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Species diversity, distribution, and conservation status of the Asilidae (Insecta: Diptera) in Denmark

Dette materiale er lagret i henhold til aftale mellem DBC og udgiveren. www.dbc.dk e-mail: [email protected] CONSERVATION STATUS OF DANISH ASILIDAE (DIPTERA) 177 Species diversity, distribution, and conservation status of the Asilidae (Insecta: Diptera) in Denmark

MARIE NYKJÆR LARSEN & RUDOLF MEIER

Steenstrupia Larsen, M. N. & R. Meier. Species diversity, distribution, and conservation status of the Asilidae (Insecta: Diptera) in Denmark. – Steenstrupia 28 (2): 177–241. Copenhagen, Denmark, December 2004 (for 2002). ISSN 0375-2909.

We report the results of the second atlas study for Danish Diptera. It covers the 30 confirmed species of Danish Asilidae and is based on label data from more than 4300 museum specimens. For each species we provide a distribution map and discuss its distribution, phenology, and conservation status in Denmark. We furthermore present a new identification key that not only includes the known Danish species, but also those likely to occur in Denmark based on their presence in surrounding countries. It is shown that the distributional data suffers from the kind of spatial and temporal collecting bias that is commonly observed in museum samples. Several techniques are used to remove the bias before the information is used for proposing a Red List for the Danish Asilidae. This proposal is one of the first for insects that applies the quantitative criteria of the World Conservation Union (IUCN 2001). One species is found to be Data Deficient (DD: Tolmerus cingulatus); one species is Regionally Extinct (EX: Molobratia teutonus); five species are found to be Critically Endangered (CR: Antipalus varipes, Cyrtopogon lateralis, Machimus arthriticus, Machimus gonatistes, Neoitamus cothurnatus); two species are Endangered (EN: Eutolmus rufibarbis, Laphria ephippium); three species are Vulnerable (VU: Asilus crabroniformis, Leptarthrus brevirostris, Rhadiurgus variabilis); two species are classified as Near Threatened (NT: Choerades gilvus; Dioctria cothurnata ); and the remaining 16 species are Least Concern (LC). Three species have not been collected since 1960 and for five additional species there are fewer than 5 post-1960 records. We urge that the old localities be revisited in order to elucidate whether the species might have become extinct. An investigation into the distribution and status of the “Danish” species of Asilidae in other European countries reveals that all “Danish” species are widespread and Denmark is geographically near their Northern distribution limit. For many of the species on the Danish Red List a decline has also been observed in other industrialized countries like Belgium and the Netherlands, and in at least one case (Asilus crabroniformis) natural history evidence implies that modern agricultural practices are at least partially to blame. It is discussed why Asilidae might be one of the few Diptera taxa of interest to conservation biology.

Keywords: Robber flies, identification key, museum data, collecting bias, distribution maps, conservation status, Red List.

Marie Nykjær Larsen & Rudolf Meier: Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark. Present addresses: MNL: Ordrup Jagtvej 54B, DK-2920 Charlottenlund, Denmark. E-mail: [email protected] RM: Department of Biological Science, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543. E-mail: [email protected]

INTRODUCTION able and locality information has either already been collected (see appendix 2 in Lund & Rahbek Recent decades have seen an increasing interest 2000) or is being gathered at a quick pace by in the conservation of the Danish fauna and flora projects like the Danish mammal-atlas project (e.g., Ministry of Environment and Energy 1996, (Baagoe & Jensen 2000). The situation is less Lund & Rahbek 2000). However, precondition satisfactory for the generally much more speciose for conserving taxa is detailed information on the arthropod groups, which comprise most of the diversity and distribution of species. For many Danish species diversity. Fortunately, for three of vertebrate groups accurate species lists are avail- the four megadiverse insect orders species cata-

Steenstrupia 28(2): 177–241. 178 M. N. LARSEN & R. MEIER logues for Denmark have been assembled through specimen recording schemes like the one (Coleoptera: Hansen 1996; Lepidoptera: Kars- presented here that they become available. It is holt & Nielsen 1998; Diptera: Petersen & Meier thus not surprising that only two country-wide 2001), but distribution maps and/or locality lists Red Lists (Sweden, Finland) have attempted to are restricted to very few taxa (listed in appendix consistently use the IUCN criteria for inverte- 3 of Lund & Rahbek 2000). For example, within brates (Gärdenfors 2001). the Diptera, which comprise an estimated 20% of The Asilidae is a diverse family within the the Danish species diversity (Petersen & Meier Diptera. So far more than 6800 species have been 2001), maps exist only for the Syrphidae (Torp described, but new species are constantly being 1994). found (Geller-Grimm 2000). The robber flies are We here provide locality lists and maps for a most diverse in warm and arid regions, with spe- second group, the Asilidae – robber flies. The cies numbers rapidly decreasing toward the trop- information is based on more than 4300 speci- ics and the temperate regions (Lyneborg 1965). mens from the main collections of Danish insects Denmark has few species (30–37 species; see (Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen; Petersen et al. 2001) because it is close to the Museum of Natural History, Aarhus) and from northern limit of the asilids’ range. Adult Asilidae the private collection of R. Bygebjerg. Our study prey on other insects and spiders (Wood 1981). augments Lyneborg’s (1965) important treatment This predaceous mode of life is reflected in the of the Danish Asilidae, which is the main refer- distinctive morphology of the adults, which can ence for natural-history information and for mor- be used to identify the family (see Lyneborg 1965 phological descriptions of the immature and adult for detailed diagnosis). Especially conspicuous stages. However, Lyneborg’s study only indi- are the eyes, which are separated by the sunken cates species distributions in a narrative form, vertex (Fig. 7) and provide forward- and back- while we here provide detailed distribution maps, ward- as well as stereoscopic vision. When prey is detailed lists of localities for all species, and detected it is seized by the legs, which are unusu- discuss abundance changes over time. We also ally long, robust and usually covered with bristles incorporate information from more than 1000 and hairs. As diagnostic for the family as the eyes specimens that were collected after 1965 and is the so-called mystax, which consists of hairs update Lyneborg’s species key by including mor- and bristles that are found in the middle of the phological characters from the recent literature face and are thought to protect the eyes from (e.g., Weinberg & Bächli 1995, Geller-Grimm & struggling prey (Figs 4, 12). The mystax extends Smart 1998). This new key not only covers the in some cases to the antennal bases (Wood 1981) species confirmed as belonging to the Danish and is often found on a protuberance (Fig. 12). fauna, but also those that might occur here based The victims of Asilidae are mostly insects, which on their presence in neighboring countries (Pe- are paralyzed by a neurotoxin injected through tersen et al. 2001). the hypopharynx. The liquefied content of the The detailed information on the distribution victim is then imbibed through the proboscis of and abundance of Asilidae is then used to propose the predator (Geller-Grimm 2000). a Red List. Ideally, such lists should be based on The phenology of the Asilidae in general is the official criteria by the World Conservation poorly known (Lyneborg 1965). Information Union (IUCN 2001), but until recently there were about the early immature stages exists only for 16 two obstacles for cases like the Danish Asilidae. species (Musso 1981) and complete life-cycle (1) The criteria were only intended for use on the descriptions are restricted to four species: Pro- global scale and it was not until recently that they machus yesonicus Bigot, 1887, Mallophora have been modified to fit the needs of regional ruficauda (Wiedemann, 1828), Mallophora me- lists (Gärdenfors 2001, Gärdenfors et al. 2001). dia Clements & Bennett, 1969, and Machimus (2) The IUCN criteria require quantitative state- rusticus (Meigen, 1820) (Musso 1978). Machi- ments about the abundance, distribution, and/or mus rusticus is the only Palaearctic species probability of extinction for each species. Such among those and is probably for now the best data are usually not available for insects. It is only model for Danish Asilidae. Under laboratory CONSERVATION STATUS OF DANISH ASILIDAE (DIPTERA) 179 conditions Musso (1978) found that the eggs of (Enghoff & Nielsen 1977, Madsen 1999) based M. rusticus hatch after 4–6 days, which is also the on “Det levende Danmarkskort” (Kort & Ma- time required for the eggs of most other asilid trikelstyrelsen 2000). When the name of a locality species. One known exception is Andrenosoma corresponded to multiple places in Denmark or a atra (Linnaeus, 1758), which requires 50–56 locality was neither found in “Det levende Dan- days. The duration of the complete development markskort” or older maps (Geodaetisk Institut from egg to adult varies between species. For 1936, 1945, 1946), researchers at the Entomol- example, in Machimus rusticus (Musso 1978) ogy Department of ZMUC were consulted. They it was estimated to be one year and involved 7 could often clarify localities based on knowledge larval stages, whereas it requires about two years about Danish collectors and/or popular collecting spanning 5 larval stages in Promachus yesonicus sites. (Musso 1981). Most Asilidae larvae live in dry soils (Lyneborg 1965), but for species of Distribution maps the genus Laphria Meigen, 1803, Choerades Walker, 1851, and Andrenosoma Rondani, 1856 The distributions of the species were mapped the larvae are found in rotting wood (Hull 1962). onto 20x20 km UTM grids. Although specimens Based on the morphology of the mouthparts, had initially been assigned to 10x10 km grid, the Melin (1923) initially thought the larvae to be larger scale was chosen, because there was insuf- phytophagous, but his views have been rejected ficient specimen data to show reliable distribu- and the larvae are now regarded as predaceous, tions at this smaller scale. However, all discus- mostly on insect eggs or larvae of Scarabaeidae, sions in the text mentioning grids pertain to the Cerambycidae and Buprestidae (Geller-Grimm original 10 km scale. “Det levende Danmarks- 2000). For Machimus rusticus the overwintering kort” (Kort & Matrikelstyrelsen 2000) cannot be stage is either the 6th or 7th instar larva, during used to assign localities to 20x20 km UTM grids. which the growth stops for several months For that reason, all 10x10 km UTM grids were (Musso 1978). In spring or early summer pupa- converted by hand to 20x20 km UTM grids using tion takes place, followed by a pupal period of 2– a conversion scheme, where four 10x10 kmUTM 6 weeks (Melin 1923). grids were assigned to one 20x20 km UTM grid. The collecting period of the samples covers more than 180 years (1818–2001). It was divided into METHODS three intervals with splits at 1910 and 1960 in order to divide the data set into approximately equal sizes. On the distribution maps we use Obtaining label data seven symbols to indicate during which periods a The study was based on 3615 specimens from the species has been collected in the different grids. Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen We also list the number of specimens (including (ZMUC) and 776 specimens from the Museum of the specimens without label data), the minimum Natural History in Aarhus. Of these 1050 were number of collecting events (excluding the speci- initially unsorted and thus identified to species mens without label data), the minimum flying with a key prepared based on the keys of period (months in which the species was col- Lyneborg (1965), Weinberg & Bächli (1995), lected), and collecting period (years in which the Geller-Grimm & Smart (1998), and own observa- species was collected). tions. This key covers all 30 confirmed Danish In order to prepare a Red List for the Danish species, as well as 14 species found in at least Asilidae, we used the regional IUCN criteria as three surrounding countries (Lehr 1988, Petersen outlined by IUCN (2001, version 3.1). We stud- et al. 2001). ied for each species changes over time with re- All available label data for the specimens were gard to the area of occupancy and abundance. For recorded (species, locality, day, month, year, col- this purpose we used two time periods of equal lector). Specimens with sufficiently precise local- length for comparison (1920–1960; 1961–2001). ity data were assigned to 10x10 km UTM grids It would be preferable to use shorter time periods, 180 M. N. LARSEN & R. MEIER 22 (-4%) 37 (-7%) 4 (-14%) 1 (-29%) -9 (-93%) 39 (-10%) -34 (-70%) -35 (-82%) -10 (-56%) -5 (-100%) thods: Distribution maps. 6 (0.008) 10 (0.008)(0%) 4 5 (0.007) 11 (0.009)(29%) 6 5 (0.007) 0 78 (0.107) 117 (0.098) 71 (0.098) 127 (0.106)(8%) 56 37 (0.051) 59 (0.049) 66 (0.089) 32 (0.027) 10 (0.014) 14 (0.012) 49 (0.067) 14 (0.012) 36 (0.050) 26 (0.022) 10 (0.014)(0.001) 1 24 (-8%) 32 (-3%) 11 (-9%) 2 (-14%) 2 (-14%) -7 (-49%) -8 (-46%) -4 (-92%) -2 (-67%) -24 (-78%) -5 (-100%) 8 (0.019) 20 (0.029)(53%) 12 8 (0.011) 42 (0.035) 34 (218%) 6 (0.014) 8 (0.012) 6 (0.014) 8 (0.012) 5 (0.012) 1 (0.001) 5 (0.012) 0 51 (0.119) 75 (0.110) 58 (0.136) 90 (0.132) 40 (0.093) 72 (0.105)(13%) 32 47 (0.065) 93 (0.078)(20%) 46 12 (0.028) 25 (0.037)(32%) 13 16 (0.022) 32 (0.027)(23%) 16 37 (0.086) 13 (0.019) 29 (0.068) 21 (0.031) 3 (-33%) 17 (-4%) 2 (-25%) 17 (-6%) 4 (-20%) 2 (-17%) 0 (-41%) -2 (-51%) -1 (-68%) -10 (-68%) -5 (-100%) 000000000 00 1 (0.005) 4 (0.019) 1 4 0 0 1 (0.001) 4 (0.006) 1 4 0 0 1 (0.001) 11 (0.009) 1 11 0 1 (0.005) 1 0 1 (0.001) 1 0 1 (0.001) 1 000000000 No. 10-km UTM grids No. collecting events No. specimens 7 (0.057) 9 (0.043) 8 (0.066)8 23 (0.111)(68%) 15 25 (0.058) 36 (0.053) 6 (0.049)6 (0.066)8 19 (0.092)(0.057)7 19 (0.092) 22 (0.106)(0.025)3 (88%) 13 (39%) 11 11 (0.026) 16 (0.077)(86%) 15 (0.066)8 (0.021) 9 27 (0.040)(208%) 13 (0.021) 9 16 (0.078) 32 (0.047) 33 (0.077)(54%) 16 32 (0.047)(124%) 23 26 (0.038) 18 (0.025)(18%) 8 (124%) 22 10 (0.014) 10 (0.023) 36 (0.030) 10 (0.014) 36 (0.030) 28 (0.045) 38 (0.032)(20%) 18 (114%) 26 (129%) 28 (96%) 18 10 (0.014) 37 (0.031)(121%) 27 8 (0.066)8 16 (0.077)(17%) 8 (0.021) 9 23 (0.034)(62%) 14 10 (0.014) 26 (0.022)(57%) 16 5 (0.041) 7 (0.034) 1 (0.008)5 (0.041) 4 (0.019) 5 (0.024) (137%) 3 1 (0.002) 5 (0.007)(250%) 4 1 (0.001) 7 (0.006)(500%) 6 1 (0.008) 2 (0.010)(25%) 1 4 (0.009) 2 (0.003) 2 (0.016) 5 (0.024)(50%) 3 4 (0.009) 6 (0.009)(0%) 2 5 (0.007) 6 (0.005) 2 (0.016) 1 (0.005) 5 (0.041) 0 15 (0.123) 33 (0.159)(29%) 18 28 (0.065) 53 (0.078)(20%) 25 32 (0.044) 74 (0.062)(41%) 42 23 (0.189) 26 (0.126) 19 (0.156) 51 (0.246)12 (0.098)(58%) 32 30 (0.145)27 (0.221) 46 (0.107) 44 (0.213) (48%) 18 93 (0.149) 28 (0.065)(39%) 47 67 (0.098) 75 (0.103) 143 (0.120)(51%) 39 44 (0.061)(16%) 68 95 (0.079)(30%) 51 13 (0.107)28 (0.230) 52 (0.251) 45 (0.217) (135%) 39 29 (0.068) 76 (0.111)(63%) 47 69 (0.095) 106 (0.089) 11 (0.090) 15 (0.072) 12 (0.098) 10 (0.048) 22 (0.180) 12 (0.058) 1920–1960 1961–2001 1920–1960 1961–2001 1920–1960 1961–2001 Tolmerus atricapillus Data Deficient Tolmerus cingulatus Pamponerus germanicus Philonicus albiceps Lasiopogon cinctus Dioctria linearis Laphria flava Leptogaster cylindrica Leptogaster guttiventris Dioctria oelandica Dioctria rufipes Dysmachus trigonus Neoitamus cyanurus Dioctria atricapilla Dioctria hyalipennis Least Concern Choerades marginatus Diclysmachus picipes Dioctria cothurnata Near Threatened Choerades gilvus Leptarthrus brevirostris Rhadiurgus variabilis Machimus gonatistes Neoitamus cothurnatus Endangered Eutolmus rufibarbis Laphria ephippium Vulnerable Asilus crabroniformis Cyrtopogon lateralis Machimus arthriticus Critically Endangered Antipalus varipes Status of speciesRegionally Extinct Molobratia teutonus Change Change Change Table 1. Danish Asilidae (Diptera). Changes in abundance between two time periods. Figures parentheses are relative, see Me CONSERVATION STATUS OF DANISH ASILIDAE (DIPTERA) 181 but we doubt that there would be enough data for Table 3. Danish Asilidae (Diptera). Comparison of collecting comparison. For each time period and species we efforts per region for two time periods. See Methods section tabulated the number of specimens, collecting for abbreviations. Successful collecting events events, and number of grids in which it was found. Change Regions When the data indicate that a species is becoming % less abundant and its distribution is shrinking in 1920–1960 1961–2001 the sample, this phenomenon can conceivably be NWJ 53 15 -72 due to lack of sampling and it is therefore impera- NEJ 23 143 522 tive that differences in sampling intensity be WJ 38 58 53 taken into account. We are using three ap- EJ 65 176 170 proaches: SJ 81 14 -83 F 16 47 194 (1) For both time periods we counted for the NWZ 8 25 212 entire asilid sample the number of UTMs with NEZ 86 132 53 collecting events, the number of collecting SZ 10 11 10 events, and number of specimens collected. This LFM 28 20 -29 provides an overall picture for sampling intensity B 15 37 147 during the two periods (Table 2). We furthermore determined the same values for each species sepa- rately and then divided them through the totals for collected at a single collecting event, the total sum the entire sample in order to obtain the proportion of 10-km UTM grids and collecting events in of specimens belonging to any particular species Table 1 exceeds the numbers in Table 2. As a during the two time periods (Table 1). For exam- result, the sum of proportions is larger than 1. ple, Laphria flava was collected 33 times from This, however, is not a problem given that the 1920–1960 and 26 times thereafter. For the same relative proportions are used to calculate changes time periods we have 429 and 683 collecting within a species and not between species. events for all Asilidae. The relative proportion of (2) For the 11 Danish faunal regions we also L. flava has thus dropped considerably from 7.7% compared the number of collecting events that to 3.8% although the absolute numbers are rather have yielded Asilidae during the two periods. similar. This allows us to judge whether the disappear- It should be noted that when dividing the ance of a species from a particular region might number of 10-km UTM grid and the number of be due to reduced overall collecting. The 11 collecting events of each species through the faunal regions are North West Jutland (NWJ), totals of Table 2, the sum of proportions in Table North East Jutland (NEJ), West Jutland (WJ), 1 becomes larger than 1. This is because in Table East Jutland (EJ), South Jutland (SJ), Funen (F), 1 the number of 10-km UTM grids and the North West Zealand (NWZ), North East Zealand number of collecting events were counted for (NEZ), South Zealand (SZ), Lolland, Falster and each species, whereas in Table 2 no distinction Moen (LFM) and Bornholm (B). was made between species. Since more than one (3) For threatened or Near Threatened species, species could be found within a single 10-km we furthermore studied whether the grids in UTM grid and more than one species could be which they have been known to occur have been well-sampled after 1920.

