THE R INED MILL O R R ND U , O U H ROH OF THE N R E ME N O U O S , AT N E WPORT RH ODE I SLAND , , C OMPARED WITH T HE ROUND OH UROH AT CAMBRID GE AND O THERS IN E UROPE

D . . M F. J ALLEN,

’ From the Camb rid e Anti uar ian S oci et s Commun i at ions VO L. " " II. " g q y c , "

C a m . b An . t S o c . V l o . " " II Pl a t e V I . 91 , p

THE RUI D MI LL R U D C U C OF N S M NE , OR O N H R H THE OR E EN , N WP R D ISLAND U S . E ORT, HO E , . A. ’

‘ " I . id e An t i ua ria n S ociet r s C m m un i a tions VOL . " I From t h e Cam b r g I o c ,

THE RUINE MILL OR ROUND C URC OF THE D , H H

NORSEMEN AT NEWPO RT R O E ISLAN , , H D D , COMPARED WITH THE ROUND CHURC H AT

AMBRI E AND OT ERS IN E RO PE C DG H U .

D A M. . By F . J . LLEN ,

24 1 1 1 9 9 . Read November ,

(Na m es or n um bers in br ackets r efer to the bibl i ography on page

Of a a The city Newport , Rhode Island , possesses fe ture

n —a n a n unique in the Wester Hemisphere ve er ble rui , Of

a a an d a medi ev l aspect , having the form of Norman round

" an d church . It is called the Old Mill , is believed to be the ” buildin g described as my stone - built wind - mill in the l ast

Of an De will Benedict Arnold , Governor of the Isl d , dated

c em b er 24 1 677 . n o n , But while there is doubt that the buildi g w as a n n for used as wi dmill , its constructio is so unusual a mill a n d a a an an so like th t of Sc dinavian round church , that m y Observers are o f Opin ion that it w as built as a church by the Norsemen or Vikings (w ho h ad a colon y in this part of America in - a n the twelfth and thirteenth centuries) , and th t Gover or

n a a o f Benedict Ar old merely d pted it to the purposes a mill ,

n a a believi g it to h ve been built s such .

h as n Of a n The matter bee the subj ect consider ble co troversy , and from 1 83 8 on wards various an tiqua ries an d architects h a ve

a r o an d con tr a n an d written p pers p ; but the question is still Ope , while many persons are quite satisfied th a t the building was n a n ever nything but a wi dmill of the seventeenth century , others thi n k it more probable that it w as primarily a church o f the twelfth century .

in h is a er was read th e auth r h as re ei ed im rt an t in rm ati S ce t p p , o c v po fo o n

n ern in Ben edi t Arn d wh i h a e ts th e h ist r th e ui din . See co c g c ol , c ff c o y of b l g

e 9 p ag 9 . 2 J . 9 DR F . ALLEN

- n - o f" The expression my stone built wi d mill , in the will

n o t fa n : Benedict Arnold , does vour either side of the co troversy

n it is the simplest possible description of the buildi g, and would apply equally t o a mill built by himself or to o n e built by any

one else .

n on I m a Before enteri g the discussion Of the question , y

n a a a 1 840 a mentio th t bout the ye r skeleton in armour , supposed

on e V n was n at to be the body of of the iki gs, fou d buried

a n a an d F ll River , on the mainla d close to Rhode Isl nd ; that

a on Longfellow wrote a ball d the event , describing the building ’ a t Newport as the warrior s tower .

