Exam 1 BAY PATH ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY II FALL2017 Name______
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) The ______division carries signals to the smooth muscle in the large intestine. 1) ______A) visceral motor B) somatic sensory C) afferent D) somatic motor E) visceral sensory
2) Which of the following are effectors? 2) ______A) Receptors B) Reflexes C) Sense organs D) Glan ds E) Stimuli
3) What is another name for the autonomic nervous system? 3) ______A) Somatic sensory division B) Visceral sensory division C) Central nervous system D) Somatic motor division E) Visceral motor division
4) Some ______neurons are specialized to detect stimuli, whereas ______neurons 4) ______send signals to the effectors of the nervous system. A) afferent; inter- B) afferent; efferent C) motor; sensory D) efferent; afferent E) efferent; inter-
5) What is the most common type of neuron? 5) ______A) Dendritic B) Multipolar C) Anaxonic D) Unipolar E) Bipolar
6) The term "nerve fiber" refers to a(n) ______. 6) ______A) nerve cell B) bundle of macromolecules in nerve cells C) organelle in nerve cells D) axon E) organ
7) Which glial cell is found wrapped around nerve fibers in the PNS? 7) ______A) Schwann cells B) Oligodendrocytes C) Nodes of Ranvier D) Satellite cells E) Ependymal cells
8) What is the primary site on a neuron for receiving signals from other neurons? 8) ______A) The axons B) The neurosomas C) The axon terminals D) The axon collaterals E) The dendrites
9) Which cells form myelin in the spinal cord? 9) ______A) Oligodendrocytes B) Microglia C) Satellite cells D) Astrocytes E) Schwann cells
10) In a neuron, the opening of sodium gates typically leads to ______. 10) ______A) repolarization of the plasma membrane B) hyperpolarization of the plasma membrane C) plasma membrane voltage returning to the resting membrane potential D) depolarization of the plasma membrane E) drifting of plasma membrane voltage toward a more negative value
11) Which of the following will cause the plasma membrane to hyperpolarize when at its 11) ______RMP? A) An inflow of potassium B) An outflow of chloride C) An inflow of sodium D) An inflow of chloride E) An inflow of calcium
12) An inhibitory local potential causes which of the following? 12) ______A) Hyperpolarization of the plasma membrane B) Repolarization of the plasma membrane C) Neutralization of the plasma membrane D) Depolarization of the plasma membrane E) Drifting of the membrane potential towards the resting membrane potential
13) Local potentials are ______, whereas action potentials are ______. 13) ______A) irreversible; reversible B) produced by voltage-regulated channels; produced by gated channels C) graded; all or none D) nondecremental; decremental E) self -propagating; local
14) During the absolute refractory period which of the following is true? 14) ______A) The neuron fires at its maximum voltage if a stimulus depolarizes the neuron to threshold. B) If a neuron reaches threshold, the action potential goes to completion. C) The signal grows weaker with distance. D) No stimulus of any strength will trigger a new action potential. E) It is possible to trigger a new action potential, but only with an unusually strong stimulus.