Table 2. Danish Asilidae (Diptera). Summary of collecting efforts for two time periods. RESULTS 1920–1960 1961–2001 Of the 4391 specimens included in our study, No. 10-km UTM 4194 had sufficiently precise locality information grids with records 122 207 to assign them to a 10 km UTM grid, while only No. specimens collected 728 1195 3424 specimens contained date information on No. collecting events 429 683 the label. Of the specimens without date 463 were 182 M. N. LARSEN & R. MEIER known to have been collected before 1910 based machus picipes, Dysmachus trigonus, Neoitamus on the identity of the collector. The entire collec- cyanurus, Pamponerus germanicus, Philonicus tion represents 2003 known collecting events and albiceps, Tolmerus atricapillus. was assembled by 107 known collectors or insti- tutions (Appendix 1). Lyneborg’s (1965) cata- Asilidae in Denmark or at least three neigh- logue of Danish Asilidae includes 30 species and boring countries no additional species were found among the more than 1000 specimens not included in his study. This list contains all species found in Denmark as well as species that occur in at least three The distribution maps for the species are shown in neighboring countries (species marked with an Figs 29–59 and accompanied by information on distribution and abundance changes for each spe- asterisk). The classification follows Petersen et al. (2001) except that Dioctria baumhaueri is cies during the two time periods (1920–1960, considered a synonym of D. hyalipennis accord- 1961–2001). Quantitative analysis reveals that the data suf- ing to Geller-Grimm’s catalogue (http://www. geller-grimm.de/catalog/species.htm). fer from spatial and temporal collecting bias. The number of collecting events differs greatly between the different grids with some grids lacking Laphriinae Andrenosoma atra (Linnaeus, 1758)* any records (Fig. 28). Furthermore, collecting Choerades fuliginosa (Panzer, 1798)* activity in the 11 Danish faunistic regions during the two time periods (1920–1960, 1961–2001) Choerades gilvus (Linnaeus, 1758) Choerades ignea (Meigen, 1820)* is not directly comparable (Table 2). For most Choerades marginatus (Linnaeus, 1758) regions collecting after 1960 increased. There are only three regions where collecting has de- Choerades rufipes (Fallén, 1814)* Laphria ephippium (Fabricius, 1781) creased. The most dramatic decrease is observed Laphria flava (Linnaeus, 1761) for South- and Northwest Jutland (Table 3). We therefore produced Table 1, which presents for Laphria gibbosa (Linnaeus, 1758)* each species the number of grids, number of Stenopogoninae collecting events, and number of collected specimens during the two time periods. The observed Dioctria atricapilla Meigen, 1803 Dioctria cothurnata Meigen, 1820 numbers are normalized by the corresponding Dioctria hyalipennis (Fabricius, 1794) numbers for the entire asilid sample and reveal for which species a decline has been observed. Dioctria linearis (Fabricius, 1787) Dioctria oelandica (Linnaeus, 1758) According to the IUCN criteria, one species is Dioctria rufipes (De Geer, 1776) listed as Data Deficient (DD): Tolmerus cingulatus; one species is listed as Regionally Ex- Molobratia teutonus (Linnaeus, 1767) Lasiopogon cinctus (Fabricius, 1781) tinct (EX): Molobratia teutonus; five species are Lasiopogon montanus Schiner, 1862* listed as Critically Endangered (CR): Antipalus varipes, Cyrtopogon lateralis, Machimus arthri- Cyrtopogon lateralis (Fallén, 1814) Cyrtopogon maculipennis (Macquart, 1834)* ticus, M. gonatistes, Neoitamus cothurnatus; two species are listed as Endangered (EN): Eutolmus Dasypogoninae rufibarbis, Laphria ephippium; three species are Dasypogon diadema (Fabricius, 1781)* listed as Vulnerable (VU): Asilus crabronifor- Leptarthrus brevirostris (Meigen, 1804) mis, Leptarthrus brevirostris, Rhadiurgus Leptarthrus vitripennis (Meigen, 1820)* variabilis; two species are listed as Near Threat- ened (NT): Choerades gilvus; Dioctria cothur- Leptogastrinae nata; and 16 species are listed as Least Concern Leptogaster cylindrica (De Geer, 1776) (LC): Choerades marginatus, Laphria flava, Leptogaster guttiventris Zetterstedt, 1842 Dioctria atricapilla, D. hyalipennis, D. linearis, D. oelandica, D. rufipes, Lasiopogon cinctus, Asilinae Leptogaster cylindrica, L. guttiventris, Didys- Antipalus varipes (Meigen, 1820) CONSERVATION STATUS OF DANISH ASILIDAE (DIPTERA) 183

Asilus crabroniformis Linnaeus, 1758 Didysmachus picipes (Meigen, 1820) Dysmachus bifurcus (Loew, 1848)* Dysmachus trigonus (Meigen, 1804) Erax barbatus Scopoli, 1763* Eutolmus rufibarbis (Meigen, 1820) Machimus arthriticus (Zeller, 1840) Machimus gonatistes (Zeller, 1840) Machimus rusticus (Meigen, 1820)* Machimus setibarbis (Loew, 1849)* Neoitamus cothurnatus (Meigen, 1820) Neoitamus cyanurus (Loew, 1849) Neoitamus socius (Loew, 1871)* Pamponerus germanicus (Linnaeus, 1758) Philonicus albiceps (Meigen, 1820) Rhadiurgus variabilis (Zetterstedt, 1838) Fig. 2. Claws. a: long and slender, Leptogaster sp; b: strong, Asilus sp. Tolmerus atricapillus (Fallén, 1814) Tolmerus cingulatus (Fabricius, 1781) – Alula present; pulvilli present; abdomen not particularly elongated and slender; claws KEY TO THE DANISH ASILIDAE strong (Fig. 2b) ...... 4 3. Hind femora with dark longitudinal line; api- Figures illustrating the key are redrawn from the cal quarter of hind tibia dark brown; tarsi following sources: Figs. 1–5, 7–15, 18–27: Wein- dark; all abdominal tergites with brown lon- berg & Bäckli (1995); Fig. 6: Geller-Grimm & gitudinal dorsal line ...... L. cylindrica Smart (1998); Figs. 16–17: Lyneborg (1965). – Hind femora with dark ring; hind tibiae and tarsi light brown; median abdominal tergites

1. Marginal cell r1 open (Fig. 1a) ...... 2 with brown transverse line at posterior mar- – Marginal cell r1 closed (Fig. 1b) ...... 17 gin ...... L. guttiventris 2. Alula absent; pulvilli absent; abdomen elon- 4. Spine at apex of fore tibia absent ...... 5 gated and slender; claws long and slender – Spine at apex of fore tibia present (Fig. 3a, b) (Fig. 2a) Leptogaster ...... 3 ...... 14

Fig. 1. Wing, marginal cell r1. a: open; b: closed, Antipalus Fig. 3. Fore tibial spine. a: small, e.g., Leptarthrus sp.; b: varipes. thick, on a protuberance, e.g., Dasypogon sp. 184 M. N. LARSEN & R. MEIER

Fig. 6. Anepisternum. Tomentum (shaded) on upper and lateral margins, Dioctria sp.

Fig. 4. Lateral view of head. Antenna inserted on a black shiny 6. Coxae yellow; abdominal tergites with yel- protuberance, Dioctria sp. low posterior margins, tergites 3–5 with additional yellow markings; scutum grey tomentose, only two narrow paramedial and 5. Facial gibbosity only slightly developed or two broader lateral stripes atomentose indistinct; mystax confined to ventral part of (shiny) ...... D. linearis face; antenna longer than height of eyes, in- – Coxae dark; entire abdomen black; scutum serted on a black, atomentose (shiny) protu- mainly atomentose ...... 7 berance (Fig. 4) ..... Dioctria ...... 6 7. All legs black or dark brown; basis of wings – Facial gibbosity distinct, broader than diam- in males dark brown; mystax in males black, eter of proboscis (Fig. 5); antenna shorter in females pale yellow ...... D. atricapilla than height of eyes ...... 11 – Fore femora not black; basis of wings not darkened (wings entirely darkened in oelandica); mystax yellow ...... 8 8. Only dorsal margin of anepisternum with grey tomentum ...... D. cothurnata – Grey tomentum on dorsal, anterior and posterior margins of anepisternum (Fig. 6) ...... 9 9. Supra-alar bristles mostly black; wings entirely dark brown; legs reddish-yellow, apex of tibiae and tarsi black ...... D. oelandica – Supra-alar bristles reddish-yellow; wings not darkened; legs light to dark brown ...... 10 10. Facial gibbosity in profile higher than length of pedicel; fore and mid legs reddish-yellow; hind legs black with basis of femora and 1st tarsomere reddish-yellow ...... D. rufipes – Facial gibbosity in profile shorter than length Fig. 5. Lateral view of head. With well-developed facial of pedicel; fore and mid legs yellow; apex of gibbosity, Pamponerus sp. tibia black ...... D. hyalipennis CONSERVATION STATUS OF DANISH ASILIDAE (DIPTERA) 185

12. Abdominal tergite 1 with yellow lateral marginal bristles; wings with black or dark veins; hypopygium black (Fig. 8a) ...... L. cinctus – Abdominal tergite 1 with at least one black lateral marginal bristle; wings with light brown veins; hypopygium reddish-brown (Fig. 8b) ...... L. montanus 13. Legs black ...... Cyrtopogon lateralis – Legs with yellow or red areas ...... C. maculipennis 14. Postpedicel with three micro segments form- ing a down bending terminal style; fore tibial spine small and attached directly on tibia (Fig. 3a) ...... Leptarthrus ...... 15 – Postpedicel (third antennal segment) with one segmented terminal style, held erect; fore tibial spine thick and attached on a protuberance on tibia (Fig. 3b) ...... 16 Fig. 7. Frontal view of head. Frons divergent toward vertex, Lasiopogon sp. 15. Face atomentose, shiny black; scutum with long hairs; female abdominal tergites with white grey tomentose corners; mystax in males black, in females yellow ...... 11. Dorsocentral bristles present; frons diver- ...... L. brevirostris gent towards vertex (Fig. 7); only lower part – Face tomentose; scutum with short hairs an- of facial gibbosity developed ... Lasiopogon terior to transverse suture; abdominal tergites ...... 12 in both males and females with white to- – Dorsocentral bristles absent; frons not diver- mentose corners; mystax in males white, in gent; entire face with well-developed facial females yellow ...... L. vitripennis gibbosity Cyrtopogon ...... 13 16. Third medial cell m3 closed (Fig. 9a) ...... Dasypogon diadema

– Cell m3 open (Fig. 9b) .. Molobratia teutonus

Fig. 8. Lateral view of hypopygium. a: Lasiopogon cinctus; b: Fig. 9. Wing, third medial cell m3. a: closed, Dasypogon sp.; Lasiopogon montanus. b: open, Molobratia sp. 186 M. N. LARSEN & R. MEIER

on posterior margin of tergites 2–4; apical two tergites with black hairs ... C. fuliginosa 23. Scutellum with black bristles; mystax in males with yellow and black hairs, in females Fig. 10. Antenna. With thin style on postpedicel, Asilus only black; abdominal tergites 3–5 medially crabroniformis with reddish-yellow hairs ...... C. gilvus – Scutellum with white bristles; mystax in males only yellow, in females with yellow 17. Postpedicel with only a microscopic style .18 and black hairs; all abdominal tergites, ex- – Postpedicel with a thin, long style (Fig. 10) ... cept tergite 1, medially with reddish-yellow ...... 26 hairs ...... C. ignea 18. Postpedicel elongated; proboscis more or 24. Abdominal tergites with mostly black hairs, less laterally compressed ...... 19 laterally few white hairs Laphria ephippium – Postpedicel short and thick; proboscis more – Abdominal tergites 4–6 with yellow hairs . 25 or less dorso-ventrally compressed ...... 25. Abdominal tergites 1–3 with black hairs, ...... Andrenosoma atra tergites 4–6 with yellow hairs; hairs on scu- 19. Apical tip of hind tibia ventrally with a thick, tum short ...... L. gibbosa short hairy brush (Fig. 11) Choerades ..... 20 – All abdominal tergites with yellow hairs; – Ventral side of hind tibia without hairy brush hairs on scutum posterior to transverse suture (not as in Fig. 11); hind tibia in males with long ...... L. flava apical spine ventrally; hind tibia in females 26. Postocular bristles long and sharply bent for- with long hairs ..... Laphria ...... 24 ward (Fig. 12); abdominal tergite 7 shiny 20. Legs red; tarsi more or less black ... C. rufipes black or brown; mystax with white bristles – Legs black ...... 21 ventrally and black bristles dorsally ...... 21. Abdominal tergites entirely black; scape 3–4 Neoitamus ...... 27 times as long as pedicel ...... 22 – Postocular bristles erect or only slightly bent – Abdominal tergites black with yellowish-red forwards ...... 29 markings; scape two times as long as pedicel 27. Fore tibia with yellow bristles ventrally; ab- ...... 23 domen shiny black from tergite 5 on ...... 22. Postpronotal lobe (shoulders) grey tomen- ...... N. cothurnatus tose; abdomen with short, black or yellow – Fore tibia with black or reddish-brown bris- hairs; posterior margin of abdominal tergites tles ventrally ...... 28 with long, yellow hairs laterally ...... C. marginatus – Postpronotal lobe atomentose; abdomen with yellowish-white hairs, especially long

Fig. 12. Lateral view of head. Postocular bristles sharply bent Fig 11. Tibia. Distal tip with short hairy brush, Choerades sp. forward, Neoitamus sp. CONSERVATION STATUS OF DANISH ASILIDAE (DIPTERA) 187

Fig. 15. Lateral view of head of Erax barbatus. Fig. 13. Lateral view of hypopygium. a: Neoitamus socius; b: Neoitamus cyanurus. – Postocular bristles not particularly thickened, yellow ...... 30 28. Hind legs with black bristles; hypopygium 30. Postpedicel elongated, narrower than pedi- quadrangular and broader apically than ba- cel; apical three abdominal tergites short and sally, with long hairs ventrally (Fig. 13a) .... laterally compressed (Fig. 15) ...... N. socius ...... Erax barbatus – Hind legs with mostly black bristles (few – Postpedicel thickened; abdominal tergites yellow); abdominal tergites 1–5 tomentose, with general shape ...... 31 apical tergites atomentose, shiny; hypopy- 31. Face atomentose, shiny black; ovipositor as gium narrower apically than basally, only in Fig. 16a; hypopygium as in Fig. 16b .... short bristles ventrally (Fig. 13b) ...... Rhadiurgus variabilis ...... N. cyanurus – Face tomentose ...... 32 29. Postocular bristles short and thick, mostly 32. Scape yellow; wings yellowish with brown yellow; female cerci with four spines each areas on posterior margin; abdominal tergites (Fig. 14a); hypopygium shiny black with 4–7 yellow ...... Asilus crabroniformis white hairs laterally and black hairs dorsally – Scape black or brown; abdominal tergites (Fig. 14b) ...... Philonicus albiceps black ...... 33

Fig. 14. Lateral view of terminalia of Philonicus albiceps. a: Fig. 16. Lateral view of terminalia of Rhadiurgus variabilis. ovipositor; b: hypopygium. a: ovipositor; b: hypopygium. 188 M. N. LARSEN & R. MEIER

Fig. 19. Lateral view of ovipositor of Dysmachus trigonus.

Fig. 17. Lateral view of terminalia of Pamponerus germanicus. a: ovipositor; b: hypopygium.

33. Posterior margin of abdominal tergites without lateral marginal bristles; basis of wings white; ovipositor as in Fig. 17a, hypopygium as in Fig. 17b ...... Pamponerus germanicus – Posterior margin of abdominal tergites with lateral marginal bristles ...... 34 Fig. 20. Lateral view of terminalia of Didysmachus picipes. a: 34. Acrostichal bristles long; dorsocentral bris- ovipositor; b: hypopygium. tles reaching anterior margin of scutum; cerci of female enclosed (Fig. 18a) ...... 35 – Acrostichal bristles anterior to transverse su- 36. Tibiae black, sometimes apically red; ovi- ture short; dorsocentral bristles do not reach positor as in Fig. 20a; hypopygium as in Fig. anterior margin of scutum; cerci of female 20b ...... Didysmachus picipes free (Fig. 18b) (except Eutolmus) ...... – Tibiae red; ovipositor as in Fig. 21a; hypo- Machimus-complex ...... 37 pygium as in Fig. 21b ... Dysmachus bifurcus 35. Scutellum with 6–10 yellow bristles; acrostichal bristles thick; ovipositor as in Fig. 19 ...... Dysmachus trigonus – Scutellum with 2–4 mostly yellow bristles ...... 36

Fig. 18. Lateral view of ovipositor. a: cerci enclosed, Dysma- Fig. 21. Lateral view of terminalia of Dysmachus bifurcus. a: chus sp.; b: free cerci, Machimus rusticus. ovipositor; b: hypopygium. CONSERVATION STATUS OF DANISH ASILIDAE (DIPTERA) 189

Fig. 22. Tolmerus atricapillus. a: bifurcated projection on Fig. 23. Lateral view of hypopygium. a: Machimus setibarbis; sternite 8 in ventral view; b: hypopygium in lateral view. b: Eutolmus rufibarbis.

37. Males ...... 38 – Legs with mostly yellow bristles; scutellum – Females ...... 45 with 4–8 yellow bristles .. Machimus rusticus 38. Abdominal sternite 8 with posterior projec- 43. Femora black with red apical and ventral tion (e.g., Fig. 22a) ...... 39 markings; tibiae red with a more or less com- – Abdominal sternite 8 with straight posterior plete dark brown ring medially; hypopygium margin ...... 43 as in Fig. 24b ...... Tolmerus cingulatus 39. Projection on abdominal sternite 8 bifurcated – Femora black ...... 44 (Fig. 22a); hypopygium black (Fig. 22b) ...... Tolmerus atricapillus – Projection on abdominal sternite 8 simple .40 40. Legs entirely black ...... 41 – Basis of tibiae red ...... 42 41. Projection on abdominal sternite 8 short, triangular; legs with black bristles, and black and yellowish-white hairs; mystax with long black bristles medially, shorter white bristles ventrally; hypopygium as in Fig. 23a ...... Machimus setibarbis – Projection on sternite 8 long and slender, triangular, with black and yellow hairs; legs with black bristles and yellow hairs; mystax with short black bristles dorsally and long yellow bristles medially and ventrally; hypopygium as in Fig. 23b ... Eutolmus rufibarbis 42. Legs with black bristles; scutellum with 6–7 yellow and black bristles; fore femora without bristles ventrally; hypopygium as in Fig. Fig. 24. Lateral view of hypopygium. a: Machimus gona- 24a ...... Machimus gonatistes tistes; b: Tolmerus cingulatus. 190 M. N. LARSEN & R. MEIER

Fig. 27. Lateral view of ovipositor of Antipalus varipes.

46. Ovipositor broader than long (Fig. 27); 1st tarsomere of fore tarsi shorter than the two following tarsomeres combined; mystax black and white ...... Antipalus varipes – Ovipositor longer than wide; 1st tarsomere of Fig. 25. Lateral view of hypopygium. a: Antipalus varipes; b: fore tarsi longer or equal the length of the two Machimus arthriticus. following tarsomeres combined ...... 47 47. Abdominal sternites 2–4 with long yellow bristles and hairs; legs with mostly yellow 44. 1st tarsomere of fore tarsi shorter than the two bristles ...... Machimus arthriticus following tarsomeres; abdominal sternites – Abdominal sternites 2–4 without bristles, with yellow hairs only; hypopygium shiny only hairs present; legs with mostly black black (Fig. 25a) ...... Antipalus varipes bristles ...... 48 –1st tarsomere of fore tarsi longer than the two 48. Legs black with black bristles, and black and following tarsomeres; abdominal sternites 2– yellowish-white hairs; mystax with long 4 with strong yellow bristles and hairs; hypo- black bristles medially and shorter white pygium as in Fig. 25b .. Machimus arthriticus bristles ventrally ...... Machimus setibarbis 45. Cerci enclosed (Fig. 26); mystax with black – Legs not entirely black ...... 49 bristles dorsally and white bristles ventrally . 49. Femora black ...... 50 ...... Eutolmus rufibarbis – Femora with red apical and ventral markings – Cerci free ...... 46 ...... 51 50. Legs with black bristles; fore femora without bristles on ventral side; scutellum with 6 yellow and black bristles ...... Machimus gonatistes – Legs with mostly yellow bristles; scutellum with 4–8 yellow bristles ...... Machimus rusticus 51. Femora black with red apical and ventral markings; tibiae red with a more or less complete dark brown ring medially ...... Tolmerus cingulatus – Fore femora either yellow or black, mostly black or dark brown in dorsal half, light Fig. 26. Lateral view of ovipositor of Eutolmus rufibarbis brown in ventral half or only dark ventrally; with cerci enclosed. tibiae reddish-brown .. Tolmerus atricapillus CONSERVATION STATUS OF DANISH ASILIDAE (DIPTERA) 191

Fig. 28. Danish Asilidae (Diptera). Distribution map indicating the number of collecting events for the different 20-km UTM grids.

