DOCSLIB.ORG

Research Article Diversity and Distribution of Aquatic Insects in Streams of the Mae Klong Watershed, Western Thailand

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Research Article Diversity and Distribution of Aquatic Insects in Streams of the Mae Klong Watershed, Western Thailand View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Crossref Hindawi Publishing Corporation Psyche Volume 2015, Article ID 912451, 7 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/912451 Research Article Diversity and Distribution of Aquatic Insects in Streams of the Mae Klong Watershed, Western Thailand Witwisitpong Maneechan and Taeng On Prommi Faculty of Liberal Arts and Science, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand Correspondence should be addressed to Taeng On Prommi; [email protected] Received 27 July 2015; Revised 26 October 2015; Accepted 29 October 2015 Academic Editor: Nguya K. Maniania Copyright © 2015 W. Maneechan and T. O. Prommi. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The distribution and diversity of aquatic insects and water quality variables were studied among three streams of the Mae Klong Watershed. In each stream, two sites were sampled. Aquatic insects and water quality variables were randomly sampled seven times in February, May, September, and December 2010 and in January, April, and May 2011. Overall, 11,153 individuals belonging to 64 families and nine orders were examined. Among the aquatic insects collected from the three streams, the order Trichoptera was most diverse in number of individuals, followed by Ephemeroptera, Hemiptera, Odonata, Coleoptera, Diptera, Plecoptera, Megaloptera, and Lepidoptera. The highest Shannon index of diversity of 2.934 and 3.2 was recorded in Huai Kayeng stream and thelowest was in Huai Pakkok stream (2.68 and 2.62). The high diversity of insect fauna in streams is an indication of larger microhabitat diversity and better water quality conditions prevailing in the streams. The evenness value was recorded as high in most sites. The high species diversity and evenness in almost all sites indicated good water quality. 1. Introduction parameters such as increased sedimentation and changes in flow [11]. In lotic environments, aquatic insects are important elements In this work, three streams in the Mae Klong Watershed in the ecological dynamics [1], playing an important role in wereselected.Thesestreamsareusedfordomesticactivities the cycle of materials and in trophic transfers [2–5]. The including drinking, cooking, bathing, and fisheries. It is understanding of distribution patterns in communities is one therefore important to preserve these water resources and of the main aims in ecology [6]. A multiplicity of factors maintain the biotic integrity of these ecosystems. Such man- regulates the occurrence and the distribution of aquatic agement requires basic knowledge such as the distribution of insects, the most important being the current (velocity), the aquatic communities among stream habitats. The aim of temperature, altitude, season, total suspended solids, and this study was to describe the composition of aquatic insects vegetation [7]. Other factors which affect the occurrence of at different stations of the studied streams. The identification these benthic fauna include substrates, pH, dissolved oxygen, of species and their distribution patterns provide more infor- availability of food, turbidity, conductivity, and competition mation for monitoring and conserving these ecosystems. [8]. Changes of these environmental factors in streams can be used in biomonitoring and degraded aquatic environments [9, 10]. Thus, the nature of this distribution provides an initial 2. Materials and Methods insight into the types of ecological processes that regulate populations and assemblages. For example, the distribution 2.1. Study Area. The Mae Klong Watershed is the most of aquatic insects among stream habitats reflects, to some important watershed in western Thailand. The upstream degree, the distribution of benthic resources (e.g., food, watershed area consists of two main rivers, namely, Khwae oxygen, and predators) and provides information about how Noi and Khwae Yai. The rivers run into the Khao Laem and communities might respond to changes in environmental Srinagarind Dam located in the upper region of Mae Klong 2 Psyche Site Stream Mae Klong River Boundary of Thailand 5 Boundary of Province 8 6 Mae Klong Watershed 2 1 7 (km) 4 10 0 10 20 30 3 N Number Site name 