Exam 1 BAY PATH ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY II FALL2017 Name______

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) The ______division carries signals to the smooth muscle in the large intestine. 1) ______A) visceral motor B) somatic sensory C) afferent D) somatic motor E) visceral sensory

2) Which of the following are effectors? 2) ______A) Receptors B) Reflexes C) organs D) Glan ds E) Stimuli

3) What is another name for the autonomic ? 3) ______A) Somatic sensory division B) Visceral sensory division C) D) Somatic motor division E) Visceral motor division

4) Some ______neurons are specialized to detect stimuli, whereas ______neurons 4) ______send signals to the effectors of the nervous system. A) afferent; inter- B) afferent; efferent C) motor; sensory D) efferent; afferent E) efferent; inter-

5) What is the most common type of ? 5) ______A) Dendritic B) Multipolar C) Anaxonic D) Unipolar E) Bipolar

6) The term " fiber" refers to a(n) ______. 6) ______A) nerve cell B) bundle of macromolecules in nerve cells C) organelle in nerve cells D) E) organ

7) Which glial cell is found wrapped around nerve fibers in the PNS? 7) ______A) Schwann cells B) C) Nodes of Ranvier D) Satellite cells E) Ependymal cells

8) What is the primary site on a neuron for receiving signals from other ? 8) ______A) The B) The neurosomas C) The axon terminals D) The axon collaterals E) The

9) Which cells form in the ? 9) ______A) Oligodendrocytes B) C) Satellite cells D) E) Schwann cells

10) In a neuron, the opening of sodium gates typically leads to ______. 10) ______A) repolarization of the plasma membrane B) hyperpolarization of the plasma membrane C) plasma membrane voltage returning to the resting membrane potential D) depolarization of the plasma membrane E) drifting of plasma membrane voltage toward a more negative value

11) Which of the following will cause the plasma membrane to hyperpolarize when at its 11) ______RMP? A) An inflow of potassium B) An outflow of chloride C) An inflow of sodium D) An inflow of chloride E) An inflow of calcium

12) An inhibitory local potential causes which of the following? 12) ______A) Hyperpolarization of the plasma membrane B) Repolarization of the plasma membrane C) Neutralization of the plasma membrane D) Depolarization of the plasma membrane E) Drifting of the membrane potential towards the resting membrane potential

13) Local potentials are ______, whereas action potentials are ______. 13) ______A) irreversible; reversible B) produced by voltage-regulated channels; produced by gated channels C) graded; all or none D) nondecremental; decremental E) self -propagating; local

14) During the absolute refractory period which of the following is true? 14) ______A) The neuron fires at its maximum voltage if a depolarizes the neuron to threshold. B) If a neuron reaches threshold, the action potential goes to completion. C) The signal grows weaker with distance. D) No stimulus of any strength will trigger a new action potential. E) It is possible to trigger a new action potential, but only with an unusually strong stimulus.

15) A cholinergic uses ______as its neurotransmitter. 15) ______A) epinephrine B) monoamine C) acetylcholine D) catecholamine E) norepinephrine

16) What is the most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain? 16) ______A) Epinephrine B) Norepinephrine C) γ -aminobutyric acid (GABA) D) Acetylcholine E) Noradrenaline

17) Which of these is an example of an EPSP in a typical neuron? 17) ______A) A voltage change from -70 mV to -70.5 mV B) A voltage change from -69.5 mV to -70 mV C) A voltage change from +35 mV to 0 mV D) A voltage change from 0 mV to +0.35 mV E) A voltage change from -70 mV to -69.5 mV

18) Parkinson disease is a progressive loss of motor function due to the degeneration of 18) ______specific neurons. These neurons secrete an inhibitory neurotransmitter that prevents excessive activity in motor centers of the brain. What neurotransmitter is this? A) Serotonin B) Glutamate C) Acetylcholine D) GABA E) Dopamine

19) Where does saltatory conduction occur? 19) ______A) From node to node in myelinated fibers B) Down the entire length of an unmyelinated fiber C) Down the entire length of a myelinated fiber D) From node to node in unmyelinated fibers

