ARCHAEOLOGICAL CRIME FIGHTERS • ANASAZIABANDONMENT • GREAT PLAINS CONTROVERSY american archaeologySUMMER 2006 a quarterly publication of The Archaeological Conservancy Vol. 10 No. 2 SummerSummer Travel:Travel:

A Tour of Amazing $3.95

american a quarterly publication of The Archaeological Conservancy Vol. 10 No. 2 summer 2006 31 COVER 31 THE WONDERS OF THE MOUNDBUILDERS BY KRISTIN OHLSON Our summer travel article takes you on a tour of central Y and southern Ohio to see amazing prehistoric earthworks. MURRA E .

12 WHERE THE BEGAN J O E BY MIKE TONER In the 1830s the Cherokee were forced to leave their homelands and travel on the Trail of Tears. An archaeologist is documenting the trail’s origins in southwest North Carolina. 19 A CONTROVERSY ON THE GREAT PLAINS BY MONI HOURT Is the Hudson-Meng Bone Bed site one of the most important archaeological discoveries in the world? 25 ARCHAEOLOGICAL CRIME FIGHTERS

BY ELAINE ROBBINS JR Want to solve a crime? Forget TV’s CSI. Hire a forensic TY archaeologist. MAR

38 EXAMINING THE ABANDONMENT OF THE FOUR CORNERS 25 R I C H A R D BY JULIAN SMITH Why did the Anasazi leave their homelands in the late 2 Lay of the Land 13th century? 3 Letters 44 new acquisition 5 Events MAJOR VILLAGE SITE PRESERVED IN THE WESTERN MOJAVE DESERT 7 In the News A great diversity of resources attracted people to the area. Massive Revealed in Mexico City • First NAGPRA Reburial of Human 45 new acquisition Remains at Mesa Verde • Jamestown DE SOTO’S FINAL ENCOUNTER discovered The Conservancy obtains a center built by the people Soto met before his death. 50 Field Notes 46 new acquisition 52 Reviews GUARANTEEING FUTURE RESEARCH AT BROKEN K 54 Expeditions A major Southwest pueblo is preserved. 48 point acquisition COVER: is one of the most remarkable THE FIRST ARCHAIC SITE earthworks in Ohio. It was preserved by the renowned archaeologist Frederic Putnam in 1888. The Conservancy acquires the Lamoka Lake site Photograph by Richard Alexander Cooke, III in New York state. american archaeology 1 Lay of the Land

Examining a Mystery

s the American Southwest strug- them. There are many theories but gles to deal with yet another few answers. A severe drought, it reminds us of It wasn’t the weather that forced past droughts that may have brought everyone to leave. The Mesa Verde about the fall of the Anasazi culture region could easily have supported in the Four Corners region of New thousands of people even in the Mexico, Arizona, Utah, and Col- worst drought. The San Juan and orado. In this issue (see page 38), Ju- Animas Rivers would have provided lian Smith examines the contentious plenty of water for a smaller, but still

and baffling matter of how and why sizeable population, so there must POORE all the pueblo people of the Four have been other things going on in

Corners left between A.D. 1250 and the 13th century. The key to getting D A R R E N 1300. This migration saw thousands at the answers to this conundrum is MARK MICHEL, President of people moving hundreds of miles, new research with new approaches. never to return again. Except for the A fresh generation of archaeologists search. We hope the answers are not newly discovered pueblo ruins in is tackling this problem, and the too far away. southern New Mexico, we have little Conservancy supports their work by or no evidence of what became of preserving sites and supporting re-

2 summer • 2006 Letters

Curious Date Sending Letters I must tell you how Editor’s Corner much I enjoy your to American Archaeologists have made many con- magazine. We are Archaeology tributions to our knowledge of the inundated with past and of ourselves. But it seems news about the rest American Archaeology welcomes that’s not enough to satisfy some of of the world, so it is great that there your letters. Write to us at the science’s practitioners. They have is a magazine devoted exclusively to the history 5301 Central Ave. NE, Suite 902, branched out into the fields of solv- and archaeology of the . Albuquerque, NM 87108-1517, ing crimes and investigating mass In the article “Asian Origin Demonstrated for or send us e-mail at disasters. It may come as a surprise New World Bottle Gourds” in the Spring 2006 [email protected]. We reserve the that the very training and experience issue, the caption that appears with the painting right to edit and publish letters that archaeologists employ in the ex- states that the work was done in 1585. Since the in the magazine’s Letters amination of ancient sites also ap- department as space permits. inscription is written in what appears to be Eng- plies to the investigation of recent Please include your name, lish, either the year is incorrect or the inscription crime and disaster scenes. address and telephone number was written on the picture in later years. Our feature “Archaeological with all correspondence, Eudice Gersten Crime Fighters” (see p. 25) covers including e-mail messages. Fair Lawn, New Jersey the topic of forensic archaeology. Though law enforcement agents are trained to solve crimes, many of them lack the skills that an experi- enced forensic archaeologist pos- sesses. Knowing how to map a site, detect soil disturbances, and identify human bones can be crucial to solv- ing crimes or recovering important evidence in mass disasters like 9/11. “Beyond a shadow of a doubt [forensic archaeologists] help a lot,” observed Mike Riddle of the Wiscon- sin State Crime Laboratory. Riddle has worked with forensic archaeologist Leslie Eisenberg on a few cases. “Sometimes we might miss a bone because we don’t know what it is,” he added. In such a case, the expert- ise of someone who, like Eisenberg, can identify human bones is essential. Nonetheless, many law enforce- ment agencies don’t use forensic archaeologists. The reasons for this are several, ranging from an igno- rance of what archaeologists can offer to a lack of money to pay for their services.

american archaeology 3 WELCOME TO ®

THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL 5301 Central Avenue NE, Suite 902 CONSERVANCY! Albuquerque, NM 87108-1517 • (505) 266-1540 www.americanarchaeology.org

he Archaeological Conservancy Board of Directors is the only national nonprofit Vincas Steponaitis, North Carolina, CHAIRMAN organization that identifies, Cecil F. Antone, Arizona • Carol Condie, New Mexico acquires, and preserves the most Janet Creighton, Washington • Janet EtsHokin, significant archaeological sites in the Jerry EtsHokin, Illinois • W. James Judge, Colorado t • . Since its beginning in Jay T. Last, California Dorinda Oliver, New York 1980, the Conservancy has preserved Rosamond Stanton, Montana • Dee Ann Story, Texas more than 325 sites across the nation, Stewart L. Udall, New Mexico • Gordon Wilson, New Mexico ranging in age from the earliest Conservancy Staff habitation sites in North America to Mark Michel, President • Tione Joseph, Business Manager a 19th-century frontier army post. Lorna Wolf, Membership Director • Sarah Tiberi, Special Projects Director We are building a national system of Shelley Smith, Membership Assistant • Valerie Gonzales, Administrative Assistant Yvonne Waters, Administrative Assistant archaeological preserves to ensure the survival of our irreplaceable Regional Offices and Directors cultural heritage. Jim Walker, Vice President, Southwest Region (505) 266-1540 5301 Central Avenue NE, Suite 902 • Albuquerque, New Mexico 87108 Why Save Archaeological Sites? Tamara Stewart, Projects Coordinator • Steve Koczan, Site-Management Coordinator The ancient people of North America Amy Espinoza-Ar, Field Representative left virtually no written records of their Paul Gardner, Vice President, Midwest Region (614) 267-1100 cultures. Clues that might someday solve 3620 N. High St. #307 • Columbus, Ohio 43214 the mysteries of prehistoric America are Terry McQuown, Field Representative still missing, and when a ruin is destroyed by looters, or leveled for a Jessica Crawford, Southeast Region (770) 975-4344 shopping center, precious information is 225 Crawford Rd. • Lambert, Mississippi 38643 lost. Gene Hurych, Western Region (916) 399-1193 By permanently preserving endangered 1 Shoal Court #67 • Sacramento, California 95831 ruins, we make sure they will be here for future generations to study and Andy Stout, Eastern Region, (301) 682-6359 enjoy. 8 E. 2nd. St. #200 • Frederick, Maryland 21701 Isaac Emrick, Field Representative How We Raise Funds: ® Funds for the Conservancy come from membership dues, individual american archaeology contributions, corporations, and PUBLISHER: Mark Michel foundations. Gifts and bequests of EDITOR: Michael Bawaya (505) 266-9668, [email protected] money, land, and securities are fully tax ASSISTANT EDITOR: Tamara Stewart deductible under section 501(c)(3) of the ART DIRECTOR: Vicki Marie Singer, [email protected] Internal Revenue Code. Planned giving provides donors with substantial tax Editorial Advisory Board deductions and a variety of beneficiary Scott Anfinson, Historic Preservation • Jan Biella, New Mexico Deputy SHPO possibilities. For more information, call Todd Bostwick, Phoenix City Archaeologist • Linda Derry, Alabama Historical Commission Mark Michel Mark Esarey, State Park • Barbara Heath, Poplar Forest at (505) 266-1540. Trinkle Jones, • Peggy McGuckian, Bureau of Land Management Sarah Neusius, University of Penn. • Claudine Payne, Arkansas Archaeological Survey The Role of the Magazine: Douglas Perrelli, SUNY-Buffalo • Judyth Reed, Bureau of Land Management American Archaeology is the only Joe Saunders, University of Louisiana-Monroe • Kevin Smith, Middle Tennessee State University popular magazine devoted to Fern Swensen, North Dakota Deputy SHPO • Ruth Van Dyke, Colorado College presenting the rich diversity of Robert Wall, Towson University • Rob Whitlam, Washington State Archaeologist archaeology in the Americas. The Richard Woodbury, University of Massachusetts • Don Wyckoff, University of purpose of the magazine is to help readers appreciate and understand the National Advertising Office archaeological wonders available to Marcia Ulibarri, Advertising Representative them, and to raise their awareness of 5301 Central Avenue NE, Suite 902, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87108; the destruction of our cultural heritage. (505) 344-6018; Fax (505) 345-3430; [email protected] By sharing new discoveries, research, and activities in an enjoyable and American Archaeology (ISSN 1093-8400) is published quarterly by The Archaeological Conservancy, 5301 Central Avenue NE, Suite 902, Albuquerque, NM 87108-1517. Title registered U.S. Pat. and TM Office, © 2006 by TAC. Printed in the United informative way, we hope we can States. Periodicals postage paid Albuquerque, NM, and additional mailing offices. Single copies are $3.95. A one-year mem- make learning about ancient America bership to the Conservancy is $25 and includes receipt of American Archaeology. Of the member’s dues, $6 is designated for as exciting as it is essential. a one-year magazine subscription. READERS: For new memberships, renewals, or change of address, write to The Archaeo- logical Conservancy, 5301 Central Avenue NE, Suite 902, Albuquerque, NM 87108-1517, or call (505) 266-1540. For changes How to Say Hello: By mail: of address, include old and new addresses. Articles are published for educational purposes and do not necessarily reflect the The Archaeological Conservancy, views of the Conservancy, its editorial board, or American Archaeology. Article proposals and artwork should be addressed to the editor. No responsibility assumed for unsolicited material. All articles receive expert review. POSTMASTER: Send address 5301 Central Avenue NE, Suite 902, changes to American Archaeology, The Archaeological Conservancy, 5301 Central Avenue NE, Suite 902, Albuquerque, NM Albuquerque, NM 87108-1517; 87108-1517; (505) 266-1540. All rights reserved. by phone: (505) 266-1540; American Archaeology does not accept advertising from dealers in archaeological artifacts or antiquities.

4 summer • 2006 exhibits • Tours • Festivals Meetings • Education • Conferences Events

 NEW EXHIBITS Alaska Museum of Natural History Anasazi Heritage Center Anchorage, Alaska—Alaska has seen Cortez, Colo.—The new exhibit some important archaeological digs “Archaeology Grows Up: 100 Years in recent years, one of which in Montezuma County” explores focuses on the Broken Mammoth the transformation of the study of site. The new exhibit about this site archaeology from the era of the

T takes visitors behind the scenes to 1906 Antiquities Act to the modern AR

O F see how archaeologists work and to computer-assisted study of ancient learn what happens to the informa- people. Cutting-edge techniques tion they recover. The exhibit features developed by researchers working M U S E U M

A N a replica dig site where kids can un- in the Southwest spread through- cover artifacts and features. (907) out the world and helped to shape 274-2400, www.alaskamuseum.org modern archaeology. (970) 882-

METROPOLIT (June–September 2006) 5600, www.co.blm.gov/ahc/index (New long-term exhibit) Heard Museum West Metropolitan Museum of Art Surprise, Ariz.—The world-famous New York,N.Y.—The traveling  CONFERENCES, Heard Museum opens its second fa- LECTURES & FESTIVALS exhibition “Treasures of Sacred cility, which features the long-term Aztec Ruins Summer Maya Kings,” organized by the Los exhibit “Our Stories: Native Ameri- Evening Lecture Series Angeles County Museum of Art, explores the phenomenon of divine can Art and Culture in Arizona.” The June 9, 10, 24; July 20, 21; August exhibit offers more than 300 objects 4, 10, 16; September 9, 16, 29, Aztec kingship. The exhibit includes items that focus on the great cultural di- Ruins National Monument Visitor of kingly regalia, objects that depict versity of Native Americans in Ari- Center, Aztec, N.M. Noted archaeol- the kings’ real and mythic actions, zona and examine how native peo- ogists will present highly informed and works that were part of these ples have been tied to the land from talks about the Anasazi, Chaco activities. The pieces range from ancient times to the present. (602) Canyon and traits of the Chaco sys- large-scale relief in stone, 252-8848, www.heardmuseum.org tem, and Mesa Verde. All lectures to ceramic vessels of distinctive (Grand opening June 24) are free. (505) 334-6174 x30 shape, to objects of carved jade, shell, bone, and . (212) 535-7710, www.metmuseum.org (June 13–September 10)

Maxwell Museum of Anthropology The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, N.M.—The new traveling

ANTHROPOLOGY exhibit “El Rio” highlights traditional cultures and their relationship

O F with the environment throughout the Rio Grande/Rio Bravo watershed. Folkways, festivals, and occupations will be explored in this lively look

M U S E U M at human ingenuity and survival. Produced by the Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage. (505) 277-4405,

AXWELL www.unm.edu/~maxwell/ (Through January 2007) M

american archaeology 5 San Diego Museum of Man’s 23rd Annual Indian Fair June 9–11, San Diego, Calif. A dazzling lineup of Native American artists, including traditional dancers, musicians, and storytellers, will perform. Events A juried competition will be held, spotlighting the diverse talents of noted native artists from throughout the region. Other activities include artists’ demonstrations, children’s activities, guided tours of the museum’s Kumeyaay exhibit, MUSEUM and native foods. Free for children under 17. D I E G O (619) 239-2001, www.museumofman.org S A N

Kids Dig Ohio Archaeology Festival Pecos Conference 2006 and Indian Village/Archaeological August 10–13, Elks Campground, Park Re-Opening Navajo Lake, N.M. The theme “One MUSEUM

June 17, SunWatch Indian Village/ Hundred Years of Archaeology and Y OR Archaeological Park, Dayton, Ohio. Preservation in the Southwest” will This celebration of Native American be explored through field reports, HIST culture features storytelling, crafts, poster presentations, and symposia REELEY food, and basketry and tool-making presenting the results of the latest re- G demonstrations. A simulated archae- search in the region. The Thursday Greeley History Museum ological dig will take place. The fes- evening kick-off reception and reg- Greeley, Colo.—-The new exhibit tival coincides with SunWatch’s istration will be held at Salmon “Awakening Stories of Ancient grand re-opening of its expanded Ruins Museum in nearby Bloom- Bison Hunting” focuses on the facility. Contact Andrew Sawyer at field, with all other events held at the Kaplan-Hoover bison-kill site in (937) 268-1760, Asawyer@Sun- campground. Contact Paul Reed at Windsor, offering a glimpse of Watch.org, www.sunwatch.org (505) 632-2013, [email protected], how, some 2,700 years ago, www.swanet.org/2006_pecos_conference ancient hunters pursued bison Native American Festival and herds on the northern Colorado Maine Indian Basketmakers Market Aloha Festivals plains. Nearly 200 bison were July 8, College of the Atlantic, Bar August 25–October 14, different loca- killed at the site, making this the Harbor, Maine. Wabanaki - tions across Hawaii’s Big Island. largest known Archaic Period makers and other native artists will Hawaii’s premier cultural showcase is hunt site in the Americas. The demonstrate the art of basket weav- a celebration of Hawaiian music, bone bed was uncovered during ing and will sell their work. Other dance, and history intended to pre- a 1997 excavation and has since activities include storytelling, music, serve the unique island traditions. been the focus of researchers dancing, and native foods. This free Festivities include Hawaiian tradi- with Colorado State University. event is co-sponsored by the Abbe tional music, dance, art, history and As archaeologists share their Museum, the Maine Indian Basket- food. The Paniolo Parade celebrates research findings, additional makers Alliance, and the College the Big Island’s ranching heritage. perspectives of Native Americans of the Atlantic. (207) 288-3519, (808) 589-1771, www.alohafesti- and bison ecologists are www.abbemuseum.org vals.com enriching our understanding of this remarkable hunting story. (970) 350-9220, www.greeleymuseums.com (Through August 30)