Explanation of distribution maps Figs. 29–58. Distribution maps, species name and number as below, at upper left of each map. – Figs 29–38, 40–57. Relative (y-axis), and absolute abundance (numbers above columns) of the named species, based on specimens with label data. For Fig. 39 (Molobratia teutonus) and Fig. 58 (Tolmerus cingulatus) there are no post-1920 records and therefore no histogram displaying the abundance in the two time periods. 192 M. N. LARSEN & R. MEIER

Fig. 29

DISTRIBUTIONAL INFORMATION ON Minimum flying period: 20 May–08 September THE SPECIES (Germany: mid-May–mid-October; Wolff 2002). – Collecting period: 1824–2001. – Number of specimens and collecting events: 201, 103. – Distribution: This species is present in all regions, LAPHRIINAE but found mostly along the coasts (Fig. 29). – Red 1. Choerades gilvus (Linnaeus, 1758) List category: NT. CONSERVATION STATUS OF DANISH ASILIDAE (DIPTERA) 193

Fig. 30

2. Choerades marginatus (Linnaeus, 1758) specimens and collecting events: 168, 102. – Minimum flying period: 25 May–12 September Distribution: This species is not found in North- (Germany: mid-May–September; Wolff 2002). – and West Jutland (Fig. 30). – Red List category: Collecting period: 1821–2001. – Number of LC. 194 M. N. LARSEN & R. MEIER

Fig. 31

3. Laphria ephippium (Fabricius, 1781) midline passing through Jutland. The time of Minimum flying period: 20 May–26 July (Ger- sampling for most specimens is before 1960. many: mid-May–August; Wolff 2002). – Collect- Specimens are also found in a few localities in ing period: 1873–1990. – Number of specimens Northeast Zealand (Fig. 31). – Red List category: and collecting events: 86, 50. – Distribution: The NT. majority of collecting sites are found east of a CONSERVATION STATUS OF DANISH ASILIDAE (DIPTERA) 195

Fig. 32

4. Laphria flava (Linnaeus, 1761) 59. – Distribution: Specimens are found in mid Minimum flying period: 16 May–17 August and southern Jutland and in Northeast Zealand. (Germany: mid-April–mid-September; Wolff Except for a few sites close to the German border 2002). – Collecting period: 1935–1999. – all collecting for this species has been done after Number of specimens and collecting events: 101, 1960 (Fig. 32). – Red List category: LC. 196 M. N. LARSEN & R. MEIER

Fig. 33

STENOPOGONINAE period: 1818–2001. – Number of specimens and collecting events: 338, 179. – Distribution: A 5. Dioctria atricapilla Meigen, 1804 very abundant species found in all regions (Fig. Minimum flying period: 02 May–30 July (Ger- 33). – Red List category: LC. many: May–August; Wolff 2002). – Collecting CONSERVATION STATUS OF DANISH ASILIDAE (DIPTERA) 197

Fig. 34

6. Dioctria cothurnata Meigen, 1820 are found in Jutland, where all time periods are Minimum flying period: 12 June–30 August represented (except for West Jutland). No speci- (Germany: late May–mid-September; Wolff mens have been found on Funen and Bornholm 2002). – Collecting period: 1820–2001. – and there are only few and old records for Zealand Number of specimens and collecting events: 96, (Fig. 34) – Red List category: NT. 48. – Distribution: Most specimens of this species 198 M. N. LARSEN & R. MEIER

Fig. 35

7. Dioctria hyalipennis (Fabricius, 1794) specimens and collecting events: 378, 248. – Minimum flying period: 17 March–23 August Distribution: The species is common, but most (Germany: May–mid-September; Wolff 2002). – abundant in East Jutland, Funen and Zealand Collecting period: 1820–2001. – Number of (Fig. 35). – Red List category: LC. CONSERVATION STATUS OF DANISH ASILIDAE (DIPTERA) 199

Fig. 36

8. Dioctria linearis (Fabricius, 1787) bution: The species is restricted to Funen, Zea- Minimum flying period: 24 March–16 August land and Lolland, Falster and Moen except for a (Germany: mid-May–mid-August; Wolff 2002). few sites on the east coast of Jutland (Fig. 36). – – Collecting period: 1873–2001. – Number of Red List category: LC. specimens and collecting events: 113, 72. Distri- 200 M. N. LARSEN & R. MEIER

Fig. 37

9. Dioctria oelandica (Linnaeus, 1758) 101. – Distribution: Most records come from Minimum flying period: 14 May–10 October central and West Jutland, Zealand and Bornholm. (Germany: mid-March–mid-August; Wolff Recent specimens are mostly from Bornholm 2002). – Collecting period: 1872–2001. – (Fig. 37). – Red List category: LC. Number of specimens and collecting events: 154, CONSERVATION STATUS OF DANISH ASILIDAE (DIPTERA) 201

Fig. 38

10. Dioctria rufipes (De Geer, 1776) The distribution of this species mostly covers Minimum flying period: 13 May–15 July (Ger- Zealand and a few sites on Bornholm and Funen. many: May–end-August; Wolff 2002). – Collect- In Jutland it is mostly found in the mid-eastern ing period: 1820–1998. – Number of specimens parts and there are only few records in the north and collecting events: 167, 99. – Distribution: and west (Fig. 38). – Red List category: LC. 202 M. N. LARSEN & R. MEIER

Fig. 39

11. Molobratia teutonus (Linnaeus, 1767) ried a date. – Number of specimens and collecting Minimum flying period: Unknown (Germany: events: 2, 2. – Distribution: Both specimens were mid-May–mid-July; Wolff 2002). Only two spec- found in North Zealand before 1910 (Fig. 39). – imens have been recorded and neither label car- Red List category: EX. CONSERVATION STATUS OF DANISH ASILIDAE (DIPTERA) 203

Fig. 40

12. Lasiopogon cinctus (Fabricius, 1781) imens found in Jutland and in Zealand represent Minimum flying period: 19 April–14 July (Ger- all periods. On Bornholm specimens have only many: April–July; Wolff 2002). – Collecting pe- been found after 1960 (Fig. 40). – Red List cat- riod: 1819–2001. – Number of specimens and egory: LC. collecting events: 243, 115. – Distribution: Spec- 204 M. N. LARSEN & R. MEIER

Fig 41

13. Cyrtopogon lateralis (Fallén, 1814) events: 3, 3. – Distribution: Only three specimens Minimum flying period: based on 3 collecting have been collected and all have been taken in events: 13 June–24 June(Germany: May-mid– Northeast Zealand (Fig. 41). – Red List category: August; Wolff 2002). – Collecting period: 1905– CR. 1977. – Number of specimens and collecting CONSERVATION STATUS OF DANISH ASILIDAE (DIPTERA) 205

Fig. 42

DASYPOGONINAE bution: This species has only been found on Zea- land, Lolland and Bornholm. On Lolland and 14. Leptarthrus brevirostris (Meigen, 1804) Bornholm the specimens were collected after Minimum flying period: 24 March–13 July (Ger- 1960, whereas on Zealand most sites are only many: mid-May–mid-August; Wolff 2002). – represented by specimens collected before 1910 Collecting period: 1872–1987. – Number of (Fig. 42). – Red List category: VU. specimens and collecting events: 84, 27. – Distri- 206 M. N. LARSEN & R. MEIER

Fig. 43

LEPTOGASTRINAE Number of specimens and collecting events: 286, 184. – Distribution: Specimens are found 15. Leptogaster cylindrica (De Geer, 1776) throughout Denmark, representing all time peri- Minimum flying period: 14 May–29 August ods (except North Jutland with mostly recent (Germany: mid-May–mid-September; Wolff records) (Fig. 43). – Red List category: LC. 2002). – Collecting period: 1871–2001. – CONSERVATION STATUS OF DANISH ASILIDAE (DIPTERA) 207

Fig. 44

16. Leptogaster guttiventris Zetterstedt, 1842 67. – Distribution: This species is almost absent Minimum flying period: 05 June–05 September in North- and West Jutland. In Northeastern Zea- (Germany: mid-May–end-September; Wolff land it has been collected in all time periods, 2002). – Collecting period: 1819–1993. – whereas there are only older records for the rest of Number of specimens and collecting events: 91, Zealand (Fig. 44). – Red List category: LC. 208 M. N. LARSEN & R. MEIER

Fig. 45

ASILINAE Number of specimens and collecting events: 41, 29. – Distribution: All specimens were collected 17. Antipalus varipes (Meigen, 1820) before 1960 and with the exception of an old one Minimum flying period: 03 June–15 August from North Jutland all come from North Zealand (Germany: mid-June–mid-September; Wolff (Fig. 45). – Red List category: CR. 2002). – Collecting period: 1904–1959. – CONSERVATION STATUS OF DANISH ASILIDAE (DIPTERA) 209

Fig. 46

18. Asilus crabroniformis Linnaeus, 1758 Jutland, this species is widely distributed in Den- Minimum flying period: 21 May–27 September mark although for the majority of sites it has not (Germany: June–-October; Wolff 2002). – Col- been found after 1960. Newer specimens are lecting period: 1821–1997. – Number of speci- mostly found in central and North Jutland (Fig. mens and collecting events: 188, 117. – Distribu- 46). – Red List category: VU. tion: With the exception of North- and West 210 M. N. LARSEN & R. MEIER

Fig. 47

19. Didysmachus picipes (Meigen, 1820) Distribution: The distribution of this species re- Minimum flying period: 17 May–08September sembles that of Dioctria rufipes (Fig. 39) except (Germany: mid-May–mid-August; Wolff 2002). for a lack of records from Bornholm (Fig. 47). – – Collecting period: 1821–1984. – Number of Red List category: LC. specimens and collecting events: 193, 125. – CONSERVATION STATUS OF DANISH ASILIDAE (DIPTERA) 211

Fig. 48

20. Dysmachus trigonus (Meigen, 1804) Jutland and Funen this species is widely distrib- Minimum flying period: 04 May–03 September uted and there are records for all time periods, (Germany: May–August; Wolff 2002). – Collect- whereas records on Zealand and Bornholm are ing period: 1881–2001. – Number of specimens much more sparse (Fig. 48). – Red List category: and collecting events: 359, 205. – Distribution: In LC. 212 M. N. LARSEN & R. MEIER

Fig. 49

21. Eutolmus rufibarbis (Meigen, 1820) and collecting events: 52, 24. – Distribution: Minimum flying period: 02 July–28 August (Ger- Specimens are found in isolated sites in Jutland, many: mid-June–August; Wolff 2002). – Collect- Funen, Zealand and Bornholm, but most are from ing period: 1881–1989. – Number of specimens before 1910 (Fig. 49). – Red List category: EN. CONSERVATION STATUS OF DANISH ASILIDAE (DIPTERA) 213

Fig. 50

22. Machimus arthriticus (Zeller, 1840) species is largely restricted to mid- and southern Minimum flying period: 20 June–24 July (Ger- Jutland with a few exceptions from Funen and many: June–mid-August; Wolff 2002). – Collect- Bornholm. The only specimen found after 1960 ing period: 1883–1974. – Number of specimens was collected on Djursland (Fig. 50). – Red List and collecting events: 22, 14. – Distribution: This category: CR. 214 M. N. LARSEN & R. MEIER

Fig. 51

23. Machimus gonatistes (Zeller, 1840) and collecting events: 17, 6. – Distribution: This Minimum flying period: 24 June–19 July (Ger- species has only been collected on Anholt (Fig. many: mid-July–August; Wolff 2002). – Collect- 51). – Red List category: CR. ing period: 1934–2001. – Number of specimens CONSERVATION STATUS OF DANISH ASILIDAE (DIPTERA) 215

Fig.52

24. Neoitamus cothurnatus (Meigen, 1820) ing events: 10, 7. – Distribution: All specimens Minimum flying period: Based on few collecting were either taken on Bornholm (all periods) or events: 07 June–21 July (Germany: mid-May– Zealand, where the species has not been collected mid-July; Wolff 2002). – Collecting period: since 1914 (Fig. 52). – Red List category: CR. 1883–1964. – Number of specimens and collect- 216 M. N. LARSEN & R. MEIER

Fig. 53

25. Neoitamus cyanurus (Loew, 1849) regions and time periods with the exception of Minimum flying period: 14 May–08 September West Jutland, from which it is unknown. After (Germany: mid-May–mid-September; Wolff 1960 it is particularly commonly collected on 2002). – Collecting period: 1825–2001. – Funen and Zealand (Fig. 53). – Red List category: Number of specimens and collecting events: 418, LC. 270. – Distribution: This species is abundant in all CONSERVATION STATUS OF DANISH ASILIDAE (DIPTERA) 217

Fig. 54

26. Pamponerus germanicus (Linnaeus, 1758) tribution: In Jutland the species is restricted to the Minimum flying period: 18 May–12 August northeastern parts, but it is also found on Zealand, (Germany: April–mid-August; Wolff 2002). – Lolland, Falster and Møn. After 1960 it was only Collecting period: 1820–2001. – Number of found in North Zealand (Fig. 54). – Red List specimens and collecting events: 145, 77. – Dis- category: LC. 218 M. N. LARSEN & R. MEIER

Fig. 55

27. Philonicus albiceps (Meigen, 1820) gions, except for South and East Zealand, but Minimum flying period: 30 May–14 September sampling has mostly occurred before 1960. Most (Germany: mid-May–mid-October; Wolff 2002). recent records come from Funen, Bornholm and – Collecting period: 1821–2001. – Number of Northwest Zealand (Fig. 55). – Red List category: specimens and collecting events: 331, 195. – LC. Distribution: This species is abundant in all re- CONSERVATION STATUS OF DANISH ASILIDAE (DIPTERA) 219

Fig. 56

28. Rhadiurgus variabilis (Zetterstedt, 1838) 21. – Distribution: This species has only been Minimum flying period: 10 June –23 August recorded from isolated sites in Jutland, on Funen (Germany: mid-May–mid-September; Wolff and on Zealand (Fig. 56). – Red List category: 2002). – Collecting period: 1907–1979. – VU. Number of specimens and collecting events: 29, 220 M. N. LARSEN & R. MEIER

Fig. 57

29. Tolmerus atricapillus (Fallén, 1814) all periods on Funen, Zealand and Bornholm. Minimum flying period: 28 May–20 October However, no specimens have ever been caught in (Germany: mid-June–mid-November; Wolff Northwest Jutland, and most sites in East Jutland 2002). – Collecting period: 1824–2001. – are only represented by specimens collected be- Number of specimens and collecting events: 321, fore 1960 (Fig. 57). – Red List category: LC. 191. – Distribution: This species is represented in CONSERVATION STATUS OF DANISH ASILIDAE (DIPTERA) 221

Fig. 58

30. Tolmerus cingulatus (Fabricius, 1781) species has not been collected in Denmark since Minimum flying period: 25 July–13 August (Ger- 1912. Prior to 1912 it was found on Bornholm, many: June–September; Wolff 2002). – Collect- North Zealand and Lolland (Fig. 58). – Red List ing period: 1819–1912. – Number of specimens category: DD. and collecting events: 6, 4. – Distribution: This 222 M. N. LARSEN & R. MEIER

DISCUSSION make it easier to direct such future research, because the collection data suggest testable hy- The Asilidae belong to those taxa of Diptera that potheses on species distributions and abun- especially in temperate regions are of interest to dances. conservation biology. Diptera are generally not The biggest problem with museum-specimen collected by nonspecialists, but due to their large databases, and ours is certainly no exception, is size and attractive morphology robber flies are an the very uneven sampling intensity over space exception, as is evident from the long list of and time (see Väisänen 1982). Such uneven sam- collectors who have contributed to our sample pling is suggested for the Asilidae by the strongly (Appendix 1). Furthermore, Asilidae can be iden- varying number of collecting events across the tified as such under field conditions so that tar- different 20-km grid cells in Denmark (Fig. 28). geted collecting by nonspecialists is feasible. The Normally one would attempt to correct for un- robber flies are thus one of the few Diptera groups even sampling and some techniques have been that could be promoted for the kind of non- suggested (e.g., Fagan & Kareira 1997, Ponder et specialist collecting that is required for covering al. 2001). However, none can be used here and the the large area of a country like Denmark. Further- two main problems for our data remain non- more, robber flies are not only easily recognized standardized collecting and the fact that the and attractive, but at the same time vulnerable to number of unsuccessful collecting attempts in the habitat disturbance. Being relatively large and various grids is unknown. The latter is particu- predaceous as larvae and adults, populations tend larly damaging, because the uneven distribution to be small. Moreover, the adults of many species of successful collecting events documented in favor warm and dry habitats like dry pastures, Fig. 28 can be equally well explained by either the heathlands, and dune landscapes. These habitats uneven sampling, uneven abundance of Asilidae are either quickly disappearing from many tem- in the different grids, or a combination of both. perate countries and/or are subject to much dis- However, it appears likely that uneven sampling turbance. It is thus not surprising that a decline in is particularly important. asilid populations has been observed in many (1) There are relatively few collecting events European countries (e.g., van Aartsen & van der in large regions such as Northwest- and South Goot 1981, Verlinden 1982). Zealand, Lolland, Falster and Møn, and South The use of specimen databases from collec- Jutland (Table 3) and it is inconceivable that these tions has recently received much attention (e.g., regions are genuinely as species-poor as our sam- Fagan & Kareiva 1997, Kress et al. 1998, León- ple suggests. It is more likely that they have Cortés et al. 1998, Funk et al. 1999, Soberón et al. simply been poorly collected. It is interesting that 2000). They contain the “most comprehensive, the same areas are also poorly sampled for the reliable source of knowledge” (Ponder et al. focal taxon of the only other atlas study of Danish 2001) about the distribution of invertebrate Diptera, the Syrphidae (Torp 1994). groups and the data are of great value in (2) Further evidence for unequal sampling biodiversity and conservation biology studies. comes from the regional bias created by impor- However, the information should not be used tant collectors. A typical case is J. G. Worm- uncritically. As Ponder et al. (2001) aptly summa- Hansen (Tuxen 1961), who, between 1940 and rized “shortcomings of the data include the ad- 1959, collected 268 specimens (6% of our sam- hoc nature of the collections, presence-only data, ple) thus contributing 130 collecting events to our biased sampling, and large collecting gaps in time data set (7%). Of these collecting events, 89 and space...” The same problems plague our data (68%) took place in his two favorite UTM grids and they can thus mostly serve as a baseline for (MG92: 62 events; MJ72: 27 events), which have future work. A more complete picture of the since only been resampled 16 times. A similar species diversity and ranges will only emerge bias was created by the extensive sampling after additional and systematic collecting cover- scheme on Thy (UTM MJ72) undertaken by the ing poorly sampled regions (see Smith 2000). Entomological Department of the Copenhagen However, studies like the one presented here will Museum between 1953 and 1961 (Tuxen 1961– CONSERVATION STATUS OF DANISH ASILIDAE (DIPTERA) 223

1965). There are 68 collecting events during this for all of these the observed short flying periods short period, while Thy has only been revisited could either be due to poor sampling and/or due to twice afterwards. Such patchy sampling can lead a genuinely short adult life. to seriously distorted distribution maps and state- Reliable flying periods for such species can ments about the relative abundance of species only be obtained via continuous sampling in the over time. For example, when J. G. Worm- areas with a known presence and we are not Hansen stopped collecting it may appear as if the confident that such sampling has been carried out. asilid diversity in his favorite UTM grids had The minimum flying periods for Denmark that we dropped dramatically, while at least for some rare are here reporting are nevertheless of consider- species, ceasing collecting more likely had the able value for local collectors who would like to opposite effect. confirm the presence of a particular species in a Another mixed blessing of collection data is particular grid or who aspire to collect this spe- the large proportion of old specimens. Our data cies in another part of Denmark. As further infor- set spans from 1818 to 2001 and includes 384 mation on flying periods we are also listing the (9%) specimens from the 19th century. Obviously known periods for Germany (Wolff 2002). They the old specimens are of great importance in are based on larger samples, but also come from a documenting that a species has been present in a climatically rather different country. particularly locality. Indeed, without the old museum specimens several species that were only Species ranges in space and time collected before 1960 would not even be known to have been part of the Danish fauna. Old speci- The following discussions of species ranges are mens can also be important for documenting that obviously tentative given the uneven sampling of a population has continuously occupied a particu- Denmark for Asilidae. It appears that most of the lar grid. However, for present-day conservation 30 species can be roughly assigned to five differ- decisions they are only of limited value. It would, ent groups: for example, not be advisable to protect the only (1) “Ubiquitous species”. About eight species two known collecting sites of Tolmerus cingu- are found throughout all regions in Denmark latus just because the species was collected there (e.g., Choerades gilvus, Dioctria atricapilla, D. in 1871 and 1908. Instead, the old specimens hyalipennis, Lasiopogon cinctus, Leptogaster suggest that the locality should be surveyed again cylindrica, Asilus crabroniformis, Philonicus for the presence of the species and conservation albiceps, Rhadiurgus variabilis). action should only be taken if its continued pres- (2) “Widespread species”. A second group of ence is confirmed. 10 species is found throughout Denmark except for West Jutland or Northwest Jutland. They are: Choerades marginatus, Dioctria oelandica, D. Minimum flying period rufipes, Didysmachus picipes, Eutolmus rufi- Based on the collection material, the flying peri- barbis, Laphria ephippium, Leptogaster gutti- ods of Asilidae in Denmark range from mid- ventris, Tolmerus atricapillus, Neoitamus cyan- March to the end of October. However, no spe- urus and Pamponerus germanicus. cies is found throughout the entire period and for (3) “Eastern species”. Seven species have a most, adults are only found 2–4 months per year. predominantly eastern distribution and are most- The longest activity periods are the approxi- ly known from Funen, Zealand, and Bornholm. mately five months of Dioctria hyalipennis, They are: Antipalus varipes, Cyrtopogon latera- Dioctria linearis and Tolmerus atricapillus. lis, Dioctria linearis, Leptarthrus brevirostris, These are all abundant species and one therefore Tolmerus cingulatus, Molobratia teutonus, Neo- wonders whether rare species indeed have shorter itamus cothurnatus. flying periods or whether for these species our (4) “Western species”. Relatively rare are typi- sample is simply too small for documenting the cal “western” species mostly known from Jut- entire period. One quarter of the species in our land. They are: Dioctria cothurnata, Dysmachus sample are known from fewer than 25 records and trigonus, Machimus arthriticus. 224 M. N. LARSEN & R. MEIER

