Telaah Investasi Nyamuk Pada Kerbau Di Bogor

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Telaah Investasi Nyamuk Pada Kerbau Di Bogor Artikel Ilmiah ini ditulis ulang sesuai aslinya dari Majalah Hemera Zoa, Indonesian Journal of Animal Science 73(1): 20-33 Tahun 1988. Telaah Infestasi Nyamuk Pada Kerbau Di Bogor SINGGIH. H SIGIT dan UPIK KESUMAWATI Bagian Parasitologi dan Patologi Fakultas Kedokteran Hewan IPB ABSTRAK Sigit, S.H. dan Upik Kesumawati. 1988. Telaah Infestasi Nyamuk Pada Kerbau Di Bogor Hemera Zoa, Indonesian Journal of Animal Science 73(1): 20-33. Suatu telaah tentang infestasi nyamuk pada kerbau telah dilakukan di tiga lokasi dekat kota Bogor, untuk mengetahui spesies nyamuk yang mempunyai asosiasi erat dengan hewan ini. Dari ketiga lokasi itu dapat tertangkap 27 spesies yang tergolong dalam 7 genus yaitu Anopheles dengan 10 spesies, Culex dengan 12 spesies, kemudian Mansonia, Aedes, Ficalbia, Tripteroides dan Armigeres masing-masing satu spesies. Di antara nyamuk yang tertangkap itu, An annularis, An vagus, Cx tritaeniorhynchus dan Cx fuscocephala merupakan spesies yang paling dominan. An aconitus, vektor malaria, dan Mn uniformis, vektor filariasis, yang di daerah lain dapat ditemukan pada kandang kerbau dalam jumlah besar, di daerah Bogor ini sangat rendah populasinya. PENDAHULUAN Masalah infestasi nyamuk pada hewan ternak belum memperoleh apresiasi selayaknya di kalangan kedokteran hewan, baik di Indonesia maupun di lain-lain negara. Hal ini agaknya disebabkan oleh dua sebab berikut ini: Pertama, memang nyamuk bukan merupakan masalah besar, baik sebagai vektor penyakit maupun sebagai pengganggu kesehatan hewan, dan kedua, nyamuk hanya datang menyerang hewan pada waktu malam hari sehingga lepas dari pengamatan para petugas kesehatan hewan. Namun sebenarnya dalam hubungan antara hewan ternak dan nyamuk ini ada satu segi yang cukup penting untuk diperhatikan dan bahkan untuk dikembangkan ke arah aplikasinya. Di antara berbagai jenis nyamuk yang mengisap darah ternak, terdapat jenis- jenis yang merupakan vektor penyakit malaria dan filariasis. Anopheles aconitus, An barbirostris, An sundaicus, tiga jenis vektor penting untuk malaria, dan Mansonia uniformis, vektor filariasis malayi, sudah lama diketahui bersifat zoofilik sehingga para penangkap nyamuk selalu datang ke kandang ternak untuk mencarinya. Gagasan untuk menjadikan ternak semacam tameng bagi manusia terhadap serangan nyamuk di waktu malam hari, juga telah lama diketengahkan oleh para dokter dalam rangka upaya profilaksis melawan malaria. Tulisan ini melaporkan hasil penangkapan nyamuk di kandang kerbau di beberapa lokasi dekat Bogor, dalam rangka inventarisasi jenis-jenis nyamuk yang berkaitan dengan hewan kerbau berikut kelimpahan nisbinya. Penelitian ini merupakan serangkaian upaya untuk mengungkap kenyataan di seputar investasi nyamuk pada hewan ternak di Indonesia. MATERI dan METODE Koleksi nyamuk dilakukan pada tiga buah kandang kerbau, dua di wilayah Desa Cikarawang kurang lebih 2 (dua) kilometer sebelah utara Kampus IPB Darmaga dan sepuluh kilometer sebelah Barat Kota Bogor, dan satu wilayah di Desa Sindangbarang kurang lebih enam kilometer sebelah Barat Kota Bogor, Koleksi di Cikarawang dilakukan dua kali yaitu dalam bulan Setember 1983 dan April 1985. Kedua lokasi di Cikarawang masing-masing merupakan sebidang tanah ladang penuh pepohonan buah-buahan diselingi tanaman palawija. Dilokasi I