6 summer • 2006 Massive Pyramid in the Revealed in Mexico City Fifteen-hundred-year-old structure found under Roman Catholic ceremonial site. NEWS his spring archaeologists with the Na- tional Institute for Anthropology and THistory uncovered the corner of a massive pyramid that over the centuries was buried under a hill known as Cerro de la Estrella (Hill of the Star) overlooking one of the poorest districts of Mexico City. The pyramid’s base measures 492 feet on each side, the same size as the base of the famous Pyramid of the Moon at the archae- ological site of Teotihuacán, northeast of Mexico City. It stands nearly 60 feet tall, about half the height of the Pyramid of the Moon. The high density of ceramic sherds and stone features convinced archaeologists to begin mapping the area in 2004. It’s be- lieved that the pyramid was built between A.D. 400 and 500 by the same people who inhabited Teotihuacán. The north side of the pyramid appears to open into a large square. On the south side, a small temple is evident, with holes in the walls where offer- ings were presumably placed. The pyramid appears to have been abandoned around A.D. 800 when the Teotihuacán culture col- lapsed for reasons that are still not fully un- derstood. ERDUGO

V Since the early 1800s, local residents have used the hilltop as the staging area for their re-enactment of the crucifixion of / E D U A R D O Christ, a ritual carried out every year dur- TO

PHO ing Holy Week and attended by tens of

AP thousands of spectators. According to local legend, when a cholera epidemic ravaged An archaeologist works at the site of a pre-Hispanic pyramid in Mexico City. The massive Iztapalapa in 1833, the villagers appealed sixth-century structure is buried under a hill where the crucifixion of Christ is reenacted. to their patron, represented by a statue of The pyramid was abandoned almost 1,000 years before Catholics began reenacting the Christ, to put an end to the plague. When Crucifixion there in the 1800s. it subsided, they staged a procession up the hill to give thanks, a ritual that contin- pyramid, which has been partially destroyed by the recent construction ues to this day. of houses along the hillside. The excavated area was backfilled prior to Given the strong ties the local residents this year’s Easter procession to protect it from the crowds. A perimeter have to the hill, archaeologists do not plan fence is planned for construction around the base of the hill to prevent to conduct further excavations of the vehicles from causing further damage. —Tamara Stewart

american archaeology 7 in the NEWS Mammoth and Horse Extinctions Linked To Climate Change Study states that man didn’t eradicate these species.

new study concludes that have contributed to mammoth and and bush, which contributed to the the extinction of large mam- horse extinctions, the more likely growth of bison and elk. As tempera- Amals at the end of the last cause is that these two species and tures continued to rise and there was ice age more than 10,000 years ago others suffered as temperatures more precipitation, boreal forests was likely caused by climate changes warmed and the landscape changed. consisting of inedible pine and and not excessive hunting by hu- He noted that the mammal bones spruce trees sprouted upon the grass- mans or by a lethal disease. A report most often found at the earliest North lands, forcing the mammals to com- on the study, which was conducted American archaeological sites are of pete for limited grazing areas. Bison by R. Dale Gutherie of the Institute species such as bison and elk, which and elk apparently bested horses and of Arctic Biology at the University of did not go extinct. The fact that some mammoths in this competition: while Alaska, Fairbanks, recently appeared mammal species survived also argues the former species populations de- in the journal Nature. against the virulent disease theory. clined, they avoided extinction. Several theories have been pro- Before a warming period Gutherie added that his research posed to explain the extinction of began, grasses were short and dry applies to prehistoric events in mammals such as the mammoth and but nonetheless suitable for mam- Alaska and the Yukon, but not to all the prehistoric horse. There is the moths and horses. As the warming of North America. notion, sometimes referred to as trend continued, vegetation became —Michael Bawaya “overkill,” that early humans more lush, changing into tall grass hunted the animals to extinction. Another theory has it that an extremely virulent disease

was to blame. TIST Gutherie ex- AR S O N

amined 600 new radiocar- W bon dates of the remains of DA

horses, mammoths, and J O H N other mammals found in

Alaska and the Yukon Terri- U S E U M , M tory in Canada. He com- A G E

bined these dates with P C. existing archaeological and botanical evidence. He said large mammals were G E O R G E flourishing when humans entered O F T H E Alaska and Canada, and then mi- grated down into the Americas. The A warming trend may have caused the extinction of prehistoric TESY

data shows that while humans could horses in Alaska and the Yukon Territory in Canada. COUR

8 summer • 2006 in the First NAGPRA Reburial of Human Remains at Mesa Verde NEWS More than 1,500 remains and thousands of associated items reburied.

fter 13 years of consultations, “It was certainly a significant The passage of NAGPRA (Native more than 1,500 human remains event that has been waited upon for American Graves Protection and Aand nearly 5,000 associated fu- years by the many parties involved,” Repatriation Act) in 1990 provides a nerary items that had been excavated said the park’s chief of visitor serv- process for federal agencies as well from the park and adjacent lands ices, Tessy Shirakawa, who attended as public and private that over the past 120 years were finally part of the ceremony. “It was a very have received federal funding to re- reburied this spring at an undisclosed reverent ceremonial event, and turn or repatriate human remains and location within Mesa Verde National everyone present was overwhelmed associated funerary or sacred items to Park in Cortez, Colorado. The 24 by the emotion of it.” culturally affiliated descendants. But tribes culturally associated with the The remains and cultural objects the process can involve years of con- park, including the Navajos, Utes, range in date from A.D. 500 to 1300. sultations. Shirakawa said she ex- and Puebloans, appointed the Hopi They were obtained from excavations pects many more repatriations in the tribe to perform the reburial. Mem- conducted by various institutions and near future “because many agencies bers of the Hopi and a few other individuals between the 1890s and and institutions have also worked tribes attended the closed ceremony 1990s. Among the funerary objects their way through the NAGPRA and that accompanied the reburial this that were reburied were , consultation process.” past April. beads, basketry, and other artifacts. —Tamara Stewart Report Warns of Threats to Border Archaeology Advisory panel presents report to President and Congress.

recent report presented by the Good Neighbor En- Although the advisory panel has no power to en- vironmental Board, a federal advisory committee force change, their report serves to raise awareness A consisting of academics, local governmental repre- about the problem, and some recent steps have been sentatives, nonprofit groups, tribes, and federal agen- taken by border communities to preserve the area’s cies, concludes that numerous archaeological sites and cultural and natural resources. The report highlights cultural properties in border areas are being destroyed. some of the successful organizations, partnerships, and Population growth, development, urbanization, increased projects that are being undertaken to protect border cross-border traffic, and illegal immigration and related area resources. Arizona’s volunteer site steward pro- border enforcement are causes for the destruction and gram, established in the mid-1980s, monitors archaeo- vandalism in border areas of Arizona, New Mexico, logical sites in the state, and the Center for Desert Ar- Texas, California, and northern Mexico. chaeology’s Heritage Southwest program promotes “An explosion in the region’s population has had a stewardship of resources in the American Southwest dramatic effect on cultural resources,” the panel con- and the Mexican Northwest through research, preser- cluded, adding that urban development, foot traffic, off- vation, and public education. The Archaeological Con- road vehicles, trash associated with undocumented mi- servancy’s preservation work in the area was also high- gration, and increased border security impedes cultural lighted, which achieves protection through acquisition practices, especially for tribes whose members live on of land containing significant archaeological sites. both sides of the border. —Tamara Stewart american archaeology 9 in the NEWS Huge Well Discovered at Jamestown The well is yielding a wealth of information about the colony.

amestown archaeologists have discovered an enormous well that J may have been built by Captain John Smith, the leader of the Jamestown colony, nearly 400 years ago. This well, which is about six feet square and 20 feet deep, is more than four times the size of other ex- cavated from this time period. “It has the potential to tell us much about the environment in Virginia and the Chesapeake Bay region when Smith and other Englishmen established Jamestown in 1607,” said William Kelso, director of the Jamestown archaeological project. Historic Jamestowne, as it’s now known, is the site of America’s first permanent British settlement. A

The well was actually discovered APV last fall, but at that time the archaeol- Pieces of a German jug with a 1604 medallion were found in the well fill. The well,which has the ogists didn’t know what it was. “This potential to reveal a great deal about the colonists and the environment they lived in, is 20 feet deep. has been by far the most complex ar- chaeological feature that I’ve worked water level. The box is aligned with found a 1604 German jug, weapons, on,” said Carter Hudgins, who is lead- the fort wall and other fort structures. ceramics, beads, and a great quantity ing the excavation of the well. It was Kelso said a number of men with of butchered animal bones and other hidden beneath the ruins of a brick mining experience were in food remains. They also found oys- fireplace that was part of a 1617 addi- Jamestown at the time the well was ter shells and other marine life in- tion to the first Virginia governor’s built, which may explain the box-like cluding clam, mussel and scallop house originally built in 1611. “After construction technique. Wells from shells, fish bones, dorsal plates from they abandoned the well, the this period are usually circular. huge Atlantic sturgeon, crab claws, colonists filled it with trash and then Kelso said plants, seeds, pollen, and barnacles. built over it, sealing everything inside insects, and food remains, paper, Because of the delicate nature of it. But we know it is much earlier leather, fabric, and other materials the objects submerged beneath the than 1617, and it may be the well survive in wells below the water water table, a team of consultants in- built in 1608 or 1609 that Smith de- table because of the oxygen-deprived cluding zoo archaeologists, micro scribes in his journal,” he said. Kelso atmosphere. “These objects are rarely botanical specialists, and entomolo- believes the well will prove to be a found on sites this old,” he said. gists will assist the staff in the recov- virtual time capsule of environmental Archaeologists recently un- ery and analysis. Excavation will be and cultural data of that period. earthed a child’s leather , sur- completed in 2006, but the analysis The well has an intact wooden gical tools, nuts, and seeds. In the will continue into at least 2007. box that lines the shaft below the shaft above the water table they —Michael Bawaya

10 summer • 2006 Buried Spanish in the Ship Discovered NEWS in Florida There is speculation that it could date to the mid-1500s.

he U.S. Navy has reburied a Spanish ship that was partially T unearthed by construction crews at the Pensacola Naval Air Sta- tion in Pensacola, Florida. The ship ap- pears to be hundreds of years old, and there is speculation that it could date to Spain’s initial attempt to colonize CHOLS

I Florida in the mid-1500s.

YN The construction crews discovered

GAR the vessel while rebuilding the base’s ,

VY swim rescue school, which was de- NA stroyed in 2004 by Hurricane Ivan. The / U . S . ship had been buried under about 20 TO feet of sand. “There was an attempt to PHO

AP colonize Florida in 1559,” said Eliza- beth Benchley, the director of the Ar- Archaeologists clear sand from the remains of a rare Spanish ship that was buried chaeology Institute at the University of on the Pensacola Naval Air Station. The date of the vessel is unknown. West Florida. At Spain’s behest, 1,500 people came by boat from Mexico to what is now Pensacola. Historic Boats Found at Contaminated Site “We’re not certain exactly how old Vessels in the Hudson River could be treated as toxic waste. it is, but it’s certainly not modern,” said n archaeological firm hired by the General Electric Co. (GE) to sur- Heather Mauldin of New South Associ- vey miles of the shoreline and bottom of the Hudson River in upstate ates, an archaeological firm hired by A New York has found several historic boats. The survey precedes a the Navy to monitor the construction massive dredging project to clean the river of pollutants. The boats, project. “They didn’t keep good which are contaminated by polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) could be records of shipbuilding until the preserved, or treated as toxic waste. 1700s.” “We know there are at least four late 19th-century and early 20th-century There are iron bolts in the keel of boats,” said Dan Cassedy, a senior archaeologist with URS Corporation, the firm the ship, which Benchley thinks are conducting the survey. “They’re barges and canal boats for the most part.” characteristic of construction tech- “It hasn’t been determined yet what will happen to the boats,” said niques used after the mid-1500s. New Leo Rosales, a spokesperson for the Environmental Protection Agency. South is analyzing a small number of “We’re still trying to work with GE to see what options there are.” It’s artifacts that were recovered during likely that the boats will be left undisturbed in the river, recovered and test excavations. These should re- preserved, or handled like other toxic waste. Rosales noted that the EPA veal more information about the age will make the final decision, which is expected by the end of summer. of the ship. Thus far URS has surveyed about five miles of the river. The project The Navy is searching for funding calls for another 35 miles to be surveyed. It’s expected that more than 2.5 to excavate the ship and it has moved million cubic yards of PCB-laden muck will be dredged as early as 2007. the construction project to avoid dis- The dredging is the result of an agreement between GE, the EPA, and the turbing the vessel. Department of Justice that forced GE to clean pollutants it discharged into —Michael Bawaya the river. —Michael Bawaya

american archaeology 11 WHEREWHERE THETHE TTRAILRAIL OFOF TTEAREAR BEGANBEGAN SS In the 1830s the Cherokee were forcibly removed from their homeland in the Southeast. They were made to travel a “Trail of Tears” to their new home in Oklahoma. It’s said that the trail began at the doorstep of every Cherokee home. An archaeologist is documenting the trail’s origins in southwest North Carolina. By Mike Toner

12 summer • 2006 ILL-COBB H C H A R L O T T E american archaeology 13 HE BUZZARD FAMILY LIVED IN A SIMPLE 12- Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) allows water levels in its by-12-foot log house at a gentle bend in North Car- to drop, briefly exposing parts of the floodplain olina’s Nottely River. Their six acres of land sup- that were once Cherokee farmsteads. Riggs points to the ported a few crops, 11 apple and two peach trees, remnants of the rocky where the Buzzards would a corn-crib, and 51 chickens. That much history have huddled on just such a day as this. Thas recorded. “The Cherokee have a saying that the Trail of Tears This too, is history: On or about June 12, 1838, all of began at the doorstep of every Cherokee household,” he the members of the Buzzard household, and the 100 or so says, standing beside an excavation unit exposing the other Cherokee residents of the scattered farmsteads of the small root cellar that the Buzzards dug in the earthen floor Cherokee community Nana’tsu’gun, were among the first to of their simple cabin. “This was one of them. Fort Butler suffer America’s 19th-century spasm of ethnic cleansing. was just over there beyond the gap in the hills, so Buzzard At the time, this effort was known simply as “the and his neighbors along the river here—Clauseenah, removal policy.” In the course of six weeks that summer of Lawlaw, and Chewkeeaskee—were probably among the 1838, the U.S. Army arrested 13,000 Cherokee residents of first to be taken away.” North Carolina, Tennessee, Georgia, and Alabama and took The traces of the Buzzards’ life here are meager. A them to nearby detention camps, seizing their farms so they week of excavation by Riggs’ Ph.D. student Lance Greene could be redistributed to white settlers. Eventually, the men, has produced little more than a few handfuls of potsherds women, and children of the Cherokee Nation marched and a single brass button. Riggs says the preponderance of overland more than 800 miles in the dead of winter to the the Cherokee’s traditional Qualla clay pottery and the lands the U.S. Government had set aside for them west of paucity of commercial goods—a single shard of commer- the . More than 3,000 died on the way. cial ceramic and the brass button—attest to the fact that This journey on the “Trail of Tears” came to its inglori- the Buzzard family was “dirt poor.” ous conclusion in Oklahoma in the spring of 1839. “These are not the kinds of things archaeologists tend (Though it is called the Trail of Tears, the Cherokee in fact to get excited about,” Riggs says. “The cabins didn’t have traversed several different trails from several different foundations. Most of this land was plowed in the years be- states.) The surviving Cherokee tried to rebuild their towns fore it was flooded by the TVA. In many cases these cel- and farms in this strange land. It’s known where the trail lars are the only things left. A lot of the sites we’re looking ended; where it began is uncertain. Former Cherokee lands for are at the absolute threshold of archaeological detec- in the Southeast have been plowed, crisscrossed with high- tion. If this spot weren’t under water most of the year, ways, bulldozed for towns, and flooded by dams. there probably wouldn’t be anything left.” That is what brings Brett Riggs, of University of North Over the course of eight years, Riggs has found dozens Carolina Research Laboratories of Archaeology, to this of forgotten Cherokee sites in southwestern North Carolina, bleak bend in the Nottely River on a bitterly cold day in first while doing research on his doctoral dissertation and early spring. But after years on the trail of the Trail of more recently as part of a project to document the start of Tears, Riggs has grown used to the cold. Each winter, the the trail. The project is funded by the National Park Ser- S RIGG BRETT The Trail of Tears consisted of several different routes. Originally all of the Cherokee were to travel by water (the blue route) along a series of rivers. The journey was expected to take two to three weeks. But a drought lowered the river levels, and many Cherokee had to take overland routes. It took as long as four months to travel these circuitous routes. Two of the routes end at Fort Smith because the Cherokee groups disbanded there, taking various paths to their destination. The white circles indicate the starting points and conclusions of the trail.

