DOCSLIB.ORG

Metathesis of 1-Hexene Over Heterogeneous Tungsten-Based Catalysts

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Metathesis of 1-Hexene Over Heterogeneous Tungsten-Based Catalysts METATHESIS OF 1-HEXENE OVER HETEROGENEOUS TUNGSTEN-BASED CATALYSTS Arisha Prithipal [BSc. (Eng)] In fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Engineering at the School of Chemical Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal March, 2013 Supervisor: Prof. M. Starzak Co-Supervisor: Dr. D. Lokhat The financial assistance of the National Research Foundation (NRF) towards this research is hereby acknowledged. Opinions expressed and conclusions arrived at, are those of the author and are not necessarily to be attributed to the NRF. As the candidate’s Supervisor I agree to the submission of this thesis: ______________________________ _____________________________ Professor M. Starzak Dr. D. Lokhat DECLARATION I, Arisha Prithipal declare that (i) The research reported in this dissertation/thesis, except where otherwise indicated, is my original work. (ii) This dissertation/thesis has not been submitted for any degree or examination at any other university. (iii) This dissertation/thesis does not contain other persons’ data, pictures, graphs or other information, unless specifically acknowledged as being sourced from other persons. (iv) This dissertation/thesis does not contain other persons’ writing, unless specifically acknowledged as being sourced from other researchers. Where other written sources have been quoted, then: a) their words have been re-written but the general information attributed to them has been referenced; b) where their exact words have been used, their writing has been placed inside quotation marks, and referenced. (v) Where I have reproduced a publication of which I am an author, co-author or editor, I have indicated in detail which part of the publication was actually written by myself alone and have fully referenced such publications. (vi) This dissertation/thesis does not contain text, graphics or tables copied and pasted from the Internet, unless specifically acknowledged, and the source being detailed in the dissertation/thesis and in the References sections. Signed: ___________________________ Date: ___________________________ Acknowledgements | iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to acknowledge the following people whose help and support I appreciate immensely; Firstly I would like to thank my supervisors, Professor M. Starzak and Dr. D. Lokhat, for all their time, guidance and assistance, for which I am deeply grateful. I wish to thank my family, my dad, Anil Prithipal, my mum, Lalitha Prithipal, and sister, Rasmika Prithipal, without whom I would not have been able to achieve all that I did. Your love and support are immensely appreciated. I would like to thank Saihesh Sewduth for his help, support and motivation; it is greatly valued. I would also like to thank Kaalin Gopaul for her help, it is much appreciated. Sincere thanks to Professor Friedrich and Mzamo Shozi from the School of Pure and Applied Chemistry for their advice and assistance in the characterization of the catalysts. Many thanks to the technical staff, Mrs. Rekha Maharaj, Mr. Sadha Naidoo, Mr. Dudley Naidoo and Thobekile Mofokeng of the Chemical Engineering Department of the University of KwaZulu-Natal for their continued assistance as well as the Pollution Research Group of the University of KwaZulu-Natal for their willingness to assist. I would like to thank my undergraduate and postgraduate friends whose company was something to look forward to everyday. Finally, the financial support provided by Sasol through my undergraduate career and the financial support of the National Research Foundation for my postgraduate career is greatly appreciated. A b s t r a c t | iv ABSTRACT Olefin (alkene) metathesis can be used for the redistribution of carbon bonds to produce preferred higher range carbon number olefins (C10-C16) from low value medium chain olefins such as 1-hexene. In this study, the performance of various heterogeneous, tungsten based catalysts was investigated for the gas-phase linear cross metathesis of 1-hexene. The tested catalysts included tungsten trioxide on alumina, at various specific loadings, 8wt% tungsten trioxide on silica as well as 8wt% tungsten trioxide on silica, at various specific loadings of a potassium promoter. An existing lab-scale, fixed bed metathesis reactor system was used to conduct the required experimental work under steady state conditions. The