The ProposedProject

The project proposed has been chosen after applying the screeningsystem based on the environmentalimpact assessment.This grit system is presented in Table 1. 1.

All the project titles mentioned in the Table 1.1 have been nominated after a careful selection in such a way that the projects listed would not have any problems as far as environmentalprotection needs are concerned.

The project proposed is related to the rehabilitation of the existing forest road Paltinoasa.

The project is consideredto be representativedue to the positive and less positive answers put into evidencein Table 1.1.

EnvironmentalAssessment for the Forest Road Paltinoasa Page 4 Table 1.1. SCREENING SYSTEM FOR THE EXISTING ROADS TO BE REHABILITATED

E N V I R 0 N M E N Tr S C I AL

g9 Operation S p Stoility e Ersd i Nature Con serva.ton o Air QOaty d Recretion R eloc t d O tber L- a C. 7nny (Land Severanc) Re.o.-e.. Mintesoo nega-v effeos~ (LC) 3 of Foret

No. ForeatRoadLooto. - . 9'pd9 TOTAL

1 2 -3 _-S89 -6 -7. -8 9 -Vlb 0 _ Zn394.98 I 9 7+ 8 19 Z 7 _ 2 4 2 6 2 8,

N 14 ALRA~ ~~ ~ ~~ ~Vale 9 +t A + N 0aauu A + +0 ' x + on - ~+ 9+ N 0 x +

S PArSe Caloi + 2 oRL*a + 3 V.i.eRuii + NA + + NA + + NA x + + + A 154 x NA NA t N+ x + NA + + + 4 Valea 11~~~~~~~~~Galapeni Olnd ++ NA_ _.+ NA_8it =+ NA= + + NA x + +t + _ 072_ _x _+ NA_ _+ _± N + + IS ARAD 2 Va.Ia Ciohnlol + 6 Doboon ± 7 Valtie + NA + + - NA + + NA x + NA 0.02 x NA NA t NA + + NA + + 8 otalui + NA + NA x N + NA 0 + +T NA t 0 . + NA NA + NA + + 9 valtal t NA + A + NA + + NA + + + NA + NA ±t + NA + + + ~III ARGOR So B-non

TV BAOSON II 15 BUCle4bDvaanit + xNA _ NA _ x NA x _ _ _ _ 1162 . x NA NA x NA _ _ 22 Caea rasin+ + + +-_ NA + NA + + + + A 259 + NA NA x , + t NA - + + 162 .I SrrlnaC =taiT N A NA + NA _ x NA + T+ _ + 7 27 x NA NA x NA + + N + +T 23 Btat I + _+ NA ± _ NA * _ . + + 15 _ NA NA + NA - NA , + +

281 CeeeeearaeI NA o NA X NA + NA + + + + 6715 o NA NA o N + NA + - 29 Vana. -aeCieav + +- NA + NA±o + + + * + + 47 + NA NA x- + NA0 26 Va leaD rI elol na + NA + NA + NA + + + + 4 N+ NA x NA + NA + + 30 LsaMag ettt - + + NA - + NA 0 + + + 39 + +A NA n+ ± NA + - 20 Paooe + - NA + NA _ NA _ + + + _ T_6 T NA_NA o _ NA + _ 2 3 4 S 6 7 8 9 16 _1 12 13 14 15 t6 17 28 19 20 31 22 23 24 25 26 27 31 BasMicael x _ _ x NA _ + _ _ _ __ I I NA x + I_ x _- - _ vII CABA~SEVERIN +N

32 Axi1B6rav V x NA _ NA + _ _ _ _ T _- 4 8 + NA ______33 Moh6di4 x NA + NA + + + x + +19 + 45 NA + + + I + + + 34 Palr4aLrgs + NA _ I _ NA + _ NA _ NA 2.6 NA NA NA NA _ _ + T 35 Val. L.sgl + 36 Ziotasi ?otoo IX CLUJ+ 37 Dudie +=

X COVASNA 39 Dotaul Mi. _ x x_ NA T _ 2 32 x NA NA _ NA _ NA _ _ 3D DA-MBOVAA

40 Probou + NA + NA x NA + t NA x x 234 x NA NA + NA + + NA + + + 41 BiuSuroaja + NA + NA + NA + + + x + + + 2,33 x NA NA x + + + + + 42 Rugola e + NA + NA N NAA NA t t + x 2.73 x A NA x_ + + + + + + 43 N-U jalo Me c NA + x+ NA + + + + + 31 191 x IANA + + + + NA + + +

44 AninOams + x + NA + T + NA x + + + a NA + + + + NA + + + xii GORJ 45 Motouni a + x + NAN + + N + + + _ 1373 + NA + + + I + + + +

46 0o u _+ + + NA + t _+ + + ++ 13.61 + + NA + N I +NA + 47 Giloot + - + -. NA + + -+ + 3.6 A - + + ± XIII HUINEI1OAIAI 41 Mars + x + NA NA + + NA + I + + NA 2 + + NA + + T + + + + 49 Tooosato 30 DoOr. + - + - NA + + + x + + + + 25.3 + + NA + + ,- +, + ,- -. + 51 ALi arlosb C _ + NA NA + _ NA x + + 62 + NA + + 3- _ _N + __ XIV MARAMURE 52 WSas- x 3-I +I NA +F + + ± +* *+ .666 + NA + -, + + - +

53 Bar Iaul t x + NA + - + + + + _ + T 3342 + + NA + + ± + +- T 54 PoVAs * I + _ NA I -+ NA _ + + + X 1 x+ NA _ NA x NA + 35 SIofiau mla !I + + + NA + + tNA X + + + 64.4 + - NA + + + + I - + xv MEHEDI I II 56 PMul Sita + x - NA NA _ _ +_ NA+ + * + NA 31.6 + + NA , + I + NA + + + 57 V.aIl.Me _ _ _ NA _ _ + _ _ NA+ 2 + x NA * _2- + + + - - H 7S Lta M.. +( + NA NA + NA + NA + + NA 1' + + NA + + x + + x + 59 0lare _A 60 Balass,e 3 XVI MURlE 61 FacelLpum . _ + + + NA + + +- + NA 4 NA NA x N + + + + + XVII NEM 62 ci lui + I- 63 MPoadia +_- 64 Cul-as Bsa8oi 3- 65 Psaul G~ardluhip6l65 3- 66 C qde O a§i 3- 67 Pod Boaldud Mar 3- -XVII PRAHOVA 68 vulp. +~~a + NA t + -r NA . 3- + * a 3.6 3 NA * NA x NA - +- 3-

79 V.I. R. 3- 3- 3 N + NA + + + NA .+ - + NA +-N NA + NA x A - 3-I

17 Valta Ne x _ + + N NA _ _ + + 16. + NA NA x + x + + + + + 7II ota x _ + + I NA + + N + 3 a 34 * NA , + 3 3 - + + 1 2 3 j4 5 6 7 8 9 19 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 S8 19 20 21 |22 23 24 25 2627 89 aFi XXV HARGSIUTA _se t od0Pi,ee |+_j+ NA |NA NAL + I NA NA | t_ NA|NAIXI- + X I _ + _ 9t IT - T n NA x o NA INAX I _X + TOTALdix -r CREDIT

Noticeabout classificationof marks + Environmentalissues VERYWELL solved by the Project Program X Enviromnentalissues SOLVEDBUT NOr VERYWELL by theProject Program - Environinentalissues NOT solvedby the Project Program NA Not Applicable Forestr DevelopmentProgram

2 A Summary of the Current Situation with Respect to the Forest Road Management (Policy, Legal and Administrative Context)

Forests

Lawand InstitutionalFramework

Generalprovisions for managementof the national 'Forest Fund' (all legally- declaredforests) are givenin the ForestCode (Law 26/24 of April1996).

