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Hindawi Publishing Corporation Psyche Volume 2015, Article ID 912451, 7 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/912451

Research Article Diversity and Distribution of Aquatic Insects in Streams of the Watershed, Western

Witwisitpong Maneechan and Taeng On Prommi

Faculty of Liberal Arts and Science, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand

Correspondence should be addressed to Taeng On Prommi; [email protected]

Received 27 July 2015; Revised 26 October 2015; Accepted 29 October 2015

Academic Editor: Nguya K. Maniania

Copyright © 2015 W. Maneechan and T. O. Prommi. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

The distribution and diversity of aquatic insects and water quality variables were studied among three streams of the Mae Klong Watershed. In each stream, two sites were sampled. Aquatic insects and water quality variables were randomly sampled seven times in February, May, September, and December 2010 and in January, April, and May 2011. Overall, 11,153 individuals belonging to 64 families and nine orders were examined. Among the aquatic insects collected from the three streams, the order Trichoptera was most diverse in number of individuals, followed by Ephemeroptera, Hemiptera, Odonata, Coleoptera, Diptera, Plecoptera, Megaloptera, and Lepidoptera. The highest Shannon index of diversity of 2.934 and 3.2 was recorded in Huai Kayeng stream and thelowest was in Huai Pakkok stream (2.68 and 2.62). The high diversity of insect fauna in streams is an indication of larger microhabitat diversity and better water quality conditions prevailing in the streams. The evenness value was recorded as high in most sites. The high species diversity and evenness in almost all sites indicated good water quality.

1. Introduction parameters such as increased sedimentation and changes in flow [11]. In lotic environments, aquatic insects are important elements In this work, three streams in the Mae Klong Watershed in the ecological dynamics [1], playing an important role in wereselected.Thesestreamsareusedfordomesticactivities the cycle of materials and in trophic transfers [2–5]. The including drinking, cooking, bathing, and fisheries. It is understanding of distribution patterns in communities is one therefore important to preserve these water resources and of the main aims in ecology [6]. A multiplicity of factors maintain the biotic integrity of these ecosystems. Such man- regulates the occurrence and the distribution of aquatic agement requires basic knowledge such as the distribution of insects, the most important being the current (velocity), the aquatic communities among stream habitats. The aim of temperature, altitude, season, total suspended solids, and this study was to describe the composition of aquatic insects vegetation [7]. Other factors which affect the occurrence of at different stations of the studied streams. The identification these benthic fauna include substrates, pH, dissolved oxygen, of species and their distribution patterns provide more infor- availability of food, turbidity, conductivity, and competition mation for monitoring and conserving these ecosystems. [8]. Changes of these environmental factors in streams can be used in biomonitoring and degraded aquatic environments [9, 10]. Thus, the nature of this distribution provides an initial 2. Materials and Methods insight into the types of ecological processes that regulate populations and assemblages. For example, the distribution 2.1. Study Area. The Mae Klong Watershed is the most of aquatic insects among stream habitats reflects, to some important watershed in western Thailand. The upstream degree, the distribution of benthic resources (e.g., food, watershed area consists of two main rivers, namely, Khwae oxygen, and predators) and provides information about how Noi and Khwae Yai. The rivers run into the Khao Laem and communities might respond to changes in environmental Srinagarind Dam located in the upper region of Mae Klong 2 Psyche

Site Stream Mae Klong River

Boundary of Thailand 5 Boundary of Province 8 6 Mae Klong Watershed 2 1 7 (km) 4 10 0 10 20 30 3 N

Number Site name 9 1 Huai Pakkok 1 2 Huai Pakkok 2 3 Huai Kayeng 1 4 Huai Kayeng 2 5 Huai U long 1 10 6 2 Huai U long 11 7 Wire 8 Wachiralongkorn Dam 9 Mae Klong Dam 10 Ratchaburi 11 Samut Songkhram

Figure 1: Map of Mae Klong Watershed showing the sampling sites, namely, Huai Pakkok, PK1 = 1 and PK2 = 2; Huai Kayeng, KY1 = 3 and KY2 = 4; and Huai U Long, UL1 = 5 and UL2 = 6.

