In a Lay Man's Lang

1. Petroleum 2. INDEX 2). Formation of petroleum 3). History of petroleum 5). 3. What is Petroleum?In a lay man‘s language, PETROLEUM is FUEL.Fuels are materials that give off heat when they are burned. A fuelmay be a solid, a liquid, or a gas. Fuels that come from theremains of living things are called fossil fuels. Wood, coal, naturalgas and the liquid fuel petroleum are common fossil. 4. TYPES OF ENERGY – THE FUEL OF LIFE 5. Consumption of Energy by MankindPetroleum is energy, stored deep in the earth by nature. This isa non- renewable energy source because petroleum suppliesare limited and they draw on finite resources that willeventually dwindle. Petroleum includes crude oil, condensateand natural gas. 6. How is Petroleum formed?Petroleum is made primarily ofmixtures ofhydrocarbons, compounds ofcarbon, and hydrogen.Scientists believe petroleumhydrocarbons come from theremains of tiny animals andplants that lived millions ofyears ago.The idea that oil was created from dinosaurs is a myth, there simply werenot enough of them to create such large amounts of oil. 7. STAGE 1When tiny organisms die, they sink to the bottom of the sea and are mixed with mud and silt. 8. STAGE III STAGE II Lack of oxygen at the bottom of sea keeps the Bacteria removes most animals and plants from of the decaying completely.oxygen, nitrogen, phosp The partially horus, and decomposed organisms sulfur, leaving mainly create a slimy mass, hydrogen and carbon. which is then covered. with layers of sediments. 9. STAGE IVOver millions of years, many layers of sedimentpile on top of the once-living organisms. When the depth of burial reaches about 10,000 feet, natural heat of the earth and intense pressure combine to act upon the mass. The end result, over time, is the formation of petroleum 10. Petroleum deposits are locked in porous rocks almost likewater is trapped in a wet sponge .When crude oil comes out ofthe ground , it can be as thin as water or as thick as tar. 11. The first Petroleum Well Petroleum was discovered at a shallow depth of only 21 metres through ―Drake‘s well‖ The first petroleum was drilled in Pennsylvania, USA in 1859. Early modern discoveries of petroleum relied on these small surface wells. In the United States, bores that were used for water began producing crude oil. At that time, petroleum was called coal oil. The discovery of petroleum eventually closed the nineteenth century whale-oil industry.You could say that the oil and gas industry has helped to save the whale! 12. WHO FINDS PETROLEUM AND WHERE? 13. FINDING PETROLEUM WAS ONCE A JOB FOR PROSPECTORS WHO DUG WELLS INPLACES THAT THEY THOUGHT WOULD BE SUITABLE - PERHAPS A LINE OF HILLS OR ASWAMP. SO THEY DRILLED A HOLE THERE AND IT WAS KNOWN AS A ―WILD-CAT‖ WELL.BUT THE DEMAND FOR PETROLEUM BECAME TOO GREAT TO RELY ON GUESSWORK.WILD-CAT PROSPECTORS HAD TO GIVE WAY TO SPECIALIST SCIENTISTS. THESESCIENTISTS ARE GEOLOGISTS AND GEOPHYSICISTS. 14. GEOLOGISTS INTERESTED IN SEDIMENTARY ROCKS. THESE ARE CALLED SEDIMEN- TOLOGISTS. GEOLOGISTS STUDYING FOSSILS ARE CALLED PALAEONTOLOGISTS.GEOLOGISTSSTUDY ROCKS AND GEOLOGISTSSOILS IN THE SPECIALISING IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ROCKSLAYERS OF THE AND THE FLUIDS THEY CONTAIN ARE GEOCHEMISTS.EARTH‘S CRUST GEOPHYSICISTS STUDY AND MEASURE THE PHYSICAL PHENOMENA OF THE EARTH. THEY MEASURE TEMPERATURE, MAGNETI SM, EARTH MOVEMENTS, WATER FLOW, ASSESS EARTHQUAKES. 15. The Geologists work togetherwith 3 objectives FIRST, TO IMPROVE OUR KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING OF THE EARTH (WHAT IT IS AND WHAT MAKES IT TICK). SECOND, TO FIND OUT WHAT IS THE NATURE OF THE EARTH FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF TUNNELS, BUILDINGS, POWER STATIONS AND OTHER STRUCTURES. AND THIRD, TO EXPLORE THE EARTH FOR PETROLEUM, NATURAL GAS AND MINERALS, AND TO ESTABLISH WHETHER THESE ARE SUITABLE FOR COMMERCIAL EXPLOITATION. 16. Of every 100 new wells drilledonly about 44 produce oil.When scientists think theremay be oil in a certainplace, a petroleum companybrings in a drilling rig andthey need to drill a well.The typical oil well is aboutone mile deep. 17. Petroleum is found in threeforms: as a solid, calledbitumen; as a liquid, whichis usually called crude oil orcondensate; and as agas, such as methane and ethane.Both liquid oil and naturalgas are generally foundtogether.Whether a discoverybecomes an oil or a gas fielddepends solely on whetherthere is more of one fossilfuel or the other fossil fuelin the area. 18. We can‘t use crude oil as itcomes out of the ground.We must change it intofuels that we can use. Thefirst stop for crude oil is atan oil refinery. A refinery isa factory that processes oil.The refinery cleans andseparates the crude oil intomany fuels and products.The most important one isgasoline. Other petroleumproducts are dieselfuel, heating oil, and jetfuel. Industry usespetroleum to make plasticsand many other products. 