For the basic legislativeframework on biodiversityand forestsin Romania,see www.envir. ee/proQrammid/pharecd/soes/romania/html/biodiversity (this includes internationalconventions).

ForestPolicy

The existingforest strategydates from 1995, and was developedfollowing the 1992/93Forestry Sector Review. Romania is in the processof developinga new forestpolicy, the NationalForestry Policy and Strategy2001-2010 (NFPS). Most of thework was carried out during2000 with assistancefrom theWorld Bank. Although endorsed by the Ministry of Waters, Forests and Environmental Protection and Ministry for Industry and Technology under the previous government,at presentthe draft NFPS is in obeyance,pending review by the incominggovernment and the re-organisedMinistries. The principal policy statementwithin the draft NFPS concerning Logging, Transportand Wood Processing is: 'Policy:The better utilisation of woodresources through the integrationof logging and woodprocessing activities within the conceptof sustainablemanagement of thenatural resource.' In addition to enhancedresearch and training, NFPS 'Strategic Actions' of particularrelevance to forestroads include:

A. SilviculturelManagement A1.4 Harmonisationof the forestadministration system with European practice. A2.5 Modernisationof the forestmanagement planning system. A5.1 Upgradingand consolidationof existingforest roads. A5.2 Increasethe density of the forestroad network. A5.3 Developmentof the accessnetwork within forest compartments. A8.2 Inclusion of aspects relating to biodiversityand the managementof protectedareas in forestmanagement plans.

B. Logging,Transport and Wood Processing 83.1 Increase the accessibility of forests, by designing an internal skidding/collectionnetwork, oriented towards reducing the average skidding/collectiondistance and use of environmentally-friendlymethods andtechnologies.

EnvironmentalAssessment for the ForestRoad Paltinoasa Page5 Forestry DevelopmentProgram

B3.2 Developmentof an integrated skidding/collectionsystem in order to protect the forest.

Forest Roads

Forest roads are major engineeringstructures and can absorb a high proportionof all investmentsin forest management.

Until 1991 forest roads in Romaniawere built and maintainedby timber harvesting companiesusing central governmentfunds. In 1992 the roads were transferredto ROMSILVA,and subsequently to the NFA. Funds for construction of new roads during the '90s were scarce.

Forest roads on land are managed and maintained by the NFA on behalf of the state. Funds for road maintenance are obtained by a levying a charge on wood removed by logging companiesfollowing the tender/auctionprocess. The relevant Ministerial Order is 220511997.The fee is a flat rate of approx. $1/m3. This fee is retained by the NFA and used locally.

Forest roads on restitutedforest land continue to belong to the state. If new roads are built on private forest land, they will (presumably)belong to the person who pays for them.

EnvironmentalAssessment

DomesticLeqislation and Procedures

Environmental impact assessment (EIA) was formally introduced by the EnvironmentalProtection Law No. 137/1995(and subsequentamendments). This establishes the principles and framework (procedures, participants and their responsibilities,and an inclusion list of activitiesfor which EIA is mandatory).

Detailed guidance on EIA methodology, procedures, report content etc. is contained in Ministerial Order No. 125/1996 Permitting Procedure for Economic and Social ActivitiesHaving an EnvironmentalImpact.

ElAs can only be carried out by authorised EIA practitioners. Procedures for certifying EIA and environmental audit specialists are given in Ministerial Order 278/1996. Significantly, the persons or organisation carrying out an EIA of a proposed developmentmust be legally independentof the developer.

For state-level projects, the authority to issue an environmentalagreement rests with MWEP. Regional and local projects consents is given by environmentallocal authorities,namely EPIs.

EnvironmentalAssessment for the Forest Road Paltincasa Page 6 Forestry DevelopmentProgram

InternationalIssues

Europe:The drivingforce for the new environmentalpolicy and legislationhas been the AssociationAgreement signed with the EuropeanUnion. Consequently, in the interestsof harmonisation,the basisfor the EIA regulationsin Romaniais EC Directive8513371EEC on EnvironmentalImpact Assessment.

Presumably, Romania has, or will, update the regulations and proceduresfrom time to time in line with developing EU policy, specificallythe new EIA Directive 97/11/EEC, and the Strategic EnvironmentalAssessment Directive (as and when this is issued).

Public participation: In 1998 Romania signed the UNECE Convention on the Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-Makingand Access to Justice in EnvironmentalMatters (Aarhus Convention).

Impact Assessmentof Projectsin Forests

Forest roads are not listed in Appendix2 of the EnvironmentalProtection Law, and therefore do not require a formal EIA.

Roads in 'protectedareas' are listed, and thereforedo require EIA.

In order to undertakean EIA, a company or agency must first obtain a licencefrom the Ministry of Waters and Environmental Protection. Currently ICAS (MAFF's Forest Managementand Research Institute), has the only licence to undertake ElAs on forest land. Typical activities requiring EIA in forests are mining and oil exploration.

As yet, ICAS has not carried out any impact studies on proposed forest roads; roads are very much the domain of INL (the National Wood Institute),which is almost always the successful bidder for contracts for new forest road feasibility and design studies. Feasibility Studies for new forest road construction do not include a formal environmental assessment. The INL also has authority to undertakeElAs but not specificallyin forests.

It appears that there is a potential for either conflict or cooperation between INL and ICAS with respect to the future incorporation of additional environmental issues in the forest road design and approvalprocess.

Constraintsto the developmentof EA in Romania,as seen by ICAS,include: * lack of previousexperience; * large cadre of senior staff requiring re-training, attitudinal change and awareness-building; * limited domestic capacity for postgraduate training in environmental impact assessment; * lack of private sector capacity.

EnvironmentalAssessment for the ForestRoad Paltinoasa Page7 ForestryDevelopment Program

Biodiversityand ProtectedAreas

As a signatory to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), in the mid-90s Romaniadeveloped a National BiodiversityStrategy and Action Plan (1996), with four principal biodiversityconservation priorities: (1) developmentof the legal frameworkand capacity building; (2) organisationof the nationalsystems of protectedareas; (3) in-situ and ex-situ conservation of threatened, economically-valuable species; (4) conservation outside formal protected areas through changes in land-use, land management,habitat restoration etc. Within these overall strategicpriorities, priority actions include:

'Elaboration of a model administration (in 3-4 forest districts with representative bioclimaticzones and layers) for the sustainablemanagement of forests consistent with the principles and actions requiredunder the CBD.' Romania is now in the process of updating its protected area legislation and institutions, and establishing a formal network of protected areas. Specific protectedarea legislationhas been drafted, but has not been circulatedwidely for comment.

A summary of Romania's biodiversity,threats, legal and institutionalframework, and the national biodiversity strategy can be found at www.grida.no/enrin/biodiv/nationallromania/.

Romania takes part in many regional conservation initiatives, as part of 'The Environmentfor Europe' process.

The GoR is receiving assistance from the GEF through a Biodiversity Conservation Management Project. This is now in its early stages of implementation.Fauna & Flora International(FFI) is providing technical assistance to the project, which is establishingand placing under managementthree different types of demonstrationprotected area, largely forested.