experimental plan used for conducting the investigation of the alumina-supported catalyst was a combination of the One-Variable-At-a-Time (OVAT) approach as well as the factorial design method. The domain of the range under investigation was 8-20% for the specific loading of tungsten trioxide, 420-500oC for reaction temperature and 30-80 mol% for the feed composition of 1-hexene with constant space time. A half factorial experimental design was used for the WO3/SiO2 and potassium doped WO3/SiO2 catalysts. The potassium loadings of the 8wt% WO3/SiO2 catalyst were between 0.05-0.5wt%. Reaction temperatures of between 420- 460°C were used together with 1-hexene feed compositions of between 60-80mol% and space -1 times of 200-400g.min.mol . The WO3/Al2O3 catalyst was found to be an inferior catalyst for the metathesis of 1-hexene at all combinations of specific loadings and operating conditions tested. The highest yields obtained for both the detergent range olefins (C10-C16) and primary metathesis product decene (C10) were less than 1.5%. Changes made to the calcination temperature, calcination time and pH of the impregnation solution during the catalyst preparation stages had no significant effect on the yields produced. The WO3/Al2O3 catalyst was found to behave more as an isomerization catalyst rather than one for the metathesis reaction. The optimum reaction conditions determined when investigating the 8wt% WO3/SiO2 catalyst were found to be a reaction temperature of 460°C, a feed gas composition of 60mol% 1-hexene and a space time of 400g.min.mol-1. The conversion of 1-hexene, the yield of the detergent range olefins and the yield of decene at the above mentioned reaction conditions were 82%, 8.30% and 5.92% respectively. A b s t r a c t | v Doping of the WO3/SiO2 catalyst with potassium was found to be successful in reducing the amount of isomerization and increasing the yields of both the detergent range olefins and decene by approximately 1.5% and 2% respectively when doping with 0.1 and 0.5wt% potassium. The experimental runs conducted were at the optimum reaction conditions obtained using the 8wt% WO3/SiO2 catalyst. The highest selectivity of the detergent range olefins (24.64%) and decene (23.62%) was obtained when using the 0.5wt% K doped WO3/SiO2 catalyst. At the optimised reaction conditions, the 0.5wt% potassium loading on WO3/SiO2 performed the best. Nomenclature | vi NOMENCLATURE Notation Units a Levels of factor A - A Area of peak m2 b Levels of factor B - c Levels of factor C - d Levels of factor D - f Relative response factor - fcritical Critical f value - F Molar flow rate mol/s F0 F-ratio - li Effect of factor i - m Mass g MM Molar mass - MS Mean sum of squares - n Number of replicates - nC Number of observations at the centre points - nF Number of factorial design points - nobservations Total number of observations/points - P Pressure Pa R Gas constant SS Sum of squares - T Temperature °C Volumetric flowrate m3/s w Mass fraction - x Mole fraction - X Conversion % Average of the responses - Average of the nC runs at the centre points - zj Standardized normal score - Greek Letters Units α Level of significance - N o m e n c l a t u r e | vii σ Variance - Subscripts A with respect to factor A B with respect to factor B C with respect to factor C D with respect to factor D AB with respect to the interaction between factor A and B AC with respect to the interaction between factor A and C BC with respect to the interaction between factor B and C 1 with respect to point 1 on the design cube 2 with respect to point 2 on the design cube 3 with respect to point 3 on the design cube 4 with respect to point 4 on the design cube 5 with respect to point 5 on the design cube 6 with respect to point 6 on the design cube 7 with respect to point 7 on the design cube 8 with respect to point 8 on the design cube (1) with respect to point (1) on the design cube ad with respect to point ad on the design cube cd with respect to point cd on the design cube ac with respect to point ac on the design cube abcd with respect to point abcd on the design cube ab with respect to point ab on the design cube bc with respect to point bc on the design cube bd with respect to point bd on the design cube cat catalyst E with respect to the error i with respect to component i j the count k reference component Superscripts k number of factors Table of contents | viii Table of Contents List of figures...........................................................................................................................xii List of tables............................................................................................................................xvi 1. INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................1 1.1. Background and relevance.........................................................................................1 1.2. Project aims and objectives........................................................................................3 1.3. Outline of dissertation................................................................................................4 2.