14 summer • 2006 U . S . NATIONAL A R C H I V E S A N D RECORDS A DMINISTRATION, WASHINGT ON, D .C . american T vice, tailed ging there M h the Last branched originsofthetrailinNorthCarolinaandGeor however Indians the halfdozen“collectionforts” thatwereusedtoholdthe the remaining park expand thetrailtoincludemoreofremovalroutes.The national Alabama sites the firstpartofdocumentationneededtonominate viving trailculturalresourcesbyRiggsandGreeneprovides and ganization m and depots” istorian exico. ents, potential r U lied heavilyonanotherkind of trail:thepapertrail O DOCUMENTTHEREMOV interpretation Congress though year outes for began “The service the .S. hasn’t maps and until the in , ar , “W Ar Easter historic for to legislation Congress chaeology archaeological trail and for T my in (Abov (Right) Cherok proper (Abov e the in they National been ennessee. by Oklahoma is t to the they always med he designated the n created is sponsoring r e e) Ar T nearly elated Cherok ties ee An rail right) Band have National currently F enough trail of my ederal National could prisoner to

1838 in omitted the Register of introduced knew Nor Captain ee s surveyors been upport There triple of in historical to v T Nation. sk th and aluations trail. ears s be two evidence. etch Cherokee known evict 1987. Carolina, at T efforts about Archives, rail L.B. there destroyed Fo m its other Tennessee of A were map of Association, the rt oved W 180-page

the of length,” System Historic Butler showing the in ebster's Lacking sites of 1836 2,200 about Cherok like AL SITES, were creation, 23 r fo Congress Cherokee. Indians, outes to removal , r where ts . June and Riggs’ forts by roster ee lar and miles, in them.” other Places. says to inventory 1838. the ger documentation, a a and Santa to posts in century Oklahoma) development, of he local nonprofit to Riggs hasre routes proposed Aaron identify locations “emigratio but r four Riggs’ outes, t found document he Fe, gover there of states, multi- and Mahr (from New dig sur- any gia. but de- or- n- of to is n a a - - , room property, period into among Most the hilltop many them,” saysRiggs.InNorthCarolina,FortButler quickly and known. half l can and r focuses, ofnecessity,ontheculture itselfandtheindividuals details sites. Rob people, partment vided cluestothelocationsofothers.In1835,W households ontheirhand-drawncontourmapsandpro- maps superimposed owed emain faint binsville, R To But the trails, supplement a of “Because thefortswerelocatedatnodesofroads of iggs cabin, The as that power

about of the homes by anonymous. development, find legal t obliterated followed Ar he 3,000 but including time,” also they h Ar my cover Andrews. best as time, and t my ful tangible the is he claims c that c made Cherokees in were now ombined artographers documented says account cor p s people the parts Murphy. moder ites, inpointed in infor the n-crib, by the a But a Riggs, 1836 a sites traces The the power magnet he Buzzard’s detailed of mation the n Cherokee who with of the encamped, locations knowledge four scanned s w all Fort he “the ite the of cities people ith about did c substation. lived valued Ar opious finds for the onto of counties. uprooting Delaney an census my Cherokee more six-acre early themselves that Fort there. Cherokee h appraisal t of on maps, mode he alf w at has w of ith t m earth.” grew han $116. ritten settlers Montgomery, of of Ar ost ancient has far been Next rn rich, of were my property the the mstead, t map of individuals. that “For opographi been of r up filed, ecord m , whereas erased Cherokee Cherokee came and them personal probably aps all culture m around r a ar De- emain ilitary swal- Riggs wer their brief one- lists, and and the ar by in e e c s

15 M U S E U M O F T H E CHEROKEE I NDIAN U . S . NATIONAL A R C H I V E S A N D RECORDS A R C H I V E S , C H E R O K E E , NOR T H CAROLIN A A DMINISTR AT I ON, WASHINGT O N , D.C. A Cherokee farmstead is shown in this 1888 photograph. It probably resembled most of the Cherokee homes and farms in southwestern North Carolina in 1838.

“They all remain quietly at home at shoe leather phase. In a single winter, he and his students walked hundreds of miles through countless backyards work on their little farms, as though and plowed fields, bramble patches and rhododendron no evil was intended them. They are thickets, and along riverbanks seeking evidence of the innocent and simple people into sites on the Army maps. whose houses we are to obtrude “From the maps, we could generally isolate the loca- ourselves and take them off by force. tion of a farmstead to within two or three acres,” he says. “The problem is that many of these areas have been If there is anything that goes against plowed repeatedly or developed. These are the kinds my conscience, it is this work.” of sites archaeologists typically ignore. They are hard to But not all of the Cherokee were poor subsistence isolate, but we try to find one or two diagnostic artifacts in farmers. Along the Valley River near the town of Marble, B the target area. Then we intensify the search with close in- for instance, Lance Greene found and excavated the home

terval auger sampling that will tell us where to excavate.” of John Welch, an Anglo-Cherokee planter who, by virtue N E G . 1 0 0 0 - Frequently, the only evidence of Cherokee presence is of his status and mixed blood, was exempted from the the cellars where food was stored or household refuse was removal. His 100-acre estate did not, however, escape the dumped. Riggs looks for certain types of artifacts to date the Army property evaluators, who dutifully listed more than a A R C H I V E S , sites, such as a telltale mixture of ceramic styles. Commer- dozen outbuildings, hundreds of peach trees, and a one- cial ceramics—blue-edged plates and polychrome teacups and-a-half story log house and six black slaves. Green’s imported from England—were finding their way into Chero- excavation also found evidence of Welch’s Euro-American kee homes during the 1820s and 1830s. But most homes lifestyle: iron table cutlery; leaded glass tumblers; bone, ANTHROPOLOGICAL also used the grit-tempered, buff-colored Qualla ware that brass, and iron buttons; bullet molds and gun parts; needles;

had been a Cherokee tradition since the 1300s. square nails; a candle stand; glass; and—in a supreme TIONAL

The assemblages and the written records have irony—a commemorative whisky flask depicting Andrew NA allowed Riggs to document a spectrum of lifestyles that Jackson, who ordered the removal of the Cherokee. might otherwise have faded into a homogenous cultural Still, the affluent Welch never quite abandoned his NSTITUTION landscape. If written records were all that remained, the Cherokee roots. On the gently sloping hill where the I image of the Cherokee might well be limited to views like house once stood, Green’s team also unearthed glass that of Army Capt. L. B. Webster, who, on June 9, 1838, beads, carved stone pipes, and a range of wild plant and

three days before the removal began, wrote in his journal: animal remains that show an affinity for his heritage. SMITHSONIAN

16 summer • 2006 L A N C E GREENE RUSSELL T OWNSEND american as portion ofthetrailitself,a19th-century wagonroadknown Riggs’ Humphrey eloquently ammunition smoking bot road right hereopened towagontraf mixture re before hundreds slope depression issue prior totheremoval,CherokeegatheredatAquohee center ter for ahighwaybypass.Thecourthousewasthejudicialcen Aquohee C Brett ported the tles. BefittingaBaptistmission,therewerenotracesof for Near Riggs “There Riggs w between Unicoi he the removalthatRiggshasdiscovered.InPeachtree, HEROKEE team of the the ritten ar of documents finding political parapher District of located Peachtree, chaeology is surrounding ar r Posey’s now commercial or it emoval. unearthed gued Cherokee m Tur memorials, is,” ost a gun npike “old H highway Courthouse, over a opposition what their OMES n pleased brick-lined he

parts. alia, V T alleytowns blue Riggs grown ipped says youths that, Cherokee case the he and no ARE petitions, and China’ believes m w cellar to against pointing f alcohol to ith ission’s ound by with were just NOT native his the the feature his a community Baptist in surprise, as Hiawassee local trees THE removal. and removal. educated t fic in1816. Itwasthe a to he discovery it brick-lined containers, ceramics at to plowed be was ONLY the site open landowner along a M the was V ission, 12-foot-wide alle being For of and in

River TRACES letters field yto site of still medicine a the preacher wns 10 cellar the and a woody graded . w of intact. there, years years “Thi Baptist lar who her epi- that the , no ge of e a s - Mission r the Ar primary west traversed w backbone passed House These oute hen my site, Cherokee The sher site. from survey w l he eading hich through ds r W National outes another came elch, of Fort of w as a notes commerce decorated of u occupied to sed Butler f across this Anglo-Cherok or Park T route, ennessee, he r the very emoval. from plate into found Service an Unicoi the spot for 1820 ee Ar w T ere Turtle ennessee. blood, my the More it. and in to recov assumed Tur Riggs officer’s 1836. the r w egions ered npike, T as with than own summer not was from But that evicted the 3,000 Tr jour the and the ail, proven Riggs the assistance of nal J only from ohn that one Cherokees 1838.” Cherokee believed that W his elch correct wagon angled of home. had the of 17 RIGGS BRETT

Riggs determined this wooded area is an abandoned roadbed of the Unicoi Turnpike, which was one of the heavily trafficked portions of the Trail of Tears.

been held in a private collection in Florida. The journal, Riggs recalls. “I heard a buzz of conversation in the back which had detailed descriptions of places the officer had of the bus and an old man stood up and said, ‘Wilson visited as he traveled the Unicoi Turnpike to Army head- Muskrat was my great-great-grandfather and I never knew quarters in Tennessee and back, mentions encountering where he came from.’ At moments like that, you feel you the Cherokee along the way. have really done something worthwhile.” “The real route goes out of Fort Butler at a 45 degree angle and quickly diverges,” he says. “There are pieces MIKE TONER is a Pulitzer Prize–winning science writer for the Atlanta Jour- here and pieces there, but much of the route crosses U.S. nal Constitution. His article “New Revelations at Moundville” appeared in the Forest Service land, and that part of it hasn’t been Spring 2005 issue of American Archaeology. disturbed much at all. It looks like about a third of the 30-mile route is still intact. In some places it’s 10 to 12 feet wide and so deeply entrenched from all the wagon traffic it carried that it almost looks like a canal crossing the mountains.” Riggs says the forts, roads, farmsteads, general stores, schools, and other features of the removal-era landscape will provide archaeologists with plenty of resources for future studies. “The archaeology has just begun,” he says. “We’ve prepared exhibits on the work we’ve done, but of the 630 places we now know of, we’ve only identified about 50 of them.” He is committed not only to finding the remnants of the Trail of Tears, but also using what he finds to connect the sweep of history to the households and individual people who lived it. Riggs recalls acting as the guide for a

busload of elderly Cherokee from Oklahoma who were R

touring the area to reconnect with their traditional roots. ONE “We were passing one spot on Highway 64 and I said I K E T something like ‘…and down there is where old Muskrat M Thompson Muskrat and Wilson Muskrat used to live,’” Riggs adjusting a total station unit while working at the Buzzard home site.

18 summer • 2006 A Controversy ON THE Great Plains Is the Hudson- Meng Bone Bed a bison- kill site? Is it one of the most important archaeological discoveries in the world?

By Moni Hourt D ENBROA

G This 1973 photograph

YA shows researchers working

LARR in the bison bone bed. american archaeology 19 20 newly points tion Bor sistence the ued. unlucky people didn’t contained Agenbroad, and dam were belong Chadron have T began contacted. unearthed theblanketofbones,andlocalauthoritieswer look. w artifacts thaterodedoutofthe damwalls.In1968,Hudson, Crawford, stead archaeologists A ho deteriorated n Oglala M T In femurs site. construction The ignored and had bigger he in They eng take constructed almost and the to had of the homesteader’s project story Great a The controversysurroundingtheanimals’deaths 600 en State raised He enrolled one sheep.” They Nebraska, National rancher d a skull just next sloping butchering area. to isagreed were than hunted genius it as and bison, t examine of and housand may with too, ignor College, Plains quickly in soon 20 was We project sheep the sheep dam his Meng the Albert ar Grasslands in asked canyon have but years,

to mostly ticulated ed and contacted mayor few as w halted family an area, r livestock. figure and egion ith tools we deter us. the bones their in said convinced bones, ended Meng. camped flowing archaeology them M 1954. didn’t.” Sometimes the they upper cows located site. y he Bill mined eng as found ears in out bones in of that and several leased authorities’ to there and Hudson, sur a soon the The Several all w and and that springs 1992 near included hat come older mised that lo in that were ago numerous his canyons w construction except calves, er those the his as of the I is course the interview. teeth the think professor test r than those now out the emained collected unearthed that in public friend, approximately m tangle the conclusions. bones canyon (right) iddle digs the for perished and bulldozers any below we prehistoric N at university projectile construc ebraska. area. the land and piqued , nearby contin for should take of home- of “They didn’ of mor Larry by per mer that rib ribs the the on an “It in bones e e a a - - - t (left) bones. from points, butchering tools,andsome3,500lithic wasteflakes it charcoal 3,000-square-foot food, many The crews brushes. excavated severalyardsofdirtwithpiespatulasandtooth- derson, Bison from “Scientists, investigation. Theexcavationsgeneratedgreatexcitement. Agenbroad moved lasted with looked 12 Agenbroad’s about and startdiggingforartifacts,sowedecidedtokeepquiet the debated keep with characteristics. “Attheendofday,wecoveredsite later was uncov volunteers volunteers Anderson W In crew fill. a all described t visitors but the Kill ithin until w ool excavated approximately the in ered lar like A one hat over whether samples We During ll and ger there even site news spring making at said. an college we but

snow w of worried curiosity. the that the e’d said secured crew. to hour opened got Agenbroad’s uncovered brought site. as was f “So the to our honor 1,800 and we bone of world found.” we the Agenbroad to a were professors, themselves. after we 1972, He next no t should finally 11,000 projectile of bones hat town. mor the Finally, square bed. a the flipped came outside their christened the exposing f someone ning Agenbroad five ound area small Agenbroad the two appointed for Everyone taken Radiocarbon years even complete scraped own to in years, feet mer for we base students, a point men in f portion Luckily the the unding coin. go from us.” old. headed the tools, might of students. association it of fall site,” Agenbroad who on retur said. together was the the w a Going bone T what the projectile ith tour wenty of out of for the and dates summer and c ned approximately lobbied Hudson-Meng ome too said out “That site 1971, Paleo-Indian the bed, to t “W guide.” won.” Agenbroad snowstor he volunteers r to excited $1,800 there. eportedly projectile based Dale indicated the w e back site. project. and the r ith he had one • esolve points for site.” 2006 and An- site out the We his for on “It so its of to m

LARR YT ODD LARR YA G ENBROAD american by l dividual bones,hediscer stained earthashearths.Mappingtheplacementofin the bonebedthatcontainedcharredfragmentedand the concluded butchering hadtakenplaceatthesite.Agenbroadeventually further s skeletons bones, sons skullcaps attached food An ocated howed in the Plains Agenbroad situ or or Alberta evidence, the in discov to ar to signs hor and might thousands chaeology that t he access process , n er y very cores) center people, the of of interpreted have an according r tools the esharpening. few

