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Elementos Para La Delimitación Marítima De Guatemala En El Mar Caribe Lesther Antonio Ortega Lemus

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Elementos Para La Delimitación Marítima De Guatemala En El Mar Caribe Lesther Antonio Ortega Lemus UNIVERSIDAD DE SAN CARLOS DE GUATEMALA FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS JURÍDICAS Y SOCIALES ELEMENTOS PARA LA DELIMITACIÓN MARÍTIMA DE GUATEMALA EN EL MAR CARIBE LESTHER ANTONIO ORTEGA LEMUS GUATEMALA, MARZO DE 2007 UNIVERSIDAD DE SAN CARLOS DE GUATEMALA FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS JURÍDICAS Y SOCIALES ELEMENTOS PARA LA DELIMITACIÓN MARÍTIMA DE GUATEMALA EN EL MAR CARIBE TESIS Presentada a la Honorable Junta Directiva de la Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales de la Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala Por LESTHER ANTONIO ORTEGA LEMUS Previo a conferírsele el grado académico de LICENCIADO EN CIENCIAS JURÍDICAS Y SOCIALES y los títulos profesionales de ABOGADO Y NOTARIO Guatemala, marzo de 2007. HONORABLE JUNTA DIRECTIVA DE LA FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS JURÍDICAS Y SOCIALES DE LA UNIVERSIDAD DE SAN CARLOS DE GUATEMALA DECANO: Lic. Bonerge Amilcar Mejía Orellana VOCAL I: Lic. César Landelino Franco López VOCAL II: Lic. Gustavo Bonilla VOCAL III: Lic. Erick Rolando Huitz Enríquez VOCAL IV: Br. José Domingo Rodríguez Marroquín VOCAL V: Br. Edgar Alfredo Valdez López SECRETARIO: Lic. Avidán Ortiz Orellana TRIBUNAL QUE PRACTICÓ EL EXAMEN TÉCNICO PROFESIONAL Primera Fase: Presidente: Lic. Héctor Manfredo Maldonado Méndez Vocal: Lic. Héctor David España Pinetta Secretaria: Licda. Yohana Carolina Granados Villatoro Segunda Fase: Presidente: Lic. Héctor René Marroquín Aceituno Vocal: Licda. Marisol Morales Chew Secretario: Lic. Carlos Humberto de León Velasco RAZÓN: “Únicamente el autor es responsable de las doctrinas sustentadas y contenido de la tesis” (Artículo 43 del Normativo para la elaboración de tesis de la licenciatura en la Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales de la Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala). DEDICATORIA A Dios: Sin Él nada de esto sería concebible. A mi familia: Me enorgullece ser uno de ustedes. En especial a mi madre y padre, Mayling Patricia y Jorge Antonio, quienes fueron mucho más allá de la devoción de una madre y un padre para con su hijo, dándome fortaleza y soporte, inculcándome valores y el amor por la sabiduría y la lucha incansable por alcanzar la excelencia. Este triunfo es de ustedes. A la jornada matutina: A cada uno de mis catedráticos y compañeros que le dieron sentido a mis horas de estudio y aprendizaje. En especial, al licenciado Rafael Godínez Bolaños por ser ese maestro devoto, formador de generaciones de jurisconsultos éticos y responsables de su profesión y su patria. Gracias licenciada Brenda Quiñones por su cariño. A la memoria del doctor José Fernando Velásquez Carrera: Las ideas permanecen inamovibles, aún cuando la vida se desvanece. Más allá maestro, siempre más allá… A Guatemala: Que merece ser reivindicada por sus hijos. A Vanessa: Por tu comprensión, apoyo y amor incondicional. A ti y a tu familia mil gracias. A mi asesor y revisor de tesis: Su apoyo fue vital para conseguir este logro. A los juristas Héctor Rolando Palomo González y Gustavo Adolfo Orellana Portillo: Por tenderme la mano e iniciarme en la apasionante especialidad del derecho del mar. Gracias Ingeniero Efraín Aguilera por sus oportunos consejos. Al Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de