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Rostaniha 12(1): 1-12 (2011) (1390 ) 1 12 :( )1 12 Identification of some fungal species involved in biodegradation of petroleum pollutants in Northwest of Iran
Received: 25.08.2010 / Accepted: 05.04.2011 1390 16/1/ : / 1389 :3/6/ M. Davari : Instructor, Department of Plant Protection, : University of Mohaghegh Ardebili, P.O. Box 179, Ardebil, Iran 179 (E-mail: [email protected]) (E-mail: [email protected]) M. Arzanlou: Assistant Prof., Department of Plant : Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran :
A. Babai-Ahari: Prof., Department of Plant Protection, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran " " Black yeast fungi play critical role in degradation of petroleum polluted soils. Little attention has been paid to the biodiversity of black yeast fungi in Iran. In this paper, diversity of black yeast fungi was studied in petroleum . polluted soils in Tabriz and Urmia regions. Soil samples were collected from petroleum polluted areas in vicinity of . 1388 oil storage tanks in Tabriz and Urmia cities (East and West Azarbaijan provinces) in summer 2009. Isolation was 38 carried out by using "floatation in mineral oil" method with minor modifications on Mycosel medium. In total, 38 . isolates with melanized colonies were recovered and then
purified using repeated streaking method. Fungal isolates were identified based on morphological charactersitics to . species level as Exophiala heteromorpha , E. spinirera , E. spinifera Exophiala heteromorpha E. xenobiotica , Cadophora malorum , Alternaria malorum , Alternaria Cadophora malorum E. xenobiotica Cladosporium cladosporioides and Aureobasidium pullulans ; Aureobasidium Cladosporium cladosporioides malorum of those Exophiala heteromorpha , E. pinifera , pullulans E. xenobiotica , urobasidium pullulans and Cadophora A. pullulans E. xenobiotica E. spinifera E. heteromorpha malorum represent new records for mycobiota of Iran and C. malorum the rest are new reports from petroleum polluted soils in Iran. . Keywords: Biodiversity, bioremediation, black yeast, : petroleum pollutants
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. . 1 . De Hoog & Yurlova 1994,) Haase et al. 1995, Prenafeta-Boldú et al. 2006, Arzanlou .(et al. 2007, Arzanlou 2010 . . (black yeasts ) . De Hoog et al. 2000, Gadd ) ( Poly Aromatic Hydrocarbons = PAHs ) .( 2008 : .( Charles & Bonnie 1992 ) 1 (bioremediation ) . .( Prenafeta-Boldú et al . 2006, Gadd 2001 ) 2 . (bioweathering ) ( biodegradation ) .( Gorbushina et al. 1994, Gadd 2008 ) 3 . ( biofilters ) .( De Hoog et al. 2000, Arzanlou 2010 ) .( Prenafeta-Boldú et al. 2006 ) . . .( De Hoog et al. 2000 ) Herpotrichiellaceae Chaetothyriomycetidae Chaetothyriales Eurotiomycetes Capronia . Rhinocladiella Exophiala Cladophialophora 3 / 3 1390 12)1( / ... /
1 Table 1. Taxonomic position of black yeasts involved in aromatic hydrocarbons degradation between fungi Reference Class Order Family Genus No. Prenafeta-Boldú Capronia et al., 2006, Cladophialophora : ) De Hoog et al., Eurotiomycetes Chaetothyriales Herpotrichiellaceae 1 2006, Arzanlou Ramicloridium Exophiala et al . 2007 (Rhinocladiella Sogonov et al. Pseudeurotium Eurotiomycetes Eurotiales Pseudeurotiaceae 2 2005 (Teberdinia : ) Prenafeta-Boldú Eurotiomycetes Eurotiales Trichocomaceae 3 et al. 2006 Aspergillus , Paecilomyces, Penicillium Bionectria ochroleuca Cox et al. 1996 Sordariomycetes Hypocreales Bionectriaceae 4 (Clonostachys rosea : ) Ophiostoma Cox 1995 Sordariomycetes Ophiostomatales Ophiostomataceae 5 (Sporothrix : ) Prenafeta-Boldú Davidiella Dothideomycetes Dothideales Mycosphaerellaceae 6 et al. 2006 (Cladosporium : ) De Hoog & Dothideomycetes Dothideales Dothideaceae Aureobasidium 7 Yurlova 1994
