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Cyclocephala Signaticollis (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) - Mallophora Ruficauda (Diptera: Asilidae)

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Cyclocephala Signaticollis (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) - Mallophora Ruficauda (Diptera: Asilidae) Tesis Doctoral Fisiología y ecología del comportamiento del sistema hospedador-parasitoide: Cyclocephala signaticollis (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) - Mallophora ruficauda (Diptera: Asilidae) Zermoglio, Paula Florencia 2018 Este documento forma parte de las colecciones digitales de la Biblioteca Central Dr. Luis Federico Leloir, disponible en bibliotecadigital.exactas.uba.ar. Su utilización debe ser acompañada por la cita bibliográfica con reconocimiento de la fuente. This document is part of the digital collection of the Central Library Dr. Luis Federico Leloir, available in bibliotecadigital.exactas.uba.ar. It should be used accompanied by the corresponding citation acknowledging the source. Cita tipo APA: Zermoglio, Paula Florencia. (2018). Fisiología y ecología del comportamiento del sistema hospedador-parasitoide: Cyclocephala signaticollis (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) - Mallophora ruficauda (Diptera: Asilidae). Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Universidad de Buenos Aires. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12110/tesis_n6593_Zermoglio Cita tipo Chicago: Zermoglio, Paula Florencia. "Fisiología y ecología del comportamiento del sistema hospedador- parasitoide: Cyclocephala signaticollis (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) - Mallophora ruficauda (Diptera: Asilidae)". Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Universidad de Buenos Aires. 2018. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12110/tesis_n6593_Zermoglio Dirección: Biblioteca Central Dr. Luis F. Leloir, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires. Contacto: bibliotecadigital.exactas.uba.ar Intendente Güiraldes 2160 - C1428EGA - Tel. (++54 +11) 4789-9293 UNIVERSIDAD DE BUENOS AIRES Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución Fisiología y ecología del comportamiento del sistema hospedador- parasitoide: Cyclocephala signaticollis (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) – Mallophora ruficauda (Diptera: Asilidae) Tesis presentada para optar por el título de Doctor de la Universidad de Buenos Aires en el área de CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS Paula Florencia Zermoglio Directores de tesis: Dra. Marcela K. Castelo Dr. Claudio R. Lazzari Consejero de estudios: Dr. Martín J. Ramírez Lugar de trabajo: - Laboratorio de Entomología Experimental, Grupo de Investigación en Ecofisiología de Parasitoides y otros Insectos (GIEP) - Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires - CONICET, Argentina. - Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l’Insecte (IRBI) - Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Tours - UMR 7261, CNRS Buenos Aires, 2018 UNIVERSITÉ DE TOURS ÉCOLE DOCTORALE SSBCV IRBI – UMR 7261 CNRS THÈSE présentée par : Paula F. ZERMOGLIO soutenue le : 17 Décembre 2018 pour obtenir le grade de : Docteur de l’université de Tours Discipline/ Spécialité : Sciences de la vie Physiologie et écologie du comportement du système hôte-parasitoïde : Cyclocephala signaticollis (Coleoptera : Scarabaeidae– Mallophora ruficauda (Diptera : Asilidae) THÈSE dirigée par : Mme. CASTELO Marcela Directeur de Recherche, Univ. de Buenos Aires M. LAZZARI Claudio Professeur, Université de Tours RAPPORTEURS : Mme. D’ETTORRE Patrizia Professeur, Université Paris XIII M. SEGURA Diego Directeur de Recherche, INTA, Argentine JURY : Mme. D’ETTORRE Patrizia Professeur, Université Paris XIII M. SEGURA Diego Directeur de Recherche, INTA, Argentine Mme. BASILIO Alicia Professeur, Univ. de Buenos Aires, Argentine Mme. FERNANDEZ Patricia Chargée de Recherche, INTA, Argentine M. LOPEZ-VAAMONDE Carlos Chargé de Recherche, INRA Orléans Mme. CASTELO Marcela Directeur de Recherche, Univ. de Buenos Aires M. LAZZARI Claudio Professeur, Université de Tours RESUMEN Fisiología y ecología del comportamiento del sistema hospedador- parasitoide: Cyclocephala signaticollis (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) – Mallophora ruficauda (Diptera: Asilidae) Autor: Lic. Paula F. Zermoglio Directores: Dra. Marcela K. Castelo, Dr. Claudio R. Lazzari Los parasitoides son organismos que se desarrollan sobre o dentro de otro único organismo, el hospedador, alimentándose a expensas de su cuerpo, y matándolo como resultado directo o indirecto de su desarrollo. Por lo tanto, el encuentro y elección del hospedador representan etapas cruciales en la determinación del fitness del parasitoide. Mallophora ruficauda (Diptera, Asilidae), en su etapa larval es un ectoparasitoide solitario de larvas de coleópteros Scarabaeidae, que ataca preferentemente al tercer estadio de la especie Cyclocephala signaticollis. La búsqueda del hospedador es compartida entre la hembra