Watershed. The rivers joint in Province, which 250 𝜇m mesh). At each sampling site, a stretch of approx- is considered downstream, flow through Ratchaburi Province imately 50 m was chosen for collection of samples from andentertheGulfofThailandinSamutSongkhramProvince. the three target habitats: riparian vegetation, leaf litter, and Six sampling sites in three streams (upper and lower in each low gradient riffles and pools. The sampling time ateach stream)werechoseninthisstudy.Thesestreamswereinthe habitat was 3 min. In each sampling period, three replicate upstreamsectionofKhwaeNoiRiverbeforeflowinginto samples were collected at each station and placed in white Khao Laem Dam (Figure 1). These three streams are, namely, trays for sorting. The content of each sample was transferred Huai Pakkok, PK1 and PK2; Huai Kayeng, KY1 and KY2; and into properly labelled plastic containers, preserved in 80% Huai U Long, UL1 and UL2. ethanol, and taken back to the laboratory for analysis. In thelaboratory,aquaticinsectsweresortedandidentifiedto the family level using taxonomic keys [12–14]. All the sorted 2.2. Sampling and Identification of Aquatic Insects. To deter- samples were kept in properly labelled vials containing 80% mine the distribution of aquatic insect taxa, six sampling ethanol. sites in three streams (upper and lower in each stream) were chosen in this study. Seven samplings were performed in February, May, September, and December 2010 and in 2.3. Environmental Variables. Three replicates of selected January, April, and May 2011. Aquatic insects were collected physicochemical water quality parameters were recorded using aquatic D-frame aquatic kick net (30 × 30 cm frame, directly at the sampling sites including pH, air temperature Psyche 3

Diptera Ephemeroptera (2,193 individuals; 19.66% of total abundance), Hemiptera 5.81% (1,707 individuals; 15.31% of total abundance), Odonata (1,260 Trichoptera 19.66% individuals; 11.30% of total abundance), Coleoptera (978 indi- 33.98% Odonata 11.30% viduals; 8.77% of total abundance), Diptera (648 individuals; 5.81% of total abundance), Plecoptera (514 individuals; 4.61% of total abundance), Megaloptera (34 individuals; 0.30% of total abundance), and Lepidoptera (29 individuals; 0.26% of total abundance) (Figure 2; Table 1). The aquatic insects of Huai Pakkok stream (PK1 and PK2) constituted 50 families and 46 families, while 49 families and 46 families were recorded in Huai Kayeng stream (KY1 and KY2). The aquatic Lepidoptera Plecoptera insects recorded from Huai U Long stream (UL1 and UL2) 0.26% 4.61% were represented by 41 and 49 families, respectively (Table 1). Megaloptera Coleoptera Hemiptera Table 1 showed the species diversity indices. The highest 0.30% 8.77% 15.31% Shannon index of diversity of 2.934 and 3.2 was recorded in Figure 2: Composition of aquatic insect orders of the three streams Huai Kayeng stream (KY1 and KY2) and the lowest was in in the Mae Klong Watershed during a period of seven months. Huai Pakkok stream (HK1 and HK2) (2.68 and 2.62), indicat- ing the presence of a higher diversity of aquatic insects in lotic ecosystems.Thediversityofinsectsinaquaticecosystems tends to increase with increased nutrients and these optimum (AT), water temperature (WT), dissolved oxygen (DO), environmental conditions favour their abundance in this total dissolved solid (TDS), and electrical conductivity (EC). habitat [17]. The high diversity of insect fauna in streams Water samples from each collecting period were stored in is an indication of larger microhabitat diversity and better polyethylene bottles (500 mL). Ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N), 3− water quality conditions prevailing in the streams (Table 2) orthophosphate (PO4 ), nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N), sulfate 2− [18]. Their abundance has been associated with the presence (SO4 ), and turbidity (TUB) were determined in accordance of high food quality, stable water flow, and stable substrata with the standard method procedures (APHA et al., 1992) common in these habitats [17]. [15]. Alkalinity (ALK) was measured by titration. The evenness value in the present study was recorded as high in almost all the sites, indicating a relatively even 2.4. Data Analyses. The aquatic insect abundance and taxo- distribution of taxa in the stream. The highest species diver- nomic richness (𝑆) were estimated for each sample. Ecolog- sityandevennessinalmostallthesitesareanindicationof 󸀠 ical indices, including the Shannon-Wiener diversity (𝐻 ), good water quality [18]. The high scores of diversity indices, Simpson’s diversity index (𝐷), and Evenness (𝐸)indices, such as those of the Shannon-Wiener index and Simpson’s were determined for each sampling site [16]. A principle index, indicate that clean or unpolluted rivers support more component analysis (PCA) was performed using environ- diverse taxa, thus making them useful for detecting organic mental variables to determine the abiotic typology of sam- pollution [19]. Higher numbers of taxa (family) collected pling stations. This analysis was performed with the matrix from a habitat imply a richer community that usually lives in consisting of 42 samples (6 stations × 7campaigns)and12 a healthier environment. Based on the scores, all streams in environmental variables. Analyses were conducted using PC- the Mae Klong Watershed supported relatively rich aquatic ORD. insect fauna, but their composition and abundance were significantly different between rivers. The differences in the physical habitat and hydrological 3. Results and Discussion conditions of streams could contribute to the observed A total of 11,153 individuals of aquatic insects representing dissimilarities in the aquatic insect compositions. This may 64 families from 9 orders were collected and identified from be due to the multiplicity of microhabitats along with a three streams in February, May, September, and December combination of several other environmental factors that 2010 and in January, April, and May 2011. Table 1 and Figure 2 varied between streams [20]. Usually, similar richness of show the overall composition and distribution of aquatic aquatic insects is recorded from streams with similar habitat insect communities in the three streams. More aquatic insects structures, stream geomorphologies, and hydrological condi- were recorded in Huai Pakkok (PK1 and PK2) (2,054 and tions [21]. 2,726 individuals) than in Huai Kayeng (KY1 and KY2) (2,202 By composition, Trichoptera and the Ephemeroptera and 1,234 individuals) and Huai U Long (UL1 and UL2) dominated the study sites, accounting for almost 54% of all (969 and 1,968 individuals). However, the total number of the total individuals that were sampled at the three streams. individuals recorded in the three streams was significantly Heptageniidae (Ephemeroptera) and Hydropsychidae (Tri- different (One-Sample Test = 7.022, 𝑃 < 0.05). Trichoptera choptera) were found in all sampling sites because they (3,790 individuals; 33.98% of total abundance) was the most are able to colonize waters with low oxygen concentration. dominant order with the highest number of individuals Similar low numbers of Plecoptera in tropical waters have in the three streams. It was followed by Ephemeroptera been reported [22, 23]. 4 Psyche