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Part I: Carbonyl-Olefin Metathesis of Norbornene
    Part I: Carbonyl-Olefin Metathesis of Norbornene Part II: Cyclopropenimine-Catalyzed Asymmetric Michael Reactions Zara Maxine Seibel Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2016 1 © 2016 Zara Maxine Seibel All Rights Reserved 2 ABSTRACT Part I: Carbonyl-Olefin Metathesis of Norbornene Part II: Cyclopropenimine-Catalyzed Asymmetric Michael Reactions Zara Maxine Seibel This thesis details progress towards the development of an organocatalytic carbonyl- olefin metathesis of norbornene. This transformation has not previously been done catalytically and has not been done in practical manner with stepwise or stoichiometric processes. Building on the previous work of the Lambert lab on the metathesis of cyclopropene and an aldehyde using a hydrazine catalyst, this work discusses efforts to expand to the less stained norbornene. Computational and experimental studies on the catalytic cycle are discussed, including detailed experimental work on how various factors affect the difficult cycloreversion step. The second portion of this thesis details the use of chiral cyclopropenimine bases as catalysts for asymmetric Michael reactions. The Lambert lab has previously developed chiral cyclopropenimine bases for glycine imine nucleophiles. The scope of these catalysts was expanded to include glycine imine derivatives in which the nitrogen atom was replaced with a carbon atom, and to include imines derived from other amino acids. i Table of Contents List of Abbreviations…………………………………………………………………………..iv Part I: Carbonyl-Olefin Metathesis…………………………………………………………… 1 Chapter 1 – Metathesis Reactions of Double Bonds………………………………………….. 1 Introduction………………………………………………………………………………. 1 Olefin Metathesis………………………………………………………………………… 2 Wittig Reaction…………………………………………………………………………... 6 Tebbe Olefination………………………………………………………………………... 9 Carbonyl-Olefin Metathesis…………………………………………………………….
    [Show full text]
  • ECO-Ssls for Pahs
    Ecological Soil Screening Levels for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) Interim Final OSWER Directive 9285.7-78 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W. Washington, DC 20460 June 2007 This page intentionally left blank TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 INTRODUCTION .......................................................1 2.0 SUMMARY OF ECO-SSLs FOR PAHs......................................1 3.0 ECO-SSL FOR TERRESTRIAL PLANTS....................................4 5.0 ECO-SSL FOR AVIAN WILDLIFE.........................................8 6.0 ECO-SSL FOR MAMMALIAN WILDLIFE..................................8 6.1 Mammalian TRV ...................................................8 6.2 Estimation of Dose and Calculation of the Eco-SSL ........................9 7.0 REFERENCES .........................................................16 7.1 General PAH References ............................................16 7.2 References Used for Derivation of Plant and Soil Invertebrate Eco-SSLs ......17 7.3 References Rejected for Use in Derivation of Plant and Soil Invertebrate Eco-SSLs ...............................................................18 7.4 References Used in Derivation of Wildlife TRVs .........................25 7.5 References Rejected for Use in Derivation of Wildlife TRV ................28 i LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1 PAH Eco-SSLs (mg/kg dry weight in soil) ..............................4 Table 3.1 Plant Toxicity Data - PAHs ..........................................5 Table 4.1
    [Show full text]
  • Alfa Olefins Cas N
