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0000-0000 July, 2019 EDE: Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences | Vol. 1, No. 2 ISSN: 0000-0000 July, 2019 Homosexuality, Molestation and Murder in those involved risk a jail term of at least 14 Kunle Afolayan’s October 1 years, the practice is no longer a closeted affair but one that has assumed a vantage position in Julius-Adeoye ‘Rantimi Jays (PhD) Department of Theatre and Film Studies Nigerian popular narrative. The twenty-first Redeemer’s University (RUN), Ede, Osun State century has seen more resourcefulness and Nigeria. engagements in the clamour for rights of [email protected] marriage and social acceptance by the group & known as Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender (LGBT) in United State of America Elizabeth A. Omoruyi Literary and Film Studies Department (USA) and Europe. These volatile domestic and University of Leiden political engagement in the West, find Netherlands representation in Nigeria and other parts of [email protected] Africa by bringing to the fore right groups who are canvasing for legislation supporting LGBT rights in the continent. Abstract Introduction This paper looks at the issues of homosexuality, molestation and murder in the There has been a major shift in the film October 1 produced and directed by Kunle narrative style of Nigerian video film since year Afolayan in 2014. It will argue that, though, 2000. This shift become noticeable, especially homosexuality does not have an overbearing with the emergence of new breeds of young presence as a theme in the film, it is significant filmmakers who studied the art in various film to the whole narrative. Also, it will attempt to schools across the United State of America provide answers to the following questions and (USA) and Europe. These new filmmakers are more. determined to make a change in the quality of works meant for audience consumption, 1. How are homosexuality, molestation and murder constructed in the film? especially from year 2010. Their concern is not 2. Who are the practitioners of to produce for African audience alone but for homosexuality, molestation and murder non-African audience as well. It should be noted in the film? however that some better made feature films like 3. What is the significance of Kunle Afolayan’s Irapada (2006), The Figurine: homosexuality, molestation and murder Araromire (2009), Izu Ojukwu’s’s Across the narrative in the film? Niger (2004), and Jeta Amata’s The Amazing 4. What is the relationship between homosexuality, molestation and murder Grace (2006) which became the first Nigerian in the film? film to be screened at the prestigious Cannes film festival, were produced earlier. Earlier in In this paper we adopt queer narrative 2004, Jeta Amata screened his short film Alexa and socio-political realism as theoretical Affair at the Berlin Film Festival. Stories in frameworks in the analysis of October 1. We Nigerian films have moved from the early stage argue that though, homosexuality is regarded by when the supernatural, spirits and unrealistic the Nigerian government as a criminal act and phenomena were major components employed EDE: Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences | Vol. 1, No. 2 (July 2019) 4 https://www.edejournalofhss.com/index.php/ejhss/issue/view/EJHSS EDE: Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences | Vol. 1, No. 2 ISSN: 0000-0000 July, 2019 in driving forward the plotlines and resolving the however, we are focusing on the same-sex conflict. scenes and the negotiators of the act in the work. Filmmakers like Tunde Kelani, Tade Having in mind gay rights, its perception and Ogidan, Teco Benson, Kunle Afolayan, Izu acceptance issues that have become a major Ojukwu, Bayo Alawiye, Niji Akani, Tony discussion in popular culture -literature, Abulu, Jeta Amata, and Biyi Bandele have not television and cinema in particular - it is only distinguished themselves by making films expedient we adopt both socio-political realism with good narratives, but also with good and Queer theories as has been stated earlier. technical qualities. There are many other Nigerian filmmakers who have distinguished Theoretical Framework themselves by making good films, and who “do Queer theory develops from the social not care about quantity but quality” (Ihunwo, construction of categories of normative and 2015: 8). Though this is yet to change the deviant sexual behavior that are linked to gay viewpoint of some critics who argue that and lesbian studies. The theory expands the Nigerian film rise on the pedestal of “its chaotic focus relating to the question of homosexuality. emergence and lack of coherence, both as a According to Klages (2012:1) “Queer theory commercial industry and in its aesthetic and looks at, and studies, and has a political critique social objectives” (Geiger 