I d 1 880 a n d a visite Rhode Island in , m de notes and careful

n drawings Of the Old Mill . The buildi g left a deep impression o n a n a an my mind , so th t I have ever since bee on the lert for y informa tion o r Observation tha t might help to elucidate its

n o f n a n a a origi . In the course i vestig tio I h ve noted cert in points

n ot which seem to me important , but which are mentioned by any of the writers whose works are within my reach ; and it is

o f an d o f because these additional evidences , because certain resemblances between the ruin in question an d the Rou n d

at a n ot a Church Cambridge , th t I think it in ppropriate to lay

the subj ect before this Society .

an a l ias A uidn eck a a n Rhode Isl d , q , is a little l rger th Jersey , an d is situated in the in let known as Narraganset Bay on the

of a a 60 of south coast New Engl nd , bout miles south Boston

1 0 a - - o f " and 6 miles e st north east New ork . The island is separa ted from the mai n lan d by a channel which is on l y about

a n a an a on e mile wide t the rrowest . Rhode Isl d gives its n me to

a o f the sm llest Of the States , which it forms a part . Newport , on t h e l and h ad west coast Of the island , is its argest town , in the early days Of the New England colony a considerable trade as a seaport : but in recent times it h as developed into a very

a l a a n s ea an d in on e luxurious w tering p a ce , g rde city by the ; of its public parks the Ruined Mill stan ds picturesquely a mong the trees . VI The photograph , Plate , shows the ruin to be of the

a O f n n o f a w l n sh pe the ce tral portio t e fth ce tury round church , 3 THE U PO R I. 9 R I N AT NEW RT, . from which the surrou n ding aile or a mbul atory h as been re

e It - a mov d . consists of eight round colu mns with semi circul r

n and arches, supporti g an upper storey which is quite plain is

a a a remark ble for the b rb ric paucity of its windows . When I V isited the buildin g I w as struck with two of its

an d n characters , firstly its similarity in form dime sions to the

n c at t h e Rou d Chur h Cambridge , and secondly skill with which t h e n n h ad n a e a builders , using o ly unhewn sto es , ma g d to imit te

a a a the contour of the Norm n column , its sh ft , base and c pital .

’ Wa l k " 6 b em a l l u

Fi . 1 . P an th e R un d Ch ur h th e H e u h re Cam rid e . g l of o c of oly S p lc , b g

’ Redu ed r m Atkin s n an d ark s i b ed a d Il l us tra ted b c f o o Cl s Ca mbridge D e cr n , y m i i n r n d B w . er ss ess s a m i an n . n d ssrs B wes a es p o of M M c ll a d Co , a M e o o

a fi 1 a of t h e . The bove g shows the pl n Of the Round . Church

a a o f Holy Sepulchre t Cambridge . It will be seen th t the circle eight colum n s in the plan would answer for either of the two

n a a buildings under consideratio , but the outer circul r w ll enclosin g the a mbulatory does not at present exist at the New port ruin : whether it formerly existed is a matter fo r investiga

an a a a tion . The ch cel at Cambridge is a l te ddition , replacing

a a a a n sm ller e rly ch ncel . C reful digging arou d the Newport F J L 94 DR . . AL EN buildin g might reveal the fou n dations o f a former ambulatory

r an o ch cel . The dimensions of the Newport ruin are remark ably similar

o f our a n to those C mbridge church , as the followi g figures will show Newport C am b ridge Diam et e of en t al uil din r c r b g, excl uding am bul at ory : * t e n al 23 i . in ex 0 n 2 ft . . r ft . 6 6 in t ern al + 1 8 4 1 9 6 9" Diam et er of col um n s 3 2 3 6 Heigh t of col um n s 1 8 8 8 5 arch es +1 1 2 1 1 O Ent ire h eigh t Of buil din g +26 0 a bout 30 O

a ed * are H fi l m R. d h se m a Th e fi u es m G. at e ed are g r rk " fro t o rk i Mas n See l i a h on a e 1 0 6 . from G. C . o b b ogr p y p g

TOO much importance must n o t be attached to this similarity

a of dimensions . At most it can only me n that such dimensions

n a n d were co venient , might be used in many churches .