Alber the of and were of been brain a were years ta skullcaps ned thatthevarioushearthswer clusters Paleo-Indian hides. point the several found. r to emoved matter characteristic ago. artifacts lodg Agenbroad, The of This ed (frontal He distinctive , bones. in arrange w for a culture speculated hich r bison all esharpening ceremonial of bones sup Few t bone. w hat ment those areas that as ported extensive complet This u w that roamed sed created of ith within point was rea- the the the the for e e w - as resharpened T used idea, was cept fortheremovalofartifacts,mostbonebed this been archaeologist in 1990.“Ifoundthatmanyof theboneshad Springs, Agenbroad, then herd certain theAlbertapeoplehadchasedeitherasinglebison is Agenbroad l killed eft the or according uncovered one and was which isonU.S.D.A.ForestService land,aftershe er South several in area used ri of s and now itu appointed

as the as Dakota, Liestman to finished butchered smaller to a a the by greatest hafted encourage butchering Agenbroad, director said the excavating herds the archaeological first last after of later and floor sur animals. over year that its Nebraska the . tip other study. vey in . Mammoth an ancient w the as “In ed embankment brok n By finds fall atural National my en. humans the then of estimation, Site on 1977. factors.” he earth,” in Forest site was had and Hot Ex- , 21 22 covered tersect is easilyidentifiedbyitscolor w of theridge,uncoveringavertical sandstonerockfacethat dug twotrenchesthatwerenearly 29feetdeepatthebase layer the newly were the pieces some and another150squarefeetbeyondthebonebed,covering bed, partofwhichhadalreadybeenexcavatedinthe1970s, They the smarter and w 1970s. ThebasicdatarecordedbyAgenbroadandhiscrew human through methods andtechnologythatallowedustolookatthesite port site David conduct taphonomy specialistatColoradoStateUniversity(CSU),to gested clined bone Liestman said.“Iwantedtoreopenthesiteseehow constr In as as 1995 site, area bone in Examining During Liestman evaluated perpendicular , of uction Agenbroad’s,” located bed produced areas r Rapson a of 1991. opened esembling because hiring action the exceptional crew a than they the the that chipped bed of had different , the r that the cov layer ock-face excavations. “Initially, about excavated asked indicated might the Larry of the fared might ered visitor's 11 the trench, a of Agenbroad the stone computerized role of a years crews by four set possibility to other T Agenbroad quality, T have dark over University odd soil a have center odd, at the I of larg of joined that to as was that 300 its glasses. containing e a who the produced line said. T commitments. bone five well w tent, a been odd, variety est the had base. square T sure but , texture,andage,didnotin Paleo-Indian years.” odd that in inches the w documented excavated of to “W as all. majority bed. three-dimensional assisted time not. a the We our W do e and several a of Instead, r bison-jump ock-face the feet yoming, certainly

sloping the looked the causal vertical above However They findings had Rapson patter of bone and work, of by Agenbroad projectile the given and the recovered the the these remov agents.” archaeologist ridge reopened beyond almost ning bank weren’t investigated would bed, , site main but site, vertebrate bone bone-bed T ed us odd artifacts we west grid bones points. he in of which other T at bone what bed. sup sug- odd saw dis any 168 the de- the the its of of from - - - areas bone Several ter on rumen have dence meat sites—though dead other been, ‘Howdidtheseanimalsdie?’”T gated butchering “It isalocationwhereanimalsdiedinsteadofsecondar produced artifact,”theywroteintheirinvestigationreport at thesite.“TheHudson-Mengbonebedisnotahumanly theorized hunter’s the site. hunters nicks Only nearly fleshy natural not cause if sites, mains the that mination the the bones T T He “One ofthemajorquestionsaboutthissitehasalways T sifted are odd about from odd bison) w odd bed. and comparison animals and hunters at of parts ere Hudson-Meng 150 m anomalies processes. also case would wounds Hudson-Meng, in ats intensive disturbed and also that sur processed.” cuts those down He could locality an 20 points that theorizes of were (the mises with took simply Rapson not articulated have questioned a said have found the the and bones. fast-moving by through bodily raised have w the located processing at At to that the w r there ith been site emains surrounded then here bones died Hor Hor be that concluded H on meat sites the run r cliff didnotexist.Andevenifth Alberta chased then, trenching gently exist andthatthelandwasthen 11,000 summit, the have beenfoundnearthebaseof concentration yards awayfromtheverticalwall. Hudson-Meng r Hor b comparisons There udson-Meng as questions ock esulted was fluids ison-kill position ner—indicate found found the ner are the later the carcass and throughout lost compared projectile ner sitenearCody,W he bison T cliff. and are like odd w grass a soil and and indications and bones presence are years has r or over all dying and kill-area. off olling hunters within in absent, indicating from related Hor that and to discarded and that B operation off no the about butchering segments u other studied. the fire sites, ut the nearthed stomach odd said.Makingan time the ago ner points uncovered at remains. there with w “butchering killed a makes Rapson animals the prairie; animals the of the begins top ith swept the that cliff bone of , bone bones, could Agenbroad’s presumably Many sites, the were T summer that bones such bone hearths those odd Hudson-Meng bone other was site. to of embedded points the were because humans had cliff it contents by bed. d bed across also dozens T T it, therefore, the buried had of uring about appear not surviving expected but odd odd little animals. bed. at yoming. at humans as did existed a bed known should marks” the • aggre- in if once- could made other other that’s been lar have 2006 sai that evi- not be- de- the the the the the the cut He re by ge 40 as of of in at d e y a - - .

LARR YT ODD STA N AHLER M O N I HOUR T american imals susceptible toerosion,decay,anddestructionbyotheran prairie the animalscoweredfroma sto striking have than their ton the surroundingbonestheywerelastpartofskele caps, not t the mar when, have methods willanswerthose questions. UntilthenIdon’t ac concentrations have sion bed. have had area Lar hat ry find

to T “I cameawayfrom Hudson-Mengwithmore questions “W been have of after Ag They deaths, answers.” had trapped odd bur T coming several enbroad odd having e spentthefirstthreeyearsofexcavationsearching be gin ofthebonebedforaprocessingsitelikethose fires being the ar them ned little covered been doesn’t the chaeology buried concluded and rain-swept consumed as examines hearths. to hotter ideas. the animals at taken effect of could To f Rapson the ound Hudson-Meng.” rumen animals by know dd by

spring r and The on sev sand efuge a that toxic sifting at had dmitted. eral grasslands found the most how mats, other longer animals since in of to and died plants in oxygen. silt the massive the of drink. pieces a thereby rm s sediment, Alber “Perhaps the and ites.” but the small in As bison couldhavealsocaused and could near the ta skulls for bone before sand. A of snowdrifts. points T grasses. swale, odd giving died, snowstor areas the the them have time bed, were and The from the missing said. spring but fast-moving in with the and suffocated the fire but thus bone taller the m “W Lighting he impres- site. wher woul woul heavy better could skull- e bone were does bed that did d d e - - - cause cept side was the ered. StanAhler bed. t I search And that revenue vated campsites, humans decade,” est education wouldbecomeanemphasisareawithintheFor only ational andresearchexpenses.Liestmansaidvisitationhas visitor’s Forest geted t tion lyzed, Hudson-Meng in In hat hought search 2005 lar Service, Unfortunately, were our invited of any we been PCRG of archaeological n Pa none material into answer ge the and Service attracting of center leoCultural from were the the visitation conclusions would that she campsites P amount collected a aleoCultural w but T data can r by as fraction odd esearchers bone but said. which many a operating if summer at including they’re completed the , PCRG’sdirectorofresearch,saidhefeels kill be analysis have Hudson-Meng and Hudson-Meng 20,000 that this site. expectations of proven Forest “W bed money by Research Research questions of was or about w Rapson’s e unanalyzed established still ould ganization has what T found didn’t odd—will, under very for bones, visitors expected Service lend by construction analyzing the of not Group for they evidence well Group a credence about account no bison’s an excavation 2005, verifiable analysis were artifacts, in m excav w annually, to assumed. from conclusive aterialized either assumption 1997 as to camps data—boxes once investigate the ated ( the fund to unrealistically PCRG), i cause ndeed for of Flagstaff, the .” a with of site. was and near data completely patter crew near theor campsites. the the a proposal. the “I of the the $1.7 soil evidence realize never a they in a y that site’s cost n.” admission death, areas bone that the nonprofit from kill of expecta Arizona, the samples million recov- public of exca- bed oper- bone high. bud- site, now ana- out- The last the be- It’s re of - - - 23 24 it ered label, money These age said therearenearly60,000itemssittinginboxesastor skeptical” thatitwillbe.“Sofarnothinghashappened.”He a expense, sheexpectsthatfutureanalysiswillbelimitedto properly about data, collections recovered that working University He’s graphs, jectile broad andothersatthesitein1970sclearlyshowpro- at thissite,”hesaid.“ThephotographstakenbyDr actua and destruction. “Asforthetheorythat hearthswere that bone bed11,000yearsago.He alsodiscountsT that broad’s Visitor reser Hudson-Meng’ r would epresentative voir building T Acknowledging Agenbroad Ahler this man s the years lly certain odd Liestman and are $50,000 steps points bor will basic in bur was on cost analyzed, encourag absence was dering agrees feels store s of ago by my from be nt visitor’ a must at a there W as conclusions involved plan Agenbroad, paunch embedded for opinion, the obtained could cultural said CSU. more yoming, is ed the much s that sampling H adamant center center analysis to be of which udson-Meng, to was bones that examine In an help further research curate taken skulls contents, as kill in unear w the provide to ethical a and as the $400,000 would the about to in have cliff that that this site.” built do of the late thed in them analysis resolve Forest w the bison bisons’ T two will the as by his order year he odd’s or a 1990s obligation been I’d the require unimpeachable w Smithsonian. blank the theories due analysis, at interpretation and eventually hich embankment just . just Service F site. the bone. However a of orest et deaths for data. housed T single to to Rapson of odd the like include still sur debate. ancient “I the Ser clean, decomposition rounding to but data Those The am has estimated vice to more that facility. bones verify , odd’s theory analyze at Liestman know due recovered. he’s bison in convinced He budgeted is the complete he conserve, evidence CSU, occurred near 1997. the money. correct. . Agen photo recov- hopes to Agen- “fairly bones. to item cause why that It the the the the be encloses is s - - - (Inset) of the m teacher MONI Indian “This broad m moth S appeared most r including numerous r scientists of we time site been site. chaeological developing M in 2005,localForestServiceofficialsdeter the There wereonly19artifactsfoundinthreefieldseasonsat tight artifacts all bisons’ Children the esearch. esearch anagement ofthesiteinMaythisyear ulation eng the of original did Folsom changed “Archaeological, It I HOURT clusters,” we accurate the quoted deaths. site and have concluded seemed site ite bone examine bison-kill in found put w contents from a excav in coring is to board memberscametotherescue,assuming 1972.” r lives ill freelance was esearch no site the North bed. what be all find. the for replicas ation continue interpretation in Agenbroad at all there doubt [the imminent. not lar these nor work the in the entire sites Liestman area. over from We writer gest thwest is America. projects a of type-site economically geological, might site past

written very that the In intend theories . that in the at early at 1954, Nebraska. is bones N stated. that 15 the least But obviously will orth United inadequate be is possible.” are the summary It Holocene years of to discov also H research no Agenbroad aside 438 help is udson-Meng planned and constr the America. continue She “Another further one States ered or of is bison feasible is Folsom paleonenvironmental deter uction ganizing and a that North at a of for mined theHudson- of rural will bison the tremendous for to the ended r r mine . Consequently concentrate the It of summer such theory the esearch esearching and elementar site. supervise support the culture]. deserves this America. and site’s site,” bone few a number man-made the the a board up summe that kill closur • future. Paleo- y w A edges Mam in accu school what gen- hen That 2006 site. has the the the It’s ar- six on of of r, e - - , ,

M O N I HOUR T M I K E HOCHREI N american and agencies By to are Forensic and agencies By to are Forensic Crime Archaeological machine temperature St. archaeolo ladder Louis ar Elaine Elaine chaeology help of help FBI has a gy fire a

a training differences ag a mass mass camera tr ents pplying uck pplying mounted Robbins session. Robbins to that search betw law law took archaeologists een Infrared archaeologists an f or at infrared at aerial disturbed a disaster disaster clandestine thermo pictures enforcement enforcement thermo cr cr and graphy their their undisturbed of graphy grav ime ime the detects e landscape. during machine the soils. a s. s. f skills skills subtle orensic on scenes scenes Fighters The the

25 26 by gists S dimensional FBI as Hochrein searchesforbodiesandballisticsatacrimescene perienced vidual and in and evidence suchastoolmarksandfootprintsinsidethegrave, victims crime like. from disaster tigating his forensicandarchaeologicaltraining.Ratherthaninves vestigating M well ag ercyhur the Although During again ents can make animportant contributionto theseinvestiga But 9/11 cases homicide as and botanical took ancient use st ure, dig. AspartoftheFBI’sEvidenceResponseT mapped grave special agentMikeHochrein,excavatingashallow in map the at to he’s Colleg a a locate the investigating to of total Hurricane bank place. past evidence law he a to e presented help mock s and average station to evidence ites, help has artifacts. enforcement life robberies, and attended genocide, These crime law forensic excavated he to solve of excavate Katrina. collect scene such day, when enforcement was with around by crimes But a law white-collar during da and an murder scenes, archaeologists Hochrein agencies opportunities to and enf ta sites prehistoric archaeologist, it. and can orcement archaeologist the a how training create where forensic case—now vary disasters agencies are they crimes, ag busies a session encies. from three- generally a burials to got consult crime archaeolo- and combine can conducted and an identify himself and there— that’s eam, indi now vary or and FBI the ex- on a a - - - were to it region’s that a the cavation body asked cultures,” hesays.Cristknows ofanarchaeologistwhowas beneficial a during Therefore, theyconcluded,thebonesmusthavebeenbroken a ogist, the question all types t notes, tunately, theexcavationwasdonewithoutcarefuldrawings, physical fire and Leslie tions. counts bris—presumably publications, 1970s at Thomas ogists serve them.“Ithinktherewasarecognitionthatarchaeol the three lice ging Natural forensics specialistswithSmithsonian’sNationalMuseumof gists not disturbed, noting adiscolorationinthesoilthatsuggestedithadbeen with carparts,paintcans,chunksofconcrete,andotherde mains in Owsley describedacaseheworkedoninnorther each murder way homicide, was Utica r which of econstruct time Philadelphia rescue pile for echoes Crist The Owsley’s Ser Swiger the age and randomly, found inatree the times, an of was l Surprising simply to and could and Eisenber that in aw of the Hochrein, geant College Native body of History. Crist, of crime techniques, value of by anthropologists anthropologists, archaeological participate skeleton an notes conviction. police, archaeological because Horchrein called enforcement team photographs debris attack. it death early has whether Crist. but analyzing says abandoned produce was a Danny that forensics had a the of scenes. American g tree destroying also that in to forensic the Medical in ’80s, acting the or forensic states as Swiger In Swiger cushioned that they to was been Using original remove Utica, they burial, on by worked in archaeologist, according fractures in it Swiger disguise helped the archaeologist much had recovered. when Police bones. m the an Vi r team, the m of agents positioned ealized that on , have site. admits techniques tribes this ay anthropologist well. Examiner’s New r such ajor jour who to archaeology ginia. investigation evidence concluding their the stratigraphy case. been debris a of seem, with Swiger identify better from she infor the which departments nal to tip, That the urban an as Yo debris But to They has and the how original The how he the By removed, rk, Douglas appreciation other and Crist. first This body. dumped searched mation, Historical impact being it worked W might r inside “was forensic their r locate in econstruction reversing ecovery included bones police appeared who to Office. found areas est and archaeologists w a the her extends comprehensive left the asn’t “Archaeologists forensic victim’s i in of positions, nvestigate They and practices, Vi very familiar have the also from investigation. the Owsley, unanswered prosecutors the process. have a a colleagues into r summer they were like assumed ginia with the for archaeologist body. decomposing until archaeologist Ar efforts,” body. an well the helpful.” called consults w in beyond of started the the chaeology, human New archaeolo well were long sex, ell n caused Hochrein archaeol State forensics with multiple order the and realized Vi a in proved We well. certain debris. • as Unfor it could noted r out filled race, Y ginia used such 2006 able says re was dig- late can if ork Po not got the ex- the ar ac- for re By of at it it e a ------