9 1 Huai Pakkok 1 2 Huai Pakkok 2 3 Huai Kayeng 1 4 Huai Kayeng 2 5 Huai U long 1 10 6 2 Huai U long 11 7 Pilok Wire 8 Wachiralongkorn Dam 9 Mae Klong Dam 10 Ratchaburi 11 Samut Songkhram Figure 1: Map of Mae Klong Watershed showing the sampling sites, namely, Huai Pakkok, PK1 = 1 and PK2 = 2; Huai Kayeng, KY1 = 3 and KY2 = 4; and Huai U Long, UL1 = 5 and UL2 = 6. Watershed. The rivers joint in Kanchanaburi Province, which 250 m mesh). At each sampling site, a stretch of approx- is considered downstream, flow through Ratchaburi Province imately 50 m was chosen for collection of samples from andentertheGulfofThailandinSamutSongkhramProvince. the three target habitats: riparian vegetation, leaf litter, and Six sampling sites in three streams (upper and lower in each low gradient riffles and pools. The sampling time ateach stream)werechoseninthisstudy.Thesestreamswereinthe habitat was 3 min. In each sampling period, three replicate upstreamsectionofKhwaeNoiRiverbeforeflowinginto samples were collected at each station and placed in white Khao Laem Dam (Figure 1). These three streams are, namely, trays for sorting. The content of each sample was transferred Huai Pakkok, PK1 and PK2; Huai Kayeng, KY1 and KY2; and into properly labelled plastic containers, preserved in 80% Huai U Long, UL1 and UL2. ethanol, and taken back to the laboratory for analysis. In thelaboratory,aquaticinsectsweresortedandidentifiedto the family level using taxonomic keys [12–14]. All the sorted 2.2. Sampling and Identification of Aquatic Insects. To deter- samples were kept in properly labelled vials containing 80% mine the distribution of aquatic insect taxa, six sampling ethanol. sites in three streams (upper and lower in each stream) were chosen in this study. Seven samplings were performed in February, May, September, and December 2010 and in 2.3. Environmental Variables. Three replicates of selected January, April, and May 2011. Aquatic insects were collected physicochemical water quality parameters were recorded using aquatic D-frame aquatic kick net (30 × 30 cm frame, directly at the sampling sites including pH, air temperature Psyche 3 Diptera Ephemeroptera (2,193 individuals; 19.66% of total abundance), Hemiptera 5.81% (1,707 individuals; 15.31% of total abundance), Odonata (1,260 Trichoptera 19.66% individuals; 11.30% of total abundance), Coleoptera (978 indi- 33.98% Odonata 11.30% viduals; 8.77% of total abundance), Diptera (648 individuals; 5.81% of total abundance), Plecoptera (514 individuals; 4.61% of total abundance), Megaloptera (34 individuals; 0.30% of total abundance), and Lepidoptera (29 individuals; 0.26% of total abundance) (Figure 2; Table 1). The aquatic insects of Huai Pakkok stream (PK1 and PK2) constituted 50 families and 46 families, while 49 families and 46 families were recorded in Huai Kayeng stream (KY1 and KY2). The aquatic Lepidoptera Plecoptera insects recorded from Huai U Long stream (UL1 and UL2) 0.26% 4.61% were represented by 41 and 49 families, respectively (Table 1). Megaloptera Coleoptera Hemiptera Table 1 showed the species diversity indices. The highest 0.30% 8.77% 15.31% Shannon index of diversity of 2.934 and 3.2 was recorded in Figure 2: Composition of aquatic insect orders of the three streams Huai Kayeng stream (KY1 and KY2) and the lowest was in in the Mae Klong Watershed during a period of seven months. Huai Pakkok stream (HK1 and HK2) (2.68 and 2.62), indicat- ing the presence of a higher diversity of aquatic insects in lotic ecosystems.Thediversityofinsectsinaquaticecosystems tends to increase with increased nutrients and these optimum (AT), water temperature (WT), dissolved oxygen (DO), environmental conditions favour their abundance in this total dissolved solid (TDS), and electrical conductivity (EC). habitat [17]. The high diversity of insect fauna in streams Water samples from each collecting period were stored in is an indication of larger microhabitat diversity and better polyethylene bottles (500 mL). Ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N), 3− water quality conditions prevailing in the streams (Table 2) orthophosphate (PO4 ), nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N), sulfate 2− [18]. Their abundance has been associated with the presence (SO4 ), and turbidity (TUB) were determined in accordance of high food quality, stable water flow, and stable substrata with the standard method procedures (APHA et al., 1992) common in these habitats [17]. [15]. Alkalinity (ALK) was measured by titration. The evenness value in the present study was recorded as high in almost all the sites, indicating a relatively even 2.4. Data Analyses. The aquatic insect abundance and taxo- distribution of taxa in the stream. The highest species diver- nomic richness () were estimated for each sample. Ecolog- sityandevennessinalmostallthesitesareanindicationof ical indices, including the Shannon-Wiener diversity ( ), good water quality [18]. The high scores of diversity indices, Simpson’s diversity index (), and Evenness ()indices, such as those of the Shannon-Wiener index and Simpson’s were determined for each sampling site [16]. A principle index, indicate that clean or unpolluted rivers support more
Load more

Recommended publications
  • An Updated Checklist of Aquatic Plants of Myanmar and Thailand
    Biodiversity Data Journal 2: e1019 doi: 10.3897/BDJ.2.e1019 Taxonomic paper An updated checklist of aquatic plants of Myanmar and Thailand Yu Ito†, Anders S. Barfod‡ † University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand ‡ Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark Corresponding author: Yu Ito ([email protected]) Academic editor: Quentin Groom Received: 04 Nov 2013 | Accepted: 29 Dec 2013 | Published: 06 Jan 2014 Citation: Ito Y, Barfod A (2014) An updated checklist of aquatic plants of Myanmar and Thailand. Biodiversity Data Journal 2: e1019. doi: 10.3897/BDJ.2.e1019 Abstract The flora of Tropical Asia is among the richest in the world, yet the actual diversity is estimated to be much higher than previously reported. Myanmar and Thailand are adjacent countries that together occupy more than the half the area of continental Tropical Asia. This geographic area is diverse ecologically, ranging from cool-temperate to tropical climates, and includes from coast, rainforests and high mountain elevations. An updated checklist of aquatic plants, which includes 78 species in 44 genera from 24 families, are presented based on floristic works. This number includes seven species, that have never been listed in the previous floras and checklists. The species (excluding non-indigenous taxa) were categorized by five geographic groups with the exception of to reflect the rich diversity of the countries' floras. Keywords Aquatic plants, flora, Myanmar, Thailand © Ito Y, Barfod A. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
    [Show full text]
  • Sai Yok National Park
    Sai Yok National Park belonging to the Japanese Army remain scattered around. Because of its unique abundance of natural beauty and significant historic artifacts, the area was declared Thailand’s 19th national park in 1980. Geography The limestone mountain range stretches from a north to south direction forming the border of Thailand to Myanmar in the west. The highest peak is Khao Khwae at 1,327 metres above mean sea level. Climate During winter months, the park can be damp from December to February. Rainy season is between One of the parkûs features is the May and October. Summer months become hot and picturesque Sai Yok Waterfall, dry until April. well known for over a century. Flora and Fauna Part of history, King Rama the V Mixed deciduous forest, deciduous dipterocarp once visited the waterfall and forest and tropical rain forest dominate most of the spent the day to relax and swim area. The rest of the park is covered by bamboo among the shady forest. Sai Yok forests, which include Bambusa bambos, Xylia National Park today occupies a xylocarpa, Walsura robusta, Dialium cochinchinense vast area of 500 square kilometres, and Shorea obtusa. including some areas of Thong The park is habitat for a variety of wildlife Pha Phum and Sai Yok of including Asian Elephant, Northern Red Muntjac, Malayan Tapir, Lar Gibbon, Pheasants, Coucals and Kanchanaburi province. Bulbuls. Attractions History ◆ Sai Yok Waterfall. The stream divides before After surveying, the Royal Forest Department it cascades directly into the Khwae Noi River. The found the forests rich in natural beauty.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 4 Current Condition in the Study Area
