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Development of a Virtual 3D Model of Denisova Cave in the Altai Mountains*

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Development of a Virtual 3D Model of Denisova Cave in the Altai Mountains* ARCHAEOLOGY, ETHNOLOGY & ANTHROPOLOGY OF EURASIA Archaeology Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia 42/3 (2014) 14–20 E-mail: [email protected] 14 PALEOENVIRONMENT. THE STONE AGE A.V. Leonov1, M.N. Anikushkin2, A.E. Bobkov1, I.V. Rys2, M.B. Kozlikin3, M.V. Shunkov3, A.P. Derevianko3, and Y.M. Baturin1 1S.I. Vavilov Institute for the History of Science and Technology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Staropansky 1/5, Moscow, 109012, Russia E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] 2Trimetari Consulting LLC, Kronverkskaya 5, Off. 250, St. Petersburg, 197101, Russia E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] 3Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. Akademika Lavrentieva 17, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] DEVELOPMENT OF A VIRTUAL 3D MODEL OF DENISOVA CAVE IN THE ALTAI MOUNTAINS* The study addresses the implementation of the project “A Virtual Model of Denisova Cave in the Altai Mountains” generating a 3D model of the cave and pinpointing certain key ¿ nds. The project includes the elaboration of software for interactive visualization in the virtual space of the cave. Apart from information about this unique site, the model is aimed at solving certain research problems. This is the ¿ rst Russian attempt to create a virtual 3D model of a cave site. Keywords: Virtual archaeology, laser scanning, 3D model, visualization, Denisova Cave, Paleolithic. Introduction the cave’s Central Chamber, two galleries, and from the entrance zone amount to tens of thousands. The most Denisova Cave, in northwestern Gorny Altai, is one important discoveries are associated with the Paleolithic of the key stratified archaeological sites of northern strata. One of the most important ¿ ndings of the Denisova Eurasia, highly relevant to understanding the evolution project is the discovery of human fossils associated with of Paleolithic culture and its environment. Soft sediments the Initial Upper Paleolithic horizon and representing a of the cave fall into 20 lithological strata that contain previously unknown hominin species. Given the critical archaeological materials of various epochs – from the importance of Denisova Cave, one of the key tasks was Middle Paleolithic to the Late Middle Ages. Finds from to generate its virtual 3D model. The term ‘virtual archaeology’ was ¿ rst introduced in 1990 by P. Reilly, a pioneer of application of 3D *Supported by the grant of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation (Resolution No. 220) received modeling and visualization in archaeology (Reilly, 1990). by the Altai State University (Project No. 2013-220-04-129, The main objectives of this research ¿ eld include 3D “The Early Human Occupation of Siberia: Formation and documentation of archaeological objects, their virtual Dynamics of Cultures in North Asia”). reconstruction, visual analysis of data, veri¿ cation of Copyright © 2014, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.aeae.2015.04.003 A.V. Leonov et al. / Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia 42/3 (2014) 14–20 15 hypotheses, provision of access to obtained information, seven scan stations were made; full point cloud contains and development of virtual museums. Virtual archaeology about 50 millions of points. Then, a textured polygonal is a subdiscipline that has been developing over two 3D model based on results of laser scanning and decades. Large-scale international conferences are photography was made. The model consists of 88,254 regularly held* and results of the projects are published polygons including 86,000 representing the cave and in leading periodicals**. It is estimated that there are 2254, artificial objects (decks, rails, and stairs). The thousands of existing 3D models of archaeological objects resolution of a texture varies for the different parts of the (Bawaya, 2010; Borodkin, Zherebyatyev, 2012). model from 30 to 100 thousand pixels per 1 sq. m of the Three-dimensional modeling of Paleolithic cave model surface. Thus, a detailed 3D model of the cave that sites based on laser scanning is a speci¿ c direction of preserves its geometry and appearance with high accuracy investigations. One of the first projects of this type and resolution was made (Fig. 1). was carried out in 1994. Laser scanning was used for The created 3D model was referenced in archaeological development of a textured 3D model of the underwater coordinate system (ACS). This system is used by Cosquer Cave in France (Thibault, 2001). Later on, archaeologists for spatial referencing (registration of 3D models were made for Arago Cave in France, Grotta location) of finds. The Y axis of the ACS is turned dei Cervi in Italy, as well as for caves such as Parpalló 62 grades clockwise from the