J O S E P H M . BIESHELT R I C H A R D G . MAR TY JR. american system. discovered e-mailed consulted scenes, Brown Universitywhohasworkedatseveralmassdisaster police are,”saysRichardGould,aforensicarchaeologistat FBI historic other one officers ogist. sequently highly trainedandexperiencedforensicsteams,con City the garden the the trained areas, oftenhavelimitedforensicexpertise.“W agencies, still ology. ag examination best case holds But Eisenber member and ent “I’ve Hochrein archaeologists, “What rake ar and including to site. in Crist of that Eisenber chaeology Philadelphia, there true particularly on do been f the his orensic in and g, During dev many has and archaeologist hundreds everything,“ a in knowledge, W who eloped may of pleasantly wooded buried est many archaeolo the specialized g others

a sur a one is Vi be crime this W brings photo face r those based the orld ginia jurisdictions,” bodies less of system gist state of area. crime surprised Swiger scene no police skeletons Dan T Mike her need of the rade State training in in that to officer with

the She investigations, Hochrein Madison, map Morse smaller same that investigations. for departments Center many says Police bones a deep, i how dentified are says is a she in backhoe.’” m (center) said forensic of trained forensics law confined eticulousness cities collected in well would force; W Crist. the that New isconsin, 20 enforcement e’re kindof teaches trained nearly the the in may and had years spaces “‘It archaeol She, but to Y archae and, ork. with bones police a is been other have rural onl pre- such like ago 700 still has the to to y a - - - law as w enf ells, mapped a tance a fairly of come fromlowerlevels,whichwasaverygoodindication searched out by deter police mor bad. as ments obvious This he three crime south-central W victed. orcement probable forensic , human—a the says, a ning sheexcavatedashallowgravecontainingbody. a W “There mined Eisenber a g wide investigations, grid being ttention ith thehelpofEisenber unshot that of soil asked Brent inv from the those and and estig law anthr and search turn cause having that was solved mine r emains ator g her the lower w O excavated, to investigations enforcement ed isconsin, hasbeenassistedbyEisenber began opologist, testified ound leson, the s shafts. disturbed of color ho detail, of to out been or w death. including victim ar the join in to to not a to m the use that the careful in scene the d or bone belong the identified being isturbed and the was vegetation,” court grave. sheriff some l g andotherexperts,thepolice h ack agents, were suspende investigation, ead this tur and the a r solved.” to ecovery. of about ned middle-aged soil case. after Eisenber “a of fairly perpetrator the a trauma it, d she couple up lot polar on J “can uneau victim.” a how Due she some more r d the ecently. W measured coor rug g, to and says. ith r to the of esult who sur dinate the man County cloth deal in-depth.” her was the They ribs. face the site head “It is mapping And in work, killed assis gon frag- con- next also was was The g in and had laid the as in e a - 27 28 prepares fieldwork, similar with faster and may nothavebeenexposedto blood,decomposingbodies, “These sur a two-day-oldcrimescene.Forensicarchaeologistsconduct used intheinvestigationofa2,000-year-oldsiteareat F t have “I thinkthere’saverysmallsegment ofarchaeologistswh of these r may subtle establishing stratigraphicprofilesthatallowthemtodiscer draw, Forensic S want “W are he AR IMILARITIES e situations face volunteer per on pressure swar “I It’s uponfindingtheevidence thatthesimilaritiesend. indicate obviously the to sonal pace emains outofhere,”Cristsays,describingthekind and don’t changes overtime, and scenes recove and ming us and stomach s effects however, map very than recor for think he’s that the r non-forensic emote-sensing maggots, are r, this have d in

different. during the it’s archaeologists given ground a faced. attends sometimes our for burial soil type

getting is site; to a this nor night the AND sometimes colors pit it

take of has identifying may Many and containing mal kind severe field archaeology emotional dark been very into surveys; and not job they training DIFFERENCES of ordinarily of now, grizzly. time be an of done account the work,” disturbed. textures, carefully imitation and being the ex stress,” and same limitations—police ercise. they at are place solving For Eisenber work we a what archaeologists sk field at changes considerably photograph, The says excavate people eleton have for once at methods data a forensic Melissa them.” g due crime. to says. who very that get we it, to o n chaeological from theerroneousinterpretationofevidence.Forensicar to team. person to Nonetheless, theymustmeetcertainrequirementsinorde ogists evidence ranging one in chain must c anatomy andhow,aswelltherateatwhich,bodiesde- state lab,” someone—a every matters suchasthechainofcustody,whichmandatesthat the Although trial T scattered He deter cide, bones Connor improve Y lot in get itright,”Gouldsays,notingthereisoftenmuchatstake has to enor many firsthand Gould I ratives means thatarchaeologistsarecomfortableconcoctingnar- model lenges this re evidence chaeologists ompose. NVESTIGA rade ork gard, court succeed. t stress, combative hese visited of experience to so-called Forensic archaeologistsmustalsocontendwiththreats There isnocertificationprocessforforensicarchaeol They When calling excavation mous mine says of be and City’s Which archaeologists of piece Center pass can for and archaeological has is that , to he Nebraska from carefully later who upon i peer at of at possession.” nvestigations, and his across Crist, assessing person. the B the when m task made be he thinks the muster it’s go disaster eing Forensic mass-fatality war submit ust chief of perpetrator evidence, means storytelling diseases team on has cross-examination rest site. area the r retu review, the beyond made ecently shots.” not of “you evidence, at crimes. the also TING that able a r tracked and forensic investigated ooftops of crucial “If rn identifying a in r m Five around career didn’t articles ecovery sites. unusual the homicide it’s ed lot the edical archaeologists have him a you who there from storytelling know to and exhumed Eisenber he’s the court , and to a not months state including field comes for disaster distinguish and first realize find of bring few MASS from archaeology to Ground many Rhode that offered to evidence. handling was had the your of examiner instance—to studying of for police be in of scholarly victims signed step occurred. blocks any crime human only g to law. the scenario never its which, mass later decomposition prepared an that to t sites. blocks site, says, hem Island, going the people’s Zero human their in moment have civil remains opportunity takes “It’s DISASTERS decomposing protocol, h for archaeologists scenes The of from identifying he how graves rigors uman and an r Gould jour to to “Y should he emains and the as services law essential o from to compromise derived was ou’re he opportunity closest summer place n.” to help be says, r nals. you’re humans Ground it emains know back of lives. 9/11 in found of from overseas demonstrate suits or moves was self-taught directing By the serve legal ganized her and including r part there’s w when can ecovery, to a most to from attacks. that to not ith this human animal In arisin one • bodies debris W homi there, home see could adapt Zero. other chal from New your help 2006 of orld as this the the the we for for ar- he of of “a it, it g a a a a r - - - - .

R I C H A R D GOULD R I C H A R D GOULD D O U G L A S ANDERSON american (F Rhode team donned five-degree F Richar AR AR). volunteer d of Gould, One ar Island volunteers T chaeology yvek s temperatures the year recor leader claimed suits d later and called of collect , and F when AR, 100 to at protective Forensic human work the a victims, tragic Rhode remains, at Archaeology the Island fire goggles 23 per site. at sonal nightclub F AR a As nightclub effects, and volunteers the Recovery fire. braved and emer- evidence in term at of cruited chaeology in1987whenthePennsylvaniaStatePolicere Hochrein madethetransitionfromregulartoforensicar BECOMING AFORENSICSPECIALIST the been believed of made gaping FA is the track found that identified, andtheperpetratorconfessed.Herealizedthen lets team site, snow. mour personal task gency the R volunteershadplannedtoworkin24-hourshifts,but critical,” Pittsbur this course cremated and These experienceshaveshowedGouldtheimportance At From

was he the Rhode ‘closure’ ners for r missing ecovered working Although work work this one him holes could key tents an to effects to gh’s 1988 looking Island of work he sift academic to point conceal rings to and remains, 12 doesn’t for in were anthropology use join says. nightclub survivors. to through at r the and days. oughly the 22 r victim to 2003, o ewarding. night a archaeology a n, Red so any cell years. s “This the team do floor nowsto career they the fire frozen the Hochrein Cross 100 t r it phones. additional oo “Having r scene. ecovery sex emains justice.” of is The completed a , blackened department nd items—everything dangerous. rm decided So something experts and provided they b archaeologists p to Hochrein, iles was a lanketed of was age solve couldn’t human positive to a from of stationed debris the of completed, tents person to join In very unstable crimes, the grim examine the r the who emains. t identification be the he to in victim basic. excavated University from who cover task at unrolled. search site end, FBI. was and an debris F a wer With w over AR’s wal The had FBI site the the on ith he of e - - - 29 30 men we where brother way was thelastsheheardfrom.”Awitnesstoldhigh sudden, suspect’s band on called appeared fromtheirfar office simulated F paction tested thatareawithinstrumentsmeasuredsoilcom- corral to hold even on topofagravetodisguiseit,andtheymakeitstandout stood out.Thathappensalot:Peoplewilltrytoputthings disturbed. an a and foundtheinvestigatorsdigging withshovels,precluding work, hesays,butbecause arrivedatthescenetoolate a he’s lear come acompetentforensicarchaeologist,andhesaysthat there to ment” AR careful, disaster the investigate the volunteer archaeological got One Hochrein D His had patrol more.” more surprised were isturbed in door where in with it phone there, air were ning everyday.“Thefirstburied siteIwason FBI she a was S to ,” far year gone nd systematic t. crash s “W , two he moisture a map search m Louis, they that said, office believed moisture, e there involved. number under with the later couldn’t with says. scene to soil set them, aircraft victims.” shot he ‘There’s the first for Missouri. up had her excavation,” was ground h Hochrein the in That excavation. thought as than debris Cov they far of her the a the thing m southofSt.Louis,Hochreinwas daughter According what s highway and some a grid m entr ay Missouri , wasn’t a bodies bodies. different too. undisturbed using shot to y, evidence how commotion I When he system Rhode he rustle and h mounded noticed a is ,” him; deter calls total due patrol he l might ong he Highway father “The to an Island. an t cattle. and says. exture station when the recalls. r to m FBI an elated was elderly it to female ined soil, be outside.’ the horse t we witness, and “infor ook team examine during “Sure When buried. an the Patrol and quality started “And so to it his couple him area mal victim manure. wife had went suspected a H And tends e training the the ochrein father’s officers nough all “When agree to a in of to came been hus- spot to of was two that dis- be- the his do to session It a a - - , at ELAINE ROBBINS Whelk occur cording scenes, the mote-sensing devices. in trains omy, matters cate “Most of thecountryneedforforensicarchaeologyislimited. hurst management techniques. FBI enforcement the them. cialists and dard mains also have business, Dirk they arc year a haeologists inthefuture.Sheriff Olesonagrees:“Ithin ar Providence help seminars . Some The “It’s W maat established law should Shell” chaeological been ar But the policetooperateequipmentcommonlyused once College and est jurisdictions When and evidenceatairlinecrashsitesbasedonstan because chaeological FA of to Applied enforcement of sort noting Vi appeared R he says forensic excavation adopted examination E or r F various be have chaeology, believes someagenciesdon’thireoutsidespe is ginia. isenber sic forcement the crime chaeologist. pable aware reasons. forcement agenciesdon’tusethemforvarious portunities be to crimes ogists skills. crime he AR teams. that is afreelancewriter andeditor officials anticipates twice of training in find, responding police very “it of was specialists evidence that protocols also In somecases,Eisenber Forensic been in E trained the Dennis don’t projects Despite bring of reflects scene, scenes, rie, of Mercyhurst’s archaeologists quickly, g. by the during other and working time they practices. doing. conducts money techniques, what To in In agencies force F the them agencies Pennsylvania, all slow while deal to to helptheforensicsdepartment of The then Pennsylvania, rural other a 2005 and Dirkmaat, investigate consuming. r experts, Sciences badly FBI. the for and ecovered an to the w such use forensic greater other the investigate in Due ith with to careful in the every make investigation, expertise the the issue districts, smaller careers law underwater exercises These consequently as police may his hire St. on some as crime to body a last r are r subsequent to of elated conducted ecovery enforcement Department Louis, demand total crime archaeologists forensic lot them.” the the use . have outside from analysis American three Her ar how protocols, attempting The of c may couple agencies knowledge of underwater g says,they’reun these recovery, O onsults scene forensic department pressure of, with their stations hio, ticle scene.” summer homicides,” in-house Hochrein, evidence. t the to lar archaeological hey In not many of a Archaeolog help. archaeology for ger “The done crimes five he forensic many New officers. emer analysis scene, week-long human consulting of have can at w archaeol agents may forensic he had to W taphon law and to law ith cases years,” are Mercy- • orld in G gency foren of at crime Y chair assist solve says, parts edu ould with 2006 tim may ork, FA y. law can op- not en- en- the ca- ac- re re ar- ar- of of in R k e a a ------,

R I C H A R D GOULD ummerummer SS TrTravavelel SpeciaSpeciall

The Wonders of the Ohio Moundbuilders

By Kristin Ohlson SOCIETY

ORICAL Visitors walk along the contours of Serpent Mound, a HIST well-known in southern Ohio. The mound

O H I O was probably built by the people. american archaeology 31 32 the 71 r T Ohio Histor amazed tains mander ture Adena claytablets,the exhibit arestillondisplay.Theseincludeanassortmentof hibit out torical Society,whichoperatesmorethan60sitesthrough earthworks an ceremonial of seemed Archaeologists chaeologists Mound settlement, of Change”focusingonthehistoryOhioincludingearly geology, flora,faunaandanimals,The“TwoCenturies running exhibits:“TheNatureofOhio”showcasingOhio’s overlooking builders. theories believing can south period and of pr Israel—built pr few milestotheBrynDuW When youreachGranville,tur low enovation oved edated in such what alligator the finest park Many From Bryn of earth closed Fort Columbus. on points , . a state. (800 a This that I-71 ripe marvelous and shaman Du ar that of to activity. he moved America’s souther 250-foot-long have the and Ancient the transportation, that but purposes. a ical Center in e the nd and are these Road find to mysterious, situated walk The lush have the now for B Ohio chunks March, is an them. Indians—perhaps . its I-70 been Raccoon C This Native still most wearing . center moundbuilders their structures all into some around l n come ancient to river ong-running called east When Historical cultur not is The Ohio the works, preserved. , locatedon17th of but A Wr likely Ar pr . the on the D earthen plows. Americans and to broken ay figurine—asmallstonesculp- is ehistoric Creek certain chaeologists way gently 10,000 the valleys . center a oods housingdevelopment.Fol many the headquarters 1200). believe the in bearskin—and the wer es Eur an were n rightonCR-539anddrive r master that get Civil egion, to developed the grassy Center of opossum, V same mounded Adena, e and opean of also Many its off effigy “ of alley Begin were The destroyed, the middle of once mounds Wa the the cul-de-sac, either moundbuilding on bur , a curves wer has central race r, they wer alligator F near W plateaus head

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O H I O H IST ORICAL SOCIETY O H I O HIST ORICAL SOCIETY O H I O HIST ORICAL SOCIETY american pre the could octagon. lar m in in 1862andanamusementpark,racetrack,dancehall zigzagging openings points the octagon broad Cooper is onlyafewblocksontheleft.Parkinoneoftwolots tur and tur of theoriginalcomplex.T functioned Cir lel ceremonial The weren’t these objects ofthesortfoundinsomeburialmoundson ost ge the n right(south).Proceedovertherailroadtracks;site cl octag walls served, eventhoughitwasthesiteofaCivilW octagon outside When The Studies While e mound point , look 1890s. entrance of sites, n left(east).FollowMainStreettoS.2lstand onal I A burial ar complex was Great venue. t the of From hat chaeology I enclosure p as drive space. through of of along the walls left eople opposite lunar Unlike archaeologists amazed l a mounds ed the the flanked Circle sophisticated octagon the this through have prehistoric to dimensions the nearly cycle at once

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312 center $3 free $3 daylight daylight (Flint at is Mound U.S. Historical open Ridge Route daily thworks/octagon.html thworks/greatcircle.html City Rd.) 50 8:30–6 Group P ark summer are June • 2006

O H I O HIST ORICAL SOCIETY E V O L U T I O N GRAPHICS O H I O HIST ORICAL SOCIETY american seniors Admission: Hours: www 937- Dayton, 2301 SunW Admission: Hours: www 937-866-4532 Miamisburg, Mound Miamisburg adults Admission: Sun. Hours: www 513-932-4421; Oregonia, 6123 Fort RV Parking Admission: Hours: www 937-587-2796; Peebles, Fort 3850 Serpent Admission: Hours: 13614 www 937-588-3221; Hillsboro,

and .sunwatch.or .ohiohistor .ohiohistor .ohiohistor .ohiohistor and 268-8199 Ancient Hill W State State $7, atch Closed Open Closed Closed Open (60+) A For commercial fees: Ohio est Ohio venue, holidays ar Ohio Mound children State t Ohio Children Free OHS Free Free Route Route River chaeology Hill Village Ohio OHS all all and Mon., Mon. on Mound y y y y Road .org/places/miamisbg/ 1-800-283-8904 .org/places/ftancien/ 1-800-752-2757 .org/places/serpent/ 1-800-283-8905 .org/places/fthill/ three year year members Road g Memorial Mon., 350 73 students 12–5 members 6–12 van 6 and T during during miles ues.–Sat.