    Chapter 4 Current Condition in the Study Area CHAPTER 4 CURRENT CONDITION IN THE STUDY AREA 4.1 Natural Condition (1) Topography and Geology The Lam Pa Chi River basin is a part of the Mae Klong Basin located in the western edge. The basin is bounded in the west by the mountain range forming the border with Burma, and on the south by mountains forming the boundary between Ratchaburi and Phetchaburi Provinces. The eastern and northern boundaries of the basin are not so clear but surrounded by a chain of small mountains with the total area of around 2,500 km2 of the basin area, the western half of it is occupied by mountainous zone continuing to Myanmar. Mountains are low but rather steep, ranging from 700 to 1,100 m msl. Eastern half of the basin is mostly plain with many small isolated mountains scattered. Minor tribes namely Kalin, Mon, Barma are the inhabitants in the area. The standard of living remains very low. Most of the river systems in Thailand, including the Mae Klong and the Kwae Yai/Noi Rivers from the upstream, flow down roughly towards south from north. However, the Lam Pa Chi River is, solely and remarkably, flows up to north from south, suggesting rather complicated history of river development. Basic geology of the basin is classified into two categories, sedimentary sequences including metamorphic phases and intrusive rocks, mainly granite bodies. The sedimentary sequences form low but steep mountains in the west of the basin, consisted of sandstone, quartzite, shale, and limestone, accompanied with metamorphic rocks of slate, phyllite, gneiss and schist.
    [Show full text]
  • Greater Mekong Subregion Core Environment Program 10 Years of Cooperation
    Greater Mekong Subregion Core Environment Program 10 Years of Cooperation This publication was compiled to celebrate the first 10 years of the Greater Mekong Subregion Core Environment Program (CEP). It provides an overview of the environment issues the program has worked on, as well as its solutions, achievements, and future priorities. The articles and stories featured within aim to highlight the CEP’s work, using the voices and perspectives of its partners and beneficiaries. About the Asian Development Bank ADB is committed to achieving a prosperous, inclusive, resilient, and sustainable Asia and the Pacific, while sustaining its efforts to eradicate extreme poverty. Established in 1966, it is owned by 67 members— 48 from the region. Its main instruments for helping its developing member countries are policy dialogue, loans, equity investments, guarantees, grants, and technical assistance. About the Core Environment Program The Core Environment Program (CEP) supports the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS) in delivering environmentally friendly economic growth. Anchored on the ADB-supported GMS Economic Cooperation Program, the CEP promotes regional cooperation to improve development planning, safeguards, biodiversity conservation, and resilience to climate change—all of which are underpinned by capacity Greater Mekong Subregion building. The CEP is overseen by the environment ministries of the six GMS countries and implemented by the ADB-administered Environment Operations Center. Cofinancing is provided by ADB, the Global Environment Facility,
    [Show full text]
  • My Kwai… an Unabridged Account of Travelling the Thai River Region That Inspired a Movie Legend
    TRAVEL My Kwai… AN UNABRIDGED ACCOUNT OF TRAVELLING THE THAI RIVER REGION THAT INSPIRED A MOVIE LEGEND bout 120 kilometres northwest of Bangkok, nestled against the Myanmar border, lies the province of Kanchanaburi. The province’s capital town – perhaps a little confusingly, also known as Kanchanaburi – is home to some 30,000 residents and swollen all-year-round with a never-ending tide of tourists. Notoriously, the province is home to the Death Railway – the Burma-Thailand line built by prisoners-of-war under the watchful eyes of the Japanese occupying forces of World War II. ATo many, it will be best known for its starring role in The Bridge On the River Kwai, the 1957 movie that told the tale of the construction of this infamous project. The movie, though, was actually filmed in Sri Lanka – although The Deer Hunter, Michael Cimino’s 1978 Academy Award-winning film, genuinely was filmed here. Over the years, historians – and politicians of various hues – have taken issue with The Bridge On the River Kwai’s take on this controversial episode. Both its geography and its depiction of the inhumane conditions of the POWs toiling over its construction have been greatly disputed. 150 151 TRAVEL Today, the bridge seen by many visitors is not though, and the way that the items have been left Many that come to revisit the past, find themselves the original one. That was bombed several times by unmaintained actually gives them an authenticity the Allies back in 1945. In fact, even the railway line missing in many Western museums.