V t o f at The iew Of the in erior the Round Church Cambridge ,

a VII S Pl te , hows some points in which the two buildings

r may have re sembled o differed from each other . The chief difference is that the Ca mbridge ch urch follows the English

m a an d custo , being open from floor to v ult , with triforium

l e a clerestory , whi e the N wport building (if church) followed the

a Scandinavi n custom , being divided by floors into three storeys . Some idea o f the date Of the Nep rt ruin may be obtained n o f from the study of its maso ry , which the following description

n w W is extracted from the otes hich I made on the spot , hile the illustrations in Pla tes VIII and I" are reproduced from the

a a a drawings which I m de t the same time . I regret th t the

‘ shortness of my visit preve n ted m e from m aking a more c o m

pl et e series Of drawings . n The m asonry is extremely rude . I could find in it o hewn m a a t o stones , though so e ppe red have been roughly chipped or

a a broken . The stones were prob bly picked up from the sea be ch ,

a in 1 8 8 where simil r ones were ( 0) still lying in abundance . The

z an d are stones used vary much in si e , generally selected

a n j udiciously so as to produce the form required , whether pl i Pl at e V II . 94 Ant . S o c . Vo l . C a m b . X XII , p

F THE H ROU D C U C O L" S PULC C MB IDG . N H R H O E HRE, A R E

Ph t ra h b F J . Al l en . ( o og p y . )

C a m b . An t . S o c . V l " " o . II Pl at e V . 95 III, p HE O T U P R I. 95 R IN AT NEW RT , wal l a a o r . an d , arch base , c pit l , sill , lintel The rude imposts

In a a o f n e a n bases are most c ses e ch formed a si gl l rge sto e . The greater part o f the building seems to h a ve been at first cov ered

o f w m a n a with plaster, hich many traces still re i , especi lly some large pa tches on the inner sides Of the colum n s : it is merely

- a on . n a n an d mortar , and not l id very evenly The orth e st wi dow , on e o r o a a n or two holes recesses on the interi r surf ce , h ve bee stopped up with red brick since they were built .

on V n n Fig . A , Plate III , is the outli e Of a colum seen

fe w o f a e . laterally , with a the chief details Of m sonry sketch d in Note the Norman form o f the base and o f the abacus or i n ner

e a t impost . There is a curious out r impost a lower level , which seems obviously inte n ded to support the roof- timbers of the a a a w al l mbulatory . Immedi tely bove the outer impost the is

or a so as en o f recessed sl nted inwards , to bring the ds these timbers n earer to the axis Of t h e colum n tha n they would be

s l a n n in a a with an upright wall . The t is show the s me illustr

on V n ‘ tion (A , Plate III) where it looks like incorrect drawi g but its truth may be con firmed by comparison with the photo VI graph , Plate .

The arches are very rudely constructed , the builder being

n a evidently ignorant of the eleme tary rule , that all the rch

n stones must point to the ce tre from which the arch is struck .

n or of On inspecti g the arches , lower portions arches , in

VI V I" a a - Plates , III , and , it will be seen th t the rch stones

n ot t o n do point the centre of the arch , the lowest sto es being

a o f placed t oo upright . This increases the outw rd thrust the a rch and causes weakness . Immedi ately above each inn er impost a trian gul ar hole is

n n o f t w o a a left betwee the lowest sto es the dj cent arches , as V a shown in B , Plate III . These holes seem to h ve received the ends Of timbers which formed parts Of a framework supportin g

b e a the floor . But the floor itself must supposed to h ve been

a a an d a 3 . a e bove the tops of the rches , therefore bout ft bov the

h ad 1 8 ft . a n holes . As the floor a span Of over , stro g frame w ork may have been required to support it ; an d an addition al

a a n support , in the form of centr l colum of stone or wood , may

ave h existed formerly. 96 DR J A F . . LLEN

It is most necessary to reali z e th at these trian gul ar holes are a a n a a o f n u a a very b orm l fe ture . Each them co stit tes we k spot at a poi n t where the stress is greatest ; an d the weak n ess is intensified by the thin n in g of t h e wa ll on the outer sid e at the

a n in a V a s me poi t , as shown A , Pl te III . The we k spot, occur

at a n a n ring e ch Of the eight poi ts of gre test stress, must te d to make the buildin g as a whole unstable an d liable to coll apse

under a strain .