North direction; it roughly (Lerma et al., 2010), Altamira (Donelan, 2002), and coincides with the entrance line and the longitudinal axis Peña de Candamo (González-Aguilera et al., 2009) of the Central Chamber. The X axis is perpendicular in Spain, and for Wonderwerk Cave in South Africa to Y in the plane tangent to the Earth at the origin of (Rüther et al., 2009). An examination of the projects coordinates. The Z axis is vertical, supplementing the focused on modeling Paleolithic cave sites has shown coordinate system. The origin of coordinates of ASC is that most of them were aimed at 3D recording of rock art. located in some virtual point in space near the cave’s drip Visualization of archaeological ¿ nds in the virtual space line. ACS is ¿ xed in the cave by ¿ ve permanent marks in of 3D models has received less research attention. This the cave’s walls. These marks were scanned during the task was ful¿ lled in the project entitled, “A Virtual Model laser scanning. During post-processing, the model of the of Denisova Cave in the Altai Mountains”***. This work cave was converted in ASC. The accuracy of referencing is the ¿ rst attempt at virtual 3D modeling of a Paleolithic was about 5 cm (Fig. 2). Thus, a means to compare the cave site made in Russia. 3D model and existing archaeological schemes was provided, and it became possible to transfer directly the existing archaeological database in a virtual space of the Virtual 3D model of Denisova Cave 3D model (Fig. 3). In addition, several stone implements attributable In August 2012, the present authors performed laser to various periods of human occupation of the cave scanning and detailed photography of the cave. Thirty- were scanned, photographed, and 3D modeled (Fig. 4). The created models of the artifacts consist of about 50 thousands polygons. During texturing, normal maps *EUROGRAPHICS Workshop on Graphics and Cultural based on more detailed models (500 thousands polygons) Heritage; International Symposium on Virtual Reality, were used. Thus, high visual realism and resolution of Archaeology and Cultural Heritage (VAST); International virtual models with a relatively small number of models Conference on Virtual Systems and Multimedia (VSMM); and textures were achieved. This is particularly important 3D Virtual Reconstruction and Visualization of Complex for interactive visualization in stereo mode. Architectures (3D-ARCH); Electronic Imaging and the Visual In order to visualize the created 3D model of the Arts (EVA); International Conference on Archaeology and Geoinformatics (AGIS); International Conference on Virtual cave, an interactive 3D presentation (software based Archaeology (State Hermitage Museum). on OpenSceneGraph) was elaborated. The presentation **Journal of Cultural Heritage; Virtual Reality; IEEE supports both mono- and stereoscopic visualization. It Computer Graphics and Applications; The Photogrammetric provides visualization of a point cloud, 3D model of the Record; Sensors; ISPRS Archives; IEEE Multimedia; Journal on cave, 3D models of ¿ nds, 3D models of wooden decks, Computing and Cultural Heritage; Science and Technology for rails and stairs, as well as visualization of the spatial Cultural Heritage; Applied Geomatics; Remote Sensing. distribution of finds in various archaeological strata ***The project was carried out by the Center for Virtual (Fig. 5). It also supports visualization of additional data History of Science and Technology of the S.I. Vavilov such as cardinal directions, axes and grid of ASC, and Institute for the History of Science and Technology of RAS in collaboration with the Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography location of permanent marks of ASC. The 3D model of of SB RAS and the Trimetari Consulting within the framework the cave can be virtually cut at any horizontal layer; this of the RAS Program “Development of the Permanent Exhibition option makes it possible to analyze visually the geometry of Achievements of RAS” 2012. of the cave and spatial distribution of ¿ nds (Fig. 6). 16 A.V. Leonov et al. / Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia 42/3 (2014) 14–20 ɚ b c Fig. 1. Textured polygonal 3D model of Denisova Cave. a, b – entrance zone; c – Central Chamber. A.V. Leonov et al. / Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia 42/3 (2014) 14–20 17 Fig. 2. 3D model of the cave cut at 0 m level; coordinate grid is shown. Fig. 3. Visualization of the location of archaeological ¿ nds in the virtual space of the 3D model. 18 A.V. Leonov et al. / Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia 42/3 (2014) 14–20 ɚ b Fig. 4. Textured polygonal 3D model of lithic artifacts. Fig. 5. “Cloud of ¿ nds” in the eastern gallery. a – sidescraper (stratum 12); b – Levallois point (stratum 11). Fig. 6. 3D model of the cave cut at +1 m level. A.V. Leonov et al. / Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia 42/3 (2014) 14–20 19 Fig. 7. User interface of the application. “Cave” window.
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