    [Show full text]
  • Kanchanaburi Nakhon Pathom Samut Sakhon Samut Songkhram Sangkhla Buri CONTENTS
    Kanchanaburi Nakhon Pathom Samut Sakhon Samut Songkhram Sangkhla Buri CONTENTS KANCHANABURI 8 City Attractions 9 Out-of-City Attractions 11 Special Events 20 Special Interest 21 How to Get There 21 NAKHON PATHOM 22 City Attractions 23 Out-of-City Attractions 23 Special Events 27 How to Get There 27 SAMUT SAKHON 28 City Attractions 29 Out-of-City Attractions 29 Shopping 31 Special Events 31 How to Get There 31 SAMUT SONGKHRAM 32 City Attractions 33 Out-of-City Attractions 34 Special Interest 37 Special Events 37 How to Get There 37 Kanchanaburi Kanchanaburi Nakhon Pathom Samut Sakhon Samut Songkhram Vajiralongkorn Dam Srinagarindra Dam Khuean Srinagarindra National Park Vajiralongkorn Dam Srinagarindra Dam Khuean Srinagarindra National Park Mon Bridge KANCHANABURI Located 130 kms. west of Bangkok, just at the loss of countless lives of prisoners-of-war a two-hour drive away, the small town of and local labourers supervised by Japanese Kanchanaburi is the capital of Thailand’s third- troops. The railway line was only used a few largest province, which covers almost 20,000 times before the Japanese surrender, after square kilometres and stretches as far west as which the British tore up part of the track, the border with Myanmar. The province boasts making it inoperative. These days it is some of the country’s most beautiful waterfalls possible to cross the bridge on foot or by train and caves in its national parks, as well as the on the way to the waterfall, about 100 kms. historic bridge over the River Kwai and exciting to the northwest.
    [Show full text]
  • Travel the Old Village of Ta-Nao-Sri Mountains
    The left bank of the Khao Laem Lake is the origin of the Khwae Noi River, far from the Vajiralongkorn Dam where we will start this trip. This is a rich area of the famous Western Forest of Kanchanaburi province in which some parts have been cleared for agriculture by the older generation of more than 40-50 years ago. The area north of this Dam is wide enough to allow the beautiful nature to be hidden for it to always exist. The blood of the Enduro rider like us has never stopped. A new trip will always be there, and this time, we chose to travel to Thong Pha Phum at Ban I Tong, or the Pilok Mine that many people already know during the best and most beautiful time as well as the most difficult for sure. Our partner for this trip was a Kawasaki KLX150 BF that is very agile for the muddy conditions of the teak forest and jungle route, which are moist with the rain falling a few times per day without anything ever being dry. The Vajiralongkorn Dam was the meeting place we could get up and keep on for starting this trip. The first destination was Suan riding and not be a difficult Pa Thong Pha Phum, Ban Huai Kheyong, which burden to the group. Going has a route that had a lot of fun waiting for us. slowly was safer and we could We indirectly turned back passing a block of giant help each other. The senior trees of the Thong Pha Phum National Park before members taught the younger going up the mountain to Ban I Tong.
    [Show full text]
  • {Dоwnlоаd/Rеаd PDF Bооk} the Bridge on the River Kwai
    THE BRIDGE ON THE RIVER KWAI PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Pierre Boulle | 208 pages | 02 Jun 2011 | Vintage Publishing | 9780099445029 | English | London, United Kingdom The Bridge on the River Kwai, Kanchanaburi, Thailand – Travel Information and Travel Guide Since it involved cutting through sheer mountain face, this was — hence its name — among the most demanding parts for the forced labourers, and large numbers perished here. The site has been preserved as a memorial museum and walking trail, and it is a sobering but worthwhile destination — it also plays host to the annual ANZAC Day dawn memorial service. Select currency. My Plans. Open menu Menu. A couple of hours from Bangkok in western Thailand, Kanchanaburi province holds a more sombre message than most Thai tourist destinations. While nowadays it boasts a thriving backpacker scene, Kanchanaburi town is steeped in the gruelling history of the Death Railway, and is home to the Bridge on the River Kwai. Thailand: never colonised, but certainly occupied. Kanchanaburi and the Bridge on the River Kwai. The Death Railway during and after WW2. Remembering the past in modern-day Kanchanaburi. The most horrifying section of the railroad took its toll on hundreds of Australian POWs and had an infamous reputation. At one camp, upwards of leg amputations were performed as a result of jungle ulcers — without even so much as an aspirin for the pain. This expedited the work to ensure that the average 1 meter of cutting per day was expanded to 2 to 3 meters. Hellfire Pass was cut 75 meters long and 25 meters deep; at that pace, many died where they stood the previous day.