and $9, T T $3 ues. ues., and (6–17) under west commercial free, daylight daylight –Sun. children W 9–5; of free, auto ed.–Sat. $3 Exit 10 Sun. $7, adults 42 5 - bus 5 and 12–5 10–5, motorcycle off $70 $5, I-75 under free, $2, r ture objects monial similar are pits 1921 around covered flint, butalsotheeaseofitsaccess,aspartsveinar O w live by the siteanddisplaytheirskills.Theforestedareaisprized around within copper the reach lectures allowed be doingexcavationsattwoofthesitesandvisitorswill usually opentothepublic.Thissummerarchaeologistswill five plaining along visitors concentration south and giant then a with a complex toric cause the Main south ing feet feature Hopewell into least found eligious hio’s orksites wide rainbow nature site Chillicothe CorrectionalInstitute—butdidn’tmindbe- the now and Near anothermoundistheoutlineofawoodenstruc- The The Hopew Flint Ridgeisaneight-mileveinofhigh-qualityflintin From the long locations that in water take Chillicothe. 122 city. excavation square Street/OH-104 the Chillicothe, the in of towards the structures variety left atSeipisalar early recovered space. a headpiece of Scioto Labor these at through, Mound to a by both museum park’s one displayed events. was Chillicothe restored and of bodies. park. lovers I-70 Flint are rich , trail a the geometric It of Culture watch. ell creating only Hopewell t earthwork w people wo colors. of the probably 30 of scattered park w Day, structures, Culture of River Hopewell hoard W ill include Ridge, Cincinnati, most City ith the and est, a burial r Archaeologists feet fowl circles near take digging Archaeologists, evealed from I Ohio’s in, is prehistoric The in few National museum . inside earthworks, hundreds got wooden a located north interpretive Hundreds back earthworks, many A of r not on the high, and emote continue unique that each settlement National archaeologists you the inches self-guided mounds the used enclosure obsidian throughout l and ge mound.Awedgeofearth 130 US-50. first ost villages shape only and or cremated towards the to delights around of site then it M about of , next every Historical structures site for quarry capital, t a ica contained t the hilltop f rying he shaping of . of m or the valued of heading square, Histor and of believe O only useum trail US-23 tools, community which is topsoil. flintknappers Grave near empty to were p prehistoric intrigued on t nce an Thursday mounds. hat ark, a Columbus. birdwatchers. interpretive the Seip the Mound bodies contains borrow to human wetland ends is will 122 ical hour three the the of a effigy inside Park—you matte outside an which South earthwork. were the find along the south park’s mound, mines there Mound lar A flint. give acres Pa Scioto with interesting quality ge and museum by in of People r predominan City, night. rk pits r, body. emains quarries functions pipes, my purely displays the that

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By Julian Smith

38 summer • 2006 C R O W C A N Y O N ARCHAEOLOGICAL CENTER american ical mate andcropyielddata,she combineddigitalU.S.Geolog of graduate along founding theHopivillagesineaster hence scattered ments Signs quantitative dissertation, V 1280. ancestors from evidence of Andrew inevitable. unthinkable, ited faced droughtsanddepletedtheirlim- Something enough the cut towithinayear environmental huge prehistoric the 1178, suggestingthingsbegantofallapartthereearlier centuries, region. in build, raised dogsandturkeys,taughttheirchildrentohunt, cused and enigmas populations inrecenthistory.Itisoneofthemostenduring Fields r I leave, in landscape climate oof the narrow monumental tree-ring late Survey final other Conventional “W In Early By resources, to home totensofthousandspeople,generallyreferred Arizona, country oftheFourCor n beams A cities of and where . lay the drought the on they D around e hadplant analogues onthesamesoils andeleva the as Slow the change, to . 1200s. ar in E. student, m 1276 to1299preservedinthe beam pueblos arriving theories fallow communities the chaeology simple, researchers to Rio of 12th are In spark had rings. ajor late communities maps Southwester of technique are Douglass, end of d respect did an W growth Colorado, the and Anasazi, ating, a stone. still G on conditions so this The happened 1980s buildings often population and for buildings rande of conflict, and with one they severe put By 1920s est createdamodeltocalculate theeffect from a agriculture. seemingly in explaining . Fewifanybeamswerefoundcutafter w perhaps r

the time last elevant Mesa collapse early the isdom found overlapping between during They the these of Carla referred the go, to can the who that in 13th n the and and tree-ring the living unfor measure dovetailed wind drought budding archaeology, and and to throughout and norther V calculate 13th at father grew assumptions V erde’s had Four increases ners—where thestates clear held 700 lar New lived ’30s, the even dry an century, was Chaco obvious the giving Using why to in human gest such deter blew centuries, W taken Anasazi, years years Cor cor as an date 13th-century relative Mexico that n not est, in rings Cliff did and n Arizona,thepueblos mine New past “ancestral as tree-ring n, landscape. arid ners. Canyon, through small w everyone then among generations the explanations. in they impact later results ith beans, Acoma they and Palace most to over rainfall region something Chaco drought meet Mexico, when tribal the the settlements . an its m never Why dates empty complete decades Mesa of these oved and on archaeology diaspora test. Puebloans.” elements high and today—was was a was must Canyon and GIS stories severity. tree did a to retu of and squash, and For Zuni— V drastic south, fragile desert rooms settle cut gone. build. and Lar Utah, other erde, , and have they rn was and and the her de- cli fo- ge ? of of in is a - - - - W sudden riod and mile the State work have enough have wards—the Anasazis’ calculate the then numbers even V potential analysis,” species tions V Model from Cor pinto beans—arestillbeinggrowninsouthwestColorado.” took could proportion people the environmentdefinitelyplayedarole,butultimatelyit’s en cor numerous of figure appear Violence an an ayne StateUniversity tosimulate humanmovement acros a vironmental cause,butitmaybenotthatsimple.Ithin n petro n-yield School great “Some V “It If tree-ring-based W W between on area years, the left at Mexico in University, an and to stayed, of that est’s est have is the glyph was that of be lack its br the thought T to drought islands to W utalized, were main the migration. imothy in holding left, says. V beans, beans worst, was est of of r but r an r at maximum make support same astonishing support ecords supported. esearchers of esults southwest and w productivity Battle Citizens A enjoying American an ho to . source W competition. off was the true—if D “It’s bo unburied of . the be appear est who individual’s the couldn’t Kohler places,” the ws the and 900 by Rock are wait fertility a from r thousands Some and able econstructions ancestral factor appealing says. sizeable late-13th-century U.S. decisions 100 annual of s joined and thus partially human in the to there ar Colorado when were Research paid The , carbohydrates. Castle ro the be in an to she Southwest, of have percent, people ws. Her in 1970. the newly holding how remains archaeologist development off. retrodict—to diet were ancient the with The crop 20th very Puebloans we says. populations. Rock abandonment. of to calculations to been supported center Using Mesa people.” and using m would got a stay would use Pueblo. Geor yield empty still century r at shield. I any “The of esistant was Battle fields the the she figure Robert drought climate or a V arable ethnographic ge moder erde for people Archaeolo Tw have grew—including single same almost go.” These printouts only still estimated landscape Rock. o is at Gumer of predict by were of a of to “Even showed aiming region Reynolds W 700-square- lands the this getting come for n are m the still genus r the ashington eason power gists the aize, soil certainly figures used drawings man the at m r would of idea,” if back- ecent left— f the what larg from ound odel land data data that and and pe- the the the my for ful of of to k e s 39 40 larly cations, and manypeopledied,particularlythoseinlessoptimallo vived the tied stood out.Althoughthemodelshowedpopulationdeclines data fromthearchaeologicalrecord,onethinginparticular elevation, each sectionusingenvironmentalfactorssuchassoiltype, graphics move attempt in offspring scape uted sands popular least and the pened models, and a Kristin str a w ucture end prehistoric To When “W computer a as to through virtual K ener the of and to half uck abandoned complicatethings,populationshiftsoccurredregu in environmental e but of or computer to at sections aren’t new elman reach the gave drought. gy,” and set Y the they earlier virtual live ello other households the same them locations, w (lo and 13th precipitation. as Kohler within marriageable them landscape. and J compared w ack . er history and households good.”) people, They watching game In et right) area century, loose. far decades. Pueblo. estimated the depletion rules says. m, and randomly that divided avoid of The to virtual to the other Y The the the ello what The recreate V about age. Over stayed go Sims, an model’s w n Colorado researcher simulated the eighbors, J group and the where ack world, r W (Creating they esearchers across est time he et where put landscape climate what w analyzed do as adds, r used s esults it things and examine households built Plateau the households productivity is and costs may virtual they similar stuck change in “though then digital agent-based w split the were into have the ith a them to should 1250s decade distrib- people it w actual to whe avoid alls thou- land- out. hard hap near sur- can our the the for of n - - - 1250, ning yields wildly. but betweenroughly1250and1450precipitationfluctuated 500 yearssummerandwinterrainfallhadbeenpredictable, of dendrochronologist attheUniversityofArizona’sLaboratory around around 1250. tal “is smaller scale.“Whatsetsthelate1200sapart,”V ments chaeological CenterinCortez,Colorado.Populationmove this bors. overtaxing long-ter from Mark logical Cultural Off maize 10,000 estimates peaked falling colder andshorter 1300 forests re Anasazi portant after other animals,andhastened the depletionofsoilnutrients drier-than-normal conditions Researcher gion.” Tr that h In Human impactonthelandscapealsoappearstohave place, istory ee-Ring centuries of the summers “Moving V pack throughout from occurred arien, record, by m for Av everybody this the than people to the in reasons, moving hundreds s That 10th precipitation erage used that as the timber of the ice for time, five-century maturing 1990s, environmental Research the Tr director year little through tree-ring the many mid- was of appear in in ee-ring dataindicatedthatforthepreceding landscape social the of global at throughout south s while which far . IntheSouthwest,averagetemperature the Norther year Europe and and Southwest, left as its an Jeffrey to ming. area r Big data s and esidents wide Atlantic of a to who ag essential and the and patter peak, late fire and temperatur harder roughly o. degree “Little research to have rings n shortened and V or Nar early draw nobody 1200s, material, an specializes ones. environmental r Europe Dean, ns esettling the ro to City and w had w to noted froze could been Ice etter-than-normal in W conclusions part evade 17th rings or corresponds history est tease Although the at es according begun that’s Age” an retu two had New as, g the growing of hunted also centuries, easily enerally a studied Four at overzealous in out archaeologist rn breakdown their or of that would the Crow grown about just ed.” the Y to may even Cor summer of ork the the r have represent easons,” Hopi grow, to year out adaptation affected to environmen- seasons. w the ners had part Canyon eather have Southwest, Harbor idea albeit V arien says, have noticeabl the s. more, arien. deer clear-cut archaeo- and start and “about • of neigh begin in of fallen crop kept on 2006 says .B and and the Rio im the ing the Ar- He by to y y a s - - - -

BILL P R O U D , COUR TESY C R O W C A N Y O N ARCHAEOLOGICAL CENTER JEFFREY S . D E A N , LABORATO RY O F T R E E RING R E S E A R C H , UNIVERSITY O F ARIZONA B L M A N A S A Z I HERITA G E CENTER american Grande “The Pinnacle Colorado beganmappingandexcavatingsmallportionsof ings nation, rooms “They’re a cultural influencesfromMesaV ruins thatquicklybegantoshowsignsofarchitecturaland cities typically ruins, are a made bearing black-on-whitedesignsverysimilartotheceramics Puebloans wereleavingtheFourCor for oc sites pottery left 1,000 rooms,enoughtohouse aportionofthecrowdswho had who An steep-walled cupied decade plenty tree-ring the ar Starting Through “These sitesstand outlikesorethumbs,”says Lekson, over are considers called of tist’ style Lekson in have archaeological Four was pueblos painting Socorro ar the s built.” Ruin 500 not at illustration chaeology of or looks approximately Palomas thick found Mesa Cor dating. in wood radiocarbon rooms. has like in two them mesa Even 2000, ners remains and a south-central deter stone V t more more he by beams,

erde of of It to region west T T more Springs evidence Anasazi ogether ruth Steve other mined kind broke 1300—exactly be masonry complex region, norther the dates of the but the or unusual between of archaeologists Lekson most the life , the my Consequences. and lar erde. Thesitesitsontopof same they’re the New is walls on 250 n prior gest Rio walls site picture. still heart,” widely Gallinas three to cor ners indroves.(“Ther is time. Mexico, miles 1250 of to Grande was definable people scant, not a me,” ncobs the as abandonment. the wealth sites he the high occupied accepted and Gallinas north. time at and Springs, University says says.) one found between Its contain right down two 1300. as post–Mesa of new 200 ancestral of six Lekson. Springs pottery species nearby Similar expla within in The t thre or both her find- over feet. the the so of illustration e e e - start but things same to but with Lekson of between 1250and1275 located about100milessouth Heritage This are alsolocatedonexactlythesamelongitudinalmeridian. quit V only his thinks theanswermayliein“ashiftofpoliticalener moving northwest ruins to we thoughtitwasindividualfamiliesmakingthedecisions work going.” however erde today’s is sustain leave book others the Most Also “Things What building a can’t their heading similar of people at representation get community. calls was Settlements entire , Chaco Site known places ended The be were feet.” border were ugly. New may a in a were the a crumbling built was south Chaco Chaco big displaced design coincidence, have were Mexico, the built The up Canyon “bright like as crossing surprise,” falling “far Aztec of “The where r around Casas efugees Great like kept in coming Meridian Lo all Mesa and flashier wr A lights, and society. towns around at . apart and scale Pinnacle y D going—lured, at the Drought sequential Grandes, . Pueblo once Lekson he V A 1120–125, Columbus, Paquimé, doing off erde, . D Aztec, moder , big than up says. or . of he A long 1250. “But in and . clans. D social north,” city” and this southw . says. just hits describes Chaco n this 1110,” in a before were in pueblos it They and far New of G perhaps, Chaco in construction, packing “For doesn’t UNESCO units est Mexico, allinas he Paquimé, the south? or in probably probably Colorado. were Mexico. that. says. a how Aztec an late are that outlier long by Springs, up w attempt are Lekson People gy.” In votin 1200s, today, W “They ork— major wer what built ever time orld and bu not the the in g e t 41 42 a depopulation: humanaggression.“Ourmodelagentslivein the mostsignificantandcontentiousissuesinexplainingth not the areaforcenturiesafterward.Kohlerpointstoonefactor the ancient hiding in sandstonefortifications—was “tooobvious,” says lar in entire communitiestuckedinto inaccessiblerocksheltershigh tive the its ronmental tor intheabandonment,sociopoliticalfactorsorotherenvi or An Evidence faded with were,” Leksonsays.“ItwasverymuchaPuebloplace,but heads many action ple wereleavingtheFourCor Lekson Archaeolo very gest cliffs, the own, atmosphere head.” remaining included For While theGreatDroughtundoubtedlywasamajorfac explanation—inter a of of believ was Southwester nice in and definite Southwest gists the decades, the the canyons the es In dynamics in most world,” Stev principal drought ruins the in reality, the survivors mid-15th e of post-classic Anasazi his Lekson and complex many south.” seems of fear n group’s of he things likely U.S. this was architectural food w and and necine says. ent to archaeologists to Violence region. century, survivable. “This Karl as pack hoarded community played have perhaps were model Mexican far “Nobody Laumbach ners,” Leksonsays.“Thereal fighting, south was up been From very design a that Paquimé in and even all as lar Something influence.” different. defensive. scattered hav P ever towers felt in ge is starting aquimé, leave w e philosophy paranoia becoming norther ith role f ound that hits communities become and guarding also as solid the when them convinced n Before well. kno to suffuses instinc- Mexico evidence one wn in avoid peo- over the On as the the of to it e Casas - - of Anasazi Grandes, r lar many Kristin chosen idence plays intostereotypesof“primitivesavages.”Mountingev over found meaning for son diedundernor man 1280,” piece ofthepuzzle thatresultedinthedepopulation around the left skulls fractured,nosesbroken,limbssplintered.“Bodieswere built. Canyon help become agriculture, andrising populations took theirtoll.Controver the least lived the settlementwashometobetween75and150peoplewh oughly ger sitealsoinsouthwestColorado thatwasoccupiedover mally migration occupation elements,” on “I During and 41 explain on More or of in she signs think the Kuckelman of for the people in top nor interred the i i her they gnored mpossible violence says. southwest floors than thern to its same excavations of inhabitants. of there’s the coworkers southern Kuckelman were defensive a in Mexico. died violence a Resource the sandstone situation. short and signs 1285, thousand mal circumstances,thefamilywouldhave near of almost good remains.” New during to Colorado roofs Crow period. barely of found At ignore, at Mexico, the at layout, depletion, says. evidence violence, its pinnacle Castle bones certainly of Sand an time Canyon. peak 30 M structures, that such event “W from ost however contained years Canyon showed of Rock e the as in injuries persistent assume and that 1990 fatal. the that a this the Researchers site, after delicate Pueblo around violence w depopulation unprotected , effectively late signs all to Pueblo, Kuckelman summer and almost were the that the at 1994, 13th stress, Pinnacle of in remains village its may had topic unhealed, was brutality: certainly McElm b century, a glossed Kuckel • ase. ended failin a much even Ruin. from 2006 also per- that one was has At of o o g - - -