Guatemala: Especialmente a los miembros de la Comisión de Belice por creer en este proyecto. Maribel, gracias por su paciencia y colaboración. Al personal del Tribunal Internacional del Derecho del Mar: En especial a Lamine Cherif, Ximena Hinrichs, Louis Savadogo, Svenja Drews y Julia Ritter, y a mis compañeras Nong Hong e Imen Gallalla. A la Agencia de Cooperación Internacional de Corea, Por su valioso aporte a la academia de todo el mundo y en especial por permitirme a través de sus aportes, llevar a buen término mi pasantía en el Tribunal Internacional del Derecho del Mar. A la Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala y a la Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales, alma mater. En especial a sus más altas autoridades por la fe depositada en este trabajo y su autor. A cada una de las personas que estuvo presente en este recorrer, su amistad y cariño me permitieron llegar hasta acá. ÍNDICE Pág. Introducción …………………………………………………………………………. i CAPÍTULO I 1. Evolución del derecho del mar …………………………………………… 1 1.1 El mar en la antigüedad …………………………………………... 2 1.2 El derecho del mar tradicional …………………………………… 12 1.2.1 La Edad Media ……………………………………………. 12 1.2.2 Las Bulas Papales y el Tratado de Tordesillas ……….. 13 1.2.3 Albores de la libertad de los mares …………………... 21 1.2.4 Hugo Grocio y su Mare Liberum ………………………. 35 1.2.5 La anchura del mar territorial …………………………. 48 1.2.6 La Conferencia Para La Codificación Progresiva Del Derecho Internacional de la Haya de 1930 …… 55 1.2.7 Los esfuerzos regionales y declaraciones unilaterales ………………………………………………… 60 1.2.7.1 Declaración de Panamá de 1939 ………. 60 1.2.7.2 Las Proclamas de Harry Truman y sus 62 efectos en Latinoamérica ………………… 1.2.7.3 El Tratado de Río de Janeiro ……………… 66 1.2.7.4 Más reclamaciones nacionales ………….. 66 1.2.7.5 La Declaración de Santiago de 1952 y la Comisión Permanente del Pacífico Sur CPPS …………………………………………… 67 1.2.7.6 Principios de México ……………………….. 71 1.2.7.7 Conferencia Especializada Interamericana de Ciudad Trujillo ……….. 73 Pág. 1.2.8 La Primera Conferencia de Naciones Unidas sobre derecho del mar …………………………………………. 74 1.2.8.1 Convención sobre el mar territorial y la zona contigua ………………………………. 87 1.2.8.2 Convención sobre la alta mar …………… 93 1.2.8.3 Convención sobre pesca y conservación de los recursos vivos de la alta mar …….. 96 1.2.8.4 Convención sobre la plataforma continental …………………………………… 97 1.2.9 Segunda Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre derecho del mar …………………………………. 100 1.3 La etapa de la inercia …………………………………………….. 103 1.4 Etapa de la integración …………………………………………… 105 1.4.1 El discurso del doctor Arvid Pardo ……………………. 106 1.4.2 Comisión sobre la utilización con fines pacíficos de los fondos marinos y oceánicos fuera de los límites de la jurisdicción nacional ……………………………… 108 1.4.3 La Resolución de Moratoria y la Declaración de principios que regulan los fondos marinos y oceánicos y su subsuelo fuera de los límites de la jurisdicción nacional …………………………………….. 109 1.4.4 Las reuniones de Montevideo, Lima y Santo Domingo …………………………………………………… 112 1.4.5 Las reuniones afroasiáticas ……………………………. 117 1.5 El nuevo derecho del mar ………………………………………... 119 1.5.1 La Tercera Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre el derecho del mar ………………………………. 119 1.5.1.1 Explicación previa ………………………….. 119 Pág. 1.5.1.2 Trabajos preparatorios ……………………... 119 1.5.1.3 Metodología de trabajo de la Conferencia …………………………………. 121 1.5.1.4 Sesiones ………………………………………. 127 1.5.1.5 La CONVEMAR ………………………………. 