(5) “Southern species”. One species falls into uitous species (e.g., Lasiopogon cinctus, Philo- this category having only been collected from the nicus albiceps, and Asilus crabroniformis). This southern part of Zealand and Jutland (Laphria disappearance coincides with the fact that a large flava). number of species have never occurred in this The most interesting distribution of a Danish region and renders West Jutland very species- asilid is the one of Machimus gonatistes (Lyne- poor. At the same time many species have also borg 1965, 1968; Rald 1978). This species is disappeared from East Jutland localities, com- exclusively found on the North Sea island Anholt, pleting the picture of dwindling species diversity which is known for its rare lichen and coastal in much of Jutland. This pattern is illustrated by heaths habitats. Machimus gonatistes has been Pamponerus germanicus, Neoitamus cyanurus, taken on five occasions between 1934 and 1974. Laphria ephippium, Machimus arthriticus, Tol- It has never been collected in the rest of Denmark merus atricapillus and Didysmachus picipes. and it is apparently also absent in Sweden and However, collecting activity might partly explain Great Britain (Soós & Papp 1988, Lyneborg this “decline”, because sampling decreased in 1968). One can only wonder how it managed to Northwest and South Jutland (Table 3). Only one establish a population on Anholt. Within Europe region in Denmark seems to have become more it is widespread and mostly found in countries species-rich after 1960. This is North East Jutland south of Denmark (except for records on the Gulf where Dioctria atricapilla, Dioctria hyalipennis, of Finland; Lyneborg 1968). Within Germany it is Dioctria rufipes, Lasiopogon cinctus, Lepto- only known from the states of Brandenburg and gaster cylindrica, and Rhadiurgus variabilis Berlin (Wolff 2002). have mostly been found after 1960. However, the In order to be able to study distribution observed increase in diversity is probably at least changes over time we followed Damgaard (1997) partly related to the increased collecting activity and Torp (1994) in indicating the collecting peri- in this region (Table 3), and most “new” species ods for the various species on our distribution belong to the ubiquitous type. maps. Based on our data it appears that the populations of many of the “eastern” species (mostly Red List for Danish Asilidae known from Zealand and Bornholm) are declining. Indeed, three, Antipalus varipes, Tolmerus One obvious question is whether our data can cingulatus and Molobratia teutonus, have not be used to propose a Red List for the Danish been found in Denmark since 1960. Another two Asilidae. We can apply the Version 3.1: IUCN are Leptarthrus brevirostris and Neoitamus co- (2001) Red-List criteria tentatively, but would thurnatus, and although they have been found have to argue that for most species our informa- after 1960, no records exist for the majority of tion is at least close to being “Data Deficient”. On their old localities. One might surmise that the the other hand, IUCN discourages the liberal use decline could be the result of reduced collecting, of the “Data Deficient” category (IUCN 2001: 9) but collecting activity has here clearly increased and favors evaluating the available data for as (Table 3). Furthermore, one exclusively “east- good an assessment as can be made at any point in ern” species, Dioctria linearis, and many of time (see also Gärdenfors 2001). We are applying the species with wide geographical distribution the criteria in the modified form for regional Red throughout Denmark (“ubiquitous” and “wide- Lists (Gärdenfors et al. 2001, Gärdenfors 2001), spread” species) have a stable abundance in the which involves two steps (Gärdenfors et al. East. 2001). First, the IUCN criteria are applied to the When the predominantly “western” species regional populations of each species. Afterwards, are considered, one species, Dysmachus tri- the status of the populations for the same species gonus, has a stable abundance, whereas the other is assessed in the surrounding regions. The ration- two, Dioctria cothurnata and Machimus arthri- ale behind the second step is that for species with ticus, have disappeared from several sites. In good dispersal capabilities, a healthy population contrast to the “eastern” species the decline of the in an adjacent region reduces the threat to the “western” asilid populations also affects the ubiq- local population under assessment. However, for CONSERVATION STATUS OF DANISH ASILIDAE (DIPTERA) 225 two reasons we largely omit this second step in List also poses the question of whether the species our analysis. Denmark is a very isolated country might be threatened at a global scale (IUCN with only a small terrestrial border to the sur- 2001). Red Lists including information on Asi- rounding countries, which makes non-Danish lidae are unfortunately lacking for most countries populations of Asilidae of little interest for the surrounding Denmark. However, the Palaearctic conservation status of asilids in the country (the Catalogue of Asilidae (Soós & Papp 1988) pro- only exception could be the “southern” species vides information on the full geographic range of Laphria flava). Second, although Asilidae are the Danish species. We counted the number of considered strong fliers they do not appear to be European countries in which the different “Dan- good dispersers (see Verlinden 1982). ish” species occur (countries as listed in cata- Of the criteria suggested by IUCN for catego- logue: Soós & Papp 1988). Two interesting rising species, we believe the “geographic-range points emerge. First, all Danish species of criterion” (criterion B, and rarely category D) can Asilidae are quite widespread and are known most realistically be used for insects. It requires from many countries (average: 16 countries; low- that it is documented that the “extent of occur- est number: 9). Second, 50% of the Danish spe- rence” or “area of occupancy” (see IUCN 2001) cies have to be considered rare, and these may be is smaller than a certain defined size, whereby “Threatened” “Near Threatened” or “Least Con- different threat categories have different size- cern”. The distribution of these species is on thresholds. It is furthermore necessary to docu- average about as wide as the distribution of a ment that two of the following three phenomena species that is common (16 versus 18 countries). apply to the species in question: (1) severely Furthermore, in several cases species rare in Den- fragmented distribution or existence at few loca- mark have been reported to be also rare in other tions, (2) population decline (observed, inferred, northern European countries. All these countries or projected), and (3) extreme fluctuations in are near to the northern edge of the species’ number of populations or range. The latter condi- distribution and it seems likely that the species’ tion can probably not be used for most insect rarity can be explained by a geographic-range groups, because there are not enough data to edge effect. document such fluctuations. However, the first A more direct assessment on the global threat two criteria can be applied if a large data set is for any species on the Danish Red List should available although the serious problem of uneven ideally be based on an assessment of its entire sampling over space and time remains. The fact range. Asilidae are only included on few Red that a species has become rarer in the collection or Lists such as the ones for Sweden and Finland. In disappeared from a locality is meaningless unless several cases species threatened or extinct in it can be demonstrated that this is probably not Sweden and Finland also meet the Red List crite- due to lack of recent collecting within its range. ria in Denmark. But there are also two cases That is why we chose to compare two time peri- where species that are on the Swedish list are ods of the same length (1920–1960 and 1961– apparently doing well in Denmark. All cases are 2001) with regard to area of occurrence, number mentioned below and we also provide some infor- of collecting events, and number of specimens mation on the status of the Danish species in collected. We also take collecting activity into Germany (Wolff 2002). account by considering the overall sampling activity in the various grids during the two different Regionally Extinct (EX) and Extinct in the time periods (see Materials & Methods). Of wild (EW) course, only successful collecting events are documented so that this measure of collecting Molobratia teutonus. – There is only one locality effort is conservative in the sense that those occa- known for this species. This conspicuously large sions on which an entomologist was sampling in and black species which is likely to be collected an area and did not find any robber flies are not by entomologists (Tomasovic & Libert 1999) has counted. only been collected twice before 1910 in North The inclusion of a species on the regional Red Zealand. The grid in which it had been found has 226 M. N. LARSEN & R. MEIER

17 collecting events between 1920 and 1960 and is moderately widespread, occurring in 13 Euro- 35 thereafter. Extinction thus appears likely. pean countries. There are very few specimens Status in surrounding countries. – The species known from Germany (Wolff 2002). is widespread and occurs in 18 European countries. However, it appears to be rare in many. For Cyrtopogon lateralis. – IUCN criteria B1ab (iv) example, it is threatened in the Netherlands + 2ab (iv): extent of occurrence and area of (Verlinden 1982, Tomasovic & Libert 1999) and occupancy are probably less than 100 km2 and 10 in Belgium it was considered extinct for more km2, respectively; a: there is only one known than 80 years until it was recently rediscovered post-1950 locality; b: there might be a decline in (Tomasovic & Libert 1999). The number of number of populations. specimens collected has also been declining in Evidence. – The species has only been col- Germany, where the species is not known from lected three times in two 10 km2 UTM grids. any of the northern states (Wolff 2002). Unfortunately these grids have only been revisited six times after 1960. On one occasion a single specimen was collected (1977). Revisiting the Critically Endangered (CR) old localities is thus urgently needed. Antipalus varipes. – IUCN criteria B1ab (i, ii, iv) Status in surrounding countries. – Cyrtopo- + 2ab (i, ii, iv): extent of occurrence and area of gon lateralis is widespread and occurs in 17 occupancy are probably less than 100 km2 and 10 European countries. There is no decline in Ger- km2, respectively; a: the species is now only man records, but only very few records come known to exist at a single locality (Tisvilde); b: from northern Germany (Wolff 2002). there is a continued decline in number of sub- populations, extent of occurrence and area of Machimus arthriticus. – IUCN criteria B1ab (iv) occupancy. + 2 ab (iv): extent of occurrence and area of Evidence. – Between 1900 and 1936 this spe- occupancy are probably less than 100 km2 and 10 cies had been collected 27 times in seven different km2, respectively; a: there is only one post-1950 localities within six 10 km UTM grids. For these locality known; b: there is apparently a decline in grids we have 114 additional collecting events the number of populations. after 1950 and the species was only found twice Evidence. – The species has been collected 5 (1952, 1959). The figures in Table 1 also substan- times in 2 grids between 1920 and 1960. After- tiate the decline. wards, it has only been taken once and the figures Status in surrounding countries. – Antipalus inTable 1 indicate a decline in UTMs, collecting varipes is listed as Vulnerable on the Swedish events, and number of specimens. However, it Red List based on criteria B1+2c (Gärdenfors must be pointed out that collecting in the grids 2000). It is a widespread species occurring in 17 with known occurrence has dramatically de- European countries (Soós & Papp 1988). There is creased after 1960 (1920–1960: 80 events; post- no decline in German records (Wolff 2002). 1960: 12). One might thus be inclined to consider the decline as sampling artefact, but between Machimus gonatistes. – IUCN criteria B1ab (iii): 1900 and 1920 alone the species was known from extent of occurrence less than 100 km2; a: this is 4 additional grids. These grids have 20 additional the only locality known for this species; b: the collecting events without any evidence for M. quality of the habitat is endangered. arthriticus. Collecting at the old localities is nev- Evidence. – This species is only known from ertheless urgently needed. the very small island of Anholt (22 km2), which Status in surrounding countries. – The species has many habitats that are in danger of being is widespread and occurs in 17 European coun- overgrown by pines (Pinus mugo Turra). In the tries. However, it is listed on the Swedish Red List 1970s Rald (1978) still regarded the species as as Endangered (criteria B1+2c; Gärdenfors “common” on Anholt, but the last seven collect- 2000) and is extremely rare in Belgium (Ver- ing events yielded only one additional specimen. linden 1982) and the United Kingdom (Oldroyd Status in surrounding countries. – The species 1969). There is no decline in German records, but CONSERVATION STATUS OF DANISH ASILIDAE (DIPTERA) 227 the species is only known from widely scattered population with a very restricted number of loca- locations across the country (Wolff 2002). tions (usually less than 5). Evidence. – After 1960 this species has only Neoitamus cothurnatus. – IUCN criteria B1ab been collected 5 times in 4 different grids, while it (iv) + 2ab (iv): extent of occurrence and area of is known from 7 additional grids before 1960. occupancy are probably less than 100 km2 and 10 These additional grids have been well sampled km2, respectively; a: there is only one post-1950 after 1960 (56 events). However, the species locality known; b: there is apparently a decline in appears to be genuinely rare in Denmark and the the number of populations. quantitative analysis does not indicate a decline in Evidence. – This species has been collected 6 numbers and thus meets no other criteria than VU times from 6 different grids before 1920. After- D2 (Table 1). wards it has only been taken once (1964). The 6 Status in surrounding countries. – The species grid cells have only 21 collecting events after is moderately widespread and occurs in 14 Euro- 1920 and revisiting the old localities is thus ur- pean countries. From the literature one gets the gently needed. impression that it is often only found in a few Status in surrounding countries. – The species localities, but that it can then be often rather is moderately widespread and occurs in 12 Euro- abundant (Morgan 1980, Verlinden 1982, To- pean countries. It is included in the Swedish Red masovic 1992). Oldroyd (1969) states that the List as “Near Threatened” (Gärdenfors 2000). It species is very local in lowland areas of Great is also rare and only known from a few very old Britain. There is no decline in German records, records in the United Kingdom (Oldroyd 1969). but there are only few sightings from northern In Germany the number of sightings is dropping Germany (Wolff 2002). and there are relatively few known localities (Wolff 2002). Rhadiurgus variabilis. – IUCN criterion D2: population with a very restricted number of locations (usually less than 5). Endangered (EN) Evidence. – After 1960 this species has been Eutolmus rufibarbis. – IUCN criteria B1ab (iv) + collected only in 5 different localities belonging 2ab (iv): extent of occurrence less than 5000 km2; to 5 different grid cells while it is also known from a: known from less than 5 locations; b: continuing 4 additional grids before 1960. However, these decline in number of locations. grids are not well sampled (post-1960: 24 Evidence. – The collecting records for this events). Revisiting the old localities is thus ur- species are puzzling. Between 1900 and 1920 it gently needed. was collected 14 times in 10 grids. There are no Status in surrounding countries. – The species further records until 40 years later, although the is moderately widespread and occurs in 14 Euro- grid cells from which it had been recorded are pean countries. Tomasovic (1994b) indicates well sampled (1920–1960: 47 events; 1961– that R. variabilis is rare throughout Europe and 2001: 99 events). Since 1961 it has been collected Oldroyd (1969) discusses that it is more of a 4 times in 4 different grid cells. highland species in the United Kingdom. There is Status in surrounding countries. – The species no decline in German records, but very few locali- is widespread and occurs in 18 European coun- ties are known for northern Germany (Wolff tries. However, it is rare in the United Kingdom 2002). (Oldroyd 1969) and only locally common in other countries (e.g., Belgium: Stoks & Bruyn 1996). Asilus crabroniformis. – IUCN criteria B1ab(iii): There is no decline in German records (Wolff Extent of occurrence below 20,000 km2; a: se- 2002). verely fragmented; b: decline in the quality of habitat. Evidence. – The species occurs in less than Vulnerable (VU) half of Denmark and is apparently in decline, Leptarthrus brevirostris. – IUCN criterion D2: although A. crabroniformis is very large and 228 M. N. LARSEN & R. MEIER conspicuous and thus likely to be collected. The the new records may be the result of several warm post-1970 localities are nevertheless scattered summers and increased collecting due to the sta- throughout the country and there is some evi- tus of A. crabroniformis as a flagship species. dence that the species requires extensively managed dry pastures and these are quickly disap- Near Threatened (NT) pearing from Denmark. The quantitative analysis indicates a decline in area of occurrence, number Choerades gilvus. – The collection data indicate of successful collecting events, and number of a strong decline in the number of collecting specimens (Table 1). events, the number of specimens collected, and Natural history. – In Britain the species is a the shrinking distribution (Table 1). Before 1920 “flagship species for the dung fauna” (Smith there are 48 collecting events in 13 grid cells, 2000). On cattle pastures it lays eggs around the between 1920 and 1960 37 events in 13 grid cells, edges of cow-pats (e.g., Väisänen 1982, Smith and thereafter 17 events in 13 grid cells. The lack 2000) and in heathlands in the soil below rabbit of post-1961 records in well-sampled grids is of dung (Pinchen et al. 1998, Smith 2000). Whether concern. horse dung is also suitable remains controversial Status in surrounding countries. – The species (Pinchen et al. 1998, Smith 2000). The late-instar is widespread and occurs in 18 European coun- larvae of Asilus crabroniformis probably feed on tries. However, it is rare in Great Britain (Oldroyd dung beetle larvae (Pinchen et al. 1998, Smith 1969, Tomasovic 1994b), declining in the Neth- 2000), while first instar larvae are thought to feed erlands (Verlinden 1982), Germany (Wolff on nematodes (Pinchen et al. 1998). There is little 2002), and Belgium where only two post-1948 doubt that the species does poorly on intensively specimens are known (Tomasovic 1994b). It is farmed land and that its decline is at least partially only found in isolated locations in Norway (from due to the disappearance of extensively managed southern Norway to Nordland County; Fjellberg pastures (see Väisänen 1982, Ministry of the & Greve 1997). Environment 2000). Another potential reason for the decline could be the widespread use of Laphria ephippium. – The species occurs in less avermectins against livestock parasites. Even than half of Denmark and is apparently in decline weeks after treatment, cattle dung appears to be (Table 1). There are 40 collecting events before lethal to Diptera larvae (Smith 2000). 1920, 4 between 1920 and 1960, and 6 thereafter Status in surrounding countries. – The species (from 5 localities). The species appears to have is very widespread and occurs in 21 European disappeared from Northeast Jutland and is getting countries. However, it appears to be on the de- rarer in Northeast Zealand, although collecting in cline in all of northern Europe and is now consid- both regions has increased after 1960. However, ered extinct in Norway (Midtgaard & Nielsen the very grid cells from which the species used to 1986) and Finland (Väisänen 1982, Ministry of be known (22 cells) are poorly sampled (1920– the Environment 2000). There are only six post- 1960: 25 events; 1961–2001: 49 events). 1975 records for Sweden (Gärdenfors 2001), Status in surrounding countries. – The species where the species is listed as “Endangered” is widespread and occurs in 16 European coun- (based on criteria B1+2acd). It is furthermore on tries. It is exceedingly rare in other northern coun- the decline in Germany (Wolff 2002), France tries like Belgium, where it was considered ex- (Tomasovic 1995), the Netherlands (Verlinden tinct until specimens collected in 1987 were dis- 1982), and Belgium, where the last specimen has covered (Tomasovic 1994b). It is also included in been collected in 1963 (Tomasovic 1995). The the Swedish Red List as “Vulnerable” based on situation in England is more difficult to assess. A criteria B1+2acd (Gärdenfors 2000). There is no decline had been diagnosed (Pinchen et al. 1998). decline in German records, but very few speci- However, recent mark-and-recapture studies mens are known from northern Germany (Wolff have revealed that some populations are larger 2002). than anticipated and new populations have been reported (Smith 2000). Smith (2000) argues that Dioctria cothurnata. – Before 1920 there are 32 CONSERVATION STATUS OF DANISH ASILIDAE (DIPTERA) 229 collecting events in 11 grids, between 1920 and Philonicus albiceps. – Reported from all parts of 1960 only 4 in 4 grid cells and thereafter 9 in 8 Europe. grid cells. However, this apparent decline might Tolmerus atricapillus. – Reported from 16 Euro- be partially due to sampling effort, although the pean countries. 19 grids with records have been sampled 41 times between 1920 and 1960 and 50 times thereafter. Data Deficient (DD) The quantitative analysis indicates a decline (Ta- ble 1). Tolmerus cingulatus. – Only three widely separated localities are known for this species. It has Status in surrounding countries. – This spe- only been collected four times and there are no cies is not very widespread and occurs in nine European countries. Oldroyd (1969) considers it records after 1912 despite the fact that it occurs in well-sampled regions. However, the very grids in “rare and local in southern England; absent from which the old localities are found have only 17 northern England (Skidmore), but abundant in some Scottish localities”. There is no decline in post-1920 collecting events. The old localities urgently need to be revisited in order to classifiy German records and there are numerous known this species as either Regionally Extinct or threat- northern German localities (Wolff 2002). ened. Status in surrounding countries. – The species is widespread and occurs in 18 European coun- Least Concern (LC) tries. In at least some it appears to be rare (e.g., Belgium: Tomasovic 1994a). There is no decline Choerades marginatus. – Reported from 17 Eu- in German records (Wolff 2002). In 1969 Old- ropean countries. Laphria flava. – Reported from 21 European royd considered T. cingulatus widely distributed in England, Wales, and Scotland. countries. Dioctria atricapilla. – Reported from 17 Euro- pean countries. Dioctria hyalipennis. – Reported from 14 Euro- CONCLUSIONS pean countries. Dioctria linearis. – Reported from 15 European Museum collections harbor a wealth of informa- countries; included in the Swedish list as Re- tion on the distribution of animals and plants, gionally Extinct. which can be retrieved by cataloguing all label Dioctria oelandica. – Reported from 17 Euro- data. The species diversity, their distribution, and pean countries. relative abundances over time can be docu- Dioctria rufipes. – Reported from 18 European mented. However, the data are riddled with spa- countries; included in the Swedish list as Re- tial and temporal collecting biases and it is there- gionally Extinct. fore imperative that at least an attempt is made to Lasiopogon cinctus. – Reported from 21 Euro- correct for these biases before such data are used pean countries. for analyses. Comparing mere species lists for Leptogaster cylindrica. – Reported from 23 Eu- either grid cells or regions is meaningless, be- ropean countries. cause some grid cells have never been sampled Leptogaster guttiventris. – Reported from 14 Eu- while others are regularly visited (Fig. 28). Abun- ropean countries. dance changes over time in particular grid cells or Didysmachus picipes. – Reported from 19 Euro- regions should be related to collecting effort in pean countries. the same area over time (Tables 1–3). Overall, the Dysmachus trigonus. – Reported from 15 Euro- asilid fauna of Denmark is apparently not doing pean countries. well. There are a number of species that would not Neoitamus cyanurus. – Reported from 17 Euro- have been placed in the Red List in the early 20th pean countries. century since they were collected regularly in Pamponerus germanicus. – Reported from 17 different parts of the country. It is difficult to European countries. explain the decline in most cases, because the 230 M. N. LARSEN & R. MEIER kind of detailed natural history information lifestock is necessary to maintain a suitable habi- known for Asilus crabroniformis is lacking for tat. most species. However, it is probably safe to assume that the more intensive land use is to blame for the status of several species now con- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS sidered threatened or Near Threatened. It is furthermore interesting to note that a similar decline We would like to acknowledge the help from in asilid populations, often of the same species, Peter Gjelstrup for loaning the Aarhus material has been noted in other European countries and Hans Baagøe and Nikolaj Scharff with logis- (e.g., Belgium: Verlinden 1982; Netherlands: van tic help for transporting the specimens. Rune Aartsen & van der Goot 1981). Several asilid Bygebjerg contributed with data from his private species may have become extinct in Denmark and collection. Niels Peder Kristensen, Ole Martin, others are acutely threatened. Protecting their William Buch, Torben Wolff and Verner Mi- habitat is imperative if we would like them to chelsen helped with deciphering old specimen survive in in the country. However, it will not be labels, identifying localities, and/or providing sufficient to just create new reserves. Species biographical information on collectors. Torsten have specific habitat requirements and as the case Dikow assisted with building the identification of Asilus crabroniformis indicates, in some cases key, Fabienne Abadie with translation and Ulf extensive land use like low-intensity grazing by Gärdenfors with helpful comments.