Water

Water is managed under the Water Law (No. 107/1996). Article 31 of this law deals with forests. Paragraph (4) of Article 31 requires forests to be managed so as not to contribute to floods and soil erosion (Box).

Developments(but not, normally,forest roads)which may affect water are subject to a permitting system. Permits are issued by local offices of MWEP, and may contain conditions relating to water quality. These conditions are, typically, water quality standards which should not be exceeded, rather than methods of constructionor operationintended to preventpollution.

EnvironmentalAssessment for the Forest Road Paltincasa Page 8 Forestry DevelopmentProgram

The Water Law does not appear to considersediment and other natural materials to be 'waste', i.e. a polluting substancewithin the meaningof the Act.

Regulations under the Water Law were issued in 1997 (Ministerial Order No. 27711997).This Order specifies the documentationrequired to obtain a permit under the act. In response to Article 31 of the Law, Article 32 of the Order deals specifically with forest managementplans. Forest managementplan documents are requiredto cover, inter alia:

'(d) the expected effects of forest management plan implementationon soil stabilityand on conservationof aquatic ecosystems.'

Box Water Law No. 107/1996 Article 31 (1) The forests having special protectionfunctions, from the reception of the reservoirs,those in basins of high torrential degree and prone to erosion, in major river beds, in the dam-bankareas, as well as the forest belts located along undammedrivers belong to the group of forests with special protection functions and are managedas such, through intensive treatments,the clear- cuttings or short-timeregenerating treatments being forbidden.

(2) The water protection forests, the soil protection ones located on cliffs, detritus areas, on eroded soil, on lands of slopes higher than 350, and other such forests are managedunder special protectionregime.

(3) Within the areas mentionedin paragraphs(1) and (2) works of soil erosion control and torrent annihilation shall be performed, and special rules of maintainingsuch works shall be applied.

(4) The forests in the mountain and hill areas must be managed in such a way so as not to contributeto the developmentof floods and soil erosion.

Source: Englishtranslation supplied by Water ManagementGeneral Directorate,Ministry of Waters and EnvironmentalProtection, 9/3/2001

3 ExistingConditions: Key EnvironmentalParameters

3.1 AdministrativeIssues, Populationand SurfaceArea

The placementof the forest road Paltinoasabelongs to the parish Valea Doftanei, in Prahova County.

The legal person responsiblefor the operation and maintenanceof the respective forest zone - UP IX - is OS Campinasubordinated to Silvicultural Directoratefrom Ploiesti. The forestry stock is the ownershipof the titleholder, namely Silvicultural Directorate Ploiesti.

EnvironmentalAssessment for the Forest Road Paltinoasa Page 9 Forestry DevelopmentProgram

The total surface area covered by the forest road Paltinoasais 1 ha, of which 0.5 ha for definitelyuse and the other 0.5 ha for temporaryuse.

The number of inhabitantsliving in the analysedzone (upstreamand downstream the road) is of 7,000, [5].

3.2 Elements of Morphology and Topography

All project actions, and their sphere of influence, are situated in the county of Prahova at the intersectionof parallel of 450 (North latitude) and the meridian260 Eastern longitude.

The county of Prahova is located in the South-East part of Romania on the Prahova tributary area.

The surface of this county is 4,694 sq.km (about 2% of the whole territory of Romania).

The territory of Prahova county has three steps of relief which are met from North to South, on about 2,200 m level differences;these are mountains,hills and plains, [2].

The relief map of the county, where localitiesin the zone are put into evidence, is presented in Figure2.

The mountains (Carpathian Mountains) are placed in the Northern part of the county and are about 26% from the total surface area of the county. On the territory of the Prahova County there are Ciucas and Garbova Mountains and several massifs (e.g. Bucegi Massif with altitudeshigher than 2000 m).

The hill zone is about 37% from the total surface of the county and is represented by sub-Carpathians(external and internal).

The plain zone is about (37%) and is representedby Ploiesti Plain.

The local unevenness of the ground throughoutthe county is 2200 m and due to this difference in levels, there are distinct floors characterisedby typical climate, flora and fauna.

3.3 Elements of Geology

The road Paltinoasais situated in the Grohotis Mountains (see Figure 1). These mountainsbelong to the Curving CarpathianMountains.

From the geological point of view the road is located in sedimentaryformations, belongingto lower Cretacic strata and mostly covered by adobe (Sinaia Strata).

The main geophysicalcharacteristics of the zone are, [5]:

EnvironmentalAssessment for the Forest Road Paltinoasa Page 10 Figure 1. Geologyin Prahova County

LEGEND

N 3 sands, sandstones, marl

sandstones, marl and argillaceous slates

limcstones, marl

sandstones, slates and clay with salt blocks and gypsum

Oligocene: arenaceous rocks with slaty sandwich and sandstone conglomerates

Cretacic strata limestone (Sinaia strata)

i Jurassic limestone Figure 2. Relief in the Zone of Prahova County

scale I 500000

\ 3Vf. hab9 a re / 1

ij ,j ®era$u

ero 0 20ll0i 300bu I 10 o 100 200 300 500 1000I0 ~1300 ~1600 27000 2400 pest 2400mn Forestry DevelopmentProgram

* Conventionalpressure: 750 daN/sq.cm * Maximumlevel of groundwater: 1.5m

3.4 Seismic Potential in the Zone

According to standard P100/1992 "Codes for Anti-Seismic Projection of Buildings and Constructions" the Paltinoasa zone is registered in zone "B" which is characterisedthrough: * - seismicity (acceleration)coefficient =0.25 * T - wedge period = 1.0 second

The seismic degree is of 8 (eight).

3.5 Types of Soil and its Utilisation

There are a variety of soil types distributionsthroughout the county. There are alluvial soils, brown soils and argillaceoussoils. In the zone in discussionthere are brown, acid brown and podzolite argillaceous-illuvialbrown soils. The main problems of soil use in the zone are related to water courses regulation, preventionand fighting against soil erosion, especially of slopes, [4].

3.6 Water Resources

The zone in discussionbelongs to the river Prahovatributary area. Prahova River springs from "Pasul Predealului" in Brasov county at 1032 m altitude and flows through the county of Prahova after 6 km. It is 165 km long and after leaving the county the tributary area amounts to 3,046 sq.km. On the county territory, the average gradient of the river is 6.2%o,[4].

The most importanttributary is Doftanariver which springs from Grohotis Mountain at 1450 m altitude.

It is 47 km long and it has 408 sq. km of basin surface. On the county territory,the average gradient of the river is 24.6%o.

The river Paltinoasadischarges its water in Doftanariver.

The average river density in the county is 0.4 km/sq.km lower than the average value in the country, that is 0.5 km/sq.km,[3].

The biggest reservoir of the county is Paltinu on the Doftana Valley. It has a volume of 5.6 million cu.m and a surface of 196 ha.

EnvironmentalAssessment for the Forest Road Paltinoasa Page 11 Forestry DevelopmentProgram

3.7 Climate

The territory of Prahova County is 80 percent with a continental type (the RomanianPlain and sub-Carpathianszones) and 20 percentexposed to moderate - continentalclimate (mountainouszones).

For the mountainous sector it is characteristicto meet cool summers, with high precipitation value and cold winter. The solar radiation is 125 kcal/sq.cm.yearin plain zones and 110 kcal/sq.cm.yearat the high level - mountainouszones.

The annual mean temperatures place the county between isothermof 10.0 °C in the plain zone, 9.3 °C at Campinaand 0 °C at top mountains.