KARL L A U M B A C H , COUR T ESY CAÑADA ALAMOSA PROJECT B L M A N A S A Z I HERITA G E CENTER american and today says. connection the w per attempted ancestors T over versity, abruptly were foundedtowardstheendof13thcenturyandthen native have beenconsideredspirituallypoisoned.TheNewMexico empty villagesoftheFourCor tribes Snead. Basin and still re haunted the As Places sial cut and uation, violence probablybeganasasymptomofdeterioratingsit oya, as occupied the fectly marks Jemez but alive. questions T James on “The A other say certainly in “People oya arrived traditional for south r is details “Maybe it ecent thinks tools, incontrovertible a ‘That’s ar abandoned. houses, may good studying occupied. Maybe generation describes r things. on landscape chaeology to Pueblo Snead, eligious until m of address has focus bones in of kept eventually that accumulate, oder of no buildings, for wher Santa the ” grandmother serving the been cultural w an in after later prehistoric longer T visiting n hy

on purposes, and “W 15th hearing e norther ancestors or tribes archaeologist was the rauma Fe, bad everyone e found Native the evidence generations two,” have human didn’t as century. fields topic’s properties where a a researchers in things great lessons still n stories ners hadsimilarassociations.” problem. r at later caused epository would American says settlements to New of just still Castle muscle feel cultural left diaspora, of collect happened’. numerous “The today’s years, Kuckelman. at abandon these cleared.” cannibalism, Mexico, for about people and point project w Geor Rock continue ith great “Y proteins people oral of m and sensitivity. places the Ute o in the edicinal ancestors ge up the u’d history,” Pueblo. to describes the communities manager histories drought the they Perhaps area Mason and at region flee. land who still Crowding to in were including area,” the Galisteo Navajo still vessels debate wasn’t p While Chris h wer ruins thei lants who Uni- says may was ave like has the the for do he e r - the break century sickness once pine year-round. many to tion,” i His J another erupts efit “Resource depletionhadtotakeatoll.T people more thousands, adds. on, gone inanactofviolence,”hesays.“Whateverwasgoing 1290 Basin talking cause dramatic talking who turkeys solved ssue ULIAN anyone ar depleted it of The listoftopicsforfurtherresearchwillsoundfamilia “There’s abigecologicallessonhere,”saysKuckelman. Snead “The late1200swereanextremelytraumatictime,”he of ticle “In bark and lived suf lightly SMITH he was generations “All site American it’s of technology about about those periodically and who straw have fered, says. and proportions. a consumed wrong vestig beetle called not across to living is offers searching deadly on cor “ a and once Knowing the people crises everyday yet on tur Archaeolog a ating tra who the n happy vel moil outbreaks Bur the north to to in drought-stressed fields. ago, the another and the land, trailed and are disease in think be the nt by l camel’s who ost Pueblo Southwest, in y. visiting science for How the hindsight, process,” people and Cor that modeled, fire the Southwest but These search things, left of across a Four n perspective and Re migrated within critical we back. they we such writer Pueblo better t volt” hem everything it with are lightning-sparked don’t brings Cor of lived who appeared we families living the survived, V woodlands as an a as a human questions today. children ners, place. was v Anasazi Ruin. (right) black-on-w Sher south generation. can great essel necessarily high hantavirus, in abstractions. oday, withtheben W were in a on Santa est ds sense behind.” The in built choose may the f resembles faced ound of The the after potter lives—people desert One river the how says. style k Magdalena and hite Fe illed. Summer country to of have at of ,N in effects y uprooted v a of crises Pinnacle do ew essel “They’r the Galisteo ask, families, that (left). they to connec An 1280 fires that time this by which

Mexico. We W that.” tread been 13th 2005 out- e’r of ran be- the re on ’r so or of of of e e e r - - - 43 T ONI L A U M B A C H , COUR TESY CAÑADA ALAMOSA PROJECT new acquisition Major Village Site Preserved in the Western Mojave Desert A great diversity of resources attracted people to the area. or thousands of years, prehistoric peoples have utilized the area Fnorth of today’s Antelope Valley California Poppy Reserve in the west- ern Mojave Desert of southeastern Cal- ifornia. A great diversity of natural re- sources attracted people to the Antelope Valley as early as 11,000 years ago, particularly a reliable source of water that forms an unusual wet- land area, and extensive outcroppings of rhyolite, a type of rock prized for tool-making. Since the mid-1960s, re- searchers have described this area of Los Angeles County as containing the highest density and diversity of natural

and cultural resources in the Mojave. MICHEL

Fairmont Butte consists of two M A R K parcels containing 28 acres of the This is one of nearly 500 bedrock mortars that have been recorded at Fairmont Butte. It’s believed northern village site. This community that the mortars were used to process food. includes a rhyolite quarry and associ- ated chipped-stone artifact scatter, in the late 1980s, during which they the area,” he added. “Pictographs are pictographs, and a food processing collected several thousand artifacts. rare in the western Mojave Desert— and milling area. To date, 499 Each of these areas may rep- this is one of only seven recorded bedrock mortars have been recorded, resent separate village sites that date sites in the entire valley.” as well as two large , one to to 500 B.C. and are representative of The Conservancy plans to con- the north and one to the south, that a settlement pattern known to be tinue its efforts to acquire and pre- extend nearly 10 feet deep and con- characteristic of the Antelope Valley serve more of this site and will de- tain a great density of stone artifacts for at least the past 2,000 years. sign a long-term cultural resource and organic debris. Antelope Valley Shoshonean groups that occu- management plan for the preserve in College researchers conducted exca- pied this arid landscape were neces- cooperation with the neighboring vations at the north midden deposit sarily flexible, with deep-rooted tra- California state park. ditions of movement, aggregation, —Tamara Stewart and dispersal in response to constant fluctuations in environmental and so- Conservancy cial conditions. Tribes ranged over large territories, with permanent set- Plan of Action tlements located in the best-watered SITE: Fairmont Butte areas such as Antelope Valley. CULTURE & TIME PERIOD: Shoshonean “The archaeological resources of (500 B.C.–A.D. 1540) Fairmont Butte represent one of the STATUS: The site is threatened by sprawl. largest and most significant resources ACQUISITION: The Conservancy must in the western Mojave Desert,” said raise $80,000 for this phase of the site’s Roger Robinson, an archaeologist acquisition and long-term who has worked in the Antelope Val- management. ley for the past 30 years and has con- HOW YOU CAN HELP: Send your ducted extensive excavations in the contributions to The Archaeological Conservancy, Attn: Project Fairmont northern portion of the site. “The site Butte; 5301 Central Avenue NE, Suite also carries the distinction of includ- 902; Albuquerque, NM 87108-1517. ing the only known rock art site in

44 summer • 2006 new acquisition De Soto’s Final Encounter The Conservancy obtains a mound center built by the people Soto met before his death.

hortly before his death in 1542 in present-day Arkansas, a weary SHernando de Soto encountered Indians from the powerful Quigaltam empire located across the river in what is now the state of Mississippi. In an effort to intimidate the Quigaltam chief, Soto sent a message stating that he was the son of the sun and he requested that the chief visit him. The chief was not impressed Y

WA and he suggested that Soto demon- strate his powers by causing the

CONNA great river to go dry. Furthermore, O H N

J the chief said if there were to be a Jessica Crawford, the Conservancy’s Southeastern regional director, appears in the distance in front of meeting, Soto would have to do the Mound A. Standing about 26 feet high, it is the largest mound at the site. traveling. The Spaniard was not used to such a response, but he was seri- the site indicate the earliest occupa- sion from a bayou has exposed a num- ously ill and his troops were severely tion at Glass appears to have been ber of ceramic vessels that date to the weakened from their journeys. They during the latter portion of the Middle late Mississippian Period, which corre- spent a number of tense days (ca. A.D. 300). The sponds with the time Soto was in the camped beside the river watching the site was also used during the Coles region. Glass is the nearest major Quigaltam come and go. Creek Period (ca. A.D. 700-1200) and mound site to Soto’s camp. The Quigaltam likely occupied the during the subsequent, Mississippian A meeting between the great Conservancy’s latest acquisition in the Period (ca. A.D. 1200–1600) chief and Soto was not to be, as the Lower Mississippi Valley, the Glass It is during the last occupation latter soon died of fever. We know Mounds site. (Due to similarities in the that Glass appears to have been used what became of the Soto expedition; two groups’ pottery styles, it’s thought most extensively, and it is possible that perhaps research at the that the Quigaltam were the same peo- construction of the smaller mounds will one day reveal the secrets of the ple who were subsequently named the may have taken place at that time. Ero- great Quigaltam.—Jessica Crawford Natchez by the French.) Situated be- tween high bluffs on the east and the Conservancy Mississippi River on the west, this site was once an important mound center Plan of Action that was utilized intermittently long be- SITE: Glass Mounds fore Soto’s expedition. CULTURE & TIME PERIOD: Middle Wood- land to Mississippian (A.D. 300–1600). Originally it consisted of four STATUS: The site is adjacent to the mounds arranged in a rectangular for- Vicksburg Municipal Airport and is mation, with an open plaza in the threatened by airport expansion and center. Unfortunately, one of the development. mounds has been completely leveled. ACQUISITION: The Conservancy needs Mound A, on the north side, is ap- $35,000 to match the Lower Mississippi Valley challenge grant and purchase proximately 26 feet high, and portions the site. of a ramp that once extended from its HOW YOU CAN HELP: Please send summit to the plaza still remain. Al- contributions to The Archaeological though investigations have not deter- Conservancy, Attn: Glass Mounds Project, mined the precise chronology of 5301 Central Avenue, NE, Suite 902, mound construction, ceramics from Albuquerque, NM 87108-1517. american archaeology 45 new acquisition Guaranteeing Future Research at Broken K A major Southwest pueblo is preserved.

roken K Pueblo, located along Hay Hollow wash some 10 Bmiles outside of Snowflake, was once a major crossroads for pre- historic travelers through eastern Ari- zona. Broken K, ancestral to both the Hopi and Zuni peoples, is a roughly 100-room rectangular, single-story pueblo that was occupied from ap- proximately A.D. 1150 to 1280. This pueblo is the largest, and the last to be occupied, in the Hay Hollow Val- ley. Paul Martin, James Hill, and other researchers excavated 56 rooms dur- ing fieldwork conducted in 1962 through 1964. An abundance of arti- ALKER

facts were recovered including W

, projectile points, shell J I M beads, bone tools and ornaments, Steve Koczan, the Conservancy’s Southwestern site-management coordinator, stands in Broken K’s whole and shattered pottery vessels, plaza. The rocks surrounding him are debris from collapsed walls. miniature bowls, and worked sherds. Broken K was one of the first ex- reflected in the archaeological record this organization. He looked at stylis- amples of the application of proces- by studying the variables that bring tic elements of pottery design to gain sualist theory, also known as the change about, marking a significant information concerning social organ- “New Archaeology.” Rather than sim- historical transition in the theoretical ization, postulating that these ele- ply describing past lifeways, proces- and methodological orientation of ments can be associated with certain sual archaeology seeks to understand North American archaeology. Broken economic, sociological, or religious the nature of cultural change as it’s K was only partially excavated in the activities. According to Hill, stylistic early 1960s and the unexcavated por- elements may also indicate use by tions of the pueblo, which potentially social groups; for example, a particu- contain a wealth of cultural informa- lar stylistic element might have been tion, were preserved under loads of used by a particular clan or lineage. sandstone and soil. Dennis Duval, a graduate stu- While applying the processualist dent at the University of South Car- approach to Broken K, Hill worked olina, is currently examining the under the assumption that human forms of vessels recovered from Bro- behavior is patterned or structured ken K. Duval is researching behavior and therefore material culture will be associated with food and drink, and also. Hill wanted to describe what he by analyzing the vessels he can infer could of the internal structure and their use and, from that, draw con- social organization of this prehistoric clusions about social activities. society to develop a hypothesis that Since the early 1970s, Broken K would explain adaptive changes in has been protected by a family well

46 summer • 2006 new acquisition M USEU M F I E L D T H E These two reconstructed vessels were recovered during excavations in the 1960s. At that time the researchers were focusing on the Mogollon and Anasazi influences on the material culture of Broken K. The black-on-white style of these vessels reflects an Anasazi connection.

versed in archaeology. Back then an ket price and the purchase price as a is complete, the entire collection will avocational archaeologist was look- tax deduction. be available for study. ing for a piece of property to use for The remaining 20-acre lot will be The newly catalogued collec- family camping trips that also con- transferred to the Conservancy as a tions from the 1960s will provide a tained an archaeological site. After a bequest. The Conservancy has ap- wealth of information for future ar- couple of phone calls and a trip to a plied for an Arizona State Parks Her- chaeologists to study community or- realtor’s office, she found such a itage Fund grant to assist in the pur- ganization and other patterns of property. The archaeological site chase, permanent preservation, and human behavior associated with Bro- spanned two 40-acre parcels, so she development of educational materials ken K Pueblo. Broken K Pueblo is bought one lot and her college-age for the site. While the use of the sur- the Conservancy’s fifth Western son bought the other. Thirty-six years rounding land continues to be an Pueblo site preserved in eastern Ari- later the son and his sister have in- issue, the landowners feel that the zona. Previous Western Pueblo ac- herited their mother’s lot. The sib- Conservancy has the resources to pro- quisitions include Sherwood Ranch lings have shared many wonderful tect the site long beyond their life- Pueblo, Hooper Ranch Pueblo, Dan- memories of working with their times, and it will permit research that son Pueblo, and Four Mile Ruin. mother to protect the site. is designed to obtain the maximum —Amy Espinoza-Ar Concerns over plans for a hunt- information while causing a minimal ing preserve on the property sur- amount of damage to the site. Conservancy rounding the two lots prompted Stephen Nash, head of collec- them to contact the Conservancy. tions at Chicago’s Field Museum, re- Plan of Action They feared that the site would be cently catalogued and documented SITE: Broken K Pueblo impacted by the zoning change, and the 585,000 artifacts from the 70 sites CULTURE & TIME PERIOD: Pueblo III they agreed to adjust the lot line and in eastern Arizona and western New A.D. 1150–1280 sell a 60-acre parcel that contains the Mexico that Martin excavated during STATUS: The site is threatened by pueblo, additional associated struc- his 43-year career at the Field Museum, neighboring development and erosion from Hay Hollow Wash. tures and features, and a lithic pro- including Broken K. As a result of ACQUISITION: The Conservancy needs curement area in a bargain-sale- that project, it is clear that Martin to raise $34,000.00 to match a to-charity transaction. In such a published information regarding only Heritage Fund grant. transaction the purchase price is less a small portion of the total assem- HOW YOU CAN HELP: Please send than the fair market price. Because blage collected. Such is the case with contributions to The Archaeological the Conservancy is a nonprofit or- Broken K, where most objects recov- Conservancy, Attn: Broken K Pueblo Project, 5301 Central Avenue NE, Suite ganization, the landowner can take ered from the site were not cata- 902, Albuquerque, NM 87108-1517. the difference between the fair mar- logued until 1998. Once this project

american archaeology 47 NEW POINT-3 INDIANS O F T E X A S A C T S IF RT

acquisition A ONE ST The First Archaic Site The Conservancy acquires the Lamoka Lake site in New York state.

This diorama is a reconstruction of the Lamoka Lake site based on William Ritchie’s archaeological evidence. The diorama is part of the “Native Peoples of New York” exhibit at the New York State Museum in Albany. NY

he Lamoka Lake site is one of the key , sites in American archaeology. Located Tin the Finger Lakes region of Central ALBANY New York near Lamoka and Waneta Lakes, it

was identified in 1905 and initially investigated M U S E U M , T E

in 1924 by a local collector who recovered a A variety of stone and bone artifacts. ST William Ritchie, an archaeologist with the Rochester Museum of Arts and Sciences (now N E W Y O R K the Rochester Museum and Science Center),

conducted the first systematic excavations of O F T H E the site from 1925 to 1928. This work, and his subsequent excavations with the New York TESY

State Museum in 1958 and 1962, resulted in his COUR identifying and naming the Lamoka culture and This 1962 photograph shows features, including a hearth, uncovered by excavators.