15) A cholinergic synapse uses ______as its neurotransmitter. 15) ______A) epinephrine B) monoamine C) acetylcholine D) catecholamine E) norepinephrine
16) What is the most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain? 16) ______A) Epinephrine B) Norepinephrine C) γ -aminobutyric acid (GABA) D) Acetylcholine E) Noradrenaline
17) Which of these is an example of an EPSP in a typical neuron? 17) ______A) A voltage change from -70 mV to -70.5 mV B) A voltage change from -69.5 mV to -70 mV C) A voltage change from +35 mV to 0 mV D) A voltage change from 0 mV to +0.35 mV E) A voltage change from -70 mV to -69.5 mV
18) Parkinson disease is a progressive loss of motor function due to the degeneration of 18) ______specific neurons. These neurons secrete an inhibitory neurotransmitter that prevents excessive activity in motor centers of the brain. What neurotransmitter is this? A) Serotonin B) Glutamate C) Acetylcholine D) GABA E) Dopamine
19) Where does saltatory conduction occur? 19) ______A) From node to node in myelinated fibers B) Down the entire length of an unmyelinated fiber C) Down the entire length of a myelinated fiber D) From node to node in unmyelinated fibers
20) Place the following events in synaptic transmission at a cholinergic synapse in 20) ______order: A - A postsynaptic potential is produced; B - Voltage gated calcium channels open and calcium enters the cell; C - ACh is released and diffuses across the axon terminal; D - A nerve signal arrives at an axon terminal; E - Ligand gated sodium channels open and sodium enters the cell. A) B, C, D, E, A B) D, B, C, E, A C) B, D, C, A, E D) D, B, E, A, C
21) Many upper motor neurons synapse with lower motor neurons in the ______. 21) ______A) anterior horn B) anterior column C) posterior root ganglion D) posterior column E) posterior horn
22) Which of the following is not considered a region of the spinal cord? 22) ______A) Pelvic B) Cervical C) Thoracic D) Sacral E) Lumbar
23) Which of the following fractures would be the least likely to cause a spinal cord injury? 23) ______A) A fracture of vertebra T5 B) A fracture of vertebra T12 C) A fracture of vertebra L4 D) A fracture of vertebra C2 E) A fracture of vertebra C6
24) The middle layer of the meninges is called the ______. 24) ______A) dura mater B) white matter C) arachnoid mater D) gray matter E) pia mater
25) Epidural anesthesia is introduced to the epidural space between the ______to block 25) ______pain signals during pregnancy. A) dura mater and arachnoid mater B) arachnoid mater and pia mater C) dura mater and pia mater D) dural sheath and vertebral bones E) dural sheath and dura mater
26) Voluntary motor impulses leave the spinal cord via the ______of gray matter. 26) ______A) lateral horn B) anterior column C) anterior horn D) posterior horn E) posterior column
27) Cerebrospinal fluid fills the space between the ______. 27) ______A) arachnoid mater and pia mater B) dural sheath and dura mater C) dura mater and arachnoid mater D) dural sheath and vertebral bones E) dura mater and pia mater
28) Whic h of the following is contained within gray matter? 28) ______A) Neurosomas, dendrites, and proximal parts of axons of neurons B) Glial cells and myelinated fibers C) The distal part of axons of lower order motor neurons D) Glial cells, axons of motor neurons, and Schwann cells E) Glial cells only
29) Motor commands are carried by ______from the brain along the spinal cord. 29) ______A) spinal nerves B) cranial nerves C) both anterior and posterior roots D) descending tracts E) ascending tracts
30) Second -order neurons synapse with third-order neurons in the ______. 30) ______A) cerebral cortex B) medulla oblongata C) dorsal root ganglion D) thalamus E) spinal cord
31) A ganglion is a ______. 31) ______A) bundle of axons in the PNS B) cluster of neurosomas in the PNS C) bundle of axons in the CNS D) cluster of dendrites in either the CNS or the PNS E) cluster of neurosomas in the CNS
32) There are ______pairs of spinal nerves. 32) ______A) 35 B) 12 C) 24 D) 62 E) 31
33) The connective tissue that surrounds a nerve fascicle is called the ______. 33) ______A) epineurium B) perimysium C) perineurium D) myelin E) endoneurium
34) A patient with no sensation in the left thumb would most likely have nerve damage of 34) ______the ______spinal nerve. A) C5 B) T5 C) L3 D) C6 E) T1
35) A mixed nerve consists of both ______and ______. 35) ______A) interneurons; efferent neurons B) glial cells; nerve cells C) afferent; efferent fibers D) spinal; cranial fibers E) myelinated; unmyelinated fibers
36) The bundle of nerve roots that occupy the vertebral canal from L2 to S5 is called the 36) ______. A) cervical enlargement B) lumbar enlargement C) spinal cord D) medullary cone E) cauda equina
37) Which one of the following best describes the order of a somatic reflex? 37) ______A) Somatic receptor → afferent nerve fiber → interneuron → efferent nerve fiber → smooth muscle B) Somatic receptor → efferent nerve fiber → interneuron → afferent nerve fiber → skeletal muscle C) Somatic receptor → afferent nerve fiber → interneuron → efferent nerve fiber → skeletal muscle D) Somatic receptor → interneuron → afferent nerve fiber → efferent nerve fiber → skeletal muscle E) Somatic receptor → efferent nerve fiber → afferent nerve fiber → interneuron → skeletal muscle
38) A reflex in which the sensory input and motor output are on opposite sides of the spinal 38) ______cord, is called a(n) ______reflex arc. A) intersegmental B) monosynaptic C) ipsilateral D) polysynaptic E) contralateral
TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false. 39) Nerve fibers in a given white matter tract are similar in origin, destination, and function. 39) ______
40) Ascending signals in the spinal cord travel via gray matter, while descending signals 40) ______travel via white matter.
