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Insecta:Diptera The JapanSocietyJapan Society ofMedicalof Medical Entomology and Zoology (Med,EntomoLZool,VbL53 Suppl.2 p.109-120 2002] Flight properties of orthorrhaphous Brachycera flies in flight tethered performance (Insecta:Diptera) Kenkichi KANMIYA BioJogical Laboratory School ofMledicine, Kurume Uhiversi(MAsahi-machi 6Z Kurume, Fukuoka, 830-OOII Jbpan (Received: 14 April 2002; Accepted: 13 May 2002) rfabanidae, Keywords: flight propertM tethered flight, dispersal range, orthorrhaphous Brachycera,Diptera were examined fbr orthorrhaphous Brachycera flies with Abstract: Flightpropenies automatically recording flight-mills installing a magnetic floating system, Speeies examined were wild individuals of [rbbanidae (7Zxbanus trigonus Coquillett and Hirosia lyoensis <Shiraki)), Asilidae (Cophinopocla chinensis (Fabricius) and PromachtLs yesonictLs Bigot), and Stratiomydae (Hermetia illucens (Linnaeus)). Properties measured were durationoftotal distance of total fiight (DIT), distance of the most sustained flight (DIS), flight (DUT), duration ofthe most sustained fliglit (DUS), speed oftotal flight (SPT), speed of the most sustained flight (SPS), and speed of the fast lkm flight (SPF). T trigonus exhibited strong flight capability with mean values of DIT (8.1km), DUT (115.1 min.), SPT SPS and (1 .49mfsec), and maximum values of DIS (1 1.6km), DUS (125,9min,), (2.9m!sec), SPF (3.44m!sec), [Pwo asilid species and Hl tyoensis showed smaller values in these properties. A stratiomyid species, Hl illucens, showed rather 1arger values, with mean maximum values of DIS values of DIT (17.5km), DUT (2102min,), SPT (O.9gmlsec), and (11,03km), DUS (238,2min.), SPS (12m!sec), and SPF (1.83mlsec). The maximum dispersal range at a time was 36.6km for Hl illucens and 33,1km for T trigonus, and less than 3.2km fbr other species, A tendency of a rapid fiight as well as a long distance and flightas well as a Iongdistanceand propensity was recognized in T trigonus, and a slow from the flight propensity in Il[ illucens. These properties ef flights seemed to be derived pattern in their intrinsic behavior fbr fbraging food resources. Their specialized bod\ plans in relation to adult fbocl habits seemed to characterize flight pattern respecting to carnivorous, bloodsuckers, nectar feeders, or scavengers, INTRODUCTION Dipteran species represent the most important vector of infectious disease of medical and fbr veterinary importance. Dispersal of such insects may result in enorrnous health problems, over 50% of all infectious disease, are insect-borne (Stein, 1986). In his reviewL information a few species of on the dipteran flight capability of medical importance has been restricted to the families Culicidae, Simuliidae, Muscidae, and Calliphoridae. One of the reason of such insuencient knowledge rnay be due to difficulties of applying recent technique of on the microelectronics as well as to problems in past experirnents on flight capability based NII-Electronic Library Service The JapanSocietyJapan Society ofMedicalof Medical Entomology and Zoology 110 Med. Entomo], Zeol, method of mark-release-recapture. Flight mills are most popular apparatus fbr estimating capacity of insect flight. There has been much laboratory work on the perforrriance of insect flight by tethering adults on the mills. The aim of these works is to study energetic consumption, muscular and nervous mechanism of wing strokes, and physical factors in aerodynamics as well as assumption of fiight capability in dispersal flight. The present study focused to obtain primary information of fiight properties in orthorrhaphous Brachycera assumed from flight distance, propensitM and speed in the relation between their morphological specialization and flight patterns. imTERIALS AND METHODS Samples, Specimens examined were alr obtained from wild individuals of unidentified days old. Two asilids (Cophinopodu chinensis Fabricius and Promachus yesonicus Bigot) and one stratiomyid (Hermetia illucens (Linnaeus)) were tested within one hour after captured in the fields of Kurume City, Fukuoka Pref Two tabanids (7bbanus tr'igonus Coquillett and Efirosia tyoensis (Shiraki)) were captured by trap of car fumes in Mt. Takakuma, Kanoya City, Kagoshima Pref, and reared supplying wnh 3% sugared water during two days of experiments in the laboratory ofKurume University. Recording apparatus. A new style flight-millactograph was employed in tethered-flight experiments. Mechanical part of the flight mill, software of data acquisition procedure, and device for automatic sequential control wi11 be detailed in the separate paper. Briefly, the flight mill composed of a set of carbon rotor and non-magnetic pivot. The mechanical core of revolution vvas raised by repelling power between two pieces of small Neodymium magnets (Nd-Fe-B). The magnet was attached to the center of rotor and the base of pivot so as to decrease revolving loss in the pivot against friction. High-speed counterltimer (DAQ, Type 6601, 'fexas) National Insmments, guaranteed the continuous recording ofthe time and