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Germany. – Online on the Internet: http://www.asilidae. JPJ – J. P. Jensen de/ (downloaded 1 July 2003). JPK – Jens Peter Kryger Wood, G. C. 1981. Asilidae [chapter 42] – Pp. 549–573 in JWH – Johan Georg Worm-Hansen McAlpine et al. (eds): Manual of Nearctic Diptera. Vol. KA – K. Arevad 1. Agriculture Canada Monograph 27: vi + 1–674. KOL – Karl Otto Leth KP – K. Pedersen Submitted 10.ix.2002, accepted 17.vi.2003 KS – K. Schnack KSt – Knud Stephensen KTM – K. T. Mortensen LL – Leif Lyneborg LR – L. Rossing Marcussen ML – Mols Laboratoriet MMS – Michael Münster Swendsen Appendix 1. List of collectors and abbreviations. NCS – N. C. Søndergård ABr – Anton Bruun NHMA – Natural History Museum Aarhus ACT – A. Christian Thomsen NLW – Niels L. Wolff AF – A. Fog NMA – Nils Møller Andersen AJ – Astrid Jøker NPK – Niels Peder Kristensen AJH – Anders Jensen-Haarup OB – Osvald Bakkendorf AK – Albert Klöcker OH – O. Hørring AM – Axel Michelsen OHG – O. Höegh Guldberg AMH – Axel M. Hemmingsen OJ – Ove Jensen AN – Anker Nielsen OK – Ole Karsholt AP – Axel Petersen OL – Ole Lomholdt AT – A. Tøker OM – Ole Martin BGR – Bertram George Rye PB – Preben Bang BP – Børge Petersen PH – P. Hansen BVP – Bo Vest Petersen PJ – Peter Jørgensen BWR – Bent W. Rasmussen PJen – P. Jensen CB – Charles Bisgaard PJoh – Palle Johnsen CD – C. le Dous PK – P. Krarup CE – Christian Engelhardt PKi – P. Kinch CRL – Carl R. Larsen PN – Peder Nielsen EAL – Emil Adolf Løvendal Rævskjær EBL – Ellinor Bro Larsen RB – Rune Bygebjerg EE – Entomological Expedition(s) RCS – Rasmus Carl Stæger EF – E. Frandsen RHS – Robert Hutzen Stamm EO – Emil Olsen RM – R. Munck EP – Esben Petersen RWS – Rasmus William Schlick ER – Erik Rald Ryholt ESN – Ebbe Schmidt Nielsen SA – S. Andersen ET – Ernst Torp SGL – Sven Gisle Larsson Fäster SK – S. Knudsen FSA – Frode Søgaard Andersen SKH – S. K. Hoffmeyer FWB – Frits Wimpfen Bræstrup SL – Søren Langemark HA – Henning Anthon SLT – Søren Ludwig Tuxen HE – Henrik Enghoff SN – S. Nielsen HJH – Hans Jakob Hansen ST – Søren Tolsgaard HL – Henning Lemche Thomsen HPS – Hans Peter Sønderup TM – T. Munk HU – Hjalmar Ussing TP – Thomas Pape HW – Holger Weis TW – Torben Wolff Jakobsen VH – Victor Hansen JCJ – J. Christian Jensen VK – V. Kock JCS – Jørgen Christian Schiödte VM – Verner Michelsen JD – Jørgen Dahl VSK – Valdemar Sigdfred Knudsen JE – J. Edelmann WB – William Buch JKF – Jens Kristian Findal WHW – Wilhelm Heinrich Wüstnei JL – J. Lindebo WL – William Lundbeck Johansen ZMUC – Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen CONSERVATION STATUS OF DANISH ASILIDAE (DIPTERA) 233

Appendix 2. Specimen label data. sæde (2 July 1875 WL, July 1875/June 1877 RWS 2 specs); Label information of location, collecting date and collector Horreby Lyng (3 Aug 2001 RB); Koldskov (13 June 1913 PN, are assembled for each species and sorted by the Danish 7/26 July 1912 2 specs); Krenkerup (4 July 1991 RB); Lol- faunal regions. The dates are translated into English and land (RWS 16 specs); Lysemose (11 July 1873 RWS); Mag- followed by the collector’s name. These are usually lemose (9 July 1893 WL, July 1871–June 1875 RWS 9 specs); abbreviated. If more than one specimen was collected the Maribo (1 June 1938 HPS, 19 July 1897 RWS); Merretsskov number of specimens is indicated after the collector’s name. (July 1873–July 1875 RWS 7 specs), Nysted (8 July 1959 A list of collector names and their abbreviations is found in JWH), Pederstrup (7 July 1879 RWS); Roden Skov (July Appendix 1. 1945 JWH 2 specs); Sundby Storskov (20 June 1940 JPK). — NEZ: Dyrehaven (Aug 1896/Aug 1904 CRL 2 specs, 13 Aug 1979 ER); Egebæks Vang (19 July 1915 WL); Espergærde (9 1. Choerades gilvus (Linnaeus, 1758) Aug 1908 WL); Farum (27 July 1965 OM); Fiskebæk (5 Aug B: Locality unknown (1916). — EJ: Grejsdalen (29 July 1915 WL); Geel Skov (8 Sept 1907 WL); Hareskov (9 July 1964 OM); Grensten Lystskov (17 July 1898); Jelling Skov (4 1913 AK); Hillerød (16 July 1911 WL); Jægerspris (10 July June 1939 EF); Jenskær (3 July 1905); Løvenholm Skov (10 1914 WL); Ll. Esbønderup (July 1899/July 1907 CRL 2 July 2001 ST); Plantagen (13 July 1955 ML); Ry (16 July specs); Melby Overdrev (July 1979/Aug 1983 SA); Ordrup 1918 WL); Samsø (12 July 1954 JD 2 specs); Silkeborg (4 Mose (Aug 1912/Aug 1914 WL 2 specs); Skodsborg (15 June July 1920, Aug 1907–Sept 1910 EP 3 specs, 24 June 1955 1959 Lyneborg); Springforbi (31 July 1910 WL); Strødam (1 NHMA 2 specs, 12 Aug 1972 OHG, Aug 1910/ June 1921 PN June 1990 OM); Teglstrup Hegn (13 Aug 1980 SA); Tibirke 3 specs); Sostrup Hede (4 Aug 2001 ST 2 specs); Uldrup Bakker (29 Aug 1985 SA); Tisvilde Hegn (12 July 1945). — Bakker v. Horsens Fjord (17 Aug 1977); Vesterlund (25 July NWZ: Jyderup (5 July 1913 CRL, 25 June 1977 SA/VM). — 1944 PN); Århus (5 Aug 1909 WL). — F: Fåborg (21 June SJ: Draved Skov (4 Aug 1964 OM); Madeskov (8 July 1884 1929 WL, 7 Aug 1890 RWS). — LFM: Bøtø (17 Aug 1942). WHW); Sønderborg (6 Aug 1885 WHW). — SZ: Faxe — NEJ: Allerup Bakker (22 June 1920 PN 2 specs); Bude- Ladeplads (11 July 1912 WL 2 specs); Førslev (RCS); Korsør rupholm (2 July 1917 WL); Buderuplund (8 July 1917); (18 June 1990 ST); Kærehave (6 July 1912), Stensby Skov Bunken Plantage (20 July 1996 RB); Grenen (July 2000 HE); (27 July 1917 WL); Suserup (28 May 1918 WL). Hulsig (20 July 1972 HE); Nybro (1 July 1937); Rold (5 July 1917 JPK); Råbjerg (31 Aug1989 RB); Svinkløv Klitplan- 3. Laphria ephippium (Fabricius, 1781) tage (21 July 1992 RB, 21 July 1992 ST); Tranum Klit- EJ: Bjerre Skov (3 June 1942); Constantinborg (5 July 1914 plantage (27 July 1992 ST); Vegger (15 July 1947 JWH). — VSK); Funder (23 June 1912 Marcussen); Gjessø (16 June NEZ: Frederiksholm Lergrave (5 June 1899 CRL); Frede- 1901 CE 2 specs); Grejsdal (6 June 1922 EP); Hald (18 July rikslund (8 Sept 1901 CRL); Fuglevad (1890 RWS); Geel 1885); Hørret Skov (20 May 1990 ST); Ry (17 June 1896 WL, Skov (July 1894–July 1899 CRL 6 specs, July 1872–July 1 Aug 1916 NHMA); Salten Skov (6 June 1906); Silkeborg 1898 RWS 10 specs, 8 July 1900 WL 3 specs, June1916/ June (11 June 1906, 13 July 1907, 30 June 1913 CB, June 1906 1917 2 specs); Hillerød (18 Aug 1907 WL); Lyngby-Brede (5 WL, NHMA); Skanderborg (2 June 1873 RWS, 1 July 1926 June 1899 CRL 3 specs); Ruder Hegn (8 July 1900); Tisvilde WL 2 specs); Vejle (3 June 1906 WL); Vosnæs (4 Aug 1987 (14/28 July 1907 WL 6 specs, July 1909/ July 1919 AK 2 ST); Yding Skov (28 June 1985 TM); Ølst (4 June 1989 ST); specs, 20 May 1982 OM, June 1900–June 1914 4 specs); Ørnereden (5 June 1913 PN); Århus (1 July 1918 VH, 21 July Tisvilde Hegn (16 Aug 1892 RWS 3 specs). — NWJ: Hjar- 1908 WL, PN). — NEJ: Allerup (31 June 1913), Buderup- demål Klit (6 July 1991 ST); Ørgaard (Aug 1947–July 1956 lund (8 July 1917); Lindum (10 June 1919 PN); Rold (4 July JWH 22 specs). — NWZ: Bromme (RCS). — SJ: Frøslev (1 1917 WL); Skjørping (RWS); Dronninglund Storskov (22 Aug 1933 JWH); Stensbæk Plantage (July 1948–July 1950 June 1906 PN). — NEZ: Folehave (Jacobsen); Gribskov (12 JWH 11 specs). — SZ: Grydebjerg (1968 Jakobsen, RCS). — June 1911 WL); Hørsholm (RWS 2 specs); Kagerup (July WJ: Kærgård Plantage (20 June 1981 SA/VM); Skallingen 1907–July 1909 3 specs, 18 June 1913 HW); Pleielt (18 July (23 Aug 1974 AM 2 specs, July/Aug 1983 TP 2 specs); 1896 CRL); Tyvekrog (11 June 1899 WL 2 specs). — SJ: Vedersø Klit (23 June 1940 PN). Haderslev (WHW); Klokkehus (5 July 1904).

2. Choerades marginatus (Linnaeus, 1758) 4. Laphria flava (Linnaeus, 1761) B: Slotslyngen (30 June 1981 SA). — EJ: Dalover, Ranbøl- EJ: Bredsten (28 June 1995 TM); Fouslet Skov v. Kolding (2 dal (8 July 1997 TM 4specs); Fakkegrav (16 Aug 1908); Aug 1981 EF); Gjern Bakker (8 June 1999 ST), Klattrup Skov Frijsenborg (1885 HJH); Højkol (27 July 1991 ST); Kolding, (28 June 1911 TM); Nonneholt Skov (27 June 1991 RB) ; Strandvejen (2 Sept 1974/22 July 1977 EF 2 specs); Lyngs- Rørbæk Sø (22 June 1994 EF). — NEZ: Asserbo (19 July bækgård Skov (6 July 2001 TM); Mols (29 July 1991 ML); 1993 OM); Donse (21 June 1961 AM); Gribskov (4 June Ormstrup Skov (25 May 1992 ST); Salten (7 July 1872 1990 OM, 2 July 1961); Storkevad (3 July 1942 Deus). — SJ: RWS); Silkeborg (6 Aug 1918 PN, 12 Sept 1951 PN); Skafø- Frøslev (June 1935–June 1936 NLW 7 specs, 9 June 1936 gård (29 June 1993 TM); Støvring (26 July 1907 PN), Øster- Rye); Kelstrup Plantage (16 May 1981 VM); Stensbæk Plan- gård Skov v. Malling (11 July 1976 EF). — F: Knagelbjerg tage (July 1948–June 1952 JWH 56 specs) Vojens (May 1956 Skov (23 Aug 1964 NPK); Lindebjerg (23 July 1890 RHS 2 KP). — WJ: Blåbjerg Plantage (21 June 1981 SA/VM); Give specs); Lohals (July 1913–July 1920 WL 4 specs); Aasø Skov Plantage (5 July 1971 LR); Ho Plantage (25 May 1979 AJ, 18 (Aug 1883–Aug 1889 RWS 10 specs). — LFM: Christians- July 1971 2 specs, 1 July 1974 ER 3 specs, 13 July 1972 OL); 234 M. N. LARSEN & R. MEIER

Kærgård Plantage (20 June 1981 SA/VM 2 specs); Nørholm 34 specs); Mors (20 June 1943 SN); Tved Plantage, Thy (June Skov (13 June 1961 AM); Skallingen (20 June 1982 OK 2 1960–July 1962 LL 8 specs); Ørgaard, Thy (21 June 1960 LL specs, 30 July 1983 TP 2 specs); Trehøje (10 June 1990 ST 2 5 specs, 17 July 1956 JWH 2 specs). — NWZ: Bjergsted specs); Ulfborg Skovdistrikt (5 June 1980 SA/VM 2 specs). Bakker (25 June 1977 SA/VM); Jyderup (25 June 1977 SA/ VM), Nykøbing Klint (3 June 1984 TP); Rørvig (21 June 5. Dioctria atricapilla Meigen, 1804 1970 HE, RWS); Røsnæs (17 May 1977 ER). — SJ: Anderup B: Bymølle (2 July 1846 WL); Stampen (27 June 1972 KS). v. Christiansfeld (22 June 1974 EF); Ribe (June 1914/June — EJ: Dråby Skov (5 June 1997 TM); Ferup, NV for Kolding 1915 2 specs); Sottrupskov (12 June 1893 WHW); Stensbæk (10 July 1997 TM); Fuglslev (16 July 1997 TM 2 specs); Plantage (11 July 1950/ 31 May 1952 JWH 2 specs); Sønder- Funder (29 June 1941, 13 July 1975 EF 2 specs); Gjern borg (May 1885–Aug 1900 WHW 7 specs); Tønder (19 May Bakker (19 June 1994 ST); Gårslev Skov (22 June 1985 TM); 1948 PJ 3 specs). — SZ: Faxe (RWS 2 specs); Køge (7 July Hjarup v. Kolding (16 June 1973 EF); Kjeldtoft (4 May 1960 1902 CRL), Ringsted (18 June 1911); Skælskør (HJH 2 ML); Mols (ML 4 specs,15 June 1916, 14 June 1960 Lyne- specs). — WJ: Frederikshåb (20 June 1976 EF); Give (26 borg 2 specs); Næsgaard (6 June 1918 JH); Sallisig (5 June June 1971 LR); Kærgård Plantage (20 June 1981 SA/VM); 1960 ML); Samsø (14/15 June 1979 BP 3 specs); Rønde (25 Nr.Vosborg (7 June 1980 SA/VM 2 specs); Skjern Å (13 June June 2001 TM 2 specs); Silkeborg (June 1902 3 specs, 19 1990 TM); Tipperne (June 1973 ER 2 specs, 6 July 1964 June 1906 AP 2 specs, 28 June 1907, 29 May 1907 WL, 27 WB); Torsminde (9 June 1980 SA/VM 2 specs); Ulfborg June 1919); Strandkær, Mols (10 June 1996 TM); Stubbe Sø Skovdistrikt (June 1980 SA/VM); Vedersø Klit (8 June 1961 (26 June 1995 TM); Stubdrup v. Kolding (3 July 1976 EF 3 PN), Vellinge (24 July 1951 KOL). specs); Sælvig (4 June 1990 TM); Udbyhøj (2 July 1988 ST 2 specs); Uldrup Bakker v Horsens Fjord (30 June 1971 EF 3 6. Dioctria cothurnata Meigen, 1820 specs); Vejle (3 June 1906 2 specs, 12 June 1974 TM); Viborg EJ: Frijsenborg (HJH); Gjerlev (July 1882 HJH); Gjern (8 June 1974); Ørting Mose v. Odder (11 July 1975 EF); Bakker (28 July 1988 ST); Grejsdal (15 Aug 1908 4 specs, 5 Århus (20 June 1915 JKF). — F: Fynshoved (19 June 1971); July 1917, Aug 1883 HJH 3 specs, 27 July 1964 OM 6 specs, Fåborg (RWS 2 specs); Hindsholm (June/July 1971EE 4 2 Aug 1908 WL 3 specs); Jelling (8 Aug 1960); Jenskjær (12 specs); Knudshoved (31 May 1943 PJ/TW 2 specs); Kors- July 1911); Løvenholm skov (7 Aug 2001, ST); Silkeborg (11 havn (9 July 1971); Langesø (12 June 1871 RWS), Nordvest Aug 1915 JH); Vejle (July 1874 RWS 9 specs, 8 July 1874 Fyn (9 June 1984 TP); Ringe (24 June 1967 Ryholt); Ristinge WL). — F: Fåborg (RCS). — LFM: Koldskov (12 June Klint (31 May 1983 OL/OM 8 specs). — LFM: Bjørup (30 1912); Pinholt (14 Aug 1915). — NEJ: Allerup Bakker (23 June 1977 KP), Hydesby (9 June 1977 KP). — NEJ: Frede- Aug 1911, 9 Aug 1980 KS, 1912 Thomsen); Gistrup (29 July rikshavn (9 July 1970); Kandestederne (11 July 1991 RB) ; 1918); Hjørring (24 July 1934 Rævskjær 2 specs); Krogens Liver åens udløb (3 June 1978 SA/VM); Skiveren (1 June Mølle (11 Aug 2001TM 2 specs); Sæby (July 1881 HJH 2 1998 TM); Store Vildmose (1 June 1978 SA/VM); Trend, specs); Vrangbæk (30 Aug 1996 TM). — NEZ: Hareskov Bjørnsh. pl (29 June 2001 ST) ; Vindblæs Hede (30 May (Sept 1891 EAL). — NWJ: Humlum (8 Aug 1959 4 specs). 1978 SA/VM 5 specs). — NEZ: Amager (20 June 1909 WL); — SJ: Gram (3 Aug 1975 TM, July 1889/July 1891 WHW 3 Amager Fælled (12 June 1977 SA); Asserbo (25 June 1972 specs); Sønderhav (4 Aug 1946 KSt). — SZ: Lyderslev (July KS); Boserup (HJH 7 specs); Brede (4 July 1941 SLT); 1882 HJH). — WJ: Nørholm (13 Aug 1915 5 specs, July Damhusmosen (6 June 1911 CRL 2 specs, RWS 3 specs, 5 1918– Aug 1924 8 specs, 21 July 1961 AM, July 1910 JH 2 July 1923); Damhussøen (20 June 1910 CRL, 28 May 1911 2 specs). specs, RWS 3 specs); Danstrup Hegn (6 July 1972 HE); Dragør (24 June 1910, 23 June 1872 RWS); Dyrehaven (11 7. Dioctria hyalipennis (Fabricius, 1794) June 1905 WL); Ermelunden (July 1906–July 1916 CRL 4 specs, June 1966–July 1970 ER 4 specs, 8 June 1922 AK, B: Stampen (23 June 1972 KS); Locality unknown (RWS 2 June 1906–June 1910 WL 5 specs); Frederiksholm Lergrave specs). — EJ: Allinggaard (19 June 1910); Baggeskoven (11 (July 1895–June 1907 CRL 4 specs); Søndersø (1964); Geel June 1960); Bjerringbro (23 July 1972 JL); Egtved (26 June Skov (15 July 1900 CRL); Gribskov (1818, 19 July 1915); 1923); Fakkegrav (19 July 1910); Fjeld (1951); Frijsenborg Hillerød (10 July 1927 OH); Strandmøllen (14 June 1970 OL/ (HJH); Fuglslev (Aug 1996 TM); Funder (2 July 1906, 8 Aug HE); Jonstrupvang (19 June 1970 ER); Jægerspris (MH); 1915, 25 May 1913 JH); Grejsdal (2 Aug 1908 WL); Hadsund Ordrup (12 June 1932); Ordrup Mose (June 1906–June 1907 (12 Aug 1936 SGL); Haven (19 June 1960 ML); Hestehaven WL 5 specs); Præstevang (10 June 1905 CRL); Saltholm (20/ ved Rønde (1 Sep 1996 TM); Hevring Hede (10 Aug 2001 ST 21 June 1971 5 specs, 30 June 1976 ER, 5 June 1872 RWS); & TM); Horsens (HJH); Haarup (5 July 1908 3 specs); Nordøstsjælland (20 June 1880 RWS 12 specs); Sjælsø (5 Javngyde v. Ry (3 June 1973 EF); Jelling (5 Aug 1917); July 1972 KS), Smørmosen (27 May 1973 TM); Stasevang Juelsminde (23 Aug 1908 2 specs); Kantarelkrattet (19 June (28 June 1953 SLT); Staunings Ø (25 May 1953 WB); 1960 ML); Mols (15 June 1916, 5 July 1934 SGL); Nørre- Stenholtsvang (28 June 1903/12 June 1904 CRL 5 specs); skov, Vejle (1 Aug 1908 WL, 6/24 July 1874 RWS 2 specs); Strødam (11 June 1927 JPK); Søllerød (25 June 1930); Rude Strand v. Odder (22 June 1975–30 June 1979 EF 5 Tisvilde (24 June 1970 ER, 8 June1918 AK, 8–10 July 1907 specs); Ry (5 June 1913 JH 2 specs); Silkeborg (July 1906– WL 3 specs, 17 June 1973 OL); Tokkekøb Hegn (18 June July 1919 25 specs, 6 July 1913 JH, 4 July 1916 PN); 1901 CRL); Tyvekrog (12 June 1907 WL 8 specs); Vester- Stallerup v. Kolding (29 June 1968 EF); Stensballe (15 July fælled (15 June 1908 WL). — NWJ: Hansted (10 June 1960 1874 RWS); Strandkær (12 June 1960 LL 2 specs, 30/31 July WB); Harboør (13 June 1949); Humlum (15/16 June 1958 LL 1991 ML 2 specs); Stubbe Sø, N for (1 July 2001 TM); CONSERVATION STATUS OF DANISH ASILIDAE (DIPTERA) 235