    OECD SIDS ALFA OLEFINS FOREWORD INTRODUCTION ALFA OLEFINS CAS N°:592-41-6, 111-66-0, 872-05-9, 112-41-4, 1120-36-1 UNEP PUBLICATIONS 1 OECD SIDS ALFA OLEFINS SIDS Initial Assessment Report For 11th SIAM (Orlando, Florida, United States 1/01) Chemical Name: 1-hexene Chemical Name: 1-octene CAS No.: 592-41-6 CAS No.: 111-66-0 Chemical Name: 1-decene Chemical Name: 1-dodecene CAS No.: 872-05-9 CAS No.: 112-41-4 Chemical Name: 1-tetradecene CAS No.: 1120-36-1 Sponsor Country: United States National SIDS Contract Point in Sponsor Country: United States: Dr. Oscar Hernandez Environmental Protection Agency OPPT/RAD (7403) 401 M Street, S.W. Washington, DC 20460 Sponsor Country: Finland (for 1-decene) National SIDS Contact Point in Sponsor Country: Ms. Jaana Heiskanen Finnish Environment Agency Chemicals Division P.O. Box 140 00251 Helsinki HISTORY: SIDS Dossier and Testing Plan were reviewed at the SIDS Review Meeting or in SIDS Review Process on October 1993. The following SIDS Testing Plan was agreed: No testing ( ) Testing (x) Combined reproductive/developmental on 1-hexene, combined repeat dose/reproductive/developmental on 1-tetradecene and acute fish, daphnid and algae on 1- tetradecene. COMMENTS: The following comments were made at SIAM 6 and have been incorporated in this version of the SIAR: 2 UNEP PUBLICATIONS OECD SIDS ALFA OLEFINS 1. The use of QSAR calculations for aquatic toxicity, 2. More quantitative assessment of effects; and 3. Provide more details for each endpoint. The following comments were made at SIAM 6, but were not incorporated into the SIAR for the reasons provided: 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Radical Approaches to Alangium and Mitragyna Alkaloids
    Radical Approaches to Alangium and Mitragyna Alkaloids A Thesis Submitted for a PhD University of York Department of Chemistry 2010 Matthew James Palframan Abstract The work presented in this thesis has focused on the development of novel and concise syntheses of Alangium and Mitragyna alkaloids, and especial approaches towards (±)-protoemetinol (a), which is a key precursor of a range of Alangium alkaloids such as psychotrine (b) and deoxytubulosine (c). The approaches include the use of a key radical cyclisation to form the tri-cyclic core. O O O N N N O O O H H H H H H O N NH N Protoemetinol OH HO a Psychotrine Deoxytubulosine b c Chapter 1 gives a general overview of radical chemistry and it focuses on the application of radical intermolecular and intramolecular reactions in synthesis. Consideration is given to the mediator of radical reactions from the classic organotin reagents, to more recently developed alternative hydrides. An overview of previous synthetic approaches to a range of Alangium and Mitragyna alkaloids is then explored. Chapter 2 follows on from previous work within our group, involving the use of phosphorus hydride radical addition reactions, to alkenes or dienes, followed by a subsequent Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons reaction. It was expected that the tri-cyclic core of the Alangium alkaloids could be prepared by cyclisation of a 1,7-diene, using a phosphorus hydride to afford the phosphonate or phosphonothioate, however this approach was unsuccessful and it highlighted some limitations of the methodology. Chapter 3 explores the radical and ionic chemistry of a range of silanes.
    [Show full text]
  • Properties and Synthesis. Elimination Reactions of Alkyl Halides
    P1: PBU/OVY P2: PBU/OVY QC: PBU/OVY T1: PBU Printer: Bind Rite JWCL234-07 JWCL234-Solomons-v1 December 8, 2009 21:37 7 ALKENES AND ALKYNES I: PROPERTIES AND SYNTHESIS. ELIMINATION REACTIONS OF ALKYL HALIDES SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS 7.1 (a) ( E )-1-Bromo-1-chloro-1-pentene or ( E )-1-Bromo-1-chloropent-1-ene (b) ( E )-2-Bromo-1-chloro-1-iodo-1-butene or ( E )-2-Bromo-1-chloro-1-iodobut-1-ene (c) ( Z )-3,5-Dimethyl-2-hexene or ( Z )-3,5-Dimethylhex-2-ene (d) ( Z )-1-Chloro-1-iodo-2-methyl-1-butene or ( Z )-1-Chloro-1-iodo-2-methylbut-1-ene (e) ( Z,4 S )-3,4-Dimethyl-2-hexene or ( Z,4 S )-3,4-Dimethylhex-2-ene (f) ( Z,3 S )-1-Bromo-2-chloro-3-methyl-1-hexene or (Z,3 S )-1-Bromo-2-chloro-3-methylhex-1-ene 7.2 < < Order of increasing stability 7.3 (a), (b) H − 2 ∆ H° = − 119 kJ mol 1 Pt 2-Methyl-1-butene pressure (disubstituted) H2 − ∆ H° = − 127 kJ mol 1 Pt 3-Methyl-1-butene pressure (monosubstituted) H2 − ∆ H° = − 113 kJ mol 1 Pt 2-Methyl-2-butene pressure (trisubstituted) (c) Yes, because hydrogenation converts each alkene into the same product. 106 CONFIRMING PAGES P1: PBU/OVY P2: PBU/OVY QC: PBU/OVY T1: PBU Printer: Bind Rite JWCL234-07 JWCL234-Solomons-v1 December 8, 2009 21:37 ALKENES AND ALKYNES I: PROPERTIES AND SYNTHESIS 107 H H (d) > > H H H (trisubstituted) (disubstituted) (monosubstituted) Notice that this predicted order of stability is confirmed by the heats of hydro- genation.