20) Place the following events in synaptic transmission at a cholinergic synapse in 20) ______order: A - A postsynaptic potential is produced; B - Voltage gated calcium channels open and calcium enters the cell; C - ACh is released and diffuses across the ; D - A nerve signal arrives at an axon terminal; E - Ligand gated sodium channels open and sodium enters the cell. A) B, C, D, E, A B) D, B, C, E, A C) B, D, C, A, E D) D, B, E, A, C

21) Many upper motor neurons synapse with lower motor neurons in the ______. 21) ______A) anterior horn B) anterior column C) posterior root D) posterior column E) posterior horn

22) Which of the following is not considered a region of the spinal cord? 22) ______A) Pelvic B) Cervical C) Thoracic D) Sacral E) Lumbar

23) Which of the following fractures would be the least likely to cause a spinal cord injury? 23) ______A) A fracture of vertebra T5 B) A fracture of vertebra T12 C) A fracture of vertebra L4 D) A fracture of vertebra C2 E) A fracture of vertebra C6

24) The middle layer of the is called the ______. 24) ______A) dura mater B) C) arachnoid mater D) gray matter E) pia mater

25) Epidural anesthesia is introduced to the epidural space between the ______to block 25) ______pain signals during pregnancy. A) dura mater and arachnoid mater B) arachnoid mater and pia mater C) dura mater and pia mater D) dural sheath and vertebral bones E) dural sheath and dura mater

26) Voluntary motor impulses leave the spinal cord via the ______of gray matter. 26) ______A) lateral horn B) anterior column C) anterior horn D) posterior horn E) posterior column

27) Cerebrospinal fluid fills the space between the ______. 27) ______A) arachnoid mater and pia mater B) dural sheath and dura mater C) dura mater and arachnoid mater D) dural sheath and vertebral bones E) dura mater and pia mater

28) Whic h of the following is contained within gray matter? 28) ______A) Neurosomas, dendrites, and proximal parts of axons of neurons B) Glial cells and myelinated fibers C) The distal part of axons of lower order motor neurons D) Glial cells, axons of motor neurons, and Schwann cells E) Glial cells only

29) Motor commands are carried by ______from the brain along the spinal cord. 29) ______A) spinal B) cranial nerves C) both anterior and posterior roots D) descending tracts E) ascending tracts

30) Second -order neurons synapse with third-order neurons in the ______. 30) ______A) B) C) D) E) spinal cord

31) A ganglion is a ______. 31) ______A) bundle of axons in the PNS B) cluster of neurosomas in the PNS C) bundle of axons in the CNS D) cluster of dendrites in either the CNS or the PNS E) cluster of neurosomas in the CNS

32) There are ______pairs of spinal nerves. 32) ______A) 35 B) 12 C) 24 D) 62 E) 31

33) The that surrounds a is called the ______. 33) ______A) B) perimysium C) D) myelin E)

34) A patient with no sensation in the left thumb would most likely have nerve damage of 34) ______the ______spinal nerve. A) C5 B) T5 C) L3 D) C6 E) T1

35) A mixed nerve consists of both ______and ______. 35) ______A) ; efferent neurons B) glial cells; nerve cells C) afferent; efferent fibers D) spinal; cranial fibers E) myelinated; unmyelinated fibers

36) The bundle of nerve roots that occupy the vertebral canal from L2 to S5 is called the 36) ______. A) cervical enlargement B) lumbar enlargement C) spinal cord D) medullary cone E) cauda equina

37) Which one of the following best describes the order of a somatic reflex? 37) ______A) Somatic receptor → afferent nerve fiber → → efferent nerve fiber → smooth muscle B) Somatic receptor → efferent nerve fiber → interneuron → afferent nerve fiber → C) Somatic receptor → afferent nerve fiber → interneuron → efferent nerve fiber → skeletal muscle D) Somatic receptor → interneuron → afferent nerve fiber → efferent nerve fiber → skeletal muscle E) Somatic receptor → efferent nerve fiber → afferent nerve fiber → interneuron → skeletal muscle

38) A reflex in which the sensory input and motor output are on opposite sides of the spinal 38) ______cord, is called a(n) ______reflex arc. A) intersegmental B) monosynaptic C) ipsilateral D) polysynaptic E) contralateral

TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false. 39) Nerve fibers in a given white matter tract are similar in origin, destination, and function. 39) ______

40) Ascending signals in the spinal cord travel via gray matter, while descending signals 40) ______travel via white matter.