The mean temperatureof the: - warmest month of the year (July) is +19.6 °C at Campina - coldest monthof the year (January)is -1.9 °C at Campina

The minimum temperature value registeredat Campinawas -26.6 °C on the 24th of February1942.

The maximum temperature value registered at Campina was +37.8 °C registered on the 7 th of September 1946.

The annual number of frozen days exceeds 101 in plain zone, 115 in hill zone and 154 on the highest points of the mountains.

Precipitationvalues are increasing with the altitude. The average values are 776 mm at Campina,805.9 mm at Doftana,808 mm at Sinaia.

The yearly average frequenciesof wind directionsare 15.2% for NW, 9.9% for N. The wind velocities (annual average values) are 2.4-3.1 m/s at Campina and 0.5- 4.6 m/s at Sinaia.

3.8 Flora and Fauna

Flora and fauna are defined by meansof the altitude.The zone of deciduoustrees lies from sub-Carpathianmountains to Carpathianmountains zone

The forest contains mainly beech (Fagus silvatica) which has favourable climate and soil conditionsfor growing.

There are meadows inserted in the forest area where flora is rich in species like Asperu/a odorata, Anemone nemerosa, Anemone ranunculoides,Corydalis cava, Geraniumropertianum, Galeobdolon luteum, etc.

Fauna has a large diversity in the zone. The most attractive for hunting are mammals representedby dears, bears, lynx, wild boar, wolf, hares, hazelhen,etc.

EnvironmentalAssessment for the Forest Road Paltinoasa Page 12 Forestry DevelopmentProgram

The forestry operation personnel use to organise special places in the forest where food for bears, dears and other animals is conveyed, especially in the autumn and winter seasons.

4 ProposedProject Works

The forest road Paltinoasa is connected to the county road Campina-Valea Doftanei in the zone of the viaduct Paltinoasa.After this connection,going up, the road is located on the left side of the river Paltinoasa till the Elvis Valley going another 1 km on the left side of Elvis Valley (see the map in Figure 3).

Hm 0+0.00 is at the intersection of the road Campina-ValeaDoftanei with the forest road Paltinoasa(Photography 1). The end point is located at hm 78+50.00.

The forest road Paltinoasa was put into operation in 1967. In 1974, due to the flood, the following effects occurred:

* Platformtearing; * Road abutmentdestroyed; * Scouringand bridgestearing; * Slope stability affected (on some portions); * Land slides; * Colmatageof bridges; * Superstructuredegradation; clogging of culverts.

There are zones on the road where the geometrical elements (platform widths, reduced radius curves) do not correspondto its function and other zones without any abutment works for assuring safety conditions against flood storm. Besides some bridges are not provided with stepped energy destroying spillway, and plates. This caused improperwater flow during heavy rain when water flooded the road destroyingthe road superstructure.

A short description of the existing state of the forest Paltinoasa is given by exemplificationin the series of the photographyshown in the following pages.

In some zones it is necessary to provide bridges in order to avoid the superstructure degradation. Some over-crossings on the main valley do not correspondto the necessaryrequirements regarding their dimensions.

In this context,the following technicalsolutions have been proposed: * Breastworksof slopes with gabions * Earthworks(including ruts reconstruction) * Replacing the not correspondingexisting bridges with new ones which are to be dimensioned according to the indications of the National Company "RomanianWaters" * Abutment walls * Gabions

EnvironmentalAssessment for the ForestRoad Paltinoasa Page 13 ;3~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ <'

-ez-~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~¾

PCSFi

Figure 3. Paltinoasa Forest Road Layout road to Photo no. 1 - Connection point of Paltinoasa forest road to the county Doftana (hm 0+0.00). Photo no. 2 - The road zone rebuilt in the last year, when the torrent (rain storm flow) destroyedthe structure. This zone of the road is used by the people from Bertea and Pietriceaualocalities to go to the urban area. The road subjectedto the project goes to the left (wherethe car is stopped). Photo no. 3 - The same zone as shown in Photo 2 but here is shown how narrow is the road at the curve. Practicallya normal lorry could not pass this zone. Photo no. 4 - A bridge recentlyrebuilt after it had been destroyedlast year. It is the last point accessibleusing a light vehicle. Under the actualbridge the former destroyedbridge can be seen. Photo no. 5 - A destroyed culvert During the heavy rain period the torrent flows on the road flushing what has been remained.The road is accessible only by foot in the dry weather. In the left corner at the bottom of photo it can be observedhow the road is sunk due to the water storm. ~~~~~~~~~~Poono. 6 - P oo5i eal Photo no. 7 - A zone of the road ready to breakdown requiring breastworks. The road is narrow in this zone and it cannot use. Photo no. 8 - The road is broken by the storm flow. The existingbreastwork is flushed by the torrent and the road is not accessible,even by foot. Photo no. 9 - The road is sunk. No way to go ahead. Only in the dry weather by foot. Photo no. 10 - The state of the road at about 5 km distance from hm 0+0.00. The road is sunk. Down more than a hundred metre below the river Paltinoasa is bumpy. Even the trees were removed by the storm flow of the torrent scouring effect. Forestry DevelopmentProgram

* New bridges

Additional works are necessaryfor the regulationof torrents crossing the road. All the valleys located along the river are put into evidencein the map of Figure 3.

The main geometricalelements for the designedforest road are: * Road length:7,850 km. The road is to be rehabilitatedon the whole length being seriously deteriorated. * Design speed of vehicles: 15 km/h; * The road width: - For declivity lower than 9% / The platformwidth: 4.00 m; V The wheeling part: 2.75 m; - For declivity between9% and 12%: v The platformwidth: 4.00 m; V The passable:3.00 m; * The minimumradius at curves: 15.0 m; * The maximumdeclivity with loaded vehicles:7.00%; * The maximumdeclivity with unloadedvehicles: 12.00%;

The work preparation consists of: locating of road axis and the geometrical elements of the future road, defining the abutment walls, the axis of bridges, cleaning the placement of leaves, branches, deforesting of road reservation, removal of knobs and stones which are not well stabilised on the slopes, constructionof steps.

Deforestationconsists of removal of forestryvegetation-trees and shrubs from the future road reservationforming a corridor necessary for the road construction in safety conditionsand for protectionagainst fire.

Earthworkswill be achieved by respecting the technical norms-C182-82,namely 10 percent-manually and 90 percent-mechanically,by using bulldozers and excavators. Excavationof earth is to be made by using bulldozers. In the zones, where necessary,the exceeding soil or where soil slopes are high, the excavator is to be used.

The transport in the embankmenton the profile, for the length compensationand in the storage place will be done-upto 50 m distance-withbulldozers, up to 1 km - with a tractor providedwith the trailer and over 1 km distance using tip lorry.

Compactionwill be achieved mechanicallywith compaction roller on large zones and by hand in narrow zones-at the ending parts of bridges.

Rut diggings will be made mechanically,with the road grader, or by hand at the ending parts of bridges.

For the zones where cut and fill could not be compensated,the deficit is covered from the borrow pit.

A typical cross sections of the designedroad is shown in Figure 4.