    [Show full text]
  • Reactions of Alkenes and Alkynes
    05 Reactions of Alkenes and Alkynes Polyethylene is the most widely used plastic, making up items such as packing foam, plastic bottles, and plastic utensils (top: © Jon Larson/iStockphoto; middle: GNL Media/Digital Vision/Getty Images, Inc.; bottom: © Lakhesis/iStockphoto). Inset: A model of ethylene. KEY QUESTIONS 5.1 What Are the Characteristic Reactions of Alkenes? 5.8 How Can Alkynes Be Reduced to Alkenes and 5.2 What Is a Reaction Mechanism? Alkanes? 5.3 What Are the Mechanisms of Electrophilic Additions HOW TO to Alkenes? 5.1 How to Draw Mechanisms 5.4 What Are Carbocation Rearrangements? 5.5 What Is Hydroboration–Oxidation of an Alkene? CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS 5.6 How Can an Alkene Be Reduced to an Alkane? 5A Catalytic Cracking and the Importance of Alkenes 5.7 How Can an Acetylide Anion Be Used to Create a New Carbon–Carbon Bond? IN THIS CHAPTER, we begin our systematic study of organic reactions and their mecha- nisms. Reaction mechanisms are step-by-step descriptions of how reactions proceed and are one of the most important unifying concepts in organic chemistry. We use the reactions of alkenes as the vehicle to introduce this concept. 129 130 CHAPTER 5 Reactions of Alkenes and Alkynes 5.1 What Are the Characteristic Reactions of Alkenes? The most characteristic reaction of alkenes is addition to the carbon–carbon double bond in such a way that the pi bond is broken and, in its place, sigma bonds are formed to two new atoms or groups of atoms. Several examples of reactions at the carbon–carbon double bond are shown in Table 5.1, along with the descriptive name(s) associated with each.
    [Show full text]
  • Copolymerization of Ethylene and 1-Hexene with Et(Ind)
    Polymer 42 2001) 6355±6361 www.elsevier.nl/locate/polymer Copolymerization of ethylene and 1-hexene with EtInd)2ZrCl2 in hexane Mauricio L. Brittoa,1, Griselda B. Gallanda, JoaÄo Henrique Z. dos Santosa,*, Madalena C. Forteb aInstituto de QuõÂmica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento GoncËalves, 9500-Porto Alegre, 91509-900 Brazil bEscola de Engenharia, Dept. de Materiais, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Osvaldo Cruz, 99-Porto Alegre, 90035-190 Brazil Received 2 October 2000; received in revised form 5 January 2001; accepted 6 February 2001 Abstract Copolymerizations of ethylene and 1-hexene were carried out in hexane at 608C by using ethylenebisindenyl)zirconium dichloride as catalyst and methylaluminoxane MAO) as cocatalyst in presence of triisobutylaluminum TIBA). The in¯uence of the alkylaluminum concentration and AlTOTAL/Zr molar ratio on the catalyst activity and comonomer incorporation are evaluated. Increasing the TIBA concen- tration, the MAO solubility augments in the polymerization milieu, as well as the catalyst activity and the comonomer incorporation. Increasing the AlTOTAL/Zr molar ratio, catalyst activity becomes higher, while comonomer incorporation remained constant at around 8 wt% for molar ratios between 0 and 5000. For AlTOTAL/Zr molar ratios higher than 5,000 comonomer incorporation increased gradually. Under the same experimental conditions dimethylsilylbisindenyl)zirconium dichloride showed higher thermal stability and led to higher comonomer incorporation. q 2001 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. Keywords: Metallocene; MAO; Ethylene±1-hexene copolymerization 1. Introduction discovery of the metallocene/methylaluminoxane MAO) catalyst system by Sinn and Kaminsky, a great amount of Global linear low density polyethylene LLDPE) both industrial and academic research has been done.