n a a n V The fireplace , show in the s me dr wi g , Plate III , B , is

above the middle o f a colum n on the east side o f the buildin g .

h as a - n an a a a It good hearth sto e , and rch which is pproxim tely

a n e segmental . Some peculi rities i its structur will be described

n n a n later on . I regret that while tryi g to represe t e ch sto e of

a a n et o n e t o o a the m sonry correctly , I h ppe ed to g stone m ny in

a a o f a w as n ot a e ch j mb the firepl ce , and there time to m ke another drawin g : o n e Of the l east charact eristic ston es on each

n w side must therefore be discou ted . Also in my hurry I dre the

an d a as ff fireplace the rch below , if seen from two di erent levels ,

d n o t in a e a an therefore the s me perspective . With these res rv

al l a w n are tions , I believe the dr i gs here given fair representa

m a tions of the masonry , as y be seen by comparing them with VI o a . the ph tograph , Pl te

a a on e Pl te IX , A , shows the outer spect of of the columns ,

w a n n ot a ith a window in its rel tive positio , exactly bove the

' n In t e a a n m iddl e o f the colum . the column h irregul r m so ry is

outlined , also the broad flat stone which forms the outer impost .

are w al l o f a : are a There three indows , them sm ll two pl ced

a a as in n a unsymmetric lly to the rches , the i st nce j ust men

- a t ion ed; the third is over the middle of a north eastern rch .

ar a a a 2 f h n e t . s l a ed bot The wi dows ne rly squ re , bout wide , p y w w w a s a . are y , but chiefly out rds They topped ith a single stone

a and on e o f n and for lintel , only them (betwee the west south

a h as a a a na west rches) disch rging rch , which is very i dequate or

a I" a . a e w are even nug tory (see Pl te , B) In f ct th se indows

a a a l so a z b rbaric not only for their p ucity , but for their sm ll si e

an d rude construction . They resemble the windo w s in ancient Celtic a nd Anglo -Sa xon buildin gs ; fo r compa riso n I give an ’ a I" Ecc l es iastica l rc illustr tion , Plate , C , after Petrie s A hi ‘

a m . n C b A t . S o c . Vo l . Pl a t e I" 9 X XII , p. 6

Outer iew a um n sh win ut er im s t New rt R I. A. Th e Ruin at po , v of col , o g o po ,

tw ar h es an d a w in d w in re ati e siti n . sprin g of o c , o l v po o - win d w u th west . B Th e Ruin at New rt R I. S . po , o o r s e ti e um n s Th e arrows in A an d B poin t t o m iddle of e p c v col .

d r un " err . Win d w in An ient Orat r " i m a k e a , C t y C . o c o y, l l o y

98 DR r . J . ALLEN

e a t h e n a e ( ) Th t sto e used is laminated sl t , mixed with

n gneiss Of local occurre ce .

" a a a ( f ) Th t specimens Of mort r t ken from the Old Mill , an d likewise from certain buildi n gs constructed in the d ays of

a n a z a n d n t o t h e Benedict Arnold , h ve bee naly ed fou d be of

a and o f - n an d a s me quality , composed shell lime , sa d , gr vel , with

fiakes o f broke n sl ate pou n ded fine .