130 1.5.1.6 Consideraciones finales …………………… 134 CAPÍTULO II 2. Las zonas marítimas ………………………………………………………….. 137 2.1 Las zonas marítimas de jurisdicción nacional …………………. 139 2.1.1 Las aguas interiores ………………………………………. 139 2.1.2 El mar territorial ……………………………………………. 143 2.1.3 La zona contigua ………………………………………… 149 2.1.4 La zona económica exclusiva …………………………. 151 2.1.5 La plataforma continental ……………………………... 155 2.1.5.1 Datos generales ……………………………... 155 2.1.5.2 Definición ……………………………………... 156 2.1.5.3 Extensión ……………………………………… 160 2.1.5.4 Facultades ……………………………………. 166 2.2 Las zonas marítimas de jurisdicción internacional ……………. 167 2.2.1 El alta mar ………………………………………………….. 167 2.2.2 La zona ……………………………………………………... 171 2.3 Régimen jurídico internacional en materia de zonas marítimas ……………………………………………………………… 173 2.4 Régimen jurídico nacional en materia de zonas marítimas ... 174 CAPÍTULO III 3. Delimitación marítima ……………………………………………………….. 183 Pág. 3.1. Generalidades ………………………………………………………. 183 3.2. Conceptualización y alcance …………………………………… 186 3.3. Principios rectores …………………………………………………… 193 3.3.1. Adyacencia ……………………………………………….. 194 3.3.2. Prolongación natural …………………………………….. 196 3.3.3. No intrusión ………………………………………………… 198 3.3.4. Proporcionalidad …………………………………………. 199 3.3.5. Principio general de la equidad ………………………. 201 3.4. Métodos prácticos de delimitación marítima ………………… 204 3.4.1. La línea perpendicular …………………………………….. 208 3.4.2. La línea bisectriz ……………………………………………... 209 3.4.3. Meridianos y paralelos ……………………………………... 211 3.4.4. La equidistancia …………………………………………….. 213 3.4.5. Enclaves ………………………………………………………. 217 3.4.6. Líneas paralelas o corredor ……………………………….. 219 3.4.7. Otros métodos ……………………………………………….. 220 3.4.8. Las circunstancias relevantes …………………………….. 222 3.5. Proceso de delimitación marítima ………………………………. 224 3.6. Consideraciones finales ……………………………………………. 228 CAPÍTULO IV 4. Instancias internacionales para la solución de conflictos …………… 229 4.1 Las controversias internacionales ……………………………….. 231 4.2 La resolución de controversias …………………………………… 234 4.3 Procedimientos de solución de controversias ………………… 236 4.3.1 Clasificación …………………………………………………. 237 4.3.2 Procedimientos diplomáticos …………………………….. 243 4.3.2.1 La Negociación ……………………………... 245 Pág. 4.3.2.2 Los buenos oficios y la mediación ………. 252 4.3.2.3 La Investigación ……………………………... 261 4.3.2.4 La conciliación ……………………………… 262 4.3.3 Procedimientos adjudicativos ……………………………. 264 4.3.3.1 El arbitraje internacional …………………… 265 4.3.3.1.1 Convenio arbitral ……………... 268 4.3.3.1.2 Clases …………………………… 269 4.3.3.1.3 Procedimiento arbitral ………. 270 4.3.3.2 La solución judicial ………………………….. 273 4.3.3.2.1 La Corte Internacional de Justicia ………………………….. 275 4.3.3.2.2 Procedimiento ………………… 277 4.4 La solución de controversias internacionales surgidas por la interpretación o aplicación de la Convención de las Naciones Unidas sobre derecho del mar ……………………… 279 4.4.1 Datos generales …………………………………………….. 279 4.4.2 Normatividad: Parte XV de la CONVEMAR …………… 281 4.4.2.1 Sección 1 ……………………………………… 281 4.4.2.2 Sección 2 ……………………………………… 283 4.4.2.3 Sección 3 ……………………………………… 286 4.4.3 El Tribunal Internacional de Derecho del Mar ………… 297 4.4.3.1 Descripción sumaria ………………………... 298 CAPÍTULO V 5. El conflicto Guatemala / Belice …………………………………………… 305 5.1 Origen del conflicto: datos coloniales ………………………….. 306 5.2 Los tratados anglo-españoles: 1783 y 1786 ……………………. 311 5.3 Los tratados Clayton-Bulwer y Dallas-Clarendon …………….. 334 Pág. 5.4 La Convención de 1859 y su incumplimiento ………………….
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