    [Show full text]
  • Alkene Metathesis for Transformations of Renewables Christian Bruneau, Cedric Fischmeister
    Alkene Metathesis for Transformations of Renewables Christian Bruneau, Cedric Fischmeister To cite this version: Christian Bruneau, Cedric Fischmeister. Alkene Metathesis for Transformations of Renewables. Organometallics for Green Catalysis, Springer, pp.77-102, 2018, 10.1007/3418_2018_18. hal- 01940683 HAL Id: hal-01940683 https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01940683 Submitted on 30 Nov 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Alkene Metathesis for Transformations of Renewables Christian Bruneau and Cédric Fischmeister 1 Introduction With the depletion of fossil resources and the concerns about climate chang- ing and environment protection, biomass is intensively considered as a sus- tainable source of raw material for the chemical industry and for the produc- tion of biofuels.[1-4] Beside the very abundant carbohydrate and lignocellulosic biomass, lipids and to a lesser extend terpenes are envisioned as promising candidates for the production of bio-sourced compounds with a broad range of applications.[5,6] Terpenes are of most importance in fra- grance composition whereas fats and oils have already found application as bio-diesel fuel and they are also foreseen as a renewable source of polymers.
    [Show full text]
  • Linear Alpha-Olefins (681.5030)
    IHS Chemical Chemical Economics Handbook Linear alpha-Olefins (681.5030) by Elvira O. Camara Greiner with Yoshio Inoguchi Sample Report from 2010 November 2010 ihs.com/chemical November 2010 LINEAR ALPHA-OLEFINS Olefins 681.5030 B Page 2 The information provided in this publication has been obtained from a variety of sources which SRI Consulting believes to be reliable. SRI Consulting makes no warranties as to the accuracy completeness or correctness of the information in this publication. Consequently SRI Consulting will not be liable for any technical inaccuracies typographical errors or omissions contained in this publication. This publication is provided without warranties of any kind either express or implied including but not limited to implied warranties of merchantability fitness for a particular purpose or non-infringement. IN NO EVENT WILL SRI CONSULTING BE LIABLE FOR ANY INCIDENTAL CONSEQUENTIAL OR INDIRECT DAMAGES (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO DAMAGES FOR LOSS OF PROFITS BUSINESS INTERRUPTION OR THE LIKE) ARISING OUT OF THE USE OF THIS PUBLICATION EVEN IF IT WAS NOTIFIED ABOUT THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. BECAUSE SOME STATES DO NOT ALLOW THE EXCLUSION OR LIMITATION OF LIABILITY FOR CONSEQUENTIAL OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES THE ABOVE LIMITATION MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU. IN SUCH STATES SRI CONSULTING’S LIABILITY IS LIMITED TO THE MAXIMUM EXTENT PERMITTED BY SUCH LAW. Certain statements in this publication are projections or other forward-looking statements. Any such statements contained herein are based upon SRI Consulting’s current knowledge and assumptions about future events including without limitation anticipated levels of global demand and supply expected costs trade patterns and general economic political and marketing conditions.