41) The cerebellum is the largest part of the brain. 41) ______
42) Purkinje cells are unusually large neurons found in the cerebellum. 42) ______
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 43) The following are all major components of the brainstem except the ______. 43) ______A) medulla oblongata B) cerebellum C) pons D) midbrain
44) The gray matter of the cerebrum forms a surface layer called the ______and deeper 44) ______masses called ______surrounded by white matter. A) medulla; nerves B) cortex; medulla C) medulla; midbrain D) nuclei; tracts E) cortex; nuclei
45) From superficial to deep, the meninges occur in which order? 45) ______A) Dura mater, pia mater, arachnoid B) Pia mater, arachnoid, dura mater C) Dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater D) Arachnoid, pia mater, dura mater E) Pia mater, dura mater, arachnoid
46) Cerebrospinal fluid is secreted by choroid plexuses in the ______ventricles and 46) ______reabsorbed by arachnoid villi in the ______. A) lateral, third, and fourth; central canal of the spinal cord B) lateral, and third; superior sagittal sinus C) lateral, third, and fourth; superior sagittal sinus D) l ateral; central canal of the spinal cord
47) A patient is experiencing a high fever, stiff neck, drowsiness, and intense headaches. A 47) ______spinal tap showed bacteria and white blood cells in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). This individual most likely has what condition? A) Alzheimer disease B) A stroke C) Hydrocephalus D) Parkinson disease E) Meningitis
48) Where are the cardiac, vasomotor, and respiratory centers found? 48) ______A) Medulla oblongata B) Diencephalon C) Pons D) Spinal cord E) Midbrain
49) Degeneration of the neurons in which of the following structures leads to the muscle 49) ______tremors associated with Parkinson disease? A) Substantia nigra B) Inferior colliculi C) Cerebral crus D) Pons E) Tegmentum
50) In which structure is the arbor vitae found? 50) ______A) Reticular formation B) Diencephalon C) Left cerebral hemisphere D) Tegmentum in the midbrain E) Cerebellum
51) Sex drive, body temperature, and food and water intake are regulated by which part of 51) ______the brain? A) Limbic system B) Hypothalamus C) Pituitary gland D) Pineal gland E) Thalamus
52) Nearly all the somatosensory input to the cerebrum passes by way of synapses in which 52) ______region of the brain? A) Hypothalam us B) Thalamus C) Cerebellum D) Reticular formation E) Epithalamus
53) Planning, motivation, and social judgment are functions of the brain associated with 53) ______which part of the cerebrum? A) Occipital lobe B) Frontal lobe C) Temporal lobe D) Parietal lobe E) Insula
54) Which of the following is correct regarding the occipital lobe? 54) ______A) It is the primary site for receiving and interpreting signals from the general senses. B) It is chiefly concerned with mood, memory, and emotions. C) It is concerned with voluntary motor functions. D) It is likely to play a role in understanding spoken language. E) It is the principal visual center of the brain.
55) Nonfluent aphasia, due to a lesion in the ______, results in slow speech, difficulty in 55) ______choosing words, or use of words that only approximate the correct word. A) cerebral lateralization B) primary auditory area C) primary motor area D) Wernicke area E) Broca area
56) After a stroke, a patient complains about lack of sensitivity in her right hand. The stroke 56) ______most likely affected which part of the brain? A) Precentral gyrus in the left frontal lobe B) Postcentral gyrus in the right temporal lobe C) Postcentral gyrus in the left frontal lobe D) Precentral gyrus in the right frontal lobe E) Postcentral gyrus in the left parietal lobe
57) Which of the following is not a motor cranial nerve? 57) ______A) Hypoglossal nerve (XII) B) Accessory nerve (XI) C) Trochlear nerve (IV) D) Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) E) Abducens nerve (VI)
58) Which cranial nerve innervates most of the viscera in the thoracic and abdominopelvic 58) ______cavities? A) Accessory nerve (XI) B) Abducens nerve (VI) C) Hypoglossal nerve (XII) D) Trochlear nerve (IV) E) Vagus nerve (X)
59) Injury to the reticular formation can result in which of the following? 59) ______A) Irreversible coma B) Hypertension C) Alzheim er disease D) Parkinson disease
60) The thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus are derivatives of which embryonic 60) ______structure? A) Diencephalon B) Myelencephalon C) Mesencephalon D) Metencephalon E) Telencephalon
61) Which of the following statements is true regarding parasympathetic tone? 61) ______A) It might increase or decrease heart rate depending on the situation. B) It does not affect heart rate. C) It accelerates the resting heart rate above its intrinsic rate. D) It affects heart rate only after myocardial infarction. E) It holds the resting heart rate below its intrinsic rate.