hanya terdapat tiga buah rumah penduduk dan lima ekor kerbau; di lokasi II terdapat dua rumah dan dua ekor kerbau. Masing-masing lokasi dibatasi oleh tanah persawahan dengan saluran air yang berfungsi sepanjang tahun. Kedua lokasi ini terletak kira-kira 50 meter dari danau Situ Burung yang pada salah satu pinggirnya dipenuhi oleh gulma air Salvinia sp. Lokasi Sindangbarang merupakan tanah persawahan terbuka dengan saluran air, berbatasan dengan suatu komplek pemukiman baru. Penangkapan nyamuk dilakukan dengan cara memasang perangkap cahaya (light trap) dan dengan memnggunakan tangguk serangga (sweep net). Dua buah perangkap cahaya model ”CDC Miniatur” dipasang pada setiap lokasi, mulai pukul 19.00 malam sampai sekitar pukul 05.00 pagi. Perangkap digantung pada bangunan kandang, kurang lebih satu meter di atas tanah. Penangkapan menggunakan tangguk dilakukan oleh lima orang dengan cara ”sweeping” di sekitar hewan. Tiap orang mengayun tangguk sebanyak kurang lebih dua puluh kali. Nyamuk-nyamuk yang tertangkap kemudian di bunuh dengan kloroform dan diidentifikasi berdasarkan kunci identifikasi nyamuk dewasa Stojanivich dan Scot (1966),Reid (1968), Mattingly (1971), Ramalinggam (1974),dan O’Connor dan Supanto (1979). Untuk setiap spesies di setiap lokasi dihitung banyak spesimen tertangkap untuk kemudian dihitung kelimpahan nisbinya, yang merupakan angka persentase banyak spesimen dari spesies itu terhadap seluruh jumlah spesimen nyamuk tertangkap. HASIL dan PEMBAHASAN Semua spesimen nyamuk yang dapat tertangkap dengan perangkap cahaya pada setiap lokasi dikumpulkan menjadi satu, demikian pula spesimen yang tertangkap dengan tangguk. Dengan demikian angka-angka yang diperoleh di setiap lokasi berupa hasil tangkapan total dua perangkap cahaya dan lima penangkap nyamuk. Jenis-jenis nyamuk yang tertangkap berikut angka kelimpahan nisbinya disajikan pada Tabel 1,2 dan 3. Pada koleksi pertama (September 1983) di Cikarawang diperoleh 16 spesies nyamuk, di antaranya 7 spesies Anopheles, 7 spesies Culex, serta Mansonia dan Ficalbia masing- masing satu spesies. An. annularis merupakan spesies yang dominan dengan kelimpahan nisbi 75.2 %, kemudian Cx tritaeniorhynchus menempati urutan ke dua dengan 9.9 %, jauh di bawah An annularis. Di sini terlihat bahwa dengan perangkap cahaya An. annularis menjadi satu-satunya jenis yang dominan menyerang kerbau pada waktu itu. Keadaan berubah sama sekali pada koleksi pada bulan April 1985, yang pada waktu itu kedudukannya diganti oleh An vagus dengan kelimpahan nisbi 38.4 %. Namun Cx tritaeniorhynchus tetap menduduki kedua dengan kelimpahan nisbi 10.8 %. An annularis hanya tertangkap 28 ekor atau 5.3 %. Keadaan serupa juga didapati di Sindangbarang; An vagus di sini juga dominan dengan kelimpahan nisbi 49.7 %, diikuti Cx. tritaeniorhynchus dengan 31.5 %. Disini An. annularis hampir tidak kedapatan sama sekali, hanya seekor yang tertangkap. Pada pengangkapan bulan April 1985 di Cikarawang, selain Anopheles, Culex, Mansonia dan Ficalbia, juga tertangkap spesies dari genus Aedes, Tripteroides dan Armigeres namun dalam jumlah sangat kecil. Ketiganya ini dikenal sebagi nyamuk kebun, yang biasanya aktif pada siang hari sampai menjelang magrib. Dengan demikian hanya dua genus saja yaitu Anopheles dan Culex yang menjadi mayoritas nyamuk yang menyerang kerbau, yang total keduanya mencapai lebih dari 95 % dari seluruh jumlah nyamuk yang tertangkap. Mansonia dalam penelitian