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Einfluß Kleiner Kaltwasser-Schwämme Auf Die Diversität Benthischer Nematoden-Gemeinschaften

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Einfluß Kleiner Kaltwasser-Schwämme Auf Die Diversität Benthischer Nematoden-Gemeinschaften Kleinskalige Heterogenität in der arktischen Tiefsee: Einfluß kleiner Kaltwasser-Schwämme auf die Diversität benthischer Nematoden-Gemeinschaften Small-scale heterogeneity in the Arctic deep sea: Impact of small coldwater-sponges on the diversity of benthic nematode communities Christiane Hasemann In Erinnerung an eine ungewöhnliche Frau Für Mus Christiane Hasemann Stiftung Alfred-Wegener-Institut für Polar- und Meeresforschung in der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Postfach 12 01 61 D-27568 Bremerhaven Die vorliegende Arbeit ist die inhaltlich unveränderte Fassung einer Dissertation, die im Fachbereich Biowissenschaften bei Prof. Dr. W. E. Arntz angefertigt und 2005 dem Fachbereich 02 (Biologie/Chemie) der Universität Bremen vorgelegt wurde. Sie ist über die Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Bremen als pdf-Dokument erhältlich unter: http://elib.suub.uni-bremen.de/dissertations/ Inhaltsverzeichnis Zusammenfassung...........................................................................1 Summary ..........................................................................................3 1 Einleitung .........................................................................................5 1.1. Untersuchungsobjekte..........................................................................8 1.1.1. Schwämme .........................................................................................8 1.1.2. Nematoden ....................................................................................... 10 1.1.2.1. Körperbau .................................................................................................... 11 1.1.2.2. Fortpflanzung, Entwicklung und Verbreitung................................................... 14 1.1.2.3. Systematik.................................................................................................... 14 2 Material & Methoden ..................................................................... 16 2.1. Untersuchungsgebiet ......................................................................... 16 2.1.1. Strömungsverhältnisse ....................................................................... 18 2.1.2. Eisverhältnisse................................................................................... 19 2.1.3. Sedimentationsregime und Sedimente................................................. 19 2.2. Probennahme.................................................................................... 20 2.2.1. Probennahmedesign .......................................................................... 20 2.2.2. Einsatz des Tiefseesystems „VICTOR 6000“ ......................................... 22 2.2.3. Unterbeprobung der Sedimentkerne.................................................... 23 2.2.4. Skalierung der Proben........................................................................ 25 2.2.5. Probenbearbeitung der Meiofauna....................................................... 26 2.2.6. Präparation der Nematoden................................................................ 26 2.3. Identifikation und Klassifizierung der Nematoden ................................. 27 2.3.1. Taxonomie........................................................................................ 28 2.3.1.1. Indikatorgattungen der Nematoden-Gemeinschaft .......................................... 29 2.3.2. Morphologie ...................................................................................... 30 2.3.2.1. Mundhöhlenstruktur (Fraßtypen).................................................................... 30 2.3.2.2. Index der trophischen Diversität .................................................................... 31 2.3.2.3. Schwanzform................................................................................................ 32 2.3.2.4. Körperform................................................................................................... 33 2.3.2.5. Einführung der ökologischen Lebensformkennzahl der Nematoden (F-S-K Zahl).................................................................................................. 34 2.4. Reproduktions-Index (Maturity Index, MI) ........................................... 34 2.5. Biomassebestimmungen..................................................................... 35 2.5.1. Körpergröße...................................................................................... 36 2.5.2. Gewicht ............................................................................................ 37 2.5.3. Nematoden-Biomasse-Größen-Spektrum (NBG).................................... 37 2.6. Abiotische Parameter und biogene Sedimentkomponenten.................... 38 2.6.1. Sedimentcharakteristika ..................................................................... 38 2.6.2. Nahrungsverfügbarkeit....................................................................... 40 2.6.3. Sauerstoffgehalt und Porosität............................................................ 41 2.7. Methoden zur Datenauswertung ......................................................... 43 2.7.1. Univariate Statistik: Statistische Maßzahlen und Parameter ................... 43 I 2.7.1.1. Markante Punkte und Erwartungswerte von Werteverteilungen: Median und Konfidenzintervall.......................................................................................... 43 2.7.1.2. Konfidenzintervall und Median: Bootstrap-Methode ......................................... 44 2.7.2. Indices ............................................................................................. 44 2.7.2.1. Variabilität der Meiofauna- und Nematoden-Gemeinschaft in den Kontroll- und Schwammkernen: Variationskoeffizient (CV)............................... 44 2.7.2.2. Räumliche Verteilungsmuster der Meiofauna- und Nematoden- Gemeinschaft: Morisita-Index ........................................................................ 45 2.7.3. Statistische Tests............................................................................... 46 2.7.3.1. Nichtparametrischer Test: Mann-Whitney U-Test ............................................ 46 2.7.3.2. Graphische Darstellung: Box&Whisker Plots.................................................... 47 2.7.3.3. Spearman-Rang-Korrelation........................................................................... 47 2.7.3.4. Statistische Wahrscheinlichkeit: Bonferroni-Korrektur ...................................... 48 2.7.3.5. Statistik in Kontingenztabellen: G-Test ........................................................... 48 2.7.3.6. Varianzanalyse: ANOVA ................................................................................. 49 2.7.4. Multivariate Gemeinschaftsanalyse ...................................................... 51 2.7.4.1. Bray-Curtis Ähnlichkeitskoeffizient.................................................................. 51 2.7.4.2. Euklidisches Distanzmaß................................................................................ 51 2.7.4.3. MDS-Diagramme........................................................................................... 52 2.7.4.4. Multivariate Gemeinschaftsunterschiede: ANOSIM-Analyse .............................. 52 2.7.4.5. Einfluß von Arten auf die Ähnlichkeit: SIMPER-Analyse .................................... 53 2.7.5. Traditionelle Diversitätsmaße.............................................................. 53 2.7.5.1. Standardisierung der Daten ........................................................................... 53 2.7.5.2. Artenzahl und Artenreichtum ......................................................................... 54 2.7.5.3. Äquität ......................................................................................................... 55 2.7.5.4. Heterogenität ............................................................................................... 56 2.7.6. Diversitätsmaße auf taxonomischer Basis............................................. 56 2.7.6.1. Durchschnittliche taxonomische Distanz (AvTD) .............................................. 57 2.7.6.2. Varianz der durchschnittlichen taxonomischen Distanz (VarTD)........................ 58 2.7.6.3. Arteninventar-Listen...................................................................................... 58 2.7.6.4. Bivariate Analyse von AvTD (Δ+) und VarTD (Λ+) .......................................... 59 2.7.7. Graphische Darstellung der unterschiedlichen Gemeinschaftsstruktur in den Kontroll- und Schwammkernen ................................................. 60 2.7.7.1. k-Dominanz Kurven: ABC-Kurven (Abundance Biomass Curves) ....................... 60 2.7.7.2. Geometrische Abundanzklassen: Arten-Rang-Relation ..................................... 61 3 Ergebnisse...................................................................................... 62 3.1. Abiotische Sedimentparameter............................................................ 62 3.1.1. Korngrößenverteilung......................................................................... 62 3.1.2. Sauerstoffgehalt und Porosität............................................................ 66 3.1.3. Sedimentgebundene Pigmente als Indikatoren für den Nahrungseintrag................................................................................ 68 3.2. Quantitative Zusammensetzung der Meiofauna .................................... 70 3.2.1. Größenspektrum und Vertikalverteilung der Meiofaunaorganismen......... 72 3.2.2. Verteilungsmuster der Meiofaunaorganismen ......................................
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