62) Sympathetic nerve fibers are not associated with situations involving ______. 62) ______A) exercise B) digestion C) anger D) arousal E) stress
63) The neurotransmitter(s) associated with autonomic ganglia is(are) ______. 63) ______A) dopamine and norepinephrine (NE) B) norepinephrine (NE) C) acetylcholine (ACh) D) dopamine E) acetylcholine (ACh) and norepinephrine (NE)
64) The effect of autonomic fibers on target cells is ______. The effect of somatic fibers 64) ______on target cells is ______. A) excitatory or inhibitory; always excitatory B) always excitatory; always excitatory C) always inhibitory; excitatory or inhibitory D) always inhibitory; always excitatory E) excitatory or inhibitory; excitatory or inhibitory
65) The motor pathway of the autonomic nervous system usually involves ______65) ______neurons. A) four B) no C) three D) two E) one
66) Preganglionic fibers of the autonomic efferent pathway are ______and secrete 66) ______. A) myelinated; norepinephrine (NE) B) myelinated; acetylcholine (ACh) C) unmyelinated; norepinephrine(NE) D) myelinated; acetylcholine (ACh) and norepinephrine(NE) E) unmyelinated; acetylcholine (ACh)
67) Sympathetic fibers arise only from the ______region(s) of the spinal cord. 67) ______A) thoracic and lumbar B) cervical C) cervical, thoracic, and lumbar D) thoracic E) lumbar
68) Which of the following is not a characteristic of the parasympathetic division of the 68) ______ANS? A) It has short preganglionic fibers. B) It originates in the craniosacral regions of the CNS. C) It has short postganglionic fibers. D) Its effects are local. E) The terminal ganglia are very close to or within their target organs.
69) The adrenal medulla secretes mostly ______. 69) ______A) endorphins B) dopamine C) epinephrine (adrenaline) D) norepinephrine (noradrenaline) E) acetylcholine (ACh)
70) ______is an example of the cooperative effect between the two autonomic nervous 70) ______system divisions. A) Gastrointestinal secretion B) Vasomotor tone C) Bronchodilation D) Orgasm E) Heart rate
71) Drugs that are monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors would most likely ______. 71) ______A) inhibit uptake of dopamine and cause depression B) activate the parasympathetic division and allow for normal digestive system activities C) block ACh receptors on skeletal muscle and cause flaccid paralysis D) stimulate β-2 receptors and cause an increase in heart rate and dilation of bronchioles E) decrease the amount of NE destroyed and may be used as an antidepressant
72) The enzyme that breaks down norepinephrine (NE) is called ______. 72) ______A) norepinephrinase B) norepinephrine hydroxylase C) noradrenalinase D) monoamine oxidase (MAO) E) adenosine
73) Which one of the following is made up of primarily adrenergic fibers? 73) ______A) All motor fibers of the somatic motor system B) Postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division C) Postganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic division D) Preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division E) Preganglionic neurons of parasympathetic division
74) Muscarinic receptors bind ______. 74) ______A) acetylcholine B) epinephrine C) norepinephrine D) acetylcholinesterase E) monoamine oxidase (MAO)
75) The binding of ______to a nicotinic receptor of a muscle fiber will ______it. 75) ______A) monoamine oxidase; inhibit B) acetylcholine; excite C) acetylcholine; inhibit D) acetylcholinesterase; excite E) norepinephrine; excite