41) The cerebellum is the largest part of the brain. 41) ______

42) Purkinje cells are unusually large neurons found in the cerebellum. 42) ______

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 43) The following are all major components of the except the ______. 43) ______A) medulla oblongata B) cerebellum C) pons D) midbrain

44) The gray matter of the cerebrum forms a surface layer called the ______and deeper 44) ______masses called ______surrounded by white matter. A) medulla; nerves B) cortex; medulla C) medulla; midbrain D) nuclei; tracts E) cortex; nuclei

45) From superficial to deep, the meninges occur in which order? 45) ______A) Dura mater, pia mater, arachnoid B) Pia mater, arachnoid, dura mater C) Dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater D) Arachnoid, pia mater, dura mater E) Pia mater, dura mater, arachnoid

46) Cerebrospinal fluid is secreted by choroid plexuses in the ______ventricles and 46) ______reabsorbed by arachnoid villi in the ______. A) lateral, third, and fourth; central canal of the spinal cord B) lateral, and third; superior sagittal sinus C) lateral, third, and fourth; superior sagittal sinus D) l ateral; central canal of the spinal cord

47) A patient is experiencing a high fever, stiff neck, drowsiness, and intense headaches. A 47) ______spinal tap showed bacteria and white blood cells in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). This individual most likely has what condition? A) Alzheimer disease B) A stroke C) Hydrocephalus D) Parkinson disease E) Meningitis

48) Where are the cardiac, vasomotor, and respiratory centers found? 48) ______A) Medulla oblongata B) Diencephalon C) Pons D) Spinal cord E) Midbrain

49) Degeneration of the neurons in which of the following structures leads to the muscle 49) ______tremors associated with Parkinson disease? A) Substantia nigra B) Inferior colliculi C) Cerebral crus D) Pons E) Tegmentum

50) In which structure is the arbor vitae found? 50) ______A) B) Diencephalon C) Left cerebral hemisphere D) Tegmentum in the midbrain E) Cerebellum

51) Sex drive, body temperature, and food and water intake are regulated by which part of 51) ______the brain? A) Limbic system B) Hypothalamus C) Pituitary gland D) Pineal gland E) Thalamus

52) Nearly all the somatosensory input to the cerebrum passes by way of in which 52) ______region of the brain? A) Hypothalam us B) Thalamus C) Cerebellum D) Reticular formation E) Epithalamus

53) Planning, motivation, and social judgment are functions of the brain associated with 53) ______which part of the cerebrum? A) Occipital lobe B) Frontal lobe C) Temporal lobe D) E) Insula

54) Which of the following is correct regarding the occipital lobe? 54) ______A) It is the primary site for receiving and interpreting signals from the general . B) It is chiefly concerned with mood, memory, and emotions. C) It is concerned with voluntary motor functions. D) It is likely to play a role in understanding spoken language. E) It is the principal visual center of the brain.

55) Nonfluent aphasia, due to a lesion in the ______, results in slow speech, difficulty in 55) ______choosing words, or use of words that only approximate the correct word. A) cerebral lateralization B) primary auditory area C) primary motor area D) Wernicke area E) Broca area

56) After a stroke, a patient complains about lack of sensitivity in her right hand. The stroke 56) ______most likely affected which part of the brain? A) Precentral gyrus in the left frontal lobe B) Postcentral gyrus in the right temporal lobe C) Postcentral gyrus in the left frontal lobe D) Precentral gyrus in the right frontal lobe E) Postcentral gyrus in the left parietal lobe

57) Which of the following is not a motor cranial nerve? 57) ______A) Hypoglossal nerve (XII) B) Accessory nerve (XI) C) Trochlear nerve (IV) D) Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) E) Abducens nerve (VI)

58) Which cranial nerve innervates most of the viscera in the thoracic and abdominopelvic 58) ______cavities? A) Accessory nerve (XI) B) Abducens nerve (VI) C) Hypoglossal nerve (XII) D) Trochlear nerve (IV) E) Vagus nerve (X)