48 summer • 2006 NEW POINT-3 CENTER acquisition S C I E N C E A N D M U S E U M ated with one of the burials at the site. The Lamoka Lake site is featured R O C H E S T E R prominently in Ritchie’s book, The These points were recovered from the site. The two narrow points on the right are Lamoka type. Archaeology of New York State. Subsequently, several other ar- its type. The small, fine the lengthy period that preceded chaeological investigations have narrow, thick point has become diag- horticulture and widespread pottery taken place at the site. Anthony Lup- nostic of the Late Archaic Period in use among prehistoric cultures. pino purchased and preserved 20 the Eastern United States. Ritchie found more than 700 acres of the site in 1990. Luppino is Ritchie’s work also marked the projectile points at the site, the ma- selling his portion of the site to the first use of the term “Archaic” in jority of which were the Lamoka Conservancy so that it will continue American archaeology. Consequently, type. He uncovered a variety of to be preserved. The remainder of Lamoka Lake is often considered the hearths, pits, fire and ash the site is owned by the State of New type site of the Archaic Period. He beds, postmolds, 8,000 net sinkers, York and is managed by the New used the term to denote the Lamoka’s and several thousand bone, stone, York State Department of Environ- lack of pottery and agriculture and and antler artifacts, including several mental Conservation as the Waneta their dependence on hunting, fishing, pendants made of deer antlers with and Lamoka Wildlife Management and gathering of wild vegetables. painted bands of red hematite. He Area. The site is listed on the Na- Since then, the term has come to de- also found marine shell beads associ- tional Register of Historic Places. —Andy Stout

POINT Acquisitions Lamoka Lake

The Protect Our Irreplaceable National Treasures (POINT) program was designed to save significant sites that are in immediate danger of destruction.

american archaeology 49 CONSERV ANCY FieldNotes

Lannan Ranch Survey Completed WEST—J. S. “Noble” Eisenlauer, with the assistance of students and volun- teers, has completed a survey of the Conservancy’s Lannan Ranch Archaeo- logical Preserve in the San Gabriel Mountains north of Los Angeles. Eisenlauer is an archaeologist at Pierce College who specializes in southern California prehistory. The project was jointly sponsored by Pierce College and the Conservancy. Lannan Ranch was donated to the Conservancy by Belva Lannan in 1998. The survey team began its work NUPUF

in 2004 and covered all 1,600 acres of T. the preserve. The locations of artifacts Pierce College student Melissa Perez records two rock cupules during an archaeological survey of the and features were plotted on a map of Conservancy's Lannan Ranch Preserve in California. The function of cupules is unknown. the ranch using GPS technology. The artifacts, which are permanently cu- vation Program recently completed excavations, led Linebaugh to con- rated at Pierce College, include ham- fieldwork at the Kippax Plantation clude that the structure’s dimensions merstones, manos and , scrap- site in Hopewell, Virginia, a trading were 30 feet by 16 feet, and that a ers, and stone flakes. Numerous center and plantation spanning the wood-and-daub chimney rose from cupules—small circular depressions 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries. its east end. The crew recovered a carved into rocks—were also discov- Linebaugh’s excavations focused on variety of artifacts including red clay ered. Their use is still unknown. Test defining the architectural evolution of tobacco pipes, colonoware, beads, units were dug in search of middens the plantation in the late 17th and early tin-glazed and coarse earthen- and other indications of long-term early 18th centuries by confirming wares, Staffordshire slipware, and habitation, but thus far the evidence the location of structural postholes wrought nails dating from the late suggests that occupation of the area associated with a 17th-century earth- 17th to early 18th centuries. was seasonal. fast house. Linebaugh also searched Searching for evidence of the for evidence of a brick structure brick structure, the crew dug two Excavation that’s believed to have once stood on five-by-five-foot units on the north- land that is now partially occupied east and southeast corners of the at Kippax Plantation by a house built around 1900. house. The northeast corner yielded NORTHEAST—Archaeologist Donald The crew discovered one of the items predominantly from the 19th Linebaugh and students at the Uni- earthfast house’s postholes and this, and 20th centuries that are likely as- versity of Maryland’s Historic Preser- combined with data from previous sociated with the construction of the

50 summer • 2006 L I N E B A U G H D O N A L D Students from the University of Maryland Historic Preservation Program screen excavated dirt in search of small artifacts at Kippax.

extant house. But the southeast cor- logical outcropping of Hixton silici- The intensive and widespread ner contained stratified deposits and fied sandstone that was used by pre- use of its sandstone indicates that Sil- intact features including a likely historic Native Americans to manu- ver Mound could provide important crushed oyster shell walkway and a facture tools. About 1,000 prehistoric information about North America’s shallow pit feature containing early quarry pits dot the wooded slopes of earliest occupants. Last February the to mid-18th-century items. A dense Silver Mound and scores of prehis- Secretary of the Interior designated layer of wall plaster, brick, and mor- toric encampments and workshops the Silver Mound Archaeological Dis- tar was recovered just above the fea- surround it. trict a National Historic Landmark. tures. Analysis of the artifacts is now Paleo-Indians valued Hixton This designation, which has been under way. This new evidence sandstone. Their characteristic fluted given to fewer than 2,500 places, is strongly indicates that the extant projectile points made of this distinc- the highest status awarded to historic house was built on land where an tive raw material have been recov- properties. older structure once stood. ered up to 500 miles away in Ohio, “National Historic Landmark des- Michigan, , Illinois, , ignation recognizes and preserves Conservancy Preserve named and Minnesota. In order to preserve America’s diverse cultural and archi- this important resource, the Conser- tectural heritage,” the Secretary said. National Historic Landmark vancy has made multiple purchases “These national treasures are excep- MIDWEST—Silver Mound in Jackson of land at Silver Mound, beginning in tional places that shed light on our County, , is a unique geo- 1992. history and help explain our past.”

american archaeology 51 Reviews

Folsom: New Archaeological Investigations of a Classic Paleoindian Bison Kill By David J. Meltzer (University of California Press, 2006; 374 pgs., illus., $55 cloth; www.ucpress.edu)

In the first decade of the 20th century an African-American cowboy discovered large, deeply People of the Shoals: Stallings Culture buried bones eroding from a bank of Wild Horse Arroyo in the of the Savannah River Valley By Kenneth E. Sassaman northeast corner of New Mexico near the town of Folsom. (University Press of Florida, 2006; 193 pgs., George McJunkin recognized that these bones were special and Illus., $40 cloth; www.upf.com) reported them to amateur naturalists in the area. Paleontologists from the Colorado Museum of Natural History arrived in 1926 to Some 5,000 years ago groups of hunter-gatherers excavate a specimen for the museum and they identified the abandoned their nomadic lifestyle for a more bones as belonging to a large extinct bison species. The next settled way of life in the middle part of the year the excavators discovered a striking, fluted spear point em- Savannah River Valley in Georgia and South bedded between the ribs of one of the ancient bison. Carolina. Permanent settlements were established on the banks of the river and on That discovery put humans at Folsom at the end of the last some of the larger islands, the most prominent Ice Age, and thousands of years prior to the then-accepted date being Stallings Island, an Archaeological of human colonization of the New World. It also set off a contro- Conservancy preserve near Augusta. It was here versy among archaeologists that continues unabated to this day— that perhaps the first pottery in the Americas the search for the first Americans. was produced. The Folsom excavators returned to the site in 1928, and then Ken Sassaman, an archaeologist at the left for good. Except for a couple of brief visits, it remained un- University of Florida, has spent the last 12 years scathed until David Meltzer and his crew from Southern studying the Stallings culture. People of the Methodist University returned for three summers of fieldwork Shoals summarizes his findings as well as the from 1997 to 1999. A renowned Paleo-Indian archaeologist as discoveries of the researchers who came before him. This is a book for laymen as well as well as an archaeological historian, Meltzer recounts the fascinat- scholars—well illustrated, readable, and concise. ing story of the over the past 100 years and its impact He goes beyond strict scientific findings to on the history of American archaeology. The latest dating tech- speculate as to how the Stallings people lived, niques confirmed the site’s antiquity—around 10,500 B.C.—and prospered, and eventually collapsed. He also tells the recent excavations shed new light on the Folsom hunters the story of archaeologists at work, seeking who dispatched a small herd of ancient bison so long ago. important information in the face of obstacles Meltzer has woven a captivating history with the latest in archae- like dam-builders and looters. It is a fascinating ological technology producing a thoroughly enjoyable story of account of a fascinating American culture. one of America’s most famous and interesting early sites.

52 summer • 2006 Reviews

The Mesa Verde Aztalan: Mysteries World: of an Ancient Explorations in Indian Town Ancestral By Robert A. Pueblo Birmingham and Archaeology Lynne G. Edited by Goldstein David Grant Noble (Wisconsin (School of America Research Press, 2006; Historical 182 pgs, illus., $25 paper, $60 cloth; www.sarweb.org) Society Press, 2006; 138 As the nation celebrates the 100th anniversary of the creation of pgs, illus, $15 in southwestern Colorado, archaeolog- paper; ical interpreter David Grant Noble has produced an important www.wisconsinhistory.org) new work on the archaeology of the Mesa Verde culture. Twenty short essays by noted archaeologists and Native Americans give Fifty miles west of Milwaukee stands the ruins us the latest information about a culture and region that is visited of Aztalan, a large town with mounds that seem by some 600,000 people each year, more than all the other ar- far more characteristic of the lower Mississippi chaeological sites in the Untied States combined. River Valley. The early Europeans settlers Many people equate the name Mesa Verde with the park thought the site resembled Aztec ruins in and its spectacular cliff dwellings hidden in dramatic sandstone Mexico, and therefore named it Aztalan. It canyons. But the Mesa Verde people [also known as the Anasazi] became a major part of the mound-builders were not limited to the park. Thousands of habitation sites are mythology of the 19th century. located in the broad Montezuma Valley below the mesa. Most are Lynne Goldstein, an archaeologist at small, but a few contain thousands of rooms and hundreds of Michigan State University, and former state circular, underground . These people dominated the entire archaeologist Bob Birmingham have produced a region for hundreds of years. But between A.D. 1250 and 1300 delightful little book that tells the story of they all left. Why and how they did it is one of the greatest Aztalan and how archaeologists in the 20th unsolved mysteries of American archaeology. century cracked its mysterious legacy. It is in In the past 100 years, many excavations have taken place in fact a large Mississippian center that looks the park by some of America’s most famous archaeologists. But more like Cahokia near St. Louis than anything in the past 20 years or so, new interest has focused on the in Wisconsin. It seems that some of the greater Mesa Verde story, and this volume brings us up to date Cahokians migrated to Aztalan around A.D. on that new research. Superbly edited and organized, The Mesa 1100 and built a new ceremonial center. We Verde World summarizes the scholarship and theorizing of the may never know why they did it. They stayed at current generation of Mesa Verde scholars in concise and very Aztalan for 150 years and then disappeared. readable essays that are complemented by magnificent photogra- Today Aztalan is preserved as a state park phy and graphic illustrations. General publications about Mesa that is open to the public. Research continues Verde archaeology have been out of date for many years. This to define the extent of the town and its sphere volume fills that gap, and every visitor to the region will want to of influence in the upper Midwest. take it along. —Mark Michel american archaeology 53 THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONSERVANCY

Enduring Earthworks CAHOKIA AND THE MIDDLE M ISSISSIPPIAN CULTURE When: September 14–17, 2006 Where: Missouri and Illinois How Much: $795 ($145 single supplement) WALKER J I M The complex architecture of Machu Picchu is a testament to the sophisti- cation of the Incas. It's one of the most amazing sites in the New World. A Peruvian Adventure LAND OF THE INCA When: July 21–August 4, 2006 Where: Peru

How Much: $4,195 ($750 single supplement) MICHEL M A R K Machu Picchu remained a secret to the outside world until Cahokia was occupied by the Mississippians from approximately A.D. 700 1911, when archaeologist Hiram Bingham discovered it al- to 1400. Thousands of people lived there. most by accident. Perched on a ridge more than 2,000 feet above the Urubamba River, this ancient city is among the Join us on our exploration of the phenomenal earthworks most spectacular sites in all of the Americas. Machu Picchu of Cahokia and the central Mississippi and is just one of the many highlights of the Conservancy’s Valleys. Inhabited around A.D. 700 to 1400, Cahokia was two-week Peruvian tour. From the coastal city of Lima to the premier Mississippian town and the center of the most the magnificent tombs of the Moche at Sipán, you’ll ex- sophisticated prehistoric Indian civilization north of Mex- plore some of Peru’s most fascinating sites. ico. This ancient city, located across the Mississippi River John Henderson, an archaeologist at Cornell Univer- from what is now St. Louis, covered nearly six square sity, will lead the tour. Henderson has conducted field- miles and was home to thousands of people. Monks work in Peru, and he will share his knowledge of the vast Mound, the great in Cahokia’s central cer- empires that once reigned in the land. The adventure be- emonial area, is the largest prehistoric earthen construc- gins with visits to several archaeological museums in Lima, tion in the New World. allowing you to become familiar with the country’s past In addition to Cahokia, you’ll visit Mastodon State cultures. Then you’ll explore the at Sipán and Historic site, which has provided evidence of humans Túcume. At Chan Chan, you’ll tour the remains of one of hunting Ice Age elephants, and , a Missis- the largest pre-Columbian cities in the New World. Several sippian mound and village center that flourished 800 years days in the Inca capital of Cuzco will give you ample time ago and today boasts a state-of-the-art interactive museum. to explore sites such as Coricancha, an Inca temple where Midwest archaeological experts will join you on this fasci- the walls were once covered in gold. nating trip.

54 summer • 2006 J I M WALKER american will stone Par discovery i Join usinMexico’soldestportcity,V FEBRU V La then visitSanLorenzoaswell asthearchaeologicalsiteof set of mense cityofCantona,whichprosperedafterthecollapse ture of the town conquered thou and ng eracruz Te the V que off first l enta. lead Spanish sands ook and otihuacán. . UPCOMING great s La ARY ar months peculation the numerous at chaeology Our of V of enta t cities the cultures he tour 22–MARCH years. t our Y Olmec, of first . by theAztecs,whereCortéslivedduring with ou’ll Mesoamerican of the ends about ball great M that Y its then exico, Spanish ou’ll T courts. incredible in otonac, have lost Olmec visit 4, V visit illaher you’ll tribes 2007 dominated invasion. s Tr Y cholar head ou’ll Huastec, Zempoala, es outdoor see mosa eracruz, foranexcit Zapotes, from also sculpture famous J At ohn w the Africa. Maya, El ith visit collection Henderson a where r T egion a ajín, architec T t in t otonac he our Aztec, Y 1869 ou’ll one im- the for of of - - Our JANU Belize Fo Christ River toLamanai,aMayatradingcenterestablishedbefor Belize City,seeAltunHaandtakeaboatrideuptheNew once splendid travel Castillo, you’ll of tunich impressive Y structing cent Henderson, once spannedanareaofmorethan25squaremiles.John Thought tohavehadapopulationexceeding75,000,Tika Mesoamerica, a Archaeolo axhá, p rt yramid Caracol,

San A ferryridewilltakeyoutotheruinsofXunantunich, tour Maya an to ARY spend and Juan you’ll a gist at a the mountaintop a city begins important Xunantunich classic occupied J de pyramid series the ohn 13–22, TOURS centers and inner two Ulúa visit a 19 will Hender lar on leading miles is days example of gest the lead reaches one the over in son trading plazas until T situated 2007 Belize. Maya r of palace exploring southeast ikal ecently the points coast the an A scholar of of . tour attractions and D site center older to . the of the of 1641. in El . excavated platfor in Cahal Belize, one Castillo of country Maya the pyramid. . Belize. on T at From There of ikal V m , Petén Pech. eracr technique the where the groups. and that ceremonial the Y uz. you’ll ou’ll most From cultures rain explore coast features you’ll also magnifi- At of t Xunan our forest you’ll Tikal con tou visi site the an of El e r - - t . l 55 Patrons of Preservation The Archaeological Conservancy would like to thank the following individuals, foundations, and corporations for their generous support during the period of February through April 2006. Their generosity, along with the generosity of the Conservancy’s other members, makes our work possible.

Life Member Gifts of $1,000 or more Anasazi Circle Gifts Anonymous of $2,000 or more Robert G. Arrowsmith, Connecticut Ethan D. Alyea, Jr., Indiana Dorothy Beatty, California Betty Banks, Washington David Brittain, New York Joan Griscom, Tennessee Hester A. Davis, Arkansas Jay T. Last, California Dr. and Mrs. James Foght, Illinois Memorie Loughridge, Florida Edward Godbersen, Oregon (in memory of J.E. Loughridge) David B. Jones, Minnesota Leslie Masson, New York Kay MacNeil, Illinois Joy Robinson, California Michael McGarrity, New Mexico Charles Morgan, Texas Kathleen E. Olmsted, Minnesota Foundation/Corporate Gifts Paul C. Rissman, New Jersey of $1,000 – $5,000 Mr. and Mrs. Robert Ronus, California The Arthur Vining Davis Foundation, Melvin and Guilia Simpson, New York Florida Mr. Don Strehler, Washington Audrey and Jape Taylor, Florida Bill Waggoner, North Carolina

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