EnvironmentalAssessment for the Forest Road Paltinoasa Page 14 Figure 4. Typical Cross Sections of the Designed Road

a) Foundation on soil zones

i 3-50

0.30 0.675 0.375 2.75 0.375

-i -4 4- 4.0

0r10ed stones surface Overhangingstep

10cmtkins matehal for incsasing hetearingb capacity \15 cm thickness

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ti ~~~~- ~b) Foundation on stone zones

A t ~0.90 _ 0D375 't2.75 o.375,.

t >5l| _o~~*.D%Verges of pebbles

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Crushedstonessufc t0 cm thicknff Forestry DevelopmentProgram

The project provides the earthworks in stones to be achieved by blasting. It must be pointed out that blasting is to be applied for tearing but not for throwing out. After blasting and broad iron wedging the bulldozerwill transportthe material on a distance less than 50 m and the tractor on a distance longer than 50m. The refillingsare to be mechanicallycompacted, and the ruts are to be constructedby means of blasting and compressed air pickhammer. The earthworks in soil amountsto 23,000 cu.m and in stone-3,550cu.m.

In the wet zones along the forest road, where the bearing capacity is reduced, drainage material is used in order to increasethe supporting capacity.The ballast will be conveyed by the ECSH Prahova located at 15 km distance.The volume of ballast to be used in the earthworksis 1,620cu.m.

The abutmentand consolidationworks for slope in the backfill protection and the road platform protection against erosion are provided with constructionelements that could uptake the local scouringeffects.

Abutmentwalls made by boulders in embankmentsand cuttings are provided.The abutmentwalls will totalling a volume of 810 cu.m, [5].

Gabions used for the embankmentsare boxes placed on fascines bed of 30 cm thickness having a free end of 50 cm toward the riverbed. The total volume of gabions is 680 cu.m. The slope revetmentis to make with galvanisedwire net and a filling with raw boulders and concrete.The total volume of this type of works is 70 cu.m, [5].

The culverts are to be paved with river boulders placed in the zones with a low slope. The volume of these works amountsof 115 cu.m, [5].

The road transport system is to be made using the local materials.The works will consist of crushed stone surface with ballast-540 cu.m and with broken stone- 6480 cu.m, [5]. The works will be achievedmechanically by using the road grader for spreading and levelling, the auto-water reservoirs and the compactionrollers. The road transport system adopted on 600 m - length is with crushed stone surface and a single layer of ballast with 15 cm - thickness.

The remaining length -7,850 m will be constructedwith a crushed stone surface and a single layer of 10 cm thickness consisting of poligranularpebble-0/70 mm. For the first type of road transport system the ballast volume of 540 cu.m is needed and for the second type of the road system-6480 cu.m of crushed stones/pebbleis needed,[5].

The art works will consist of 45 culverts made by tubes of 1 m-diameter,totalling a length of 360 m and 5 slab culverts with a total opening of 12 m. The culverts comprise three parts: foundation, the tube-1 m in diameter-madeby prestressed centrifugedconcrete and the connectionto the earthworksis made by tympanums and water inlets the upstreamtympanum are provided with flaring wall wings for assuring a good inlet and the downstreamtympanum are nor reamed up as the others. The erosion of the bottom,between the wall wings is avoidedby providing standard trench fill revetment.

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Where importantdislevelment exists the connectionwith the natural ground will be made by underpinningwith raw stones under the foundation layer. The slab culverts are hydraulically dimensioned with the foundation made by simple concrete and the elevation consists of bridge abutment made by boulders with cement mortar. The bridge deck will be a prefab slab made by reinforced concrete.The deck is to be checked with the forest road train ATF 25 tonnes. The bridge elementswill be mounted by meansof cranes.

The technical solutions and the constructiontechnologies comprise measures for the environmentprotection.

The ballast for the road system will be transported from Bobolina gravel pit on a distance of 35 km.

The ballast for mortar and concrete preparation for breastworks,art works and other works will be transportedfrom ECSH Prahova gravel pit on a distance of 15 km. From the same gravel pit the crushed stones and boulders will be also transportedon the same distance.

The concrete and mortar are to be preparedand transportedon 5 km distance.

The prefab and the other industrial materials will be transported by means of railway to Campina town and afterwards by means of road vehicles on 25 km distance.

5 Scope of Work for the EnvironmentalAssessment

5.1 Backgroundto the EnvironmentalAssessment of the "Rehabilitationof Forest Road Paltinoasa"

Romania is undergoingtransition from a command to a free-market economy.In the forest sector this will involve, inter alia, the return of a significant proportionof the forest estate to private ownership ("restitution"),and structural changes in the forest administrationand whole forest-to-marketchain. The process is attended by potential significantrisks of unsustainablemanagement.

At present, a World Bank-sponsoredForestry Development Program (FDP) is under preparation.The FDP have four components:

Component I - Development of public sector capacity to support sustainable forest management: * Establishinga forest inspectorate * Establishinga forest informationand monitoringsystem Component2 - Sector development: * Reform of the national Forest Administration(NFA) * Establishinga privateforest owners association * Establishinga businessdevelopment and advisory servicewithin MAFF

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* Physical infrastructure,specifically environmentally-sound forest roads Component3 - Public awareness Component4 - Project managementand monitoring

The principal outputs of the project preparation contract will be a Project ImplementationPlan and draft Project Appraisal Document in accordance with Bank guidelines.

5.2 Scope of the EA

The EA follows the EEC Council Directives (CD) 85133/EEC27 June 1985, on Assessment of the Effects of Certain Public and private Projects on the Environment and 97/117/EC of 3 March 1997, Amending Directive 85/33/EEC, and local standards given by the Ministry of Waters and EnvironmentalProtection of Romania.

The EA is subject to approval according to both Romania regulations (MO 125/1995)and EEC standards.Towards this end, a Romanian version of the EA was preparedparallel to the Englishone.

The informationprovided by the Consultantsincludes: • A descriptionof existing conditions * An outline of the main alternatives studied and an indication of the main reasons for this choice,taking into accountthe environmentaleffects, and * A preliminarydescription of the proposedProject comprisinginformation on the site, design and size * As requested, comparison between EC and Romanian environmental legislationas a special chapterof the EA. * A descriptionof the measuresenvisaged to avoid, reduce and, where possible, remedysignificant adverse environmentaleffects; * A non-technicalsummary of this information.

5.3 RegulatoryFramework and ApplicableGuidelines

5.3.1 Council Directive 85/337/EEC 27 June 1985 on assessmentsof certain public and privateprojects on the environment,and the AmendingDirective CD 97/11/EC 3 March 1997

Council Directive 8513371EEC27 June 1985 "On Assessmentsof Certain Public and Private Projects on the Environment"introduces a systemfor the assessment of the environmentaleffects of those public and private projects,which are likely to have significant effects on the environment.It was amended by CD 97/11/EC 3 March 1997 and stipulates that Member States should adopt all measures necessary to ensure that, before consent is given, projects likely to have significanteffects on the environmentby virtue of their nature, size, or locationare made subject to an environmentalimpact assessment with regard to their effects.