Støvring (15 Aug 1907 2 specs); Torsager (26 June 1949 SK); (WHW); Stensbæk Plantage (July 1948–Aug 1954 JWH 5 Uldrup Bakker v. Horsens Fjord (30 June 1971–9 Aug 1980); specs); Sønderborg (June 1887–July 1905 WHW 8 specs). — Vejle (June/July 1874 RWS 6 specs); Ågeshøj (4 July 1954 BU: Faxe (RWS 5 specs, 14 July 1912 WL); Holtug Stevns ML). — F: Agernæs (6 July 1971 EE); Fåborg (RWS 3 (18 Aug 1969 ER); Kastrup Storskov (15 June 1960 AM); specs); Hesselagergård (13 July 1971 2 specs); Hindsholm (9 Stoksbjerg (29 July 1983 SA); Suserup Skov (28 July 1945 July 1971 EE 2 specs); Hofmannsgave (HJH 2 specs); Kaj- EZ). — WJ: Aulum (25 July 1962); Fanø (20 July 1907 WL); bjerg Skov (12 July 1971 EE 3 specs); Lunge Bjerge (16 July Holstebro (20 July 1924 WL 3 specs); Husby Klitplantage (8 1971 EE 5 specs); Middelfart (18/21 July 1907 WL 4 specs); June 1980 SA/VM); Krathus Krat (5 July 1960); Skørbæk- Næbbeskov (3 July 1971 AN); Odense (HJH 5 specs); Pad- lund (29 July 1963 ET). desø (15 July 1971 2 specs); Purreskov (13 July 1971 EE 2 specs); Snarup Mose (4 July 1967 EF); Svanninge Bakker (18 8. Dioctria linearis (Fabricius, 1787) June 1971); Teglværksskov (14 July 1971 EE 5 specs); EJ: Assendrup v. Odder (16 July 1978/ 7 Aug 1980 EF 2 Veflinge (HJH 2 specs); Vornæs Skov (2 July 1990 TM); specs); Bilsbæk v. Odder (27 July 1976 EF); Bjørnholm Skov Æbelø (30 June 1937 SGL). — LFM: Femø (Aug 1891 WL); (29 June 1988 TM); Horsens (OJ); Klakring(10 Aug 1918); Guldborg Storskov (10 July 1964 NMA 3 specs); Korselitze Lillering Skov (15 June 2001 RB); Lyngbæksgård Skov (6 (4 July 1912 CRL 2 specs); Lysemose (14 Aug 1874 RWS); July 2001 TM); Hov v. Odder (15 July 1968 EF); Rugård Maglemose (9 July 1974 KS, 24 June 1873 RWS); Marielyst Sønderskov (22 June 1990/24 July 1996 TM 4specs); Støv- (1 Aug 1966 BP); Merretsskov (9 July 1873 RWS); Orebygd., ring (July/Aug 1907 PN 3 specs); Vejle (June 1971/Aug 1974 Skov nordøst for (26 May 1990 TM); Roden Skov (3 July TM 2 specs); Østergård Skov v. Malling (11 July 1976 EF 2 1972, TM); Sundby Storskov (5 July 1942 JPK); Toreby (26 specs). — F: Båring (21 July 1974 KS 2 specs); Hofmansgave June 1945 JWH); Vejringe (2 Aug 1910 EP). — NEJ: (HJH 2 specs); Humble (20 July 1964 OM); Kajbjerg Skov Hjørring (25 July 1934); Farsø (10 July 1983 SA); Skagen (27 (12 July 1971 EE), Lohals (6 July 1909/ 9 July 1913 WL 2 June 1988 RB); Tolne Bakker (3 July 1970); Ålbæk Klit- specs), Odense (HJH 2 specs); Paddesø (15 July 1971 EE); plantage (4 July 1970). — NEZ: Asserbo (23 June 1972 KS, Sædballe Skov (23 July 1964 OM 5 specs); Tolsbjerg Skov 14 June 1952 JWH); Bagsværd (18 June 1959 LL); Bognæs (24 July 1964 OM). — LFM: Bogø (8 Aug 1922 PN 4 specs, (22 June 1930 CD); Boserup (24 June 1902 CRL); Brede (14 July 1917 WL 2 specs); Høvblege (8 July 1977 KS); Kor- July 1972 KS); Buresø (17 June 1972 KS); Bøllemosen (7 selitze (2/8 July 1912 CRL 2 specs); Liselund 26 July 1941 July 1896 CRL 2 specs); Charlottenlund (28 June 1901 AK); SLT); Lolland (June 1873 RWS 2 specs); Nykøbing Falster (4 Donse (10 Aug 1902 CRL 3 specs); Dronningmølle (21 July Aug 1924 WL); Næsgård (16 Aug 1907 WL 2 specs); Thure- 1984 EF); Dyrehaven (July 1967/1968 ER 3 specs, 11 July by (EAL); Roden Skov (July 1945–July 1959 JWH 5 specs); 1884 HJH); Ermelunden (July 1966/July 1968 ER 2 specs, Rødby Strand (1 Aug 1924 WL); Røgbølle Sø (24 marts 1973 Aug 1906/Aug 1909 WL 2 specs); Espergærde (9 Aug 1908 OL); Vejringe (2 Aug 1910 EP 2 specs). — NEZ: Allindelille WL); Farum (27 July 1965 OM); Folehave Skov (29 June (15 June 1984 TP); Grib Skov (21 July 1975 MMS); Ryget 1913 AK, 7 July 1968 OJ); Frederikslund (7 Aug 1903 CRL); Skov (20 June 1915 CRL); Strødam (July 1964 AMH); Geel Skov (July 1899/July 1900 CRL 3 specs); Gurrevang (5/ Svendstrup (HJH). — NWZ: Jyderup (7 July 1972 KS, 25 9 Aug 1902 CRL 2 specs); Hareskov (14 June 1932, 24 June June 1977 SA/VM 3 specs). — SJ: Nørreskoven, Als (27 1957 LL 2 specs); Hornbæk (5 Aug 1913 EO); Jonstrup Vang June 1960 LL); Rinkenæs Skov (25 June 1960 LL 2 specs); (18 July 1975 HE); Kongelunden (8 June 1944 JWH); Korn- Sottrupskov (24 June 1960 LL); Sønderborg (22 July 1920 2 agervej (July 1980/June 1981 FSA 3 specs); København specs, June 1886/July 1889 WHW 3 specs). — SZ: Faxe (HJH 3 specs); Lejre (5 July 1903 CRL); Lellinge Å (17 Aug Ladeplads (RWS 3 specs, July 1912 WL 22 specs); Karre- 1968 ER); Lundtofte (27 July 1972 KS); Lyngby Mose (10 bæksminde (July 1916); Kærehave (6 July 1912 2 specs); July 1906 WL); Nordre Saltholm (12 July 1949); Præstevang Køge (7 July 1902 CRL); Suserup Skov (23 July 1914). (14 June 1903 CRL, 29 June 1906 WL 2 specs); Rude hegn (14 june 1898 CRL, 24 June 1884 HJH); Ryget Skov (5 July 9. Dioctria oelandica (Linnaeus, 1758) 1914 CRL, June 1937/July 1941 JWH 3 specs); Sandkro (18 July 1909); Slagslunde Skov (11 July 1959 LL 3 specs); B: Allinge (July 1883 HJH 2 specs); Almindingen (July 1883 Stenholtsvang (July 1901–June 1914 CRL 3 specs); Strødam HJH); Bagå (19 June 1964 OM/BVP); Balka (14 June 1971 (2 Aug 1961, 31 July 1962 AMH, 24 June 1927 JPK); Tibirke CFJ); Christiansø (6 June 1973 OL); Gudhjem (25 June 1969 (July 1908/July 1913 AK 2 specs); Tirsdagsskoven (4 July NHMA); Hammersholm (22 June 1964 OM/BVP); Læså (23 1918); Tisvilde (July 1907–June 1916 6 specs, June 1915/ June 1964 OM/BVP); Paradisbakkerne (25 June 1964 OM/ June 1918 AK 3 specs, 17 June 1973 OL 3 specs, July 1905– BVP), Rutsker Højlyng (4 July 1966 BVP, 14 July 1938 KSt); July 1907 WL 22 specs); Tokkekøb Hegn (18 June 1901 Rø (July 1883 HJH); Stampen (June 1972 KS 2 specs); CRL, 1 Aug 1941 TW); Trørød (12 Aug 1908 EO); Tyvekrog Vallensgård Mose (24 June 1964 OM/BVP); Vang (6 July (12 June 1907 WL 3 specs); Ørholm (June 1906/July 1908 1966 BVP 2 specs); Åker (27 June 1964 OM/BVP). — EJ: WL 4 specs). — NWJ: Skive (25 June 1942 JWH); Torup (11 Eltang v. Kolding (24 June 1972 EF); Fjeld Skov (25 June July 1974 KS). — NWZ: Bjergsted Bakker (25 June 1977 1944); Fladbro (11 June 1950 HU 2 specs); Grejsdal (6 June SA/VM); Jyderup (July 1913–July 1917 CRL 10 specs, 25 1922 EP); Hansted Skov (28 June 1904), Høskov (11 June June 1977 SA/VM 2 specs); Nykøbing Klint (3 June 1984 TP 1911); Jelling Skov (14 June 1970 TM, 20 June 1909 WL); 2 specs). — SJ: Anderup v. Christiansfeld (22 June 1974 EF); Klattrup Skov, S for Vejle (30 June1971 TM); Laurbjerg Høruphav (2 Aug 1894 WHW); Nørreskoven, Als (27 June (June 1912 HU); Lillering Skov (15 June 2001 RB); Løjen- 1960 LL); Sandager (27 July 1888 WHW); Sottrupskov kjær (7 June 1911 PN); Mols (5 June 1992 ML); Mols 236 M. N. LARSEN & R. MEIER

Nørreskov (28 June 1970 OHG); Silkeborg (May–July 1907 WL). — NWZ: Bjergsted Bakker (25 June 1977 SA/VM); WL 4 specs); Strandkær (20 June 1991 ML); Støvring (July Jyderup (25 June 1977 SA/VM 3 specs, 7 July 1972 KS); 1907 PN 7 specs); Tiufkjær Skov (8 June 1969 TM). — Marielund (25 May 1974/ 12 June 1975 EF 2 specs); Nykø- LFM: Christianssæde (6 June 1973 OL); Koldskov (12 June bing Klint (3 June 1984 TP 2 specs). — SJ: Madeskov (May 1913); Korselitze (4 July 1912 CRL); Thureby (EAL 2 specs). 1887–June 1896 JWHW 3 specs); Sottrupskov (July 1886 — NEJ: Hals Nørreskov (24 June 1991 RB); Hobro (9 June WHW); Sønderborg (25 May 1895/July 1888 WHW 2 specs). 1919); Høstemark Skov (22/5 1990 JPJ); Læsø (10 Aug 1976 — SZ: Gavnø (30 May 1943 TW); Stoksbjerg (12 June 1983 EF). — NEZ: Charlottenlund (May 1902 WL, 28 June 1901 SA). — WJ: Nørholm (14/15 June 1918 4 specs). AK 3 specs); Donse (21 June 1903 CRL); Dyrehaven (27 June 1912 WL, 17/18 June 1978 ER 4 specs, 14 June 1888); 11. Molobratia teutonus (Linnaeus, 1767) Dyrnæs (5 June 1910); Folehaven (7 June 1971 HE); Fortu- nens Indelukke (6 July 1909, 18 June 1949); Frederiksdal (20 NEZ: Fuglevad (RCS); Nordsjælland (Gosch). June 1900 RHS); Hillerød (June 1934); Jonstrup Vang (June 1900–June 1901 CRL 2 specs); Jægerspris (21 June 1908 12. Lasiopogon cinctus (Fabricius, 1781) WL, July 1941); Lejre (3 July 1904 CRL); Slangerup Skov (4 B: Bagå (19 June 1964 LL/OM/BVP); Blykobbe (19 June June 1918 2 specs); Tisvilde (28 July 1907 WL); Tokkekøb 1964 LL/OM/BVP); Hammeren (18 May 1973 ER 2 specs); Hegn (10 June 1901 CRL); Tyvekrog (7 June 1908 WL). — Snogebæk Klitter (30 May 1979 SA/VM). — EJ: Anholt NWJ: Kås (8 June 1973 ER). — SJ: Draved (9 June 1936 (27–31 May 2001 ST & RB 2 specs, 3 June 1977 ER 5 specs, SKH); Kammerslusen (7 July 1915); Sønderborg (June 27 June 1974 VM 2 specs); Fuglslev (13 May 1998 TM 2 1885–June 1903 WHW 5 specs). — SZ: Faxe (RWS 4 specs); specs); Funder (May 1906–May 1911 13 specs); Grenå Hede Kærehave (14/21 June 1912 2 specs); Nyraad (7 June 1908 (5 May 1999 ST); Lemming Bæk (21 June 1908); Mols (ML WL); Ringsted (11 June 1908). — WJ: Busk (11 June 1881); 2 specs); Rude Strand v. Odder (17 June 1985 EF); Sejs v. Grimstrup Krat (21 June 1917 4 specs); Nørholm (23 June Silkeborg (15 May 1981 EF); Silkeborg (May 1906–May 1901, 14 June 1918 3 specs, 12 June 1961 AM 2 specs, 10 1919 8 specs, 8 June 1907 WL); Svejbæk (12 June 1907); June 1967 EF 2 specs). Uldrup Bakker v. Horsens Fjord (16 May 1981 EF 2 specs). — F: Gyldensten Skov (1 June 1960 AM); Mariendal Skov (4 10. Dioctria rufipes (De Geer, 1776) June 1964 BWR). — LFM: Møn (May 1849); Nyord (7 June 1908 WL). — NEJ: Allerup (19 May 1918); Bunken Plan- B: Almindingen (July 1883 HJH); Stampen (27 June 1972 tage (19 April 1997 RB); Dannerhøj (19 May 1918 JKF 2 KS). — EJ: Dollerup (5 June 1906 AP 4 specs), Gjern Bakker specs); Frederikshøj (3 June 1963 WB 3 specs); Hobro (9 (June 1988 ST); Klattrup (14 June 1969 TM); Kærsgaard (25 June 1916); Hvalpsund (29 May 1977 SA); Oksholm Skov June 1912 EP 2 specs, 9 June 1957 NHMA); Moesgård (16 (31 May 1978 SA/VM 2 specs); Råbjerg Mile (4 June 1978 June 1988 ST); Ry (5 June 1913 EP 3 specs); Silkeborg SA/VM 2 specs); Svinkløv (10 June 1928 WL); Åsted Ådal (2 (May–June 1907 8 specs, 4 July 1916 PN); Sinding (5 June June 1978 SA/VM 2 specs). — NEZ: Asserbo (5 June 1931); 1915 EP); Strandkær (30 May 1991/4 June 1992 ML 3 specs). Damhusmosenn (7 July 1910 CRL); Dyrehaven (8 June 1974 — F: Enebærodde (29 May 1983 OL/OM); Gyldensten Skov ER); Freerslev Hegn (22 May 1960 4 specs); Geel Skov (23 (1 June 1960 AM); Humble (30 June 1929 OH). — LFM: June 1901 CRL); Hellebæk (29 May 1887 HJH); Helsingør Jydelejet (25 May 1983 SA/VM); Nørre Tvede (27 May 1990 (24 May 1953 JWH); Kattehale Skov (27 May 1970 OL); TM); Roden Skov (16 June 1946 JWH); Søholt (10 June København (HJH); Jægerspris Nordskov (21 June 1908 WL 2 1917). — NEJ: Gedebjerg, NV for Sæby (31 May 1998 TM); specs); Pleielt (May 1910/May 1914 CRL 2 specs); Smør- Lønstrup (13 June 1963 ET 2 specs); Åsted Ådal (2 June 1978 mose (12 June 1980 SA); Strødam (6 June 1927 JPK); SA/VM). — NEZ: Bagsværd (5 June 1907 3 specs, 5 June Søndersø (19 May 1992 VM 3 specs); Tisvilde (May 1916– 1914, 8 June 1957 LL 2 specs); Birkerød (8 June 1907 WL 3 May 1918 7 specs, 27 June 1900 CRL, 24 June 1970 ER 2 specs); Boserup (May 1901June 1912 CRL 3 specs, HJH 2 specs, May 1899 AK, July 1907 WL 15 specs, 25 May 1968 specs); Brede (2 June 1872 RWS); Bøllemose (23 June 1915); OL 3 specs); Tokkekøb Hegn (1 May 1984 VM 2 specs, 11 Donse (24 June 1916 CRL); Dyrehaven (5 June 1968/8 June May 1902 RWS); Tyvekrog (12 June 1907 WL). — NWJ: 1971 ER 2 specs, 11 June 1905 WL); Ermelunden (8 July Hansted Reservat (8/10 June 1960 3 specs); Tved Plantage 1907 CRL, 13 June 1906 WL, June 1967/June 1970 ER 2 (21 June 1960 LL); Ørgård (14 June 1954 JWH 3 specs). — specs); Frerslev Hegn (17 June 1916 CRL ); Furesø (14 June NWZ: Rørvig (RWS 17 specs, 5 June 1966 SGL); Røsnæs 1900 RWS); Ganløse Orned (16 June 1961 ZMUC); Geel (June 1976/May 1977 ER 3 specs, May 1966/May 1978 OM Skov (27 June 1901 CRL, 14 June 1905 RWS); Grib Skov (26 3 specs). — SJ: Stensbæk Plantage (June 1949–May 1952 May 1984 TP); Hareskov (21 June 1908 WL); Herlev (11 JWH 20 specs). — SZ: Stoksbjerg (22 May 1983 SA); June 1943 JWH); Jonstrupvang (19 June 1970 ER 2 specs); Tjustrup Sø (HJH 9 specs). — WJ: Dalagergård Plantage (3 Klosterris (15 July 1972 KS); Ordrup Hegn (29 June 1909 June 1974 TM); Esbjerg (29 May 1917); Henne Strand (5 WL); Præstevang (10 June 1905 CRL); Rude Hegn (14 June June 1961 EF 4 specs); Måbjerg (18 May 1959 TP); Ny- 1898 CRL 2 specs); Rødovre (30 May 1953 WB 2 specs); mindegab (1 June 1907 WL). Smørmose (10 June 1983 VM); Strødam (19 June 1964 AMH); Svendstrup (HJH 4 specs); Søndersø (19 May 1993 13. Cyrtopogon lateralis (Fallén, 1814) VM); Tisvilde (24 June 1970 ER, June 1917 AK., 22 June 1916); Tokkekøb Hegn (June 1900–June 1906 CRL 4 specs); NEZ: Gribskov (13 June 1977 SA); Præstevang (24 June Tyvekrog (12 June 1907 WL 10 specs); Ørholm (3 June 1911 1905 CRL); Tyvekrog (13 June 1907 WL). CONSERVATION STATUS OF DANISH ASILIDAE (DIPTERA) 237