ini tidak banyak tertangkap agaknya bukan karena nyamuk ini tidak zoofilik, melainkan karena kebetulan di sekitar lokasi penelitian tidak terdapat habitat yang sesuai, yaitu rawa dengan gulma air tertentu seperti eceng gondok (Eichornia crassipes) atau apu-apu (Pistia sp). Tabel 1 Nyamuk yang tertangkap di kandang kerbau di Cikarawang, Bogor dengan menggunakan perangkap cahaya, September 1983 No Spesies nyamuk Banyak Kelimpahan spesimen Nisbi (%) 1. Anopheles annularis 480 75.2 2. An. vagus 28 4.4 3. An.indefinitus 11 1.7 4. An. tesselatus 4 0.6 5. An barbirostris 2 0.3 6. An. aconitus 1 0.15 7. An. kochi 1 0.15 8. Culex tritaeniorhynchus 63 9.9 9. Cx. pseudovishnui 23 3.6 10. Cx. bitaeniorhynchus 9 1.4 11. Cx. nigropunctatus 3 0.5 12. Cx. quinquefasciatus 2 0.3 13. Cx, gelidus 2 0.3 14. Cx. pallidotrorax 2 0.3 15. Mansonia uniformis 6 0.9 16. Ficalbia sp 1 0.15 Tabel 2 Nyamuk yang tertangkap di Kandang kerbau di Cikarawang, Bogor, dengan menggunakan perangkap cahaya dan tangguk serangga , April 1985 Perangkap Tangguk No Spesies Nyamuk Banyak Kelimpahan Banyak Kelimpahan Specimen Nisbi (%) Specimen Nisbi (%) 1. Anopheles vagus 201 38.4 161 38.2 2. An. annularis 28 5.3 26 6.2 3. An. aconitus 1 0.2 5 1.2 4 An. indefinitus 1 0.2 7 1.7 5. An. barbirostris 4 0.8 2 0.5 6. An. subpictus 2 0.4 3 0.7 7. An. kochi 3 0.6 1 0.2 8. An. peditaeniatus 0 0.0 3 0.6 9. An. nigerrimus 0 0.0 1 0.2 10. An. tesselatus 0 0.0 1 0.2 11. Cx. tritaeniorhynchus 126 24.1 83 19.8 12. Cx. fuscocephalus 83 15.9 32 14.7 13. Cx. sinensis 27 5.2 17 4.0 14. Cx. pseudovishnui 17 3.2 15 3.6 15. Cx. pseudosinensis 11 2.1 12 2.9 16. Cx. vishnui 6 1.1 6 1.4 17. Cx. quinquefasciatus 3 0.6 3 0.6 18. Cx. pallidothorax 0 0.0 4 1.0 19. Cx. gelidus 1 0.2 3 0.7 20. Cx.bitaeniorhynchus 0 0.0 1 0.2 21. Cx. cinctellus 0 0.0 1 0.2 22. Mansonia uniformis 5 0.9 2 0.5 23. Aedes albopictus 0 0.0 1 0.2 24. Ficalbia sp 1 0.2 0 0.0 25. Tripteroides sp 0 0.0 2 0.5 26. Armigeres subalbatus 0 0.0 2 0.5 Tabel 3 Nyamuk yang tertangkap di kandang kerbau di Sindangbarang Bogor, dengan menggunakan tangguk serangga, April 1985. No Spesies nyamuk Banyak Kelimpahan Spesimen Nisbi (%) 1. Anopheles vagus 223 49.7 2. An. indefinitus 17 3.8 3. An. barbirostris 3 0.7 4. An. annularis 1 0.2 5. An. subpictus 1 0.2 6. An. peditaeniatus 1 0.2 7 Cx. tritaeniorhynchus 141 31.5 8. Cx. fuscocephalla 29 6.4 9 Cx. sinensis 11 2.4 10. Cx. pseudovishnui 7 1.6 11. Cx. pseudosinensis 14 3.2 12. Aedes albopictus 1 0.2 Dari angka-angka tersebut dapat dinyatakan di sini bahwa An. vagus, An. annularis dan Cx. tritaeniorhynchus merupakan jenis-jenis utama di antara nyamuk-nyamuk yang menyerang kerbau di lokasi penelitian. Jenis-jenis lain yang juga dapat disebut adalah Cx. fuscocephalus dan Cx pseudovishnui, yang meskipun tidak menonjol, kehadirannya di kandang kerbau selalu konsisten. Jenis-jenis lain yang tertangkap dalam jumlah yang kecil, agaknya karena memang populasinya rendah di daerah yang diteliti. Sebagai contoh adalah An aconitus, yang di daerah Bogor ini memang tidak sering ditemukan; dibandingkan dengan di daerah Banjarnegara, Yogyakarta dan Semarang misalnya, An aconitus hampir selalu didapati di kandang kerbau dalam jumlah besar. Uji presiptin terhadap darah yang dihisap oleh An aconitus dari beberapa lokasi di Jawa Tengah menunjukan angka 93.5 % berasal dari hewan, dan hanya 6.5 % berasal dari manusia.
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