’ (g) Tha t when Govern or Arn old s house (with which the ” n w n a w as Old Mill , if built by Ar old , ould be co tempor ry)

w as . pulled down , the mortar found to be extremely tenacious

But on the other h and I must point out th at the mortar Of

" the Old Mill is very much perished : it has scaled Off the as surface and washed o ut Of the j oints . This looks if the mortar

Of the rui n w ere either Of inferior qu ality o r o f greater age . The sim il arity o f composition in the mortars Of different ages m ay be accou n ted for by the builders in both cases usin g the m at erial s

a which were immedia tely a t h nd .

a a t The building then , from its structur l ch rac ers , might

v possibly ha e been built by the Norsemen . But how and when did the Norsemen come to Rhode Island "

n n a a a r a It is well k ow th t they s iled from Icel nd to G eenl nd .

a 1 an d 2 4 In the Sagas it is rel ted (Rafn , , Palfrey , ) that in the year 98 6 a m ariner named Bj arne was driven by contrary win ds

far e an 1 0 0 n so west that he sight d a new l d . In 0 a mari er Leif

n a a landed , and the s iled further south till he c me to a part which he named Vinl and (t h e Lan d o f Vines) because he found grap es

n n a growi g wild i the woods . . is believed to h ve been

n n — the coast now k ow as New England Massachusetts , Rhode " n Island , and Co necticut .

a w a an d a Other voy ges ere made to the s me part , a sm ll w a 1 1 2 1 s . of colony established In Eric , Bishop Greenland ,

V w an z in arrived in inland , here he hoped to Christi i e the

a a an d a a h bit nts, it is supposed th t he fixed his bode there . It is t o him tha t the building of t h e Round Church on Rhode

1 Th ose wh o kn o w th e co un try will recogn ise th e app rop riaten es s of th e

am e Vin an d fo r th ere ra e- ines r w w i d as r n d es in n rt h r n l , g p v g o l , b yo y o o e n

F J . A r . Eu ope. . THE U AT PO R I R IN NEW RT, . . 99

an a an d n fi an a Isl d is ttributed , it is sig i c t th t the date o f his a 1 1 21 w as a rrival , , bout the time when o u r Cambridge Round an d Church many others in Europe were built .

e n e n an The Nors men built churches eve in Gr e l d , of which

f. n e a in An ti uita tes Am erica n ae Pro Raf giv s Illustr tions his q ,

1 845 in an w h n o t a or tiori in V n an If Greenl d , y f i l d And

for a an a Rhode Island would be the most suitable spot s ctu ry , beca use it w as protected by a ch an n el o f water from t h e raids of n the I dians . Nevertheless it seems th at the little colon y

n a n e n an d could not sufficie tly defend itself gai st th se e emies , after about t w o centuries the residu e o f t h e colon ists retu rn ed to Iceland . If the circumstan tial evidence had been limited t o what I

a n a a n have hitherto rel ted , there would have bee little pp re t

a n t o a an u n w as n re so doubt th t the Rhode Isl d r i Of Norse origi .

a n w as a al n w But the tr ck Of the evide ce crossed by f se sce t , hich

a o a n divided the issue and c used m st Of the con troversy . It h ppe ed

" : n n n w h o a n thus Gover or Be edict Ar old , c lled the buildi g my ” - - h ad a a at stone built wind mill , f rm Newport which he described " ” n a w a as my Lemmingto f rm . This s supposed to be named a a n n a an d w as n — n fter Le mi gto in W rwickshire , it i ferred i cor rec t l as n t was a a y , will prese tly be shown , tha Arnold W rwick ’ m a n I ea n n in a h ad shire . f L mi gto W rwickshire been Arnold s

w a a a early home , he ould prob bly h ve seen the extr ordinary

in 1 6 3 2 at n windmill which was built Chesterto , five miles from

a n o a Pe t o a n n o Le mi gt n , by Sir Edw rd y , the rchitect bei g less

an n For a n o th I igo Jones . the photogr ph Of this wi dmill , sh wn

n a " n . n o n . . Pl te , I am i debted to my frie d Mr F T S Houghto

w as a n h ad of Birmingham . It supposed th t Ar old been vividly

n a an d impressed with this windmill in his tive county , had tried to imitate it in buildin g the win dmill o n his colon ial farm . But more recen tly it h as been discovered that Arn old was