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The environmentalimpact assessmentwill identify, describe, and assess for each individual case and in accordancewith the Articles 4 to 11 of the CD, the direct and indirect effects of a projecton the following factors: * Hunan beings,fauna and flora * Soil, water, air, climateand the landscape * The inter-actionbetween the factors mentionedabove * Material assets and cultural heritage

According to this EC Directive,environmental impact assessmentsshould include: * A description of the physical characteristic of the whole project and the land- use requirementsduring the constructionand operational phase * A descriptionof the main characteristicsof the processes,for instance,nature and quality of the materialsused * An estimate, by type and quantity, of expected residues and emissions (water, air and soil pollution, noise and vibration, light, heat, radiation, etc.) resulting from the operationof the proposedproject * An outline of the main alternativestudied by the developerand an indication of the main reasons for his choice,taking into accountthe environmentaleffects * Descriptionof the aspects of the environmentlikely to be significantlyaffected by the proposed project, including, in particular, population, fauna, flora, soil, water, air, climatic factors, material assets, including the architectural and archaeological heritage, landscape and the inter-relationship between the above factors . Description of the likely significant effects of the proposed project on the environment resulting from the existence of the project, the use of natural resources, the emission of pollutants, the creation of nuisances and the elimination of waste; and the description by the developer of the forecasting methodsused to assess the effects on the environment * Descriptionof the measure envisaged to prevent, reduce and where possible offset any significantadverse effects on the environment * A non-technical summary of the information provided under the above headings * An indication of any difficulties (technical deficiencies or lack of know-how) encounteredby the developerin compilingthe required information

This description should cover the direct effects and any indirect, secondary, cumulative,short, medium,and long-term,permanent and temporary,positive and negative effects of the project.

5.3.2 Romanian EnvironmentalAssessment Regulations

Romanian legislation is relatively new, dating from 1995. Legislation containing guidance on environmental protection and management relative to this Project includes: * Law No.137,29 December1995 on environmentalprotection * Law 107, 25 September1996 on water * Order 125, 19 March 1996 outlining regulatory procedures for social and economicactivities with potential impact on the environment

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* Order 185 on environmentalauditing

Order 125, 19 March 1996 outlining regulatoryprocedures for social and economic activities with potential impact on the environment, provides guidance to the environmental screening of proposed Projects, the preparation of a preliminary environmentalimpact assessment,the contents and methodologyof EAs, as well as permitting and approval procedures. It also contains provisionfor actionsto be taken to comply with stipulations contained in the EnvironmentalAgreement or Consent.

EA must contain: * Project description with data on the raw materials to be used and the waste productsthat will result * A site plan showingaccess * The relationshipof the proposedproject to local developmentplans * Detailedland use survey analysis * Baseline data on geology, soils, water resources, climate, air, aquatic an terrestrial ecology,vegetation * Cultural resourcesand demography * Potential positive and negative impacts, including polluting emissions, noise and vibrations, on all environmentalmedia, water, air, soil as well as human settlements * Risks * The regulatoryframework * Mitigation measures * Recommendations

The EA is submitted to the relevant authorities for review and approval. Five flowcharts describing review procedures are attached to the law. This law is comparableto CouncilDirective 85/337/EEC

6 Identificationof PossibleImpacts

6.1 Impacts During the Construction Period (Short Term Impact)

Forest roads are major engineering structuresand can absorb a high portion of all investments in forest management. The major impact on the environment is expectedto be felt during the constructionperiod of time.

The following constructionworks will generate environmentalimpacts: * Works preparation * Earthworks * Site stabilisation * River embankmentregulation * Culverts * Bridges * Abutmentwalls

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* Transportationof materials * Blastingfor stone or knob removal * Depositing of fuels or construction materials and current maintenance of mechanicalequipment * Deforestation

Construction works related to the activities listed above will be required to be carried out accordingto internationaland Romanianstandards, providing safe and adequate temporarypaths for workers. Permissionto carry out constructionworks from the local Council will be obtained. Care will be taken to prevent loss of soil, stones, or other release of materialor waste to local water bodies.

The works will generate noise and dust during the construction period of time. Construction works will include earthworks, excavation, fillings, compaction, levelling of the areas, casting of concrete.The negative effects will be only in this area, and temporary.

The overall constructionperiod of the proposedProject is estimatedto be one-two years. However, most potentially sensitive receptors will only be affected in a localised sense for the period of time when work on the water embankment regulation,for example, occurs in the immediatevicinity.

The impact is mainly directed to the potential accidents during the construction period of time. That is why special work protectionmeasures shall be taken.

It must be pointed out that during the constructionperiod of time the only way the people from localities Bertea and Pietriceaua(Brebu parish) could go to and from DoftanaValley and Campinawill be disturbed,or even interrupted.This will create more complicated situations. That is why special measures to assure the people safety passage should be taken. The populationpossible to be affected during the road construction is 1,500 inhabitants in the village Pietriceaua, plus 3,500 inhabitantsliving in the parish Bertea.

Although there is quite a long distance (25 km) from Paltinoasa river to Doftana River and then to Paltinu impoundmentreservoir, one cannot help telling that there is no danger to pollute the water lake. In addition to energy production,the lake Paltinu has also the function of water supply of Ploiesti - the capital of the county (population: 253623, [1]). That is why the interdiction of handling hazardous materials should be stated.

A summary of preliminary assessmentof potential constructionphase impactson environment resulting from the proposed actions, as these are currently understoodis presentedin Table 6.1.

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Table 6.1 - Summaryof Key ConstructionPeriod Impacts

Effects Impact Level

POSITIVE ___ Social and economic effects due to employment M opportunities in construction works Institutional effects due to implementation of the locally H based EA review process and public information program NEGATIVE Risks of accidents H Blocked access to and from the localities Bertea and H Pietriceaua(about 5,000 inhabitants) Decrementof water quality downstreamdue to the handling H of excavated material, soil loss and crushed stones to adjacent body and fillings, levelling and other earthworks, slope stabilisation, culverts, bridges, abutment walls, transportation and work preparation; discharged from the workers Risk of pollution accidents with consequenceson the water L supply systemof Ploiesti town Noise impacts on fauna (influencinghunting activities) H Dust emission and construction waste disposal will affect M the air, water and soil quality Visual impact M Traffic disruption H High cost of the necessaryworks for road erection H

H - High M - Moderate L - Low

As it is shown in the respective table, there will be employment opportunitiesin construction works. It is estimated that with the construction works a number of 102 personswill be employed,[5].

As negative effects it should be pointed out that the risk of accidents during the construction works is one of the major impacts of the road to be rehabilitated. Another negative effect is the disturbance, or in some cases interruptionof the way of access to Valea Doftaneior Campinaof the populationliving in Berteaand Pietriceaualocalities, where about 5,000 people will be affected.

Of course, the existing fauna in the zone will be disturbed influencingin a negative way hunting. Due to the dust spread within the respective area the visual impact should be markedas negative.

Although there is a low probability to have an accident in the working area affecting Paltinu impoundmentreservoir it is necessary to prevent an eventually pollution accident upstream.

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It is importantto mention the high value of the investment,namely, about 5 million USD, of which 73.5 percentrepresents the erection works.

As it can be seen the temporary impacts from construction activities are deemed of major importanceso, special measures are to be taken.

6.2 Impacts During the OperationalPeriod (Long TermImpact)

Environmental negative effects will be generated from the following operational activities: * Transportationof harvestedwood * Transportation of persons and goods from and to the localities Bertea and Pietriceauafrom an to the downstreamzones Campinaand other localities * Maintenanceof the road surface: * Regravellingof road surfaces * Breastworksfor erosion avoidanceor alleviation * Maintainingworks for cleaning ruts and culvertsto avoid colmatage * Supervisingand repairmenof bridges abutments * Monitoring

A summary of the operational phase impactsof the project actions is presentedin Table 6.2.

