Wifredo Lam (1902-1982)

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Wifredo Lam (1902-1982) WIFREDO LAM (1902-1982) Wifredo Lam est un peintre cubain, proche du mouvement surréaliste et des artistes Cobra. Marqué par l’identité de sa terre natale, Wifredo Lam réalise une œuvre singulière mêlant l’audace de la peinture d’avant-garde occidental et les symboles de la culture africaine et caribéenne. BIOGRAPHIE JEUNESSE ET FORMATION DU PEINTRE CUBAIN Wifredo Lam se rend également à Cuenca, en Castilla la Wifredo Lam est né le 8 décembre 1902 à Sagua La Mancha, invité par son ami Fernando Rodríguez Muñoz. Le Grande dans une région sucrière de Cuba. De mère peintre cubain est touché par cette petite ville médiévale métisse, aux origines hispano-congolaises, et de père perchée sur un éperon rocheux, peuplée de paysans chinois immigré à Cuba, Wifredo Lam grandit dans une pauvres, qui lui inspire plusieurs œuvres. Wifredo Lam famille modeste et ouverte d’esprit : son père qui tient s’y installe même un temps, partageant son atelier et un petit commerce, est un homme lettré qui maîtrise la fréquentant la bohème intellectuelle et artistique locale, calligraphie. Wifredo Lam enfant se trouve à la croisée dont les peintres Vázquez Díaz et Santiago Rusiñol. des religions et des civilisations, entre monothéisme et C’est une première expérience de partage artistique en culte des ancêtres, entre catholicisme et cultes animistes communauté. des traditions africaines. Puis le peintre Wifredo Lam entend parler du surréalisme Son enfance, bercée par cette région sucrière verdoyante, qui vient d’éclore en France et s’essaie alors au graphisme tropicale et luxuriante, cet « océan de canne à sucre » automatique. En 1929, il découvre lors d’une exposition au marquera profondément sa sensibilité d’artiste. Il confie : Jardín Botánico de Madrid des œuvres d’art de peintres « Lorsque j’étais tout petit, j’étais entouré de ma petite espagnols vivant à Paris dont celles de Pablo Picasso qui jungle ». Vers sept ans naît sa vocation d’artiste : l’artiste le frappent particulièrement. se met alors au dessin et réalise des paysages et des portraits. Wifredo Lam découvre les maîtres de l’art : C’est à cette époque aussi que s’éveille la conscience Léonard de Vinci, Diego Velasquez, Francisco de Goya, Paul politique du peintre Wifredo Lam qui veut faire de son Gauguin et Eugène Delacroix à travers les reproductions art « une proposition générale démocratique […] pour noirs et blanc des livres d’art qui lui parviennent. tous les hommes » selon ses mots. Wifredo Lam épouse à cette époque Eva Piriz avec qui il a un fils : Wifredo Arrivé à La Havane en 1916 pour des études de droit, Victor, mais la mère et l’enfant succombent en 1931 de la Wifredo Lam entre finalement à la Escuela Profesionnal tuberculose. Wifredo Lam vit alors une grande période de de Pintura y Escultura de San Alejandro en 1918 où désespoir alors que le monde vit une grande récession il dessine et réalise principalement des portraits. Le économique. Wifredo Lam continue de peindre des peintre Wifredo Lam raconte : « Il y avait dans ce que je portraits pour vivre et son double deuil lui inspire une faisais, jeune, un côté Chardin. Pour autant que je m’en série de peintures de mères et enfants. souvienne, les tableaux que je tentais de faire n’étaient jamais brutaux. (…) Il y a, en moi, une hérédité chinoise Avec la Guerre civile espagnole, le peintre cubain et une hérédité cubaine. Tout cela a beaucoup joué. » Wifredo Lam s’engage politiquement et s’unit aux forces En 1923, Wifredo Lam expose ses premières peintures républicaines dans leur combat contre Franco. Il peint à au Salon des Beaux-Arts de La Havane, puis est invité à cette époque son œuvre La Guerra civil. En plein conflit montrer ses œuvres dans sa ville natale. C’est un succès : espagnol, Wifredo Lam quitte l’Espagne pour s’installer Wifredo Lam reçoit alors une bourse du Conseil municipal à Paris. Il y rencontre Pablo Picasso : c’est à la fois un de Sagua La Grande pour étudier en Europe. choc esthétique pour l’artiste cubain et une amitié qui se noue ; un trait d’union auprès des avant-gardes aussi : LE PEINTRE WIFREDO LAM EN EUROPE Georges Braque, Henri Matisse, Joan Miró…, les critiques d’art : Michel Leiris, Christian Zervos… Wifredo Lam Arrivé à Madrid fin 1923, le peintre Wifredo Lam s’adresse rencontre également des marchands comme Daniel- à Fernando Álvarez de Sotomayor, directeur du Museo Henry Kahnweiler, mais surtout Pierre Loeb de la Galerie de Prado et portraitiste officiel, qui l’incite à rejoindre Pierre qui lui organise sa première exposition d’art la Real Academia de Bellas Artes San Fernando, mais personnelle à Paris en 1939. Wifredo Lam, en recherche de modernité, est vite déçu par l’académisme qui y domine. Il se tourne alors vers le Prado où il retrouve les maîtres de la peinture : El Greco, WIFREDO LAM EN EXIL, ENTRE CUBA ET