22 20 30 1 ) 20 . ( . 1388 . 150 20 10 ( / ) . ( 1 ) 200 ) ( Mycosel ) 200 . . ( 500 2 20 30 ( Iwatso et al. 1981 ) ( oil floatation ) 20 . 100 250 ( Malt-extract Agar ) 200 ) 28 ( Potato Dextrose Agar ) 200 500 200 . ( 1390 12)1( / ... / 4 / 4
. 1 Fig. 1. Isolation of black yeasts from soil by floatation in gas oil method. ( woolly) 3 . 5/2 28 14 . ( 15 6 × 3 2 ) . . 4 2 2 1 ( ) ( hilum ) . 5 5/3 × 2/2 5/1 ( . Gams et al. 2007 ) Herpotrichiellaceae Exophiala BX-41 Exophiala heteromorpha . Chaetothyriales . E-420 Olympus (De Hoog et al . 2006 ) 38 .( Domsch et al. 2007 ) . : . ( De Hoog et al. 2003 ) Exophiala heteromorpha (Nannf.) 1 ( 2009 ) de Hoog & Haase, J. Clin. Microbiol. 41: 4777, 2003 . MEA IRAN 1737C IRAN 1735C 27 13 28 . ( IRAN ) ( velvety)
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. e-g . c . b 14 MEA .a : Exophiala heteromorpha 2 .( 10 = ) . h Fig. 2. Exophiala heteromorpha : a. Colony on MEA after 14 days, b. Conidia, c. Conidiogenous cells, e-g. Conidiophores and conidia, f. Geniculation on hyphae (Bar =10 µm).
Exophiala xenobiotica De Hoog, Zeng, 2 Harrak & D.A. Sutton, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 90: 264, 2006 10 ) PDA ( 14 E. xenobiotica . ( cutaneous infections ) . E. jeanselmei . . ( subcutaneous abscesses ) . . 2 3/1 E. xenobiotica .( Munchan et al. 2009 ) 7 1 . .( De Hoog et al. 2006 ) .( De Hoog et al. 2006 ) . ( 2006 ) 0/4 3/3 × 0/2 6/1 ( 2009 ) 3.( b ) . E. xenobiotica IRAN 1736C IRAN 1734C Exophiala jeanselmei . ( IRAN ) .( De Hoog et al. 2006 ) E. jeanselmei
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.( 10 = ) . b, c PDA .a : Exophiala xenobiotica 3 Fig. 3. Exophiala xenobiotica : a. Colony on PDA after seven days, b, c. Conidia (Bar =10 µm). Exophiala spinifera (H.S. Nielsen & Conant) 3 McGinnis, Mycotaxon 5: 337, 1977 5/2 8/1 × 0/3 0/1 . ( ) . .( 4d,e ) . . 10 PDA ( phaeohyphomycosis ) .( De Hoog et al . 2003 ) . ( basipetal ) .( Jurgens et al . 2010 ) ( 2003 ) ( spine-like ) ( 2009 ) . 3 1 . . IRAN 1738C .( 4b ) . ( IRAN )
. c . b 14 PDA .a : Exophiala spinifera 4 .( 5 = e d 10 = c b ) .d, e Fig. 4. Exophiala spinifera : a. Colony on PDA after 14 days, b. Vegetative hyphae, c. Conidia and conidiophores, e, d. chain-like swelling on hyphae (Bar: b, c =10 µm and d, e = 5 µm). 1390 12)1( / ... / 7 / 7
Aureobasidium pullulans 4 . (De Bary) Arnaud ex Cif., Ribaldi & A.M. Corte, Atti Ist. bot. Univ. Lab. crittog. Pavia, Ser. 5 14: 85, 1957 . MEA 28 . 12 4 . 40 Cronartium comandrae . .( Domsch et al. 2007 ) 11 9 × 5/5 0/4 . ) . .( 2007 . Aureobasidium Dothideales Dothioraceae .( De Hoog & Yurlova 1994 ) . (Hermanides-Nijhof 1977 ) IRAN 1741C . . ( IRAN )
.
.( 10 = ) . e . b-d PDA .a : Aureobasidium pullulans 5 Fig. 5. Aureobasidium pullulans : a. Colony on PDA after seven days, b-d. Conidia, e. Vegetative hyphae (Bar = 10 µm). Cladosporium cladosporioides 5 (Fresen.) G.A. de Vries, Contrib. Knowledge of the Genus Cladosporium : 57, 1952 . MEA 14 ( Bensch et al. 2010 ) . 20 30 28 . ( Ellis 1971 ) . Davidiellaceae Cladosporium 6 2 C. cladosporioides Capnodiales Cladosporium C. herbarum . . 7 3 × 4 2 1390 12)1( / ... / 8 / 8
.( Domsch et al. 2007 ) Cladosporium cladosporioides .( Bensch et al. 2010 ) .( 2009 ) . . IRAN 1740C . ( IRAN ) .
