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Detecting Active Faults Using Remote-Sensing Technique : a Case Study in the Sri Sawat Area, Western Thailand

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Detecting Active Faults Using Remote-Sensing Technique : a Case Study in the Sri Sawat Area, Western Thailand ScienceAsia 33 (2007): 23-33 doi: 10.2306/scienceasia1513-1874.2007.33.023 Detecting Active Faults Using Remote-Sensing Technique : A Case Study in the Sri Sawat Area, Western Thailand Rattakorn Songmuanga, Punya Charusiria*, Montree Choowonga, Krit Won-Ina,b, Isao Takashimab. and Suwith Kosuwanc a Earthquake and Tectonic Geology Research Unit (EATGRU), c/o Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand. b Research Institute of Materials and Resources, Faculty of Engineering and Resource Science, Akita University, 1-1 Tegatagakuen, Akita, Japan. c Department of Mineral Resources, Environmental Geology and Geohazard Division, Rama VI Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand. * Corresponding author, E-mail: [email protected] Received 21 Jun 2005 Accepted 4 Aug 2006 ABSTRACT: The result of remotely sensing data interpretation of the Sri Sawat Fault to the south of the Srinakarin Dam reveals that the major regional trend of lineaments is in the north to north-northwest direction mostly situated between two major northwest-trending faults, viz. the Mae Ping and the Three- Pagoda Faults. The studied fault eventually joins the Three-Pagoda Fault at its southern end. Space-borne image and aerial photographic interpretation together with ground truth survey also indicate three other minor faults in the northeast-southwest, north-south, and east-west directions. Several well-defined morphotectonic landforms in the study area including fault scarps, triangular facets, erosional benches, offset streams, shutter ridges and beheaded streams, are well recognized both from remotely-sensed data and in the field. These landforms, which are in most cases related to the studied fault, indicate the occurrence of both vertical and horizontal slip components in Quaternary sedimentary sequences. The thermoluminescence dating on fault-related sediments also confirmed the above active-faulting which generated the paleo- earthquake with a possible-magnitude of M6.3 on the Richter scle. KEYWORDS: Sawat Faults, remote-sensing, active fault, earthquakes, Western Thailand. INTRODUCTION with the magnitude of 5.8 Mb.8 These two earthquake events took place very close to the faults. So it is Earthquakes, as a part of environmental problem neccessary to investigate these faults in more detail. of human concern, can be regarded as natural disasters However, only few studies on earthquakes and related causing extreme and vigorous destruction. Major works have been done so far in Thailand and nearby causes of earthquakes on land are attributed to fault countries. Hinthong5 investigated the role of tectonic movements. Several approaches have been applied for settings on earthquake activities in Thailand. He detecting fault activities, the most common and reported that the seismic source zone in Tenasserim inexpensive approach for fault studies perhaps is a range (Natalaya6) accounted for present-day remote-sensing approach together with a ground-truth earthquakes governed by the northwest-southeast field survey1. This is because there are several, good right-lateral strike slip fault zones; i.e., the Moei-Uthai supporting lines of evidence for explaining those Thani Fault, the TPF, and the SSF. These three zones are earthquake activities within the landforms being believed to be responsible for historic earthquakes in produced by them. western Thailand. In northern and western Thailand, the appearance Several remote sensing techniques4 have been of many earthquake activities were proved not only by applied for investigating geologic structures to historic but also instrumental records. Two major faults geostructures related to earthquakes in Thailand and in western Thailand, viz., the Sri Sawat Fault (SSF) and neighboring countries. The result is useful in the Three Pagoda Fault (TPF), are documented to be determining the seismic-source zones to indicate the associated with earthquake activities2,3,4,5,7. Two major earthquake-prone areas. A new seismotectonic (or earthquakes were reported in western Thailand – one seismic-source) map is also proposed by Charusiri et occurring on 21 March 1959 with the magnitude of 5.3 al4. Kosuwan et al9investigated neotectonic evidence of on the Ritcher scale6 and the other on 22 April 1983 Mae Chan Fault. Results from their interpretation of 24 ScienceAsia 33 (2007) enhanced Landsat TM5 satellite images and aerial faults along the SSF from satellite images and reported photographs indicate that the fractures on ground are that the fault is a branch of the Mae-Ping Fault (MPF), mostly in the east-west trend. In addition, they found orientating in the northwest-southeast direction. In several pieces of geomorphic evidence that indicate addition, based on the K-Ar dating result, they found the left - lateral fault movement. Won–in10 grouped this that the last movement of the SSF was 55 Ma. Nutthee segment as part of the Kanchanaburi segment of the et al.11 studied faults on the southern part of the SSF