2013: 62). However of, anything that falls into normative and deviant the criticism, Nigerian, categories, particularly sexual activities and … video films are in their very nature identities.” both postcolonial and commercial, There are diverse positions on having not only created a market niche homosexuality. Mabokela (2015:1) reports on for themselves, but having displaced the two dominant views on homosexuality: domination by Hollywood, Bollywood, Society has two views of and Hong Kong films in Nigerian film homosexuality. The traditional view markets and amongst the Nigerian holds that homosexuality is abnormal diaspora (Geiger, 2013:68). that the orientation is a disorder, and the Motion picture otherwise referred to as behaviour is pathological. The opposing film belongs to the classification of popular art view is that homosexuality is a normal which renders itself to interpretation using variant in the human condition which is different theories. The Nigerian filmmaker like determined before birth, and that his contemporaries in the Europe or US is not homosexual behaviour is natural for limited in his want of narrative technique in those oriented. Gays and lesbians are expressing and commenting on prevailing socio- minority group and as a result, the way cultural and socio-political demand of his/her homosexual community is portrayed is environment. The Nigerian filmmakers, attempt affected. in localizing global debate, looks within their Whereas one can argue for or against immediate society and animate salient issues these two views above, there is also a third that warrant national debate. position- that of the neutralists. The neutralists Based on many of the events in October are not in the habit of rocking the boat, they do 1, one can argue that the film characters are not concern themselves with the sexual better analyzed using psychoanalytical theory, EDE: Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences | Vol. 1, No. 2 (July 2019) 5 https://www.edejournalofhss.com/index.php/ejhss/issue/view/EJHSS EDE: Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences | Vol. 1, No. 2 ISSN: 0000-0000 July, 2019 orientation and preference of an adult male or life imprisonment for what it considered as female. However, in most societies of sub- “aggravated homosexuality” (Bond, 2016: 111- Saharan Africa, the perception and treatment of 112). In Nigeria, the National Assembly passed homosexuality is from the traditional viewpoint. Same-Sex Marriage Prohibition Act (SSMPA) Makobela (2015) writes further that: in May 2013, and in January 7, it was signed into law by President Goodluck Jonathan. The Human sexuality is complex and there is Same-Sex Marriage Prohibition Act stipulates no explanation that accounts for all 14 years jail term for couples in same-sex human behaviours and attractions. It is marriage, and practitioners of homosexual not black and white. Some influences relationships risk imprisonment of at least 10 begin before a child is old enough to years. According to Human Right Watch (HRW) walk and talk. That may explain why report, criminalization of Act, certain people believe that they were born with their sexuality, since they …build on existing legislation in cannot remember a time during which Nigeria, but go much further: while the they were any different (7). colonial-era criminal and penal codes outlawed sexual acts between members In many countries of sub-Saharan of the same sex, the SSMPA effectively Africa, the above quotation does not explain criminalizes lesbian, gay, bisexual, and anything that interests the society, same sex transgender (LGBT) persons based on relationship is a negative choice and so, those sexual orientation and gender identity who practice it, must be removed from the (2016:1). community for indulging in unnatural sexual desire, expression and negotiation. According to The fact that Christianity and Islam -the Lyonga (2014:783): two dominant religions on the continent frown at what they consider “un-natural” sexual desire In more than two-thirds of African and negotiation (natural sexual negotiation in countries, homosexuality is a grave this case, refers to sexual act between man and cultural taboo which is subject to a woman), and those who nurture the thought are penalty that may range from fines, to demon possessed, does not help matters. public flogging, to imprisonment or However, this does not mean that homosexuality death, depending on the specific is not visible in Africa, and particularly in country. This criminalization of Nigeria. The truth is that homosexuality has homosexuality and the intense societal moved from the periphery position of pre- homophobia associated with it has independent Nigeria to the center of discussion forced most gays and lesbians in Africa in the first two decades
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