    [Show full text]
  • A Review of the Softshell Turtles of the Genus Chitra, with the Description of New Taxa from Myanmar and Indonesia (Java)
    Hamadryad Vol. 27, No. 1, pp. 11 – 56, 2002. Copyright 2002 Centre for Herpetology, Madras Crocodile Bank Trust. A REVIEW OF THE SOFTSHELL TURTLES OF THE GENUS CHITRA, WITH THE DESCRIPTION OF NEW TAXA FROM MYANMAR AND INDONESIA (JAVA) William P. McCord1 and Peter C. H. Pritchard2 1East Fishkill Animal Hospital, Hopewell Junction, NY 12533, U.S.A. (Fax: 845-221-2570; Email: [email protected]) 2Chelonian Research Institute, 401 South Central Ave, Oviedo, FL, 32765, U.S.A. (Fax: 407-977-5142; Email: [email protected]) ABSTRACT.– Taxonomic, distribution and morphological data are presented for the trionychid turtle genus Chitra (Testudines: Trionychidae). Many confusing taxonomic details are clarified. Types and type localities are described for both previously named Chitra species. Details of forelimb scalation, chromatic and pattern characteristics, original head drawings accentuating phenotypic characters, shell morphology, general skeletal details, and mitochondrial and nuclear gene sequencing results are presented. The overall range of the genus Chitra is discussed, with details of field collections confirming previously undescribed Indonesian populations. A new species of narrow-headed softshell, Chitra vandijki sp. nov. is described from the Ayeyarwaddy River drainage, Myanmar, distinguished from its congeners by its distribution, a unique combination of carapace, head and neck patterns, and genetic sequence divergence of a level corresponding to full species recognition. A new subspecies of narrow-headed softshell turtle, Chitra chitra javanensis ssp. nov., is described from eastern Java, Indonesia, distinguished from the nominate subspecies by its distribution, by details of carapace, dorsal head and chin patterns, and by a genetic sequence divergence level appropriate to subspecies status.
    [Show full text]
  • Japanese Hidden Heritage in Thailand มรดกญี่ปุ นที่ซ อนเร นอยู
    Japanese Hidden Heritage in Thailand มรดกญี่ปุนที่ซอนเรนอยูในประเทศไทย Sakesit Paksee* Abstract This study is of Japanese hidden Heritage in Thailand. The purpose of the project can be expressed as two related objectives. The first is to investigate and comment on the presence of the Japanese in Thailand in the three broadly defined periods : Ages of Participation, of Imperialism, of Globalization and on the heritage that the Japanese presence has left and continues to bequeath in modern Thailand. The second objective can prove more problematic. It is to ask how diverse and sometimes opposed memories - ideas of heritage-intersect. This can be expressed in another way: whose heritage is it ? The approach to be taken is a combination of fieldwork and documentary research. A range of relevant sites were visited and observed: in Ayutthaya, Kanchanaburi province, Siracha in Chonburi province and various districts in Bangkok. Documentary research mostly covered secondary material. The methodological issue was to bring these two sets of information together. The study concludes that Japanese heritage in Thailand from the Age of Participation is indeed little more than memories and stories. That from the Age of Imperialism (World War II) is mostly suppressed - to be forgotten, even denied. The heritage of the present era or the Age of Globalization might challenge clear definition: it is the living heritage of the city’s life and diversity. The story of the Japanese in Thailand raises the question of the ‘forms of heritage’ of one nation (Japan) in the territory of another (Thailand), variously ‘museum’ heritage, ‘denied’ heritage, ‘negative’ heritage and ‘living’ heritage.