TPF, using remote sensing and thermoluminesence (TL)- segment based upon results from remote sensings, dating data. Charusiri et al.,5 investigated the active trench logging, and TL-dating data. They reported that Fig 1. A) Fragment of geologic map based on Kemlek et al.14 covering the study area (in box). Black dot indicates the epicenter of 22 April 1983 earthquake. B) Enhance Landsat TM5 image (band 4,5,7 in red, green, blue, respectively) showing various rock types and the Srinagarin reservoir through which the major Sri Sawat Fault (solid line) passes. ScienceAsia 33 (2007) 25 the southern part of the SSF segment is the reverse fault following the MPF by cutting many lithological units of with more than four movements in the past. The time the Paleozoic to Cenozoic ages. The Cenozoic units of of the last movement is about 4,900 to 5,000 years ago. faulted unconsolidated sediments are essential since It was noted that most studies involve more regional they indicate that parts of SSF are quite young. investigations, and not many are concerned about relatively detailed and local surveys. Geological Setting The main aim of this study is to determine The geology of the study and nearby areas has been geomorphic evidence of Quaternary fault activities studied extensively by several workers12,14,16,17, the along the SSF using remote-sensing and field western area of Kanchanaburi comprises several faults information. The result of the research can be applied of various directions, mostly trending in the northwest- to predict a probability of earthquakes occurring in southeast direction and cutting across several this area. The SSF is located between the MPF and the lithologics of different ages ranging from Cambrian to TPF (Figure 1). Its length is about 380 km in total, and Quaternary (Figure 2). its major trend is in the northwest-southeast direction. The youngest unit includes long and narrow strips With the applications of several geologic parameters, of Quaternary deposits filled by recent and old alluvial- the SSF is assigned to be potentially active4 fan, colluvial and flood-plain sediments of high and low The study area of the southern SSF is located at terrace consisting of gravels, sands, silts and laterites. southern part of the Srinagarin Dam near to Ban Tha Lying unconformably under the Quaternary deposits Thung Na , Amphur Sri Sawat, Kanchanaburi Province. are the Triassic rocks of the Chong Khab formation. The study area covers about 200 sqkm and is bound by This formation is composed mainly of shale with Daonella UTM Grid 507000m E. – 530000m E. and 1572000m N. – sp. and Halobia sp., and sandstone interbedded with 15100000m N (or between lattitude 14º 04´ and 14º 18´, limestone. The formation is underlain by the Permian and longitude 99º 26´ and 99º 11´). The study area is Tha Madua sandstone including thickly bedded red shown in a 1:50,000 topographic map of Ban Kaeng sandstone and white quartz sandstone. Equivalent in Riang, Sheet no.4837IV, Series L7017. Routes to the age to the Tha Madua sandstone is the Sai Yok Limestone. study area (Srinagarin Dam) can be accessed all year by This formation comprises massive and bedded the Petchakasem Highway and the road no. 3199, limestones containing fusulinids, brachiopods, passing through Nakorn Pathom Province and the city pelecypods and bryozoans indicating Permian age. The of Kanchanaburi. Sai Yok formation of Permian age is underlain by the Khaeng Krachan formation of the Permo- Regional Setting and Structures Carboniferous age. The formation consists of pebbly Geological Structures mudstone, gray sandstone, and dark gray shale, The structures of the study area are quite intricate probably lying unconformably under the Permo- as dominated by folds and faults. The folds are Carboniferous rocks are the Bo Ploi formation and recognized in several places both from field and satellite- Kanchanaburi formation of Silurian to Devonian age. borne image data. Results from the Landsat TM5 indicate The Group comprises mainly quartzite and phyllite that most fold axes are in the northwest-southeast with interbedded tuffaceous (meta)sandstone. Older trend, corresponding to those earlier reported by than the rocks of the Silurian-Devonian age are those Bunopas12, Siribhakdi et al.13, and Kemlek et al.14. Fold of the Thung Song Group, comprising banded structures can be visualized in several rocks, and many argillaceous limestone, argillite and quartzite with structures such as synclinal and anticlinal folds are Ordovician cephalopods. The oldest lithologic unit in discovered in the and Permian limestone12 limestone in the study region is the Tarutao (or Chao Nen Group) Khao Leam area13 and the Ordovician. Our ground of Cambrian age. The Tarutao Group rocks are mainly truth and remote-sensing surveys reveal that tight and metamorphosed siliciclastic rocks including massive recumbent folds are observed in Ordovician to to well-bedded quartzite and bedded green sandstone Devonian strata, particularly in the western part of with alternated calcareous shale. Kanchanaburi city and eventually join with the TPF. Chuaviroj15 recognized a few major faults in western Regional Setting of the Sri Sawat Fault Thailand, including the SSF and the TPF Zones.
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