    [Show full text]
  • Safety Data Sheet
    SAFETY DATA SHEET Flammable Gas Mixture: 1-Hexene / 1,3-Butadiene / Carbon Dioxide / Cis-2-Butene / Cis-2-Hexene / Ethane / Ethylene / Hexane / Hydrogen / Isobutane / Isobutylene / Isopentane / Methane / N-Butane / N-Pentane / Nitrogen / Propane / Propylene / Trans-2-Butene /Trans-2-Hexene Section 1. Identification GHS product identifier : Flammable Gas Mixture: 1-Hexene / 1,3-Butadiene / Carbon Dioxide / Cis-2-Butene / Cis-2-Hexene / Ethane / Ethylene / Hexane / Hydrogen / Isobutane / Isobutylene / Isopentane / Methane / N-Butane / N-Pentane / Nitrogen / Propane / Propylene / Trans- 2-Butene /Trans-2-Hexene Other means of : Not available. identification Product use : Synthetic/Analytical chemistry. SDS # : 021201 Supplier's details : Airgas USA, LLC and its affiliates 259 North Radnor-Chester Road Suite 100 Radnor, PA 19087-5283 1-610-687-5253 24-hour telephone : 1-866-734-3438 Section 2. Hazards identification OSHA/HCS status : This material is considered hazardous by the OSHA Hazard Communication Standard (29 CFR 1910.1200). Classification of the : FLAMMABLE GASES - Category 1 substance or mixture GASES UNDER PRESSURE - Compressed gas GERM CELL MUTAGENICITY - Category 1B CARCINOGENICITY - Category 1 TOXIC TO REPRODUCTION (Fertility) - Category 2 TOXIC TO REPRODUCTION (Unborn child) - Category 2 SPECIFIC TARGET ORGAN TOXICITY (SINGLE EXPOSURE) (Narcotic effects) - Category 3 GHS label elements Hazard pictograms : Signal word : Danger Hazard statements : Extremely flammable gas. Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated. May form explosive mixtures in Air. May displace oxygen and cause rapid suffocation. May cause genetic defects. May cause cancer. Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child. May cause drowsiness and dizziness. Precautionary statements General : Read and follow all Safety Data Sheets (SDS’S) before use.
    [Show full text]
  • Light Linear Alpha Olefin Market Study
    IHS CHEMICAL Light Linear Alpha Olefin Market Study Special Report Prospectus IHS CHEMICAL Contents Contents ..................................................................................................................................... 2 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 3 Study Scope ............................................................................................................................... 5 Key Questions Addressed in the Study ...................................................................................... 7 Deliverables ............................................................................................................................... 8 Proposed Table of Contents ...................................................................................................... 9 Methodology ............................................................................................................................ 11 Study Team .............................................................................................................................. 15 Qualifications............................................................................................................................ 18 About IHS Chemical ................................................................................................................. 21 About IHS ................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Fluoro-Benzylphosphonates As Reagents for the Preparation of 1-Fluoro-1-Aryl Alkenes and -Fluorostilbenes
    FLUORINE IN THE LIFE SCIENCE INDUSTRY 133 CHIMIA 2004, 58, No. 3 Chimia 58 (2004) 133–137 © Schweizerische Chemische Gesellschaft ISSN 0009–4293 ␣-Fluoro-Benzylphosphonates as Reagents for the Preparation of 1-Fluoro-1-Aryl Alkenes and ␣-Fluorostilbenes Thomas Allmendingera*, Roger Fujimotob, Fabrizio Gasparinic, Walter Schillingd, and Yoshi Satohb Abstract: The preparation of several fluoro-benzylphosphonates Ar-CHF-PO(OEt)2 and their Wadsworth-Emmons type olefination with aldehydes and ketones are described affording fluorostyrenes and fluorostilbenes. Some of these compounds are incorporated into target molecules tested as drug candidates. Keywords: Fluoro-benzylphosphonates · Fluoroolefins · Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons olefination Introduction Preparation of Fluoro-benzyl- the most widely applicable and also most phosphonates simple being the conversion of ␣-hydroxy- Ylide-type chemistry is well elaborated benzylphosphonates (D) using DAST [8] or in the field of fluorine-organic chemistry Several methods have been reported for similar fluorinating agents [2]. ␣ and has been comprehensively reviewed re- the preparation of -fluoro-benzylphos- ␣-Hydroxy-benzylphosphonates 2 are cently [1]. For example, the reaction of α- phonates (Scheme 2, A [5], B [6], C [7]); easily accessible by the base-catalyzed ad- fluoro-benzylphosphonate with benzalde- hyde to form fluorostilbene (Scheme 1) was reported as early as 1968 [2] but has reached only limited attention until recent- ly [3]. As part of our studies towards the prepa- ration of fluoroolefins and their application in medicinal chemistry [4], we have also in- vestigated this reaction more closely, vary- ing the structure of the carbonyl compound as well as that of the fluoro benzylphospho- nate; this paper summarizes the results.
    [Show full text]