14. Leptarthrus brevirostris (Meigen, 1804) 12 July 1906 WL 7 specs). — NWJ: Humlum (17 June 1958 B: Vallensgård Mose (24 June 1964 OM/BVP). — LFM: LL); Tved Plantage (June 1960/June 1961 LL 9 specs); Mors Maglemose (JCS 2 specs); Røgbølle Sø (24 March 1973 OL (3 July 1942 SN 2 specs). — NWZ: Bjergsted Bakker (25 2 specs). — NEZ: Allindelille (13 June 1984 SA, 20 June June 1977 SA/VM 5 specs); Jyderup (9 July 1913 CRL); 1915 2 specs, 13 June 1944 PJoh., June 1914–July 1915 8 Rørvig (20 June 1970 HE). — SJ: Haderslev (21 June 1963 specs,13 July 1976 BP 2 specs); Bognæs (16 June 1987 VM); ET); Sandkulen (14 July 1914); Sottrupskov (12 June 1893 Boserup (14 June 1902 CRL 4 specs); Ermelunden (16 June WHW); Stensbæk Plantage (July 1950 JWH 3 specs); Søn- 1872 RWS, 8 July 1907 CRL); Jægerspris Nordskov (21 June derborg (June 1886–June 1893 WHW 5 specs). — SZ: Faxe 1908 WL 11 specs); Pleielt (6 June 1915 CRL 2 specs); (RWS 3 specs); Karrebæksminde (July 1916/July 1919 PN 2 Tisvilde (14 June 1886 RWS 3 specs, June 1900 CRL 2 specs); Køge (7 July 1902 CRL 3 specs); Skælskør (HJH). — specs); Sorø (RWS 3 specs). — SZ: Skælskør (HJH 14 WJ: Esbjerg (1 Aug 1919, 17 June 1917 PN 2 specs); Aulum specs). (7 Aug 1963 ET); Ho Plantage (15 July 1977 ER); Nørholm (23 June 1901); Ringkøbing (July 1951 KOL 10 specs); 15. Leptogaster cylindrica (De Geer, 1776) Tipperne (July 1975, 4 July 1946 FSA); Vedersø Klit (July 1942/June 1964 PN 7 specs); Velling (24 July 1951 KOL 2 B: Blykobbe (28 July 1914 EP); Hasle (July 1883 HJH 2 specs). specs); Randkløve (July 1940/July 1941 PJoh. 6 specs); Rutsker Højlyng (4 July 1966 BVP); Rø (July 1883 HJH 2 16. Leptogaster guttiventris Zetterstedt, 1842 specs); Rønne (25 July 1908); Øle Å (29 July 1914 EP); Åker (27 July 1964 OM/BVP 2 specs); Årsballe (20 Aug 1977 B: Stampen (19 July 1972 KS 2 specs); Blykobbe (5 Aug JEJ). — EJ: Fuglslev (21 June 1990 TM); Funder (15 July 1916 3 specs). — EJ: Eltang v. Kolding (24 June 1972); 1918); Grenå (19 July 1919 JH); Hestehaven, Kalø (28 June Emborg (28 July 1929 PN), Frijsenborg (HJH 2 specs); 1974 OL 2 specs); Hevring Hede (10 June 2001 ST); Kærs- Gjessø (16 June 1901 CE); Grejsdal (8 July 1874 RWS, Aug gaard (25 June 1912 EP); Silkeborg (June/July 1907 6 specs); 1883 HJH); Hov (13 July 1971 EF); Kildeslugten (8 June Rugård Strand (18 June 2001 TM); Svejbæk (23 June 1940); 1992 ML); Klattrup (30 June 1971 TM); Lyngballe Skov (7 Vejle (RWS); Viborg (18 July 1917 PN). – F: Enebærodde July 1967 NHMA), Silkeborg (June 1915–July 1934 PN 6 (July 1971 EE 9 specs); Fænø (20 July 1907 WL); Fåborg specs, 18 July 1907, 5 Sept. 1916 WL); Snaptun (13 July 1970 (RWS 7 specs); Langesø (15 June 1871 RWS); Lohals (July OHG); Strandkær (21 July 1993 ML); Svejbæk (19 July 1964 1909/July 1913 WL 4 specs); Lundeborg (21 July 1890 RHS VK 2 specs); Uldrup Bakker v. Horsens Fjord (6 Aug 1970 2 specs); Odense (HJH 3 specs); Ristinge Klit (4 Aug 1975 EF). — F: Lohals (July 1909–July 1920 WL 7 specs); Odense LL/OM/VM); Tange (7 July 1971); Ulstrup Mose (25 June (HJH 3 specs); Veflinge (HJH). — LFM: Marielyst (29 July 1871 RWS). — LFM: Bogø (6 July 1915); Guldborg Stor- 1964 NMA 2 specs). — NEJ: Hov (8 July 1922 WL); Læsø skov (9 July 1964 NMA 2 specs); Nysted (14 July 1923 WL (July 1969 ZMUC 18 specs). — NEZ: Bagsværd (20 July 2 specs); Raagø (8 June 1961 BP 2 specs). — NEJ: Bangsbo, 1957 LL); Farum Sø (1 Aug 1940 HA); Gribskov (13 July Læsø (17 June 1970–11 July 1973 EF 5 specs); Bjerget, Gjøl 1977 KP, 22 July 1898 WL); Hellerup (25 June 1970 HE); (31 May 1978 SA/VM); Frederikshavn (July 1881 HJH); Hillerød (19 July 1900 WL 2 specs); Jægerspris (July 1942); Grenen (3 July 1991 RB); Hirtshals (9 July 1996 RB); Læsø Tisvilde (24 June 1970 ER). — NWJ: Hald (Aug 1882 HJH). (July 1968/July 1969 ZMUC 24 specs, 6/7 Aug 1976 EF 2 — NWZ: Jyderup (9 July 1913 CRL 2 specs). — SJ: Arnum specs); Skagen (13 July 1983 RB, June 1971/July 1986 HE 3 (27 July 1938 JWH); Spandet Skov (9 Aug 1964 PJen); specs); Store Vildmose (1 June 1978 SA/VM); Strandby (1 Stensbæk Plantage (July 1948/June 1949 JWH 2 specs); Aug 1913 PN); Tolne Bakker (3 July 1970 EE); Trend, Sottrupskov (10 Aug 1896 WHW); Sønderborg (June 1886/ Bjørnsh. pl.(29 June 2001 ST). — NEZ: Amager (12 July June 1900 WHW 2 specs). — SZ: Faxe (RWS 2 specs); 1908 WL, July 1934–July 1944 JWH 7 specs); Boserup (24 Kærehave (10 Aug 1913); Rønnebæksholm (19 July 1916 June 1902 CRL); Buresø (17 June 1972 KS 2 specs); Bølle- PN). — WJ: Skallingen (30 July 1983 TP). mose (10 July 1914); Christianshavn Vold (29 Aug 1907 WL); Damhusmosen (14 June 1913 AK); Damhussøen (June/ 17. Antipalus varipes (Meigen, 1820) July 1910 CRL 3 specs); Donse (June 1907/July 1910 CRL 2 NEJ: Frederikshavn (July 1933 PK). — NEZ: Asserbo (July specs); Dyrehaven (29 July 1907 WL 8 specs); Ermelunden (4 1904 AK); Jægerspris (11 July 1914 WL); Melby (22 July June 1911, 23 July 1967 ER, 22 June 1906 WL 3 specs); 1909 WL); Tibirke (July 1908–July 1913 AK 4 specs); Tis- Frederiksholm Lergrave (5 July 1899 CRL); Freerslev Hegn vilde (22 June 1918, 20 June 1920 2 specs, 2 July 1916 AK, (4 July 1906 WL 2 specs, 13 June 1916 CRL); Geel Skov (11 11 July 1959 PB, Aug 1906–July 1909 WL 23 specs, 6 JuFly June 1899 CRL 2 specs); Glostrup (19 June 1981 FSA); 1952 WB); Ørholm (27 June 1936 WL). Havreholm (26 July 1902 CRL 2 specs); Humlebæk (4 July 1873); Lejre (July 1903–July 1907 CRL 6 specs); Lyngby (24 18. Asilus crabroniformis Linnaeus, 1758 July 1981); Jægerspris Skov (21 June 1908 WL); Nyrup Hegn (7 July 1985 SA, 20 July 1915 WL); Ravneholm Skov B: Rø (26 July 1943 JCJ). — EJ: Als Odde (July 1903 WL); (22 June 1969 ER); Rude Hegn (15 July 1899 CRL, 29 June Anholt (7 Aug 1925 FWB, Aug 1916 Johansen); Essendrup v. 1889 HJH); Raageleje (11 July 1940); Saltholm (ER); Sten- Laurbjerg (Aug 1916 HU 2 specs); Fladbro Hede (7 Aug 1957 holtsvang (12 June 1904 CRL); Tisvilde (24 June 1900 CRL, HU); Funder (29 July 1918 EP); Gudenåens udspring (4 Aug 8 July 1907 WL 2 specs); Valby (28 July 1909); Vangede 1994 EF 2 specs); Hald (25 June 1910 WL 2 specs, 16 July Mose (27 Aug 1904 CRL); Vesterfælled (29 June 1917 CRL, 1910); Hjussvig v. Laasby (Aug 1939); Horsens (1907); 238 M. N. LARSEN & R. MEIER

Jelling (25 July 1921 WL); Jelling Skov (Aug 1937/ 8 July rikssund (29 June 1908 WL 2 specs); Freerslev Hegn (4 July 1955 EF 4 specs); Klostermølle (10 Aug 1916 EP 4 specs, 14 1906 WL, 13 June 1916 CRL); Ganløse Orned (5 Aug 1964 2 Aug 1916 PN 2 specs); Kongsø Plantage (20 Aug 1842 specs), Geel Skov (19 June 1881 2 specs, 25 May 1981 ER, 2 Fäster); Marselisborg (3 Aug 1912 WL); Mols (20 Aug 1977 July 1882 RWS); Gurrevang (5 Aug 1902 CRL), Hareskov NHMA); Randers (Aug 1930); Sminge (10 Sept 1988 ST 2 (June 1906–June 1918 CRL 4 specs, 16 June 1957 KA 2 specs); Sondrup (8 Aug 1959 EF); Sødal Skov (Aug 1992 specs); Hillerød (27 June / 11 July 1899 2 specs); Vaserne (28 ST); Thorsager (28 July 1912; July 1960/May 1961 NCS 2 June 1967 OB); Humlebæk (4 July 1873), Jægerspris (June specs); Uldrup Bakker v. Horsens Fjord (4 Aug 1979 EF). — 1941 HA 3 specs, June 1908/July 1914 WL 2 specs); Køben- F: Fåborg (29 July 1870/27 July 1878 RWS 3 specs); Hinds- havn (10 June 1894 WHW); Nordskoven, Jægerspris (1 July holm (July/Aug 1936 HL 3 specs); Næbbeskov (8 Aug 1975 1967 EF); Nyrup Hegn (July 1913/July 1915 WL 3 specs); LL, OM, VM); Odense (1885 HJH 3 specs); Veflinge (1885 Plejelt (17 July 1902 CRL); Rude Hegn (15 July 1899 CRL, HJH). — LFM: Bøtø Nor (27 Aug 1961); Kallø Strand (8 29 June 1884 HJH); Ryget Skov (20 June 1915 CRL); Sten- Aug 1899 WL 2 specs); Lysemose (July 1874 RWS); Maribo holtsvang (June 1902–June 1911 CRL 7 specs); Søllerød (12 (4 Aug 1941 HPS); Rødby (5 July 1935 PN). — NEJ: Hals (6 June 1914 AK); Tibirke (July 1908–Aug 1912 AK 3 specs); Aug 1976 RB); Hvalpsund (13 July 1977 SA); Høstemark Tisvilde (24 June 1970 ER 2 specs, 14 June 1916 AK, July Skov (7 Aug 1969 JPJ, 21 July 1996 RB); Lodskovvad (22 1907 WL 9 specs); Tokkekøb Hegn (19 July 1907 CRL 2 Aug 1994 RB); Læsø (12 Sept 1932); Læsø Højsande (19 July specs); Tyvekrog (13 June 1907 WL), Ørholm (2 June 1872 1979 EF); Madum Sø (27 Sept 1997 ST); Rebild (18 Aug RWS, 27 June 1906 WL 2 specs). — NWZ: Bjergsted Bakker 1912 NHMA); Tylstrup (18 Aug 1941 SGL); Vegger (July (25 June 1977 SA/VM); Dragsholm (17 May 1948 JWH): 1947 JWH 6 specs). — NEZ: Amager (13 Sept 1942 JWH); Jyderup (July 1913–July 1917 CRL 3 specs, 7 July 1938 HL, Donse (26 July 1903); Folehave Skov (31 Aug 1941 SLT); 25 June 1977 SA/VM), Rørvig (RWS 2 specs). — SJ: Frederikssund (31 July 1912 Marcussen); Ganløse Orned (31 Madeskov (June 1889–June 1896 WHW 4 specs); Stensbæk Aug 1961 AF); Havreholm (28 July 1903 CRL); Helsingør Plantage (16/21 June 1949 JWH 2 specs); Sønderborg (June (1890 RWS 3 specs); Hillerød (Aug 1898); Jægerspris Nord- 1886–June 1903 WHW 6 specs). — SZ: Ravnsbjerg (21 July skov (5/17 Aug 1871 RWS 14 specs); Kløvested (27 Aug 1938 HL); Skælskør (HJH 8 specs). — WJ: Nørholm (June 1938 TW); Ordrup (4 Aug 1903 WL 2 specs); Plejelt (July 1918/30 July 1910 PN 2 specs). 1901–July 1908 CRL 11 specs); Risø (20 July 1912 Marcus- sen); Ryget (15 Aug 1918 2 specs); Tibirke (July 1912 2 20. Dysmachus trigonus (Meigen, 1804) specs); Tisvilde (Sept 1907–Aug 1921 7 specs, 18 Sept 1888 RWS, 22 July 1905 WL); Tokkekøb Hegn (13 Aug 1961). — B: Hammerknuden (6 July 1966 BVP); Hammersholm (22 NWJ: Mønsted (11 Aug 1911); Skive (22 July 1941 JWH 2 June 1964 OM/BVP). — EJ: Dalover, Ranbøldal (8 July specs); Tingstrup (14 Aug 1957 PH). — NWZ: Kongstrup 1997 TM); Femmøller (8 July 1926); Funder (11 July 1909, Klint (10 Aug 1958 P.Ki 2 specs, 10 Aug 1997 OM 2 specs); June 1910/Sept 1911 PN 3 specs, 13 July 1975 EF); Hadsund Ostrup (4 Aug 1903 AK); Rørvig (28 July 1902 WL); Røsnæs (12 July 1967 NHMA); Hald (22 July 1885, 25 June 1910 WL (Aug 1977/Sept1988 OM 3 specs). — SJ: Bevtoft (WHW); 2 specs); Hjarup v. Kolding (16 June 1973 EF); Hvidding Haderslev (9 Aug 1903 2 specs); Spandet (7 Aug 1940 JWH); Krat (28 June 2001 RB); Issehoved (14 June 1979 BP 2 Sønderborg (Sept 1888 WHW). — SZ: Haslev (1917); Kære- specs); Jelling Skov (30 June 1939 EF); Kjeldtoft (4 May have (20 Sept 1908); Ringsted (18 July 1912); Vallø Strand (8 1960 ML); Margrethediget (6 June 1938 EF); Mols (15 June Aug 1899 RHS). — WJ: Esbjerg (Sept 1915 PN); Rind (20 1916, June 1960 LL 5 specs, 5 June 1991 ML 5 specs, 9 July July 1912 Marcussen); Villebøl (10 Aug 1910 2 specs). 1934 SGL); Randbøl (13 July 1968 TM); Rude Strand v. Odder (30 July 1077–17 June 1985 EF 7 specs); Ry (15 June 1919 PN); Sdr. Vissing (17 June 1966 EF); Silkeborg (June 19. Didysmachus picipes (Meigen, 1820) 1903–June 1914 6 specs, 1912 JH, June 1911/July 1916 PN 5 EJ: Silkeborg (8 June 1911 PN); Stubdrup v. Kolding (4 June specs); Strandkær (3 June 1964 NHMA 2 specs, 20 June 1991 1975–17 July 1976 EF 5 specs); Svanemose v. Kolding (23 ML); Stubdrup v. Kolding (3 July 1976 EF); Svejbæk (12 June 1968 EF); Tvillum (10 July 1910 PN 2 specs); Uldrup June 1907 5 specs); Torsager (20 July 1963 EF); Uldrup Bakker v. Horsens Fjord (9 Aug 1980 EF). — F: Fåborg Bakker v. Horsens Fjord (16 July 1969–21 June 1975 EF 9 (RWS 3 specs); Odense (HJH). — LFM: Korselitze (11 July specs); Vejle (RWS); Østergård Skov v. Malling (6 June 1976 1912 CRL 2 specs); Nysted (7 July 1923 WL 2 specs); EF); Århus (27 May 1978 NHMA). — F: Assens Strand Nørresø (9 July 1876 RWS); Roden Skov (16 June 1946 (1977 SA); Enebærodde (July 1971 EE 8 specs); Agernæs (6 JWH). — NEJ: Bangsbo (18 June 1905 WL); Frederikshavn July 1971 EE); Fåborg (RWS 8 specs); Jerstrup Skov (29 June (July 1881 HJH 4 specs, 1 July 1908 WL, 5 July 1970 EE); 1960 AM 2 specs); Langeskov (RWS); Lohals (16 July 1913 Hjørring (25 July 1934 Rævskjær); Pajhede Skov (12 July WL11 specs); Lunge Bjerge (16 July 1971 EE); Middelfart 1970 HE); Tolne Bakker (3 July 1970 EE 3 specs); Åsted (18 July 1907 WL 3 specs), Ristinge Klint (21 July 1964 Ådal (2 June 1978 SA/VM 2 specs). — NEZ: Asserbo (14 OM); Snave (9 July 1971 EE); Spodsbjerg (30 May 1918 3 June 1952 JWH); Bøllemosen (21 June 1899); Donse (5 June specs); Svanninge Bakker (7 July 1971 EE 3 specs); Æbelø 1910 CRL); Dyrehaven (14 June 1886 CD, 2 July 1915 CRL, (25 June 1943 JWH 4 specs); Ørnsbjerg Skov 15 July 1971 23 June 1967 ER, 23 June 1967 ER); Ermelunden (8 July EE). — NEJ: Bjerget, Gjøl (31 May 1978 SA/VM 2 specs); 1907 CRL 2 specs, 13 June 1914 Klöcher., 19 June 1872 Blokhus (15 June 1913 EP); Frederikshavn (July 1881 HJH RWS 2 specs); Esrum (30 May 1981 EF); Farum (13 July 18 specs, 1 July 1908 WL); Grenen (23 June 1972 HE 2 1892 WHW); Frederikslund Skov (9 July 1980 ER), Frede- specs); Hammer Bakker (2 July 1970 EE); Hulsig (11 July CONSERVATION STATUS OF DANISH ASILIDAE (DIPTERA) 239

1908 WL 4 specs); Jerup (14 July 1908 WL); Lindum (10 Fåborg (RWS); Lohals (1 July 1909 WL). — SJ: Stensbæk June 1919 PN); Liver Åens udløb (3 June 1978 SA/VM 5 Plantage (June 1949–June 1950 JWH 6 specs). — WJ: specs); Læsø (4 July 1938 AJ, July 1881 HJH, July 1968/July Hessellund Hede (17 July 1936 NHMA 4 specs); Villebøl (22 1969 ZMUC 17 specs, 7 July 1965–1 July 1975 EF 6 specs); July 1907). Råbjerg Mile (28 June 1971 HE 2 specs, 4 June 1978 SA/ VM); Skagen (5 July 2001 RB, June 1979–July 1980 HE 23. Machimus gonatistes (Zeller, 1840) 9 specs, July 1881 HJH 2 specs, July 1905 WL); Trend, Bjørnsh. pl.(29 June 2001 ST); Vindblæs Hede (30 May 1978 EJ: Anholt (June 1936 AJ, 25 June FWB, 30 June 1974 OL SA/VM 3 specs); Åsted Ådal (2 June 1978 SA/VM). — NEZ: 11 specs, June 1934–July 1938 RH 3 specs); Anholt ved Fyret Bagsværd (1955 LL 2 specs); Hornbæk (25 June 1940); (24–26 July 2001 ST). Tibirke (July 1911 AK); Tisvilde (June 1905–June 1917 4 specs, 20 June 1908 AK, July 1907/July 1909 WL 8 specs); 24. Neoitamus cothurnatus (Meigen, 1820) Vedbæk (RCS). — NWJ: Bulbjerg (4 July 1973 KS, 13 July B: Bagå (19 June 1964 LL/OM/BVP 4 specs); Hasle (July 1908 WL); Hanstholm (10 June 1960 ZMUC 6 specs); Hum- 1883 HJH); Rønne (21 July 1913 WL). — NEZ: Allindelille lum (15/16 June 1958 LL 2 specs); Isbjerg (29 June 1961 LL); Fredskov (7 June 1914 NHMA); Jægerspris (11 July 1914 Klitmøller (12 June 1960 ZMUC 8 specs); Krabbesholm (28 WL). — SZ: Faxe (RWS); Skælskør (HJH). June 1911 2 specs); Mønsted (11 Aug 1911); Tved Plantage (June 1960/June 1961 LL 2 specs, 10 June 1960 ZMUC); 25. Neoitamus cyanurus (Loew, 1849) Ørgaard (21 June 1960 LL 3 specs, June 1954–July 1956 JWH 14 specs, June 1960 ZMUC 2 specs). — NWZ: Bjerg- B: Allinge (July 1883 HJH); Almindingen (July 1883 HJH 2 sted Bakker (25 June 1977 SA/VM 2 specs); Rørvig (RWS 6 specs, 17 June 1964 LL/OM/BVP); Bagå (19 June 1964 LL/ specs); Røsnæs (17/28 May 1977 ER 4 specs, 13 June 1978 OM/BVP 7 specs); Blykobbe (28 July 1914 EP); Gudhjem (3 OM 2 specs, 9 June 1986 VM); Vesterlyngen (25 June 1977 Aug 1968 ER 2 specs); Paradisbakkerne (30 July 1968 ER, 25 SA/VM). — SJ: Bevtoft (12 July 1892 WHW 3 specs); June 1964 OM/BVP 3 specs); Randkløve (July 1938/July Løgumkloster Skov (5 Aug 1969 ER); Rømø (12 June 1949 1942 PJoh 2 specs); Rø (25 July 1979 EF); Stampen (27 June JWH 2 specs, 2 June 1965 EF); Stensbæk Plantage (June 1972 KS); Vallensgård Mose (24 June 1964 OM/BVP 3 1948–May 1952 JWH 9 specs); Stoksbjerg (29 July 1982 specs). — EJ: Aageshøj (12 July 1955 ML); Assendrup v. SA). — WJ: Blåbjerg Plantage (21 June 1981 SA/VM 4 Odder (16 July 1978 EF); Bilsbæk v. Odder (27 July 1976 specs); Børsmose Strand (17 July 1965 EF 2 specs); Esbjerg EF); Eltang v. Kolding (24 June 1972 EF 2 specs); Femmøller (5 June 1917 PN); Fanø (30 May 1919 TM, 8 July 1967 EF); (7 July 1926); Frijsenborg (HJH 8 specs,); Funder (July 1911/ Gindeskov Krat (14 July 1967 NHMA); Henne (17 July 1966 June 1912 2 specs); Glatved Strand (26 June 1974 OL 2 EF 2 specs); Herning (Aug 1935/Sept 1951 KOL 2 specs); Ho specs); Gyveldalen (18 June 1960 ML); Horsens (HJH 2 Plantage (15 July 1975 ER 4 specs); Hvide Sande (18 June specs); Højenbækdal (4 Aug 1908 WL); Kantarelkrattet (19 1915 EP 2 specs); Kærgård Plantage (20 June 1981 SA/VM 2 June ML 2 specs); Klelund Plantage (12 July 1993 TM); specs); Nymindegab (1 June 1907 WL); Nørholm (July 1907/ Moesgaard (28 June 1918); Mols (12 June 1960 LL 2 specs); July 1910 2 specs); Skallingen (22 June 1981 VM 2 specs); Randers (17 June 1914); Rude Strand v. Odder (30 July 1977/ Søndervig (5 Aug 1907 WL 2 specs); Tipperne (June/July 5 July 1978/ 6 July 1986 EF 3 specs); Rørbæk Sø (28 July 1976 ER 2 specs, 9/10 July 1964 WB 3 specs, 15 May 1940 1964 OM); Silkeborg (18 July 1906 6 specs, May/June1907 FSA); Torsminde (9 June 1980 SA/VM); Ulfborg Skov- 5 specs, 14 June 1911, 13 July 1908 CRL, Aug 1909–July distrikt (5 June 1980 SA/VM 3 specs); Vedersø Klit (11 Aug 1919 PN 7 specs); Støvring (July–Aug 1907 5 specs); Sælvig 1934 PN); Villebøl (22 July 1907, 27 July 1946 NHMA); (4 June 1990 TM); Uldrup Bakker v. Horsens Fjord (30 June Aargab (5 Aug 1951 KOL 2 specs). 1971/9 Aug 1981 EF 2 specs); Vejle (June–July 1874 RWS 4 specs, 24 July 1924 WL 2 specs); Ørnereden (12 Aug 1934); 21. Eutolmus rufibarbis (Meigen, 1820) Østergård Skov v. Malling (6 June 1976/ 2 July 1977 EF 4 B: Hammeren (24 July 1908 EP 2 specs); Rønne (25 July specs). — F: Bogense (25 June 1943 HJH); Fåborg (RWS); 1908 EP). — EJ: Funder (2 July 1911 PN); Silkeborg (Aug Lohals (July 1909–July 1914 6 specs, July 1934); Lunge 1906 WL, Aug 1909–Aug 1918 PN 3 specs, 9 Aug 1961 AM, Bjerge (15/16 July 1971 EE 6 specs); Odense (HJH 12 specs); 18 July 1906); Uldrup Bakker v. Horsens Fjord (3 Aug 1972 Svanninge Bakker (24 July 1984 SA, 13 July 1972); Tegl- EF 2 specs). — F: Middelfart (21 July 1907 WL); Odense værksskov (14 July 1971 EE); Veflinge (HJH 4 specs); Aasø (HJH 4 specs). — LFM: Falster (8 Aug 1907 WL). — NEZ: Skov (23 June 1879 RWS). — LFM: Alsø Skov (18 June Dronningmølle (21 July 1984 EF 6 specs); Geel Skov (28 Aug 1914); Bogø (8 Aug 1922 PN); Falster (25 July 1942 KTM); 1881 RWS); Havreholm (30 July 1901 CRL); Pleielt (12/30 Fuglsang (12/13 June 1968 LL 2 specs); Koldskov (13 June July 1901 CRL 2 specs); Tisvilde (20 July 1905 WL). — 1914 3 specs); Korselitze (9 July 1912 CRL); Liselund (26 NWJ: Hald (Aug 1882 HJH). — SZ: Glænø (27 July 1989 July 1941 SLT); Maglemose (24 June 1873 RWS 2 specs); SA 2 specs). Møn (21 July 1916 EP, 19 July 1942 KSt); Næsgaard (8 Aug 1907); Roden Skov (June 1945–July 1959 JWH). — NEJ: 22. Machimus arthriticus (Zeller, 1840) Bangsbo, Læsø (8 Aug 1978/ 10 June 1984 EF 4 specs); Danzigmand, Læsø (14/15 July 1979 EF 2 specs); Frede- B: Hasle (July 1883 HJH). — EJ: Glatved Strand (28 June rikshavn (July 1881 HJH 2 specs); Hov (21 July 1922 WL); 1974 OL); Silkeborg (24 July 1906 AP 3 specs); Sminge (10/ Læsø (July 1969 ZMUC 6 specs, 9 Aug 1969–23 July 1985 15 July 1909 WL 2 specs); Svejbæk (4 July 1914). — F: EF 5 specs); Skagen (23 June 2001 RB, June 1971–July 1986 240 M. N. LARSEN & R. MEIER