Table 6.2 - Summaryof Key OperationalPeriod Impacts

Effects Impact level POSITIVE More safety driving and reducing the risks of accidents. H Increasedsite security Makes possible access to the forest area for exploitation and H maintenanceof forest. The quantityof wood transportedto the place where is turned to good is increased Social and economicaleffects due to tourism developmentand H other inducedactivities Social and economical effects by creating employment M opportunitiesin the forestry sector Possible access for interventionsin the cases of fire or natural M accidents Access to degraded areas for rehabilitation M Preventionof future and further erosion of stream banks H Economicaccess to fallen trees L Institutional impacts due to improving the ability of local H stakeholdersto collaborateon environmentalissues NEGATIVE Soil or water contaminationby fuel and oil handling H Solid wastes H

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Noise emission in various sensitive areas where the wildlife is H disturbed Dust emission H Gases emission (NMVOC, HC, lead) by increasing the total M traffic and lorries Risk of accidents M Risk on water supply system, downstream L

H - High M - Moderate L - Low

Positive effects are very important and in spite of the fact that the works for rehabilitationare quite expensivesome clear advantageappear to be evident.

It goes without saying that the rehabilitatedforest road will make possible the reopening of an important forestry area for exploitation, maintaining and development of forest health in the respective zone. Forest access continuity will be assured under the increased safety conditions and decreased risks of accidents. Since 1974 the forest road has not been used for the transportof woos, persons or other goods.

By reopening the transport activity on Paltinoasa forest road the wood mass- produced will be increased with 6,500 thousand cu.m per year. Besides, other social and economicaleffects will be obtained: * Tourism developmentin the zone; * Material of construction; * Employmentopportunities; * Developmentof transport of persons and goods

At least 27 persons will be employed after the project implementationas it follows [51: * Silviculture:5 persons * Forest operation:20 persons * Road maintenanceand repairmen:2 persons * Other domains (mediumand small companies,etc.)

In the zone of the proposed project the population is mainly involved in the following productionactivities: 80 percent- in silviculturesector 20 percent- in industry,agriculture, tourism

By putting in operation Paltinoasa forest road it will be possible to make interventionsin case of fire or in the case of natural accidents on a forest area of 1,360ha.

The negative effects consist mainly in soil, water and air pollution by the transportationactivity.

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Most of the impact levels are high, namely the impacts created by fuel and oil handling, solid wastes coming from wood transport and harvestingand especially from soil disruption on slopes and the road system and noise, dust and gases emissions. Flora and fauna will receive the main impact.

Although the safety conditionsof traffic will be improved, the risks of accidents still exist. Besides, special measures should be taken in order to assure the safety conditions of raw water quality abstracted from Paltinu Lake for water supply of Ploiesti.

It goes without saying that positive effects are predominant while judging the project of rehabilitationof the forest road Paltinoasa.

Although separation ("fencing") effect exists due to the existing road, by implementing the project proposed this effect would be alleviated. From the information received from the local forester, during the winter season the personnel from the forest administration use to convey with food in special organised places the animals living in the zone. By rehabilitatingthe forest road this activity will be enhanced.

The rehabilitation of the forest road Paltinoasa will improve the overall environment and the operation conditions on the forest area in the respective zone.

Occupationalhealth and safety of the workers will be improved,especially through the provision of the new rehabilitatedroad infrastructure,new hydraulicstructures and the new safe equipment.

The rehabilitation of the existing forest road Paltinoasa is evaluated as neutral against the historicaland cultural heritage.

If the forest road Paltinoasawill not be rehabilitatedthe following negative effects are mentioned: * The forestry stock structure will continueto be disturbed; * The wood volume extracted annuallywill be diminishedwith 6,500 cu.m; * 11400 cu.m of existing trees that could be extracted will be depreciatedif the trees are not extractedin the proper time; * The raw material for the industrialmanufacturing will be reduced.

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7 Proposed Measures to Prevent, Reduce or Mitigate the NegativeEffects of the ProjectImplementation

7.1 Public Participation

The public attitude is positive,at present.

By the project implementationthe local population will have benefits due to the investment effects. The project is taken up by the population segment opportunities. This population is traditionally related, especially to the forestry sector. This sector influenceseconomically and socially the respectivezone. The achievementsof this investmentwill revigoratethe economicactivity in the zone, especially in the forestry sector.

The mayoraltiesin the zone (Campina,Valea Doftanei, Brebu, Bertea)are keen to implementthe proposedproject.

7.2 Proposed Measures 7.2.1 Water Quality Protection

To protect water quality special measures must be taken during the construction and operationalphases.

The following main measureshave been provided:

- Interdictionthe dischargehazardous waste on the territory of the road zone or in another part of the county, accordingto the existing legislation; - The domesticwastewater is recommendedto be dischargedin a cesspool,and periodicallyextracted and transportedto the nearestWWTP (e.g. Campina); - Fuel, oil and construction materials storage in special placement. Special places are to be designedfor the current maintenanceof mechanicequipment. The common feature of these special places is to provide the necessary facilities for avoiding spreading the combustible materials and wastes, by random; * The materials provided or resulted from earthworks or river embankments regulationwill be placed outside the river bed; * The materials resulted from deforestationor from cleaning the waterbedswill be stored in such a way that they would not be carried out by the storm water flows; * The operation personnelwill clean the water courses flowing in the zone of the road picking up the waste resultingfrom the forest operationactivities; * Daily inspection will be made on site during the constructionand operational phase for detecting accidents if they appear. In case that the pollution accidentswould be observed, the downstreamwater users must be alarmed in time as short as possible; * The inspection must be also by observing the slopes along the road. In the event that some phenomenaare observed (land sliding, boulders on the road, etc.) the responsibleauthorities must be alarmedas fast as possible.

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7.2.2 Health and SafetyRisks

* The reductionof health and safety risks for staff currentlyworking in the system should be addressed through a training program aimed at developing and implementing improved standard operating and maintenance manuals. There are needs to be focused, includingthe provision and use of personalprotective equipmentand other things, many as simple as requiring the presence and use of seatbelts in company vehicles. Time does not permit treating this in any further detail, but it was observed to be an important issue to be addressedin the future. A company-wide environmental management system would naturally contain comprehensive guidance on operational health and safety issues. * Piers for traffic orientationwill be providedon the road shoulder(15-25 cm from the brink of the road). * Bollardsmarking km and hm will be also provided. * A light concretefence will be constructedalong the road on the external side of the road. * Indicatorsfor traffic orientationand regulationwill be providedas it follows: - For warningabout the dangerousplaces; - For interdiction; - For showingthe obligatorydirection; - For orientationand for other issues. e Appropriate equipment-dozerswith front-buckets (tracked loader) should be used. Special measures shall be taken in order to avoid site damages and operatorswith specifictraining in road constructionwill be chosenfor working. e Blasting is to be avoided. Hydraulic rock-breakers mounted on excavatorsto minimise site damage and hazards to construction crews are recommendedto be used. Dump trucks rather than bulldozersshall be used. * New constructedsurfaces is to be revegetatedusing hydroseeding. * Personnel will use adequate protective equipment (gloves, safety foot wear, hard hats). * Usually the drainage structures-culverts and bridges- is well established: standard culverts are box-section, with reinforced concrete slab decks on masonryabutments; this design is simple and not prone to blockingby debris. * An environmentalmanagement plan is to be set up. * To the degree possible, the implementationof the environmentalmanagement plan should be fully integrated into the internal set of environmental managementactivities to be conducted in the future by operationalcompany. The preliminary environmental managementplan is divided into three parts: antecedent conditions, construction phase issues, operational phase issues. The constructionand operationalphase impact section have been written as if the antecedentsare in place. * The earthworks will not be started before the road territory had been deforested and cleaned.The rest of woods shall be removed in order to avoid the accidents.