Table 1: The composition and total abundance of aquatic insect communities in Mae Klong Watershed.

Taxa Abbv. PK1 PK2 KY1 KY2 UL1 UL2 Ephemeroptera Pothamanthidae Potha 1 1 1 1 7 Oligoneuriidae Oligo 2 1 1 Caenidae Caeni 5 1 3 4 1 7 Heptageniidae Hepta 88 266 91 110 79 113 Leptophlebiidae Leptp 247 218 58 40 65 76 Ephemerellidae Ephem 20 97 17 50 20 94 Neoephemeridae Neoep 1 6 8 Ephemeridae Ephee 2 9 5 Baetidae Baeti 57 118 75 41 33 51 Prosopistomatidae Proso 2 Odonata Lestidae Lesti 26 8 Chlorocyphidae Chlor 24 8 6 15 3 4 Protoneuridae Proto 53 61 58 9 9 8 Gomphidae Gomph 43 33 15 59 20 37 Libellulidae Libel 20 26 16 9 4 19 Euphaeidae Eupha 29 14 31 34 14 28 Corduliidae Cordu 42 31 68 20 12 32 Aeshnidae Aeshn 1 1 1 Platycnemididae Platy 12 1 1 3 3 2 Coenagrionidae Coena 62 39 53 24 8 Calopterygidae Calop 16 20 46 4 13 2 Plecoptera Perlidae Perli 60 99 63 39 75 130 Peltoperlidae Pelto 3 22 21 1 Nemouridae Nemou 1 Hemiptera Aphelocheiridae Aphel 13 15 32 33 4 28 Gerridae Gerri 69 128 50 52 24 40 Veliidae Velii 19 10 23 13 3 16 Nepidae Nepid 13 16 15 12 1 4 Hydrometridae Hydrm 1 1 2 Helotrephidae Helot 24 17 12 1 9 10 Naucoridae Nauco 125 289 171 52 63 262 Pleidae Pleid 13 1 2 5 Notonectidae Noton 6 2 Micronectidae Micro 1 5 Coleoptera Noteridae Noter 1 Hydrophilidae Hydrp 12 8 8 10 19 3 Hydraenidae Hydra 2 1 1 4 Gyrinidae Gyrin 17 12 21 19 4 75 Elmidae Elmid 79 29 91 46 299 50 Psephenidae Pseph 23 9 26 20 9 12 Dytiscidae Dytis 10 41 9 3 Scirtidae Scirt 5 Megaloptera Corydalidae Coryd 6 6 10 3 9 Lepidoptera Pyralidae Pyral 2 5 4 3 15 Psyche 5