m a n o f n ot a Warwickshire . A record the Arnold family was

o f kept by several members thereof from 1 553 t o 1 776 . A copy

n n Of n and w as it was fou d in possessio a descenda t , published f e in 1 8 79 . . o in full Mr F A Arnold , Providence , Rhod

an n an h as n Isl d , who is also a desce d t , very ki dly sent me full ' a n reco rd fro m a a inform tion co cerning this , which it appe rs th t " ‘ 1 00 DR J EN F . . ALL

son Benedict Arnold was a of William Arnold of Ilchester ,

was t h e 2l st De 1 6 1 5 . Somerset , where he born on of cember,

an d a Together with his parents other members of the f mily ,

e sa D on 1 st and som friends , he iled from artmouth the of May , 1 6 35 a 24t h e. , and arrived at M ssachusetts Bay on the of Jun There is no reason to suppose that Ben edict had seen the

n m a Chesterton wi d ill , which was more th n a hundred miles from Ilchester . The Lemmington fa rm at Newport was pro

‘

a n a e . b bly named after Limingto , a village dj oining Ilchest r v a m n Thus, e en if we ssu e that Benedict Ar old built the a ed Newport mill , it is improb ble that he imitat the Chesterton

as one . But he might possibly have employed a m ason who

th e n was acquainted with Chesterto mill , let us see how far the ’ iffe m a n Jon es s two buildings resemble or d r fro e ch other . I igo

on six a n a mill stands rches , the colum s are quadrangul r, the

- n r an . bases , imposts , and arch mouldings are e ti ely Of Itali form

’ " On the other hand the Newport Old Mill stands on eight

an d n a an d arches , the columns are round , the eleme tary b ses imposts are as n early like Norman or Rom an esque forms as

e of they can b when formed unhewn stone . Then the Chesterton

' mill is a much more sol id b uil ding : a windmill h as to bear grea t

n - h a wi d pressure combined wit excessive vibr tion , and Inigo

o a a Jones pr vided g inst these . His columns and arches are very z hl a r i a n c an h a as . e. . thi k , d t e m sonry is of , squ red sto es But the

n N t are a a colum s at ewpor comp r tively thin and tall , the arches are an d un coursed wrongly constructed , the whole masonry is of ru n Of t h e r n bbl e. The stre gth uncoursed rubble is st e gth of its

r m a u r morta ; and before the ort r is set hard , s ch mason y will collapse u n der moderate stress . I should estimate that mass for mass the stability of ashl ar would b e about four times as great as that Of u n coursed rubble . u a n a a b F rther , I must refer ag i to the we kness c used y the

n w an d r a t thinni g of the all , the p esence of a great hole , each of those points in the Newport building where the strain is

a n am at th e o f m . gre test , ely spring the arches from the colu ns

In short , I should expect such a building to be shaken to pieces if used as a windmill within ten years of its erection I should even hesitate to design a building o f that shape and C a m b . Ant . S o c . Vo l . Pl at e 1 0 0 X XII X , p .

THE W NDM LL T WI I A C S W C" S . I I HE TERTON , AR H RE

Ph oto ra h b F. T S . Ho u h ton . ( g p y . g )

: THE U AT E PO R I R IN N W RT, . 1 01

a a t u a a m teri l , wi ho t buttresses to be r the outw rd thrust of t he a rches . Let us next consid er the ch aracteristic features o f round

o n on e an on as churches the h d , and of windmills the other, so to fin d in what respects the Newport ruin resembles either of them . Round churches had been built occasion a lly from very early

h ur h s - " irk B rn h m se i n e t Fi . 2 . R un d O e e t w s to e s . g o c c , l , o ol , c o a t

R u ed r m Ar hi t e ture o t he C h ur h es o enmark b a r A ed c f o c c f c f D , y M "o . Beales , b ssr " e an P u n p u lish ed b y Me s g a l a d Co . tim es ; but a considerable number o f those in North Europe were built under the in fluence of men who h ad fought in the Crusades an d had seen the Round Church o f the Holy Sepulchre

n a at Jerusa lem . Beyo d the fe ture of roundness the northern churches do not follow the design of that in Jerusalem , but w m ff sho any di erent forms , some extremely simple , others

a el abor te .

