El Diferendo Territorial Guatemala-Belice: Origen, Evolución Y Perspectivas / Sara Angelina Solís Castañeda

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El Diferendo Territorial Guatemala-Belice: Origen, Evolución Y Perspectivas / Sara Angelina Solís Castañeda Universidad de La Habana República de Cuba ElEl DiferendoDiferendo TerritorialTerritorial Guatemala-Belice:Guatemala-Belice: origen,origen, evoluciónevolución yy perspectivasperspectivas Sara Angelina Solís Castañeda Tesis (Doctor en Ciencias Históricas) La Habana, 2009 Página legal El Diferendo Territorial Guatemala-Belice: origen, evolución y perspectivas / Sara Angelina Solís Castañeda. - La Habana, 2009. - Tesis (Doctor en Ciencias Históricas) 1. Universidad de La Habana 2. La Habana, 2009 Depósito Legal: 71205081810 Sara Angelina Solís Castañeda Declara que posee todos los derechos necesarios para autorizar la distribución del documento de tesis en formato electrónico a la Biblioteca de la Universidad de La Habana, sin restricciones y bajo la licencia: Creative Commons de tipo Reconocimiento, Sin Obra Derivada, por lo que se permite su copia y distribución por cualquier medio siempre que mantenga el reconocimiento de sus autores y no se realice ninguna modificación del documento original. UNIVERSIDAD DE LA HABANA FACULTAD DE FILOSOFÍA E HISTORIA DEPARTAMENTO DE HISTORIA EL DIFERENDO TERRITORIAL GUATEMALA-BELICE: Origen, evolución y perspectivas. Autora: Lic. Sara Angelina Solís Castañeda Tutor: Dr. Evelio Díaz Lezcano Tesis en opción al Grado Científico de Doctor en Ciencias Históricas. La Habana, 2009 A mi hijo, Máximo, con amor. Agradecimientos: A Dios, porque de El mana la vida y la sabiduría. A mis padres, Amílcar y Cándida, por su amor y sabios consejos. A mi tutor, Dr. Evelio Díaz Lezcano, por su apoyo académico. Al Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de Guatemala. Resumen Esta investigación se refiere al diferendo sobre el territorio beliceño, que data del Siglo XVIII y sigue vigente hasta nuestros días. El conflicto se desarrolla en torno a un añejo problema territorial que tiene su génesis en antiguas disputas entre los Reinos de España y Gran Bretaña por la soberanía en el continente americano. Es decir, pues, que es uno de los conflictos más largos de América y la complejidad del mismo radica en que no solamente es muy antiguo sino que es multidisciplinario, ya que abarca diferentes disciplinas: la legal, política, económica e internacional. Guatemala ha reclamado y sostiene, desde su independencia, en 1821, ser la heredera de los derechos del Reino de España sobre el territorio beliceño, amparada en el derecho de sucesión y en el principio jurídico del uti possidetis juris. La Gran Bretaña, por su parte, sostiene que Guatemala nunca ejerció jurisdicción sobre el territorio de Belice, ni durante la colonia y tampoco después de independizarse de España. No obstante lo anterior y en un período crítico en la historia centroamericana, en 1859 Guatemala e Inglaterra suscribieron un polémico Convenio de Límites, de diferente interpretación para ambos: Para Guatemala fue un instrumento de Cesión Territorial, en tanto que para Inglaterra fue un Convenio de Límites. Ese convenio incluye una cláusula compensatoria, que Inglaterra nunca llegó a cumplir, obligando a Guatemala, en 1884 a plantear la caducidad del Tratado y la consiguiente reincorporación territorial. El Siglo XX transcurre por completo sin ver la solución a este añejo diferendo. Pese a la permanente oposición guatemalteca, Belice obtiene su autogobierno y, en 1981, la independencia de Inglaterra. Sin embargo, como Estado sucesor del Reino Unido, Belice también heredó la controversia territorial cuando cobró su vida independiente. En 1991 Guatemala reconoce jurídicamente a Belice y entabla relaciones diplomáticas con ese país, pero deja pendiente la solución del diferendo con base en el principio de integridad territorial. Tras lograrse la firma de los Acuerdos de Paz en Guatemala en 1996, tanto el gobierno beliceño como el guatemalteco han realizado innumerables esfuerzos por encontrarle una solución negociada al conflicto. En diciembre de 2008, Belice y Guatemala suscribieron un Acuerdo Especial para someter el reclamo territorial, insular y marítimo a la Corte Internacional de Justicia. El fallo de dicha Corte será definitivo, inapelable y obligatorio. I N D I C E INTRODUCCION …………………………………………………..………. 01 CAPITULO UNO. ANTECEDENTES E INICIO DEL CONFLICTO … 15 El escenario: De la Civilización Maya a la etapa colonial …………….. 15 El conflicto: La etapa anglo-española ………………………..…………… 24 La independencia: Nueva etapa del conflicto ……………….…………… 35 El polémico Tratado de Límites ……………………………….……………. 46 CAPITULO DOS. LAS NEGOCIACIONES DEL SIGLO XX …………. 56 Cuatro nuevas décadas de litigio…………………………………………….. 56 El decenio revolucionario y el caso de Belice …………………………… 60 Hacia una nueva etapa del conflicto ………………………………………. 