Table 1: Continued. Taxa Abbv. PK1 PK2 KY1 KY2 UL1 UL2 Trichoptera Polycentropodidae Polyc 2 Hydroptilidae Hydrt 1 1 Odontoceridae Odont 1 30 8 1 52 Leptoceridae Lepto 6 4 5 1 8 Calamoceratidae Calam 6 8 76 145 26 60 Hydropsychidae Hydrs 727 809 522 130 96 578 Helicopsychidae Helic 2 324 91 Philopotamidae Philo 4 2 37 13 2 Lepidostomatidae Lepid 1 2 5 Goeridae Goeri 3 1 Diptera Athericidae Ather 2 1 1 5 Tipulidae Tipul 12 16 3 4 3 15 Simuliidae Simul 21 195 34 5 3 23 Tabanidae Taban 4 6 2 1 5 Ceratopogonidae Cerat 1 1 1 7 Stratiomyidae Strat 5 Culicidae Culic 3 3 1 Psychodidae Psych 6 2 Sciomyzidae Sciom 1 Chironomidae Chiro 47 55 62 40 2 50 Abundance 2,054 2,726 2,202 1,234 969 1,968 Richness 50 46 49 46 41 49 Evenness 0.685 0.684 0.754 0.836 0.712 0.712 Shannon-Wiener diversity 2.68 2.62 2.934 3.2 2.643 2.771 Simson’s diversity index 0.8461 0.8709 0.9031 0.9441 0.8683 0.8775

Table 2: Mean values (±SD)ofenvironmentalvariablesineachsamplingsite.

Parameter/station PK1 PK2 KY1 KY2 UL1 UL2 AT 31.35 ± 3.03 33.73 ± 1.73 31.87 ± 2.66 30.04 ± 4.36 30.57 ± 1.86 29.97 ± 3.68 WT 28.45 ± 3.02 29.82 ± 2.67 29.03 ± 2.17 28.58 ± 2.57 27.83 ± 1.15 28.11 ± 2.72 pH 8.05 ± 0.85 8.15 ± 0.9 8.15 ± 0.59 7.99 ± 0.99 8.43 ± 0.64 8.19 ± 0.53 DO 4.16 ± 2.08 4.45 ± 1.98 3.79 ± 1.63 5.0 ± 1.67 3.86 ± 0.65 6.35 ± 2.51 EC 74.08 ± 21.95 104.1 ± 30.72 275.38 ± 111.73 325.49 ± 91.15 119.68 ± 16.94 158.62 ± 69.67 TDS 37.02 ± 10.56 55.03 ± 13.5 135.44 ± 55 163.15 ± 43.27 58.3 ± 15.22 92.92 ± 33.39 TUB 3.33 ± 1.37 3.57 ± 3.36 9 ± 16.67 12.43 ± 24.53 5.0 ± 2.65 5.17 ± 4.96 ALK 58.33 ± 22.32 70 ± 20.40 106.67 ± 35 170.71 ± 33.76 132 ± 24.98 136.17 ± 24.33

NH3-N 0.18 ± 0.18 0.14 ± 0.16 0.24 ± 0.19 0.22 ± 0.18 0.19 ± 0.19 0.18 ± 0.16 3− PO4 0.13 ± 0.06 0.09 ± 0.06 0.11 ± 0.06 0.07 ± 0.05 0.09 ± 0.08 0.14 ± 0.22

NO3-N 1.35 ± 0.42 1.57 ± 0.24 1.52 ± 0.29 1.87 ± 0.81 1.47 ± 0.06 1.45 ± 0.16 2− SO4 1.2 ± 62± 10 2.2 ± 11 2.33 ± 14 5 ± 15 1.83 ± 11

PCA ordination for data of aquatic insects can be sepa- revealed a correlation between the aquatic insect family and rated into two groups (Figure 3). The first group was located water quality (Figure 3). Aquatic insects in families Baeti- intheHuaiPakkokstream(PK1andPK2)andthesecond dae, Heptageniidae, Protoneuridae, Gerridae, Helotrephidae, group was located in the Huai Kayeng stream (KY1 and KY2) Notonectidae, Nepidae, Leptoceridae, and Simuliidae were and the Huai U Long stream (UL1 and UL2). PCA analysis relatedtotheconcentrationoforthophosphateandwater 6 Psyche

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