    [Show full text]
  • Rom D Number Journal/Book Title Year
    0313 Rom D Number ° D Nnt ScannB[j Author Williams, Llewelyn Agricultural Research Division, Crops Research Division RBPOrt/ArtiClB TitlO Vegetation of Southeast Asia Studies of Forest Types 1963-1965 Journal/Book Title Year 000° Month/Day Color D Number of Images 32° DOSCrlptOn NotOS Documents were filed together by Alvin Young under the label "Evaluated Effects of Chemicals in SEA". CR 49-65. Under ARPA Order No. 424. AD 629181. Friday, November 16, 2001 Page 3130 of 3140 1 si Williams, L., AD 1965 D/UIMLIMITED Vegetation of Southeast Asia studies of forest types 1963-1965 - AD 629181 Technical Report JAN 14 >' distributed by Defense Technical Information Center DEFENSE LOGISTICS AGENCY Cameron Station • Alexandria, Virginia 22314 UNCLASSIFIED/UNLIMITED r- VEGETATION OF SOUTHEAST ASIA STUDIES OF FOREST TYPES 1963 -1965 CLEARINGHOUSE FOR FEDERAL SCIENTIFIC AND __ TECHNICAL INFORMATION Sairdcojrr" Miorofith* Agricultural Ilc'soarch Service f.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Under A UP A Order No. t2t Advanced Ke^eurcli Projects Afiency DepartnH'iit of Defense <t Vegclalioii of Southeasl Asia Studies of Foresl Types 1963 - 1965 Compiled By LLKNVKLYN WILLIAMS Crops Hesearrli Division CR Agricultural Research Service l.S. Di:i'AKT.Mi:Nr OF AGKICl LTl UK Ke.searcli Supported Itv Advuncct! ItoM-arrli Projools A^oncj liml.-r AIU'A Order No. 121 Washington, !).(-. Issued Dt'innlH')1 HKi'i LANK PAG FOREWORD This Report on "The Vegetation of Southeast Asia1 is sub- mitted in accordance vith ARPA Order No. b2k, Progran- Code No. 38^0, dated January 30, 1963, to the Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture from the Advanced Re- search Projects Agency, Department of Defense.
    [Show full text]
  • The Projected Changes in Water Status of the Mae Klong Basin, Thailand, Using WEAP Model
    Paddy and Water Environment https://doi.org/10.1007/s10333-018-0638-y ARTICLE The projected changes in water status of the Mae Klong Basin, Thailand, using WEAP model Alamgir Khalil1,3 · Areeya Rittima1 · Yutthana Phankamolsil2 Received: 29 June 2017 / Revised: 19 November 2017 / Accepted: 8 March 2018 © The International Society of Paddy and Water Environment Engineering and Springer Japan KK, part of Springer Nature 2018 Abstract River basin management has become more dynamic and challenging due to increased competition among diferent water use sectors. Mae Klong Basin is rich in term of water availability, but increasing water demands in future due to inter- basin-based water management policy addressed by the national government may strongly infuence the changes in water status. WEAP model was implemented to assess the current water supply and demand situations for this basin. Six diferent scenarios were established to evaluate the response of the basin to increasing demands under two SRES scenarios A2 and B2. The simulated results have shown that currently the water resources in the basin are sufcient to meet the existing needs in the wet season, but water shortage has occurred in the dry periods of 2014 and 2015 due to less rainfall in these years. The results have also shown that more water shortages have occurred under A2 scenario as compared to B2 scenario. Water shortages have occurred in all the developed scenarios indicating that the basin will face water scarcity particularly in the scenario fve where transferring water to the adjoining area is difcult to possibly be implemented. The scenario six where a new hydropower project is proposed is considered feasible under both A2 and B2 scenarios and can help in meeting hydro- power demands in the basin.
    [Show full text]