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* It is recommendableto stop the construction works during the periods of snowing when the road reservation, verges and the adjacent area is covered by snow. * In special cases the constructor will ask the designer to solve the problems appeared on site. In special cases, in dangeroussituations, the constructorwill stop all activities, drawingback the workers and the equipment.

7.2.3 Education

People in the zone should be told/explainedabout the importanceof the roadsfor the economy in the zone. Besides, other advantages are to be expected (e.g. forest access continuity,recreation, etc.). It seems this measure is necessary.

The measuresproposed to be taken for reducingthe environmentalimpact of the rehabilitationof the forest road Paltinoasaare presentedin Table 7.1, below.

Table 7-1- The MeasuresProposed for the Reductionof the Project Impact on the Environment

ProjectImpact and ProposedMitigation or SupportingActions Required PositiveEffects Preparation Improvement of the Issues mandate for Environmental Protection On the Job operation company Department to be responsible on behalf of the Training/Technica capabilities to perform operationalcompany I Assistance with environmental finalising the managementactivities environmental managementplan Improvementof the Form an environmental management plan Seminars or ability of local Stakeholders Committee and have regular workshopson the stakeholders to meetings environmental collaborate on managementplan environmental management Improvementof the Submitthe environmentalimpact assessment study Handover and abilityto implementa to receivethe consentfrom the localenvironmental intermittent locally based EA authority supportfrom local review process and EPI public information DevelopPublic Information Program Preparation of program approach to Public Involvement CONSTRUCTIONPHASE IMPACTS Employment Utiliselocal labour resources Notify contractors opportunities of this requirement Security, health and * Dailyinspection on site safetyof workers * Alarmingthe potentialoffenders about the danger * Set up a comprehensiveguidance on operational healthand safety issues * Trained workers in road constructionwill be chosen

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* Blasting is to be avoided as much as possible. If not, throwing up materials blasting must not be used. Hydraulic rock breakers mounted on excavatorsto minimisesite damage and hazards to construction crews are recommended to be used * Dump trucks ratherthan bulldozersshall be used * Personnelwill use adequate protective equipment (gloves,safety footwear, hard hat) * The earthworkswill not be started before the road territory had been deforested and cleaned. The rest of woods shall be removed in order to avoid the accidents. * It is recommendable to stop the construction works during the periods of snowing when the road reservation,verges and the adjacent area is covered by snow. * In special cases the constructor will ask the designer to solve the problems appearedon site. In special cases, in dangerous situations, the constructor will stop all activities, drawing back the workers and the equipment. Noise Restrict working hours, require mufflers on equipment Dust Controlled excavation;cover haul trucks carrying fill Contract ______material specification Blocked accessto and Temporarypassage Potential affected from the localities publicwaming Bertea and Pietriceanu (about 5,000 inhabitants) Water pollution from * Providingcesspool for wastewaterdischarged Contract untreatedwastewater * Periodicallyextraction of the cesspoolcontent specification; * Interdiction to discharge any wastewater into the Preparing of a river specific method for handling and disposing of wastewater if needed on the project basis Pollution to water Prohibit discharge or disposal of any construction Contract bodies by construction material into water or in major streambed specification material or by wrong fuel and oil handling and storage Risk of pollution * Inspectionof sites Warning plates accidents with * Interdictionof handlingof hazardousmaterials support from local consequences on the EPI water supply system of Ploiestitown Visual impacts Complete construction in as short a time as Contract possible; keep constructionsite as tidy as possible specification Operationalphase impacts Risk of road transport Maintainingthe following accessories: Routine accidents * Piers for traffic orientation monitoring * Bollards Contract * Road fencing specification * Traffic indicators (for warning, interdiction,etc.) Health and safety * Inspection must be observing the slopes along Guidance on

Environmental Assessment for the Forest Road Paltinoasa Page 28 ForestryDevelopment Program rsks for staff currently the road operationalhealth working in the road a Useof protectiveequipment andsafety system . Otheradequate operations for workprotection Soil and water . Continuousmonitoring Contract contaminationby fuel . Interdictionof fuel or lubrcantsdischarges on soil specification and lubricants or intowater handling Impacts to soil and * Minimisepoints through design Co-ordinate with water from the . Takecorrective actions responsible transportation . Cleaningthe water coursesin the zone, picking factors (EPI, activities up the waste resultingfrom the forest operation WaterAuthority) activities . Safetystorage of materals Noise impact from Continuousmonitoring Routine transportationmeans monitonng Dust . Continuousmonitoring Routine a Wetting the road surface in the dry weather monitonng period Visualimpacts . Choose colours and matenalsthat harmonise Conducts visual with surroundings impact analyses * useplanting for new a keep buildingsin goodrepair and tidy condition constructions Traffic disruption by . Regravellingroad surfaces Routine damages due to . Breastworksinspection and repairs monitorng floodedroad . Cleaning the colmatage (ruts, culverts, abutments) Risk of pollution a Inspectionof the roadzone Routine accidents with the . Interdictionof transport or use of hazardous monitorng effectson the WTPfor substances water supply of Ploiesti

8 Enforcement and Co-ordination Procedures

There are many instances where the operational company cannot achieve the proposedenvironmental objectives alone.

This will involve a co-ordinated effort between relevant authorities: e.g. MWEP (EPI), the respective operational company, the National Company "Romanian Waters" (Apele Romane), Local Council.

Taking into account the results of EA of Paltinoasa forest rehabilitation the following conclusionsare stated: * The positive effects of the respective investmentare prevalentwhile comparing with the negativeeffects; * As far as the environmentalissues are concerned,the project is in accordance with the up to date requirementat the Internationallevel.

EnvironmentalAssessment for the Forest Road Paltinoasa Page29 Forestry DevelopmentProgram

9 Abbreviations

ATF Auto Tren Forestier( Forest Road Train) EA Environmental Assessment (EA is the term used by the Bank for EnvironmentalImpact Assessment) EMP EnvironmentalManagement Plan EPI EnvironmentalProtection Inspectorate FDP Forest DevelopmentProgram GEF Global EnvironmentFacility HC Hydrocarbons hm hectometre(1 hm=l 00m) ICAS Forest Managementand Research Institute (Institutul de Cercetari si Amenajari Silvice) INL NationalWood Institute (Institutul Nationalal Lemnului) MAFF Ministry of Agriculture,Forest and Food MWEP Ministry of Water and EnvironmentalProtection NFA National ForestAdministration NFPS National ForestryPolicy and Strategy NMVOC Non MethaneVolatile Organic Compounds OS Ocolul Silvic (ForestryMaintenance and Operation District) UP Unitate de parchet WTP Water Treatment Plant WWTP WastewaterTreatment Plant

10 References

[1] National Commission for Statistics-"RomanianStatistical Yearbook 1998", Bucharest2000

[2] CUCU,V., M.STEFAN,"Romania, Ghid-Atlasal MonumentelorIstorice, Editura Stiintifica, Bucuresti,1974

[3] UJVARI,I.,"Geografia apelor Romaniei",Editura stiintifica, Bucuresti, 1972

[4] POSEA, GR.et al., "EnciclopediaGeografica a Romaniei",Editura stiintifica si enciclopedica,Bucuresti, 1982

[5] INSTITUTULNATIONAL AL LEMNULUI(NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF WOOD), "Studiu de Fezabilitate Refacere drum forestier calamitat Paltinoasa", December, 2000

EnvironmentalAssessment for the Forest Road Paltinoasa Page 30

E NVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT MINISTRY OF AGRICULTUR E, FOOD AND FORESTS