19. Petroleum Producing States 20. Major Petroleum ProductsInk Hand lotion DashboardsHeart valves Toothbrushes LuggageCrayons Guitar strings DVD‘sParachutes Movie film BalloonsEnamel Aspirin Paint brushesAntiseptics Sunglasses FootballsPurses Glue DyesDeodorants Artificial limbs AntihistaminesPantyhose Ballpoint pens SkisOil filters Golf balls PerfumesPajamas Contact lenses Shoe PolishCassettes Dice FertilizersFishing Rods Trash bags InsecticidesElectrical tapes Shampoo Cold CreamFloor wax Cameras DetergentsTires Toothpaste Nail polish 21. Oil and the EnvironmentPetroleum products –gasoline, medicines, fertilizers, and others havehelped people all over the world. But there is a trade-off. If drilling is not carefully regulated, it may disturb fragile land and ocean environments. Petroleum production and petroleum products may cause air and water pollution. Transporting oil may endanger wildlife if it‘s spilled on rivers and oceans. Burning gasoline to fuel our car pollutes the air. Even the careless deposal of motor oil drained from the family car can pollute streams and rivers. 22. Fuel for thoughtPhd scholar at the Center Energy and Environment, TERI University,Aditi Banerjee is currently pursuing her research in the area of biomassutilization for ethanol production . There has been widespread concernover global warming and climate change caused by use the use of fossilfuels. In this regard, biofuels like bioethanol and biodiesel have emergedas a sustainable and greener alternative in fossil fuels.Ethanol is a type of an alcohol, used in whisky, bear, rum, wine, etc.However, ethanol can also be blended with petrol as a fuel additive tomake it more fuel efficient and help reduce air pollution. Generally,ethanol is produced from sugarcane molasses ( a waste stream forsugar production factory). But it‘s not an adequate source to meet therising demand for ethanol production which Is required to blend withpetrol. Therefore, new source or feedstocks are explored for productionof ethanol. A candle is a solid block of wax with an embedded wick, which is ignited to provide light, and sometimes heat, and historically was used as a method of keeping time. A candle manufacturer is traditionally known as a chandler.[1] Various devices have been invented to hold candles, from simple tabletop candle holders, to elaborate chandeliers.[2] For a candle to burn, a heat source (commonly a naked flame) is used to light the candle's wick, which melts and vaporizes a small amount of fuel, the wax. Once vaporized, the fuel combines with oxygen in the atmosphere to form a flame. This flame provides sufficient heat to keep the candle burning via a self-sustaining chain of events: the heat of the flame melts the top of the mass of solid fuel; the liquefied fuel then moves upward through the wick via capillary action; the liquefied fuel finally vaporizes to burn within the candle's flame. As the mass of solid fuel is melted and consumed, the candle grows shorter. Portions of the wick that are not emitting vaporized fuel are consumed in the flame. The incineration of the wick limits the exposed length of the wick, thus maintaining a constant burning temperature and rate of fuel consumption. Some wicks require regular trimming with scissors (or a specialized wick trimmer), usually to about one-quarter inch (~0.7 cm), to promote slower, steady burning, and also to prevent smoking. In early times, the wick needed to be trimmed quite frequently, and special candle-scissors, referred to as "snuffers" until the 20th century, were produced for this purpose, often combined with an extinguisher. In modern candles, the wick is constructed so that it curves over as it burns (see picture on the right), so that the end of the wick gets oxygen and is then consumed by fire—a self-trimming wick.[3] Components Wax[ The hydrocarbon C31H64 is a typical component of paraffin wax, from which most modern candles are produced. Unlit candles Candles were once made from tallow and beeswax until after about 1850, they were made mainly from spermaceti and purified animal fats (stearin). Today, most candles are made from paraffin wax.[4] Candles can also be made from beeswax, soy, other plant waxes, and tallow (a by-product of beef-fat rendering). Gel candles are made from a mixture of mineral oil and a polymer.[5] The candle can be made of paraffin (a product of petroleum refining) microcrystalline wax stearin (now produced almost exclusively from palm waxes though initially manufactured from animal fats) beeswax (a byproduct of honey collection) gel (a mixture of polymer and mineral oil) some plant waxes (generally palm, carnauba, bayberry, or soybean wax) tallow (rarely used since the introduction of affordable and cheap wax alternatives) spermaceti (extracted from the head of a Sperm Whale) The size of the flame and corresponding rate of burning is controlled largely by the candle wick. Production methods utilize extrusion moulding.[4] More traditional production methods entails melting the solid fuel by the controlled application of heat. The liquid is then poured into a mould or a wick is repeatedly immersed in the liquid to create a dipped tapered candle.

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