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Passage of North Temperate Fish Through the Cowan

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Passage of North Temperate Fish Through the Cowan PASSAGE OF NORTH TEMPERATE FISH THROUGH THE COWAN DAM DENIL FISHWAY BY BRIAN CHRISTENSEN A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies in Partial Fulf¡llment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Department of Zoology University of Manitoba Winnipeg, Manitoba @ December, 1993 Naional LibrarY Bibliothèque nationale I*¡ du Canada Acouisitions and Direction des acquisitions et Bibiiographic Serv¡ces Branch des services bibliographiques 395 Wellinolon Slreet 395, rue Wellinglon Otiawa, Oñlado Onawa (Onlario) K'l4 ON4 KlA ON4 Yolr litê votrc ¡èlêtehce Ortl¡lè Nôte¡ëlëtence The author has granted an L'auteur a accordé une licence irrevocable non-exclusive licence irrévocable et non exclusive allowing the National LibrarY of permettant à la Bibliothèque Canada to reproduce, loan, nationale du Ganada de distribute or sell copies of reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou his/her thesis by any means and vendre des copies de sa thèse in any form or format, making de quelque manière et sous this thesis available to interested quelque forme que ce soit Pour persons. mettre des exemplaires de cette thèse à la disposition des personnes intéressées. The author retains ownershiP of L'auteur conserve la proPriété du the copyright in his/her thesis. droit d'auteur qui Protège sa Neither the thesis nor substantial thèse. Ni la thèse ni des extraits extracts from it may be Printed or substantiels de celle-ci ne otherwise reproduced without doivent être imprimés ou his/her permission. autrement reproduits sans son autorisation. ISBN 0-315-92135-8 Canadä Nome Lrì Disserlolion Abstrqcls lnlernqlionolis orronged by brood, generol neorly describes ùe conlent of your dìsserlotion. Enler the corresp, tôl-4ltltl IJ.M.I SUEJECI CODE Ancienl..........-....................0579 Medìevol ............................0581 Modern ..............................0s82 81ock..................................0328 Ah¡con ...............................0331 Asio. Au3trôliô dñd ô.€nid 0332 conódiôn ...........................033¿ Eurooæn.................... .......0335 tôlin'Amêri.oñ . .. .. .. .-033ó Middle Eostern ....................0333 UniÞ¿ Sloles.......................0337 Hi3lôrv ol Sciênce .....................0585 tow..:.......................................0398 Poli cõlS.ience Genero|...................,..........0óì5 lnternorionol Low ond Reiotions.......................... 0ól ó Public Adñinisrrolion........... 0ól 7 Recreolion ................................ 081 4 Sociol Wo¡k .............................0d52 Gen"irol .. .. .. .... ........062ó c¡iminolocv ond Penoloov ...0ó27 oemø¡ooïv...............ll.....0938 Erhñì."ôñil Éô.iol Studies . .. 0ó31 lndividuolond Fomilv studies. .........:...........0ó28 lndr¡striolond tobor Re|otions..........................0ó29 Public ond s'.iõl wel{ore ....0ô30 Sociol Structure ond Deve|opment................... 0700 PASSAGE OF NORTH TEMPER.ATE FISH THROUGH THE COWAN DAM DENIL FISHWAY BY BRIAN CHRISTENSEN A Thesis submitted to th€ Faculty of Graduate Studies of the Universify of Manitoba in partial fulJillment of ihe requiremen[s of the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE o 1994 Permission has been granted to the LIBR-{RY OF T}fE UNTfERSITY OF MANTIOBA to lend or sell copies of tåis thesis, to the NATIONAL LIBRAIY OF C¡I¡\ADA to mÍc¡ofilm this thesis and to lend or sell coPies of the film' and LIBRARY À/trCROFILMS to publish an abstract of this thesis. The author reserves other publicatÍon rights, and neiiher the thesis nor extensive extracts f¡om it may be printed or other-wise reproduced wiihout ihe autho/s written permissioru TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS LIST OF FIGURES vi LIST OF TABLES x INTRODUCTION 1 GENERAL 1 STUDY OBJECTIVES 2 BACKGROUND 3 LOCAL MIGRATING SPECIES 3 Northem pike 3 Walleye 4 White sucker 4 Longnose sucker 5 Cisco 7 Lake wh¡tefish 7 FISHWAY DESIGN I Types of fishways 8 Denil fishway - standard 10 Denil f ishway - two-level 14 METHODS 16 DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA 16 SAMPLING PROCEDURES 19 Air and water temperatures 't9 Fish passage monitoring '19 Fishwav caoe - I990 19 Downstream trap - I990 20 Fishwav caoe - 1991 21 Video monitoring - 1992 21 Fish measurements 22 Fish tagging 23 DESCRIPTION OF THE FISHWAY 24 Standard Denil fishway 24 Two-level Denil fishwaY 27 Hydraulic monitoring 29 DATA ANALYSIS 29 ll_ Page RESULTS 34 STANDARD DENIL FISHWAY - 'I990 34 Air and water temperature 34 Fish species 34 General 34 Northem Dike 36 Walleve 45 Wh¡te sucker 49 Lononose sucker 57 Cisco 60 Lake whitefish 62 Fishway hydraulic conditions 62 F¡sh passage and fishway hydraulic conditions 6B General 68 Northem pike 68 White sucker 71 .I992 TWO.LEVEL DENIL FISHWAY -.I99.I & 74 Air and water temperature 74 Fish species 74 General 74 Northem oike 74 Walleye 76 White sucker 7S Longnose sucker 79 Fishway hydraulic conditions 8l F¡sh passage and fishway hydraulic conditions 81 DISCUSSION 88 Fish species BB General 88 Northem