. c, d 14 PDA .a, b : Cladosporium cladosporioides 6 (. 10 = ) . e Fig. 6. Cladosporium cladosporioides : a, b. Colony on PDA after seven and 14 days, c, d. Conidiophores and Conidia, e. Vegetative hyphae (Bar = 10 µm). Alternaria malorum (Ruehle) U. Braun, 6 Alternaria malorum Crous & Dugan, Mycol. Progr. 2: 5, 2003 55 MEA DNA 18S ITS . . Alternaria Cladosporium .( Goetz & Dugan 2006 ) . 12 5 × 4 3 18 10 × 4 5/2 .(Goetz & Dugan 2006) . Cladosporium malorum ( Dugan et al. 1995 ) ( 2004 ) . ( Braun et al. 2003 ) . A. malorum
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. d-e . b-c PDA .a : Alternaria malorum 7 (. 10 = ) Fig. 7. Alternaria malorum : a. Colony on PDA after seven days, b, c. Conidiophores and conidia, d, e. conidiogenous loci with small swelling to longer conidiophores (Bar = 10 µm). Cadophora malorum (Kidd & Beaumont) 7 W. Gams, Stud. Mycol. 45: 188, 2000 IRAN 1739C ( IRAN ) MEA . 10 28 . 20 5/2 5/1 × 7 4 Cadophora . . ( Phialophora -like ) E. jeanselmei Exophiala . ) ( organic xenobiotics ) Helotiales . ( .( Harrington & McNew 2003 ) ( . Prenafeta-Boldú et al. 2006 ) (De Hoog et al. 2006 ) E. jeanselmei ( Di Marco et al. 2004, Jurgens et al. 2010, Frisullo 2002 ) 1977 E. jeanselmei : Domsch et al. ) E. j. var. lecanii -corni var . heteromorpha .( 2007 E .j. var. jeanselmei ( Gams 2000 ) . E. lecanii-corni E. heteromorpha : . ( 2009 ) 1390 12)1( / ... / 10 / 10
.( De Hoog et al. 2006 ) E. jeanselmei Satow et al. 2008, Zhao et al . ) Prenafeta-Boldú et al. ) ( 2010 .( 2006, De Hoog et al. 2006 E. heteromorpha E. xenobiotica . . Aurobasidium E. xenobiotica E. heteromorpha De Hoog ) pullulans ( . et al. 2006, De Hoog & Yurlova 1994 ( Satow et al. 2008 ) Exophiala . . .( De Hoog et al. 2003 ) . . Alternaria Fusarium Aspergillus Penicillium Ulocladium . . References Arzanlou, M., Groenewald, J.Z., Gams, W., Braun, U., Shin, H-D. & Crous, P.W. 2007. Phylogenetic & Bensch, K., Groenewald, J.Z., Dijksterhuis, J., Starink- morphotaxonomic revision of Ramichloridium Willemse, M., Andersen, B., Summerell, B.A., and allied genera. Studies in Mycology 58: Shin, H.D., Dugan, F.M., Schroers, H.J., Braun, 57–93. U. & Crous, P.W. 2010. Species and Arzanlou, M. 2010. Taxonomic and phylogenetic ecological diversity within the Cladosporium position of Ramichloridium mackenziei , causal cladosporioides complex ( Davidiellaceae , agent of cerebral abscission in human. Journal of Capnodiales ). Studies in Mycology 67: 1–94. Ardabil University of Medical Sciences and Charles, A.M. & Bonnie, B.P. 1992. Exposure to Health Services 10(2): 95–105. carcinogenic PAHs in the environment. Asgari, B., Zare, R. & Payghami, E. 2004. Environmental Science & Technology 26: Hyphomycetous fungal community of barley 1278–1284. phylloplane in East Azarbaijan province with Braun, U., Crous, P.W., Dugan, F., Groenewald, J.Z. & emphasis on new taxa for Iranian fungal flora. De Hoog, G.S. 2003. Phylogeny and taxonomy of Rostaniha 5(2): 171–197. Cladosporium -like Hyphomycetes , including
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