In Engl and there are four Round Churches still in use . Sir DR J . 1 02 F . ALLEN

William St John Hope (1 1 ) i n vestiga ted (mostly by excavati n g o f n the foundation s) the remains six others, and fou d docu a n e mentary evidence of the existence Of seventh , maki g elev n

an d m a a . know n to have existed , there y h ve been more There In an n a a n and in a . a re six in North Germa y , one Holl nd Sc di vi

n h as " En e they are rather numerous : Jutla d one , ealand two , n n

F 3 h i . . R un d h ur Th rsa e Ju n d . g o c c , o g r, tl a

’ Redu ed r m H arr at s J u t l an d and t he ani s h Is l es b erm issi n c f o . M y D , y p o Mr J h n urra of o M y .

on e , and Bornholm four. Eight or more are said to exist in

Sweden . (Fergusson , Some rou n d churches are encircled with an aile or a mbu ” l at or n In a an y, others have no e . Engl nd the churches with ambulatory have their inner circle supported on eight or six col umns with arches ; those without an ambulatory have n o

1 04 DR J F . . ALLEN

l n on arc h es that at Chesterton , in sta ding columns and . In pos sessing two upper storeys it resembles equally a Scan dinavian or w round church a windmill . To fit it for a in dmill the lowest

a n s n l a storey must h ve been e closed within wa ll . If a ambu tory

was formerly existed , it probably destroyed before the building was used as a mill , and wooden walls were probably constructed

n inside the circle of arches , as at the Chesterto mill . Th e windows are n o t O f the round -headed form th at we should expect in a church built by the Norsemen in the twelfth century , n are a a o f a n either they ch r cteristic the seventeenth century . Pl i square Openings are found n o t only in early Celtic buildings

Of an (Plate IX , C) but occasionally in rough buildings almost y

l a period . Nevertheless , the doub e spl y , a device for Obtaining

n t e the most light through the smallest openi g, is generally

a an a a garded as a m rk of tiquity . In Engl nd it was n o t used fter

" ” an n the Norm i vasion . The builder of the Old Mill at Newport (whether in the twelfth o r the s eventeenth century) was n o t

n o f m a skilled in the constructio arches , and y have been glad to a vail himself of t he flat ston es from the sea- shore to make

n n . n li tels for his wi dows Such window openi gs , closed with ’ n ffi a in woode shutters , might su ce for priest s dwelling the twelfth century ; but we should expect to find more an d larger

n n windows in a wi dmill built in the seventeenth ce tury , when

a n n an d n gl ss was abu da t, when houses in the colo y were being

a built with large windows s in England .

a a re L stly we must consider the fireplace , which Mr M son

a a a garded as certain ly p rt of the original building . A firepl ce ’ a a n in is ppropri te for a priest s dwelli g , but is hardly admissible

fo r Of n a and a mill ; the dust a mill is i flamm ble , mills have been burn t or blown up through someone taking a light into them during work : ev en a winn owin g m achi n e h as been known to

a r explode in the same way . And if it be urged th t the fi eplace w as n for the dwelli g room , not the work room , the answer is

n a that a mill is too dusty to be dwelt in . The uni h bitability of a windmill did not escape the notice of Shakespeare : in " ing

i 1 I s n a h t ra h o f a win dm i in An ti ua Wes t I n dies wi h h ave ee p o og p ll g , , t

west st re b ut th e m i is m dern n i a rm an d h arch es in it s lo o y ; ll o , of co c l fo , t e

e m s m asonry bet ween th e arch s is as ive . THE U AT E PO R I 1 R IN N W RT , . 05

Henr I V P a rt I III e e n y , Act , Scen i , Hotspur (ref rri g to O wen Glendower) says ’ I d rat h er l iv e Wi h h ees e a nd a l i in a windm il l far t c g r c , , Th an eed o n at es a n d h a e h im t al t o m e f c , v k ,

In an s um m e " h use in Ch ist en d y r o r om .