HE 5 specs); Tolne (18 July 1933 PK); Tværsted Strand (5 1881 2 specs); Silkeborg (16 June 1912 PN 2 specs). — F: June 1973 NHMA); Villestrup (6 July 1894 WHW). — NEZ: Lohals (3 July 1909 WL); Stengade Skov (16 June 1879 Allerød (20 July 1979 KS); Allindelille Fredskov (13 June RWS). — LFM: Bøtø (15 June 1917, 12 July 1933); 1984 SA); Annisse (6 June 1972 KS); Asserbo (22 June 1972 Korselitze (5 July 1912 CRL); Møn (June 1879 HJH); KS, July 1914 AK, 10 July 1970 NHMA); Bagsværd (June Ulfshale (10 June 1941, 3 July 1967 EF). — NEJ: Allerup 1957–July 1959 LL 5 specs); Boserup (7 June 1904 CRL 2 Bakker (2 June 1909 WL, 2 June 1919 ACT 2 specs); specs); Brede (14 July 1972 KS 2 specs); Buresø (7 June 1972 Bangsbo (18 June 1905 WL); Blokhus (18 June 1913); Bude- KS); Bøllemose (June/July 1907 WL 3 specs, 10 June 1964); rupsholm (17 July 1917); Hulsig (11 July 1908 WL); Liver Charlottenlund (28 June 1901 AK, 11 June 1947 ES); Donse Åens udløb (3 June 1978 SA/VM 5 specs); Tolne (17 June (21 June 1961 AM, June 1902–Aug 1903 CRL 3 specs); 1983 TM). — NEZ: Asserbo (5 June 1930, 18 May 1931 Egebæks Vang (July 1915 WL 2 specs); Ermelunden (27 July HW, 24 June 1972 KS); Brede (5 June 1872 RWS); Dyrnæs 1968 ER, 15 June 1972 KS 2 specs, 22 June 1906 WL); Farum (12 July 1908); Færgelunden (23 May 1896 RHS); Hvalsø (5 (27 July 1965 OM, 3 June 1937 JWH); Folehave Skov (29 June 1894 WL); Liseleje (22 June 1972 KS); Jægerspris June 1913 AK); Frederiksdal (13 Aug 1884, 22 July 1907, 7 Nordskov (27 June 1908 WL); Tisvilde (June 1866–June Sept 1902 CRL); Frederikslund (17 June 1900 CRL); Gan- 1918 10 specs, 24 June 1900 CRL 2 specs, 5 June 1922 JPK, løse Orned (16 June 1961 ZMUC 2 specs, 30 June 1964 2 16/27 June 1916 AK 2 specs, 25 May 1914 PN, June 1906– specs, 3 July 1960 JE); Geel Skov (8 Sept 1907 WL 2 specs, July 1916 WL 11 specs, 21 June 1983 TP); Ørholm (2 June 17 July 1898 RWS 4 specs); Gribskov (22 Aug 1962 AMH, 1872 RWS). — NWZ: Nykøbing Strand (20 July 1944 21 July 1975 MMS); Hareskov (9 July 1913 AK 3 specs, 4 Mortensen 2 specs); Rørvig (RWS 5 specs, 7 June 1965 SL). Aug 1957 LL 3 specs); Hillerød (8/18 Aug 1907 WL 6 specs, — SZ: Faxe (RWS 2 specs); Stensved (28 May 1913). 16 June 1913); Holte (2 July 1968 OJ); Hornbæk (15 Sept 1913 EO); Jægersborg Hegn (31 May 1984 TP); Kagerup (25 27. Philonicus albiceps (Meigen, 1820) July 1909); Liseleje (22 June 1972 KS); Ll. Esbønderup (26 July 1911 CRL); Lyngby (5 June 1899 CRL); Nordskoven, B: Arnager (20 June 1964 OM/BVP 2 specs); Balka (1 July Jægerspris (1 July 1967 EF); Nyrup Hegn (6 July 1915 WL); 1969 NHMA); Boderne (14 July 1937 PJoh. 3 specs); Due- Præstevang (9 July 1902 CRL 2 specs); Roskilde (5 June odde (18 June 1964 LL/OM/BVP, 21 July 1932 PN 2 specs); 1959 LL); Smørmose (10 June 1983 VM 2 specs); Sten- Hammeren (24 July 1908 PN, 4 Aug 1968 ER); Hasle (July holtsvang (29 June 1902 CRL); Langtved (7 June 1982 ER/ 1883 HJH); Rø (25 July 1979 EF); Rønne (31 July 1914, July SA); Strødam (7 Aug 1927 JPK); Svenstrup (HJH 5 specs); 1882/1883 HJH 6 specs, 25 July 1908 PN, 6 Aug 1911 WL); Tisvilde (24 June 1970 ER 3 specs, Aug 1912/July 1915 AK Snogebæk (2 Aug 1968 ER); Vang (26 July 1979 EF 2 specs); 2 specs,14 July 1968 OL, July 1959 PB 6 specs, July 1907 WL Vester Sømarken (27 June 1964 OM/BVP). — EJ: Anholt 11 specs); Tokkekøb Hegn (31 July 1942 TW, 19 July 1907 (27–31 May 2001 ST RB 7 specs, 8/9 Aug 1935 FWB 2 CRL); Tyvekrog (12 June 1907 WL). — NWJ: Skive (25 specs, July 1975/Aug 1976 ESN 2 specs, 30 June 1974 OL, 27 June 1942 JWH 2 specs). — NWZ: Bjergsted Bakker (25 June 1974 VM); Frijsenborg (HJH 3 specs); Funder (22 July June 1977 SA/VM 4 specs); Jyderup (July 1905/July 1915 1906, 8 Aug 1915); Glatved Strand (29 June 1974 OL); Grenå CRL 2 specs, 25 June 1977 SA/VM 2 specs); Rørvig (23 Aug (22 July 1919); Katholm (14 June 1997 TM); Mols (30 Aug 1970 HE, RWS 2 specs, June 1968 SL 4 specs); Vesterlyngen 1952 LL); Rude Strand v. Odder (30 July 1977 EF); Salten (25 June 1977 SA/VM). — SJ: Andrup v. Christiansfeld (22 (19 July 1911 PN 6 specs); Samsø (18 Aug 1940 RM); June 1974 EF 2 specs); Avnevig Skov (3 July 1960 2 specs); Silkeborg (19 Aug 1907 2 specs, 11 Aug 1915); Thorsager (2 Gram (14 July 1943 JWH); Madeskov (22 June 1894 WHW July 1918 NHMA); Uldrup Bakker v. Horsens Fjord (3 Aug 2 specs); Skelde (14 May 1896 WHW 2 specs); Sottrupskov 1972 EF, 28 June 1973 EF); Vorvadsbro (21 July 1911); (24 June 1960 LL 2 specs); Spandet (12 July 1987 TM); Ørkenen, Anholt (24 July 2001 RB). — F: Enebærodde (8/9 Stensbæk Plantage (Aug 1940–May 1952 JWH 14 specs); July 1971 EE 3 specs); Fåborg (RWS 9 specs); Hellenor (5 Sønderborg (June 1886–June 1903 WHW 4 specs). — SZ: Aug 1975 LL/OM/VM); Hindsholm (30 July 1936 HL); Faxe (RWS 3 specs); Frederiksgave (8 June 1960 AM), Lundeborg (8 Aug 1890 RHS); Lunge Bjerge (16 July 1971 Glænø (27 July 1983 SA); Nyraad (7 June 1908 WL 2 specs); EE); Næbbeskov (8 Aug 1975 LL/OM/VM); Æbelø (25 June Ringsted (11 June 1908); Suserup (25 July 1945 EZ, 1 July 1943 JWH). — LFM: Gedser (20 Aug 1915 4 specs). — 1943 2 specs). — WJ: Give (26 June 1971 NHMA); Grim- NEJ: Frederikshavn (July 1881 HJH); Kandestederne (10 strup Krat (21 June 1917 PN 2 specs); Nørholm (June 1918– July 1904 WL); Lemvig (3 Aug 1911 2 specs); Læsø (July Aug 1919 3 specs, 10 Aug 1919 EP 2 specs, 19 June 1981 SA/ 1884 HJH, 27 July 1969 JJ, July 1968/1969 ZMUC 37 specs, VM, 10 June 1967 EF); Rødding Skov (27 July 1975/ 18 June 1 Aug 1964 BWR, 25 Aug 1972 NHMA, 9 July 1969–12 July 1977 EF 2 specs); Varde (13 June 1961 AM). 1978 EF 15 specs); Lønstrup (12 Aug 1906 WL 2 specs); Råbjerg (21 May 1989 RB); Råbjerg Mile (6 Aug 1969 NHMA 3 specs); Skagen (June 1988–June 2001 ST & RB 4 26. Pamponerus germanicus (Linnaeus, 1758) specs, 6 July 1997 RB, 29 July 1884 4 specs, JCS, 28 June B: Bagå (19 June 1964 LL/OM/BVP); Balka (20 June 1921 1971 HE); Vegger (17 July 1947 JWH). — NEZ: Asserbo (13 Mortensen); Blykobbe (14 July 1966 BVP); Dueodde (18 July 1923 HW, 9 Aug 1972 KS 2 specs); Jægerspris Nordskov ”June 1964 LL/OM/BVP 2 specs); Hammeren (17 June (11 Aug 1871 RWS 3 specs); Brantebjerg Klit (4 Sept 1956); 1920); Vester Sømarken (27 June 1964 OM/BVP). — EJ: Liseleje (14 July 1969 NHMA 2 specs); Melby Overdrev (13 Anholt (3 June 1977 ER 3 specs, 30 June 1974 OL, June 1977 Aug 1983 SA); Tibirke (July 1911, July 1908–June 1914 AK SA 9 specs); Mausing Skov (15 June 1902); Mols (10 June 5 specs); Tisvilde (Aug 1905–Aug 1919 9 specs, 24/25 June CONSERVATION STATUS OF DANISH ASILIDAE (DIPTERA) 241

1900 CRL 2 specs, July 1959 PB 6 specs, 2 Sept 1872 RWS, (14 Aug 1918 2 specs); Veflinge (HJH 4 specs); Æbelø (10 July 1907 WL 27 specs); Vedbæk (RCS). — NWJ: Ibjerg, Aug 1946 JWH); Aasø (21 Aug 1885 RWS). — LFM: Bøtø Thy (June–Sept 1961 LL 10 specs, 30 July 1962); Skive (22 Strand (22 Aug 2001 ST 2 specs); Koldskov (13 July 13 2 July 1941 JWH 4 specs); Tved Plantage (1 Sept 1961 LL 2 specs); Lysemose (19 Aug 1874 RWS 2 specs); Marienlyst specs); Ørgaard (21 July 1953 PKN, Aug 1953/July 1956 (29 July 1964 NMA, 1 Aug 1966 BP); Merretsskov (17 July JWH 8 specs). — NWZ: Nykøbing Sjælland (July 1942/Aug 1911); Nykøbing Falster (30 July 1924 WL); Pinholt (14 Aug 1945 Mortensen 2 specs); Rørvig (29 July 1908 WL 2 specs); 1915 3 specs); Sandager (28 May 1911); Ulfshale (30 Aug Rømø, Sønderland (15 Aug 2001 ST); Røsnæs (28 Aug 1970 1944 JWH). — NEJ: Dronninglund Storskov (21 Aug 1965 ER); Vesterlyngen (25 June 1977 SA/VM 3 specs). — SJ: PJoh); Ertebølle (30 July 1984 SA); Himmerlandske Heder Gl.Gab (29 July 1973 BNN); Spandet (Aug 1940/July 1948 (20 July 1982 SA); Lønstrup (12 Aug 1906 WL); Napstjært JWH 3 specs); Stensbæk Plantage (July 1948–Aug 1951 Mose (4 Sep 2000 RB); Rebild (Aug 1977 ER); Skagen (July JWH 12 specs); Sønderborg (9 Aug 1907 WL, July 1895/Aug 1986/July 1987 HE 2 specs); Strandby (1 Aug 1913); Sæby 1892 WHW. 3 specs). — WJ: Avlum (28 July 1959); Blå- (HJH 2 specs); Sømosen (20 Oct 1970 NHMA); Vegger (July vand (25 July 1975 EF); Fanø (2 Aug 1918, 9 Aug 1924 PN 1947 JWH 7 specs). — NEZ: Bagsværd (31 Aug 1958 LL 2 3 specs, 9 July 1967 EF); Fjand (29 Aug 1947); Grindsted specs); Søndersø (4 Aug 1964); Bognæs (9 Aug 1903 CRL, (June 1934 AO); Gindeskov (24 July 1937); Langli Felt- 16 Aug 1964 OM, 27 Aug 1975 VM 2 specs); Borrevejle station (12 Aug 1997 EF); Skallingen (25 July 1971, July/Aug Skov (26 Sept 1983 SA); Bøllemose (16 Aug 1914, 8 July 1932 EBL 9 specs, 23 Aug 1974 VM 2 specs, 14 Sept 1915 1917 2 specs); Donse (Aug 1903/Aug 1914 CRL 2 specs); PN 2 specs, 15 July 1979 ER 2 specs); Søndervig (Aug 1906, Dyrehaven (16 Aug 1887 CD, 29 Sept 1901/30 Sept 1912 4 Aug 1907 WL 4 specs); Vedersø Klit (11 Aug 1934 PN 3 CRL 3 specs, Aug 1968/Sept 1970 ER 3 specs, 8 Aug 1905 specs); Vejers Strand (July 1948 AO); Aargab (4 Aug 1951 WL 8 specs); Ermelunden (Sept 1906/Sept 1907 CRL 2 KOL 8 specs). specs, 3 July 1906 WL 3 specs); Farum Sortemose (21 Aug 1983 TP); Fortunens Indelukke (Oct 1908/Sept 1913 CRL 2 28. Rhadiurgus variabilis (Zetterstedt, 1838) specs); Geel Skov (20 Sept 1900 CRL, 8 Sept 1907 WL 3 EJ: Randbøl (13 July 1968 TM 2 specs); Silkeborg (21 Aug specs); Gribskov (9 Aug 1969 ER 2 specs, 12 Sept 1942 TW); 1907 2 specs, 10 June 1911 PN 3 specs). — F: Enebærodde Gurrevang (29 July 1907 CRL 2 specs); Havreholm (20/26 (10 July 1971 EE). — NEJ: Læsø (20 July 1938 AJ, 16–24 July 1902 CRL 2 specs); Hillerød (18 Aug 1907 WL 9 specs); July 1969 ZMUC 5 specs); Skagen (5 July 1970 EE). — Hornbæk (5 Sept 1913 EO); Høje Sandbjerg (13 Sept 1969 NEZ: Asserbo (15 July 1979 KS); Strødam (26 June 1927 ER 3 specs); Krogenbjerg (28 Aug 1921 WL 2 specs); Kvær- JPK); Tisvilde (8–14 July 1907 WL 8 specs, 12 July 1920). — keby (9 Aug 1908); Lellinge (16 Aug 1896 WHW); Ll. NWJ: Ørgård (22 June 1954 JWH). — SJ: Stensbæk Plan- Esbønderup (16 July 1903 CRL); Lyngby (1 Sept 1960 LL), tage (July 1948/Aug 1953 JWH 2 specs). Melby Overdrev (13 Aug 1983 SA); Ordrup Mose (July 1871/ July 1876 RWS 2 specs, July/Aug 1906 WL 9 specs); Pøle Å (14 Sept 1969 ER); Sandbjerg (6 Aug 1972 KS); Smørmose 29. Tolmerus atricapillus (Fallén, 1814) (29 July 1982 SA); Stensholtsvang (7 Sept 1914 CRL); B: Allinge (July 1883 HJH); Arnager (20 June 1964 OM/ Teglstrup Hegn (8 Sept 1903 CRL, 5 June 1984 SA); Tisvilde BVP); Bølshavn (July 1924); Ekkodalen (27 July 1908 PN); (8 Aug 1917, 8/13 July 1959 PB 2 specs); Tokkekøb Hegn (10 Gudhjem (3 Aug 1968 ER 3 specs); Hammeren (24 July 1908 Aug 1943 PJoh); Trørød (4 Aug 1908 EO); Tyvekrog (1 Sept PN, 26 July 1979 EF); Hasle (July 1883 HJH 2 specs); 1907 WL 8 specs); Utterslev Mose (Sept 1911/July 1914 3 Paradisbakkerne (30 July 1968 ER, 25 June 1964 OM/BVP); specs); Vassingerød (30 July 1983 SA). — NWZ: Jyderup Randkløve (July 1936/July 1938 PJoh. 2 specs). — EJ: (11 July 1913 CRL, 25 June 1977 SA/VM 2 specs); Ruds Almind Sø (7 Aug 1906, 6 Sept 1957 PN); Eltang v. Kolding Vedby (13 Sept 1915); Slagelse (25 Aug 1907 WL 2 specs); (19 Aug 1972 EF); Fladbro (30 July 1944); Frijsenborg (HJH Vesterlyngen (25 June 1977 SA/VM). — SJ: Løgumkloster 8 specs); Gjerrild Nordstrand (1 Aug 2001 ST); Grejsdal (15 Skov (3 Aug 1964 OM 3 specs); Skelde (Aug 1893/July 1895 Aug 1908 2 specs); Hadsund (12 Aug 1936 SGL); Hevring WHW 2 specs); Sottrupskov (Sept 1892/May 1895 WHW 2 Hede (24 July 2000 ST & TM); Horsens (HJH 2 specs); specs); Sønderborg (July 1888/July 1894 WHW 2 specs). — Juelsminde (21 Aug 1908); Langsø (22 Aug 1966 NHMA); SZ: Glænø (27 July 1983 SA); Holmegaards Mose (July/Aug Laven (Aug 1881 HJH); Mariager (19 July 1882); Pøtsø (12 1976 OM 2 specs); Kærehave (20 Sept 1908 2 specs); Saltsø Aug 1906 3 specs); Salten (11 Sep 2000 ST, 19 July 1911 Skov (4 Sept 1890 CD 4 specs); Suserup (26–31 July 1945 EZ PN); Silkeborg (July 1902–July 1907 4 specs, 18 July 1908 3 specs, Aug 1942 TW). — WJ: Aulum (7 Aug 1961); CRL, NHMA, Sept 1916/Sept 1924 PN 7 specs); Tvilum (21 Haltrup (6 Aug 1977 KP); Herning (8 Sept 1940); Nørholm Aug 1918 PN); Østergård Skov v. Malling (22 Aug 1976 EF (30 July 1910). 3 specs). — F: Arreskov Sø (21–23 Aug 1964 NPK 4 specs); Høvænge (Aug 1915/Aug 1917 3 specs); Lohals (20 July 30. Tolmerus cingulatus (Fabricius, 1781) 1913 WL); Lundeborg (July 1890/July 1891 RHS 4 specs); Lunge Bjerge (16 July 1971 EE 2 specs); Næbbeskov (8 Aug B: Rønne (25 July 1908 EP 3 specs). — LFM: Maribo (5 Aug 1975 LL/OM/VM 4 specs); Odense (HJH 13 specs); Tåsinge 1912). — NEZ: Jægerspris Nordskov (13 Aug 1871 RWS).