PhOtOse"sorv. duratiOn of the individual flight under . computer-aid control for O.lmsec = Vout laser beam resolution. Four sets of flight rnills with R flMIAiji identical function were used fbr all flight mill system interface computer experiments. Fig. 1 shows a schematic diagram of the flight recording system. Fig. 1. A schematic of diagram the flight recording system. NII-Electronic Library Service The JapanSocietyJapan Society ofMedicalof Medical Entomology and Zoology 111 Nbl,53 Suppl.2, 2002 Procedure. each test, Befbre flies were individually anaesthetized in 30ml-glass tube with a blow of carbon dioxide fbr 2-3 sec. After anesthesia, body weight was measured with an electronic balance (Type 2024MR Carl Zeiss Zartrius, W Germany) having a precision of O.Olmg resolution. The fly was attached by the middle of scutum to the brunt tip of a 3cm-long non-magnetic needle using a small amount of melting dental inlay wax. The opposite sharpened end of the needle was inserted into a small bal1 of styrene fbam, which was fixed on the end of rotor The flight on the mill was perfbrmed in the still air of a room under temperature of25 ℃ ± 1 and relative humidity of 40-60% till ceasing flight up to more than 1000sec rest. The length of rotor made a round of lm distance. The attitude of body in flight was always kept horizontal and made a right angle to the axis ofrotating pivot, The final live weight of the fly after the flight trial was measured under anesthesia ofcarbon dioxide. Elightproperties measured. The fbllowing were measured: Distance of physicarproperties totalflight(DIT)denoting the mean of cumulative distance in total bouts of flight; distance of the most sustained flight (DIB) denoting the mean of the longest non-stop flight; duration of total fiight (DUT) denoting the mean of cumuiative duration in tota1 bouts of flight; duration of the most sustained fiight (DUB) denoting the mean ofthe longest non-stop flight; speed oftotal fiight (SPT) denoting the mean of cumulative laps in tota1 flight; speed ef the most sustained flight (SBS) denoting the mean of the longest non-stop flight; speed of the fast 1km flight (SFK) denoting the mean of cumulative 1aps from the fast 1000km data; rate of decrement weight (RDW) denoting the mean of the rate ofweight-loss after fiight to the initial body weight; rate of rest (RRT) denoting the number of rest to the total flight trials, [fable 1 . Summary ofdata on the flight distance and duration obtained with flight mills. Species(Sample) Distance of of Duration ofmost tota[ flight (km)Distanceofmostsustained flight (km)Durationtotal flight (min.) sustained flight (min.) Asilidae Cqphinopodoehinensis 1.7± O,6(L3-2.1) O.22± O,Ol 32.4± 8.7 2.8± O.6 (lmale& female) (O,21 - O.23) (26,3 - 38.5) (2.4 - 32) PromachtLsyesonicus 2.0± O.7(L5-2.5) O.09± O.03 35.4± IS2 1.42± O.4 (1male & female) (O.07-O.11) (24.6-46.1) (1,2-L7) Stratiomyidae Hermetia illucens 17.5± 11.S 2.87± S.44 210.2± 277.3 61.5± 117.8 (2 females) (9.4-25.7) (O.09-11.03) (35.7 - 622.S) (2.3 . 238.2) Ihbanidae Mrosia tyoensis 1.9± O,8 O.32± O,36 35,3± 15.3 6.2± 7.2 (2 femaLcs) (1.2-2.5) (O,07-O,58) (24.5-46.1) (12-11.3) 7bbanus trigonus 8,1± 3.9 4.27± 3.05 115.1± 89.2 43,O± 32.2 - - (16 fernales) (3.315.8) (O.86 11.62) (40.3-370.3) (5,8-125.9) Uppervaluesdenotemean ± SD, bclowones(minimum-maximum) NII-Electronic Library Service The JapanSocietyJapan Society ofMedicalEntomologyof Medical Entomology andandZoology Zoology 112 Med. Entomol. Zool. REsuLTs Sumrriary of the data on the mean values of flight distance and duration by species was shown in fable 1. Two asilid species seemed to shew rather smal1 capability of flight for distance and duration both in total and the most sustained flights. Their values ofDIB showed that the flight in both species was perfbrmed by mostly short bouts, a few hundred meters. On the contrary, the stratiomyid species, H: illucens, had rather strong flight capability in distance and duration. In the total fiight, the maximum ofDIT was 25.7km and that ofDUT was 622.5 min. In the most sustained flight, DIS was 11.03 km and DUS was 238.2 min. [lable 2.Summary ofdata on the fiight speed obtained with flight mills, Species(Sample) Speed of total Speed ofmost Speed of fdst oftop fast flight(rnlsec) sustained flight(m/sec) 1kni flight (mlsec)Speed1 km fiight (rnlsec) Asilidae Cophinopodu chinensis L16 ± O,10 1.67± O.25 1.os± o.2e 2.08± O.14 - (lmale & female (1.08 - 1.23) (1,50-1,85) (O.94-1.23) (1.99 2.18> Promachusyesonicus 1,06± O,10 O.99± O.08 1.47± O.28 2.61± O.28 - - (lmale& female) (O,99 1.14) (O.93-1.04) (1.27-1.67) (2.41 2.81) Stratiomyidae lfermetia iliucens O.98± O.43 O.99± O,31 1,58± 021 2.24± 022 - - - - (2 fernales) (O.68 1.28) (O,77 1,21) (O.97 1.83) (2.08 2.40) Tabanidse Mrosia tyoensis 1.16± O.03 O.89± O,06 1,40± O.61 2.49± O.4S - (2 females) (L14-L18) (O,85 O,93) (O,96-1.83) (2.18-2.81) 7Zibantts trigonus 1.49± O,S4 1.85± O.67 2.59± e.60 3.36± O.59 (16females) {O,71 - 2.40) (O.86-2.91) (126-3.44) (2.08 - 4.33) - Upper values denote mean ± SD, below ones (minimum maximum) s .-.
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