oike 92 Walleye 98 White sucker 101 Longnose sucker 104 Cisco. lake whitef ish and yellow perch 106 Fishways 108 coNcLUsroNs 110 F¡sh species 110 General 1f0 Northem pike 1t0 Walleye 1tI White sucker 112 Longnose sucker 112 Cisco and lake whitef ish 113 Denil fishway 113 Page RECOMMENDATIONS 1f5 REFERENCES 117 APPENDICES 124 lv ABSTRACT Fish passage through a standard Denil fishway under low tailwater conditions was studied at Cowan Dam in west-central Saskatchewan in 1990. ln 1991 and 1992, fish passage through an experimenlal two-level Denil fishway was studied at the same location under similar flow conditions. Six species of fish utilized the Cowan Dam Denil fishway in 1990; northern pike, walleye, white suckers, longnose suckers, cisco and lake whitefish. Tag returns suggest that most fish that congregate below Cowan Dam in the spring originate in Lac lle-a-la-Crosse 150 to 200 km downstream. Norlhern pike waited until spawning had been completed before ascending the f ishway. Only 12.1% of pike congregated below the dam are estimated to have ascended the f ishway. During both 1990 and 1 991 , the number of pike ascending the fishway appeared to decline as water velocities in the standard and the two-level Denil fishways increased. Mean pike length also declined over the period of f ish movement, and as water velocities in the standard Denil declined. Walleye did not appear to have any difficulty ascend¡ng the standard Denil f ishway in 1990, however they did appear to have diff iculty ascending the two-level Denil in 1991. Only 29% of white suckers that ascended the fishway did so prior to spawning. According to recaptures of tagged fish, 58.8% of white suckers present in the tailwater pool ascended lhe standard Denil f ishway in 1990. White suckers also appeared to be able to ascend the two-level Denil without difficulty. Ninety-eight percent of longnose suckers ascended the fishway prior to spawning in 1990. Longnose suckers appeared to ascend both the standard and two-level Denil fishways without obvious delay or difficulty. Only small numbers of cisco and lake whitefish utilized the standard Denil f ishway in 1990. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank my supervisor, Dr. Terry Dick, and the other members of my supervisory committee, W. Lysak, C. Katopodis and Dr. L. Graham. Their support and guidance throughout the study is appreciated. I especially thank Dr. Dick for giving me the opportunity to sludy under his supervision. I would also like to thank G. Krafchuk, W. Maxwell and T. Housen for assistance with f ield work; C. Brinkhurst and A. Merkowsky for preparation of aging structures; and D. Moore for calculation of fishway hydraulic parameters. Saskatchewan Environment and Resource Management, Fisheries Branch is gratefully acknowledged for provision of educational leave and financial support. I would also like to thank Weyerhaeuser Canada, Saskatchewan Timberlands for their support during the f inal stages of thesis preparation. Finally, I would like to thank my wife, Helen, and children, Amanda and Stephen. Their support and enormous patience during all stages of this project is appreciated more than I can say. LIST OF F¡GURES Page 1. Pool and weir fishway. I 2. Double and single vertical slot fishways. 11 3. Standard Denil fishway. 12 4. Two-level Denil fishway. 15 5. Map of Saskatchewan showing the location of the Cowan fishway. 17 6. Plan view of the Cowan Dam Denil f ishway. 25 7. Elevalion view of Cowan Dam Denil f ishway. 26 8. Calibration curves for two-level Denil f ishways. 28 9. Temporal changes in water temperatures and numbers of fish ascending the fishway. 35 10. Diurnal movement of norlhern pike, walleyes, and white suckers. 38 11. Length distribution of northern pike at the fishway cage in 1990. 40 12. Temporal changes ¡n mean lengths of pike during the 1990 monitoring period. 40 13. Age composition of northern pike at fishway cage in 1990. 43 14. Delay periods in 1990, between tagging northern pike at the downstream trap and in the tailwater pool, and their recapture after ascending lhe fishway. 43 15. Distribution of tagged pike and sucker recapture locations. 44 16. Length distribution of walleye sampled at the fishway cage in 1990. 47 17. Age composition of walleye sampled at the f ishway cage in 1990. 47 18. Distribution of tagged walleye recapture locations. 50 vii Page 19. Temporal changes in spawning condition of male white suckers sampled at the f ishway cage in 1990. 52 Temporal changes in spawning condition of female white suckers sampled at the fishway cage in 1990. 52 21 . Length distribution of white suckers sampled at the fishway cage in 1990. 53 22. Trend in pre-spawning female white sucker mean length during the 1990 monitoring period. 55 23. Trend in spenl female white sucker mean length during the 1990 monitoring period. 55 24. Delay periods in 1990, between tagging white suckers at the downstream trap and in the tailwater pool, and their recapture after ascending the fishway. 58 25. Diurnal movement of longnose suckers, cisco and whitefish. 59 26. Length distribution of longnose suckers sampled at the fishway cage in 1990. 61 27.
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