LES ÉTATS- Velasquez, Bosch, Dürer… qu’il copie : ce sont ses envois à UNIS La Sagua Grande pour justifier sa bourse d’études. Le peintre cubain Wifredo Lam se rapproche aussi et surtout du groupe des surréalistes. Il les rejoint À Madrid, le peintre Wifredo Lam fréquente aussi une notamment à Marseille en 1940, fuyant la guerre et formation libre, la Escuela Libre de Paijase fondée par Julio attendant leur exil vers les États-Unis, à la Villa Air Bel Moisés, appuyé par d’autres artistes anticonformistes : autour d’André Breton : ce sont Pierre Mabille, René Benjamín Palencia, Francisco Bores, Salvador Dalí… Puis Char, Max Ernst, Victor Brauner, Oscar Domínguez, Wifredo Lam perd sa bourse en pleines turbulences André Masson… La Villa Air Bel devient alors un lieu politiques cubaines et doit travailler comme portraitiste d’expérimentation artistique et Wifredo Lam se met à pour des aristocrates madrilènes afin de subvenir à ses besoins. dessiner à l’encre des figures hybrides, préfigurant son et rencontre de nouvelles personnalités artistiques : travail cubain des années 1940. En mars 1941, le peintre Jeanne Reynal, James Johnson Sweeney, Isamu Noguchi, Wifredo Lam et sa seconde épouse Helena Holzer mais aussi les artistes de l’Expressionnisme abstrait embarquent avec quelques 300 artistes et intellectuels américain : Arshile Gorky, Robert Motherwell, Jackson dont André Breton et Claude Lévi-Strauss pour La Pollock, ou encore les artistes Cobra, tel Asger Jorn. Lors Martinique. Or à leur arrivée, leur est imposée une escale de ses séjours new-yorkais, le peintre cubain Wifredo forcée aux Trois Îlets : Wifredo Lam y rencontre Aimé Lam et sa femme sont reçus chez Pierre et Teeny Matisse Césaire avec qui il noue une amitié solide. et chez l’artiste Jeanne Reynal. Après près de vingt années d’absence, Wifredo Lam WIFREDO LAM, ALBISSOLA ET LE MOUVEMENT revient à Cuba. Le peintre Wifredo Lam se replonge COBRA alors pleinement dans la culture de sa terre natale Au cours des années 1950, Wifredo Lam entretient des et approfondit ses recherches artistiques en puisant liens particuliers avec le mouvement Cobra, l’avant- dans la culture afro-cubaine dont il est issu. Ce séjour garde italienne et l’Internationale situationniste. Le est particulièrement prolifique puisque Wifredo Lam peintre cubain rencontre en 1954 les poètes et écrivains peint plus de cent tableaux à cette époque dont La Gherasim Luca et Alain Jouffroy. Avec les artistes Cobra Jungla : exposée à la Pierre Matisse Gallery à New York, entre autres, Wifredo Lam participe à la rencontre qui présente très régulièrement son travail au cours internationale de sculpture et de céramique organisée à des années 1940, ce « délire végétal » selon les mots de Albissola en Italie, aux côtés de Karel Appel, Enrico Baj, Michel Leiris, fait scandale. Corneille, mais aussi Lucio Fontana, Roberto Matta… Albissola, petit village de la côte ligure italienne devient D’autres expositions d’envergure pour la peinture alors un lieu d’expérimentation artistique international latino-américaine ont également lieu aux États-Unis au pendant les années 1960. À partir de 1964, Wifredo Lam cours des années 1940 auxquelles participe le peintre installe même un atelier dans sa maison à Albissola cubain Wifredo Lam : The Latin American Collection of Mare, partageant son temps entre Paris et l’Italie. Divorcé The Museum of Modern Art au Museum of Modern Art d’Helena, Wifredo Lam épouse l’artiste suédoise Lou de New York en 1943 ; Pictures by Two Cubans: Carreño Laurin en 1960. and Lam à l’Institute of Modern Art de Boston la même année et Lam, Matta: The Latin American Spirit au Arts Les années 1960 sont aussi les années d’une grande Club à Chicago en 1944. production de gravures dans l’œuvre de Wifredo Lam. Ce sont le support d’une relation privilégiée avec de Avec son séjour en Haïti en 1946, Wifredo Lam poursuit nombreux poètes et écrivains parmi lesquels Aimé l’approfondissement artistique de son œuvre en puisant Césaire, André Breton, René Char, Alain Jouffroy, Michel dans la culture haïtienne. Après avoir approché à Cuba les Leiris… L’artiste réalise alors de grands portfolios, en rituels afro-cubains, Wifredo Lam assiste en Haïti à des collaboration avec des ateliers de gravure, tels Broder, cérémonies vaudous, en compagnie d’André Breton et Mathieu et Upiglio pour illustrer des recueils de poèmes. Pierre Mabille : ces expériences élargissent ses horizons. Sont entre autres publiés Le voyage de l’arbre d’Hubert L’artiste confie : « On croit à tort que mon œuvre prit sa Juin (1960), Le rempart de brindilles de René Char forme définitive à Haïti. Mon séjour là-bas ne fit que (1963), Apostroph’Apocalypse de Gherasim Luca (1965), l’élargir, comme celui que je fis au Venezuela, en Colombie, L’Antichambre de la Nature d’Alain Jouffroy (1966)… Sa dans le Mato Grosso brésilien.
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