adulta, quien ovipone en el hábitat de los hospedadores adultos, y el segundo estadio larval, quien busca activamente al hospedador dentro del suelo utilizando claves químicas. Según la literatura, las larvas no se alimentan hasta que se aferran al hospedador, sobre el cual permanecen luego hasta completar su desarrollo. Las primeras larvas parasitoides nacen dos meses antes de que haya hospedadores del estadio preferido, por lo que deben esperar al hospedador en el ambiente. A pesar de que sólo una larva se desarrolla por hospedador, el superparasitismo es frecuente. En esta Tesis se estudió el uso de recursos nutricionales en las larvas parasitoides y aspectos de los hospedadores adultos que podrían influir en la detección del hábitat por parte del parasitoide adulto. La utilización de recursos por parte de larva parasitoide se evaluó en términos del uso de recursos del suelo, la inversión de reservas energéticas de las hembras y la variación temporal de dichas reservas, y la elección de hospedadores de distinta calidad. Se encontró que en sustrato natural, con humedad y a temperaturas relativamente elevadas, la proporción de larvas que mudan al segundo estadio y su supervivencia son mayores que en otras condiciones. Además, las larvas son capaces de mudar al segundo estadio sin alimentarse. Las hembras ponen igual número de huevos y asignan cantidades similares de nutrientes a principio y final de la temporada reproductiva, y las larvas tempranas y tardías utilizan los nutrientes de manera similar. En cuanto a la calidad de los hospedadores, se encontró que la ocurrencia de mono y superparasitismo es independiente del peso, tamaño o reservas energéticas del hospedador. En los hospedadores adultos se evaluó el comportamiento térmico, como posible inductor del agrupamiento de hospedadores observado en el campo, y que podría ser explotado por el parasitoide adulto en la elección de sitios de oviposición. Se encontró que los hospedadores adultos presentan ciclos diarios de endotermia, concordantes con sus ciclos de actividad, que no están controlados por el sistema circadiano, y que varían en intensidad de acuerdo a la temperatura ambiente. La endotermia no estaría relacionada con el reconocimiento entre sexos, y se espera que no represente un factor importante en el agrupamiento de los hospedadores. Esta Tesis presenta resultados que contribuyen al conocimiento del sistema M. ruficauda - C. signaticollis en particular, y al conocimiento general de la fisiología y el comportamiento de los sistemas conformados por parasitoides dípteros y sus hospedadores. PALABRAS CLAVE: parasitoides, recursos, nutrientes, calidad del hospedador, endotermia. 3 ABSTRACT Physiology and behavioural ecology of the host-parasitoid system: Cyclocephala signaticollis (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) – Mallophora ruficauda (Diptera: Asilidae) Author: Lic. Paula F. Zermoglio Supervisors: Dr. Marcela K. Castelo, Dr. Claudio R. Lazzari Parasitoids are organisms which develop on or inside another single organism, the host, feeding on it, and killing it as a direct or indirect result of its development. Therefore, the encounter and selection of the host represent critical steps in determining the fitness of the parasitoid. Mallophora ruficauda (Diptera, Asilidae), in its larval stages is a solitary ectoparasitoid of scarab beetles larvae, who preferably attacks the third instar of Cyclocephala signaticollis. Host seeking behaviour is shared between the adult female, who lays eggs in the habitat of the adult host, and the second larval instar, who actively seeks for the host within the soil by means of chemical cues. According to the literature, the larvae do not feed until they have attacked the host, on which they then remain until they complete their development. The first parasitoid larvae are born two months before the preferred host instar is available, and therefore must wait for the host in the environment. Although only one larvae per host can complete its development, superparasitism is frequent. In this Thesis we studied the use of nutritional resources by the parasitoid larvae and aspects of the adult hosts that could influence habitat detection by the adult parasitoid. The utilization of resources by the parasitoid larvae was evaluated in terms of the use of soil resources, the energy reserves investment of the female and the temporal variation of those reserves, and the selection of hosts of different quality. We found that in natural substrate, provided with humidity and at relatively high temperature, the proportion of larvae that moult to the second instar and their survival rate are higher than under other conditions. Also, larvae are capable of moulting to the second instar without feeding. Females oviposit similar number of eggs and allocate similar quantities of nutrient reserves at the beginning and at the end of the reproductive season, and early and late larvae use nutrients in a similar fashion. Regarding the quality of the hosts, we found that events of mono and
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