The only circumstanti al eviden ce in favour of the mill ha vin g

n w as a bee built by Arnold , his supposed origin from W rwickshire an d acqu ain tan ce with the Chesterton mill ; but this has bee n a n n ulled by the discovery that his home was more than a hundred

n o miles away . There is other mill from which he co uld have

a n o on . e n imit ted it , for other is built columns If it were d fi itely

e a prov d th t Arnold built the mill , it would raise the problem , Why did he build a wi n dmill in the se venteenth century on the model Of a Scandin avian church o f the twelfth century If

t n a : buil by Arnold , the buildi g is mystery if built by Bishop

fo r e a n . Eric , its ev ry feature is ccou ted The slight rese mblan ce between the Newport ruin and t h e

n a Chesterton mill m ay be accide t l . The Newport m ason m ay

a a n a a h ve ttempted , with more inge uity th n technic l skill , to imitate the round churches he h ad seen far a way in North Europe ; whereas In igo Jones in building the Chesterton mill m ay ha ve imitated (perhaps unco n sciously) the rou n d churches he h ad seen in Italy a o f For my part , I am impressed with the simil rity the New

in n a a e a a a n port building , all esse ti l fe tur s , to the Sc ndin vi n rou d for a u a an d n a a en . churches , its i ppropri t ess windmill S ch build ing would probably be shake n to pi eces if used as a win dmill whe n n ew ; but it would become sa fe when the mortar b ecam e

a a e e a e as con solid ted by g speci lly if the interval wer , possibly

n n ea . in this i sta ce , five hundred y rs o Nevgrt h el ess I con sider t h e evidence indecisive n either sid e . The ma tter n eeds t o be re -investiga ted by someone w h o is equa lly w n e e o f acquainted ith the buildi g its lf, with the round church s

an d m il l s , Europe , with the windmill at Chesterton with in general an d their requiremen ts : an d the first step in the in v es ti d gation should be to exca vate the gro und immediat ely arou n a an a n n a o f n o f the ruin , in se rch of y rem i i g found tions portio s the buildin g that may have been destroyed . 1 06 DR J . F . ALLEN

In such exca va tio n the investigator should b e guided by the

o f a n w h o a n work Sir Willi m St Joh Hope , m de importa t dis c o veries by excava ting the fou n dations of English round churches

a a a i a as t It is m tter for regret th t Sir W lli m , he old me , never visited the Old Mill at New port : his Opinion on the build

o f a ing would ha ve been the gre test possible value .

a m n e n . a a a I i d bted to Mr Clare ce S Brigh m , Libr ri n Of the

e a a a an d a Am ric n Antiqu ri n Society , to Mr How rd M . Chapin ,

a a o f n a v a Libr ri n the Rhode Isla d Historic l Society , for alu ble informa tion concern in g t h e Ruin ed Mill and the litera t ure re f R a : . . O I l ting to it also to Mr F A Arnold , Providence , , for

n a n n a very important i form tio from the Ar old f mily record . My

ar a O th anks e due to Messrs Macmill n and C . and Messrs Bowes

1 an d a an d . Bowes for permission to use Fig , to Mr John Murr y

h a n . 3 . a d for permissio to use Fig Further, I h ve the privilege o f n a a e a o f examini g l rge numb r Of photogr phs windmills ,

a Un an d t o . . English foreign , belonging the l te Mr H . M J derhill

a in Of Oxford , and mostly t ken by himself the course of a w ca reful study hich he made of their structure .

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