59) Injury to the reticular formation can result in which of the following? 59) ______A) Irreversible coma B) Hypertension C) Alzheim er disease D) Parkinson disease

60) The thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus are derivatives of which embryonic 60) ______structure? A) Diencephalon B) Myelencephalon C) Mesencephalon D) Metencephalon E) Telencephalon

61) Which of the following statements is true regarding parasympathetic tone? 61) ______A) It might increase or decrease heart rate depending on the situation. B) It does not affect heart rate. C) It accelerates the resting heart rate above its intrinsic rate. D) It affects heart rate only after myocardial infarction. E) It holds the resting heart rate below its intrinsic rate.

62) Sympathetic nerve fibers are not associated with situations involving ______. 62) ______A) exercise B) digestion C) anger D) arousal E) stress

63) The neurotransmitter(s) associated with autonomic ganglia is(are) ______. 63) ______A) dopamine and norepinephrine (NE) B) norepinephrine (NE) C) acetylcholine (ACh) D) dopamine E) acetylcholine (ACh) and norepinephrine (NE)

64) The effect of autonomic fibers on target cells is ______. The effect of somatic fibers 64) ______on target cells is ______. A) excitatory or inhibitory; always excitatory B) always excitatory; always excitatory C) always inhibitory; excitatory or inhibitory D) always inhibitory; always excitatory E) excitatory or inhibitory; excitatory or inhibitory

65) The motor pathway of the usually involves ______65) ______neurons. A) four B) no C) three D) two E) one

66) Preganglionic fibers of the autonomic efferent pathway are ______and secrete 66) ______. A) myelinated; norepinephrine (NE) B) myelinated; acetylcholine (ACh) C) unmyelinated; norepinephrine(NE) D) myelinated; acetylcholine (ACh) and norepinephrine(NE) E) unmyelinated; acetylcholine (ACh)

67) Sympathetic fibers arise only from the ______region(s) of the spinal cord. 67) ______A) thoracic and lumbar B) cervical C) cervical, thoracic, and lumbar D) thoracic E) lumbar

68) Which of the following is not a characteristic of the parasympathetic division of the 68) ______ANS? A) It has short preganglionic fibers. B) It originates in the craniosacral regions of the CNS. C) It has short postganglionic fibers. D) Its effects are local. E) The terminal ganglia are very close to or within their target organs.

69) The adrenal medulla secretes mostly ______. 69) ______A) endorphins B) dopamine C) epinephrine (adrenaline) D) norepinephrine (noradrenaline) E) acetylcholine (ACh)

70) ______is an example of the cooperative effect between the two autonomic nervous 70) ______system divisions. A) Gastrointestinal secretion B) Vasomotor tone C) Bronchodilation D) Orgasm E) Heart rate

71) Drugs that are monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors would most likely ______. 71) ______A) inhibit uptake of dopamine and cause depression B) activate the parasympathetic division and allow for normal digestive system activities C) block ACh receptors on skeletal muscle and cause flaccid paralysis D) stimulate β-2 receptors and cause an increase in heart rate and dilation of bronchioles E) decrease the amount of NE destroyed and may be used as an antidepressant

72) The enzyme that breaks down norepinephrine (NE) is called ______. 72) ______A) norepinephrinase B) norepinephrine hydroxylase C) noradrenalinase D) monoamine oxidase (MAO) E) adenosine

73) Which one of the following is made up of primarily adrenergic fibers? 73) ______A) All motor fibers of the somatic motor system B) Postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division C) Postganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic division D) Preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division E) Preganglionic neurons of parasympathetic division

74) Muscarinic receptors bind ______. 74) ______A) acetylcholine B) epinephrine C) norepinephrine D) acetylcholinesterase E) monoamine oxidase (MAO)

75) The binding of ______to a nicotinic receptor of a muscle fiber will ______it. 75) ______A) monoamine oxidase; inhibit B) acetylcholine; excite C) acetylcholine; inhibit D) acetylcholinesterase; excite E) norepinephrine; excite