74 CAPITULO TRES. NEGOCIACIONES GUATEMALA-BELICE ……. 94 La nueva situación tras la independencia de Belice ………….…………. 94 La mediación de la OEA y las perspectivas de solución ………… 104 CONCLUSIONES ………………………………………….……….. 117 FUENTES CONSULTADAS ……………………………………… 123 ANEXOS ……….…………………………………………...................... 129 Cataclismos que engendraron una geografía de locura, traumas tan espantosos, como el de la Conquista, no son antecedentes para una literatura de componenda y por eso nuestras novelas aparecen a los ojos de los europeos como ilógicas o desorbitadas. MIGUEL ANGEL ASTURIAS Introducción El diferendo sobre el territorio beliceño es uno de los que más tiempo ha durado en la historia de nuestro Continente. Data del Siglo XVIII y sigue vigente aún, en pleno Siglo XXI, a pesar de incontables esfuerzos para superarlo. En este diferendo, Guatemala reclama, al momento de independizarse, en 1821, ser la heredera de los derechos de España sobre el territorio beliceño, al tenor del derecho de sucesión y del uti possidetis juris. Por su parte, la posición inglesa ha sido que Guatemala nunca ejerció jurisdicción sobre el territorio de Belice, ni durante la colonia y tampoco después de independizarse de España. La investigación gira, por tanto, en torno a un añejo problema territorial, cuyos orígenes se remontan a viejas disputas entre los Reinos de España y Gran Bretaña por la soberanía en América, donde España había logrado un predominio, que paulatinamente iría perdiendo, al manifestarse –especialmente en Centro América-, las ocupaciones inglesas y la expansión económica norteamericana. La presente investigación pretende explicar las causas del conflicto, los factores internos y externos, de orden político y económico, que han influenciado la contienda, así como las dificultades que las Partes han enfrentado para finalizar una disputa tan prolongada, cuya duración no ha hecho más que retrasar el desarrollo y fortalecimiento no sólo de dos países hermanos, sino la integración y unión centroamericana, caro ideal de nuestros próceres independentistas. O sea, este trabajo investigativo aspira aportar, de manera integral, una interpretación del proceso formativo y desarrollo del diferendo territorial entre Belice y Guatemala, constituyéndose en un estudio útil porque pretende abarcar todas sus fases, desde su génesis hasta la actualidad. Es así como esta investigación presenta las perspectivas para una solución permanente, la única y evidente manera, después de agotados innumerables esfuerzos bilaterales y multilaterales, de dar continuidad a la deseada fase de genuina cooperación y amistad entre Belice y Guatemala, dos países hermanos que están unidos por la misma razón que se han separado: una frontera, así como por una milenaria y grandiosa cultura Maya, y por dos pueblos deseosos de convivir en paz. La investigación evidencia, de manera clara, cómo la asimetría entre las Partes, durante la primera fase del conflicto, retrasó su solución; de igual manera que expresa, cómo la creación de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas (ONU) y el surgimiento del movimiento descolonizador en el orden internacional, permitieron a Belice alcanzar su autogobierno e independencia y, entonces sí, negociar directamente con Guatemala las posibles soluciones a su disputa territorial, cuyas diferencias abarcan el orden territorial, insular y marítimo. Históricamente, el diferendo se divide en dos fases, la primera etapa, evidentemente asimétrica, se desarrolla entre la entonces potencia imperial colonial de Inglaterra y la Federación Centroamericana/Guatemala y, luego, se inicia la segunda fase, donde el conflicto se desenvuelve directamente entre las Partes contendientes, Guatemala y Belice, cuando este último país logra su independencia e incorporación a la ONU en 1981, iniciándose, a partir de entonces, una valiosa y amplia comunicación bilateral entre esos dos Estados. Este conflicto evoluciona cuando Centro América vivía la peor crisis de su historia. La Federación Centroamericana se desintegraba y los países aislados acentuaban su debilitamiento a lo externo, frente al filibusterismo y William Walker… Contrario sensu, contrastan hoy día los esfuerzos de los países centroamericanos por integrarse política y económicamente. Este deseo de integración representa, en la actualidad, una cierta presión moral en ambos países para solucionar su contienda. Pero en aquella época, cada Estado se convertía en una nación independiente y, mientras los gobiernos centroamericanos desarrollaban rencillas internas, Inglaterra aprovechaba esa situación adueñándose de casi todo el litoral atlántico de Centro América y disputándose los derechos del futuro canal 2 interoceánico con la emergente potencia hegemónica, Estados Unidos, que pronto habría de iniciar las intervenciones en Centro América y en el Caribe. De igual forma, la investigación pone en evidencia cómo las huellas
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