DOCSLIB.ORG

BBI JU Pilot Study – Trends & Impacts 5 Climate Change Mitigation and Environmental Aspects

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
BBI JU Pilot Study – Trends & Impacts 5 Climate Change Mitigation and Environmental Aspects Current situation and trends of the bio-based industries in Europe with a focus on bio-based materials Pilot Study for BBI JU nova-Institute June 2017 Authors Lara Dammer | Michael Carus | Kerstin Iffland | Dr. Stephan Piotrowski Luis Sarmento | Raj Chinthapalli | Achim Raschka nova-Institut GmbH Bio-based Industries Joint Undertaking www.nova-Institut.eu www.bbi-europe.eu Table of Contents 1 Executive Summary................................ ...................................................................... 8 2 Goal, Scope and Methodology ................................................................................... 17 3 Markets and products ................................................................................................. 18 3.1 Automotive ....................................................................................................... 18 3.2 Textiles .............................................................................................................. 25 3.3 Medical, healthcare and pharmaceuticals ......................................................... 30 3.4 Personal and home care ..................................................................................... 47 3.5 Food and feed additives .................................................................................... 57 3.6 Construction and furniture ................................................................................ 64 3.7 Packaging .......................................................................................................... 69 3.8 Pulp and paper ................................................................................................... 77 3.9 Bioenergy and biofuels ..................................................................................... 82 4 Socio-economic aspects .............................................................................................. 95 4.1 Employment, turnover, GDP ............................................................................ 95 4.2 Public and private investment ......................................................................... 113 5 Climate change mitigation and environmental aspects ............................................ 123 5.1 GHG emission reduction and climate change mitigation ............................... 123 5.2 Organic residues as feedstock ......................................................................... 134 6 European, national and regional policies .................................................................. 143 6.1 Key findings of the assessed studies ............................................................... 150 6.2 Discussion and identification of gaps ............................................................. 157 7 Research and technologies ....................................................................................... 159 7.1 Key findings of the assessed studies ............................................................... 169 7.2 Trends and emerging markets ......................................................................... 171 7.3 Discussion and identification of gaps ............................................................. 173 8 Global trends ............................................................................................................ 174 8.1 International markets ....................................................................................... 174 8.2 Policies and initiatives outside the EU ............................................................ 184 9 Social benefits and consumer acceptance ................................................................. 198 9.1 Consumer awareness, acceptance and trends .................................................. 198 9.2 Product properties and functionalities ............................................................. 208 10 Final remarks ............................................................................................................ 212 1 | nova-Institute BBI pilot study – Trends of the bio-based industries List of illustrations Figure 1: World Fiber Consumption and market 2015. ....................................................... 26 Figure 2: Development of cellulosic fibre production ......................................................... 27 Figure 3: Consumption of fibres by fibre type 2050, million tonnes (BAU and bio-based scenario). ...................................................................................................................... 28 Figure 4: Example of the different segments of the excipients market; based on the revenue percent sales breakdown for an oral solid drug formulation. ...................................... 35 Figure 5: Comparison of various policy inputs and their effect on biotech output in various countries. ...................................................................................................................... 37 Figure 6: Classic plant drugs extracted from plants. ............................................................ 39 Figure 7: Current biologics and market size. ....................................................................... 40 Figure 8: Technologies under development for plant-based pharmaceuticals ..................... 40 Figure 9: Industrial production of vitamins. ........................................................................ 41 Figure 10: Woldwide pharmaceutical market with predictions starting from 2005 ($ Billions). 41 Figure 11: Global pharmaceutical sales ............................................................................... 43 Figure 12: Top 10 companies and worldwide prescription drug sales from biotechnology in 2015 and predictions for 2022. .................................................................................... 43 Figure 13: Result of global analysis of substitution potential of toluene (black). ............... 55 Figure 14: Classification of animal feed additives. ............................................................. 60 Figure 15: Classification of food additives. ......................................................................... 61 Figure 16: Global production capacities of bioplastics 2016 (by market segment) ............ 73 Figure 17: Consumption of Biodegradable Plastic Products by Application in the European Union, 100,000 t tonnes in 2015 in per cent. ............................................................... 74 Figure 18: Polymers in Compostable and Biodegradable Plastic Products Produced in the European Union, 100,000 tonnes in 2015 in per cent. ................................................. 74 Figure 19: Turnover in the EU bio-based economy, excluding agriculture, forestry, fishery, food, beverages, and tobacco products (2013 total: € 600 billion). ............................. 80 Figure 20: Overview of modelling results: LUC emissions per scenario ............................ 89 Figure 21: Estimates of sustainable future biomass harvests in EJ/a, without energy plantations by 2100. ..................................................................................................... 90 Figure 22: Overview of existing jet fuel technologies. ........................................................ 92 Figure 23: Turnover in the bioeconomy in the EU-28 2008-2014 .................................... 102 Figure 24: Turnover in the bioeconomy (excl. food, feed and tobacco) in the EU-28, 2008- 2014. .......................................................................................................................... 103 Figure 25: Turnover in the bio-based economy in the EU-28, 2008-2014 ........................ 104 Figure 26: Employment in the bioeconomy in the EU-28, 2008-2014 .............................. 105 2 | nova-Institute BBI pilot study – Trends of the bio-based industries Figure 27: Employment in the bioeconomy (excl. food, feed and tobacco) in the EU-28, 2008-2014. ................................................................................................................. 106 Figure 28: Employment in the bio-based economy in the EU-28, 2008-2014 .................. 107 Figure 29: Turnover and employment in the EU bio-based economy per Member State 2013. .......................................................................................................................... 108 Figure 30: Turnover and employment in the EU bio-based economy per Member State 2014. .......................................................................................................................... 108 Figure 31: Employment per turnover in sectors of the bio-based economy, 2008-2014 ... 110 Figure 32: Bio-based shares in the manufacture of chemicals and chemical products, 2008- 2014. .......................................................................................................................... 111 Figure 33: Shares of bio-based product values in the total product value of chemicals and chemicals products, 2008-2014. ................................................................................ 112 Figure 34: Investments in bio-based chemicals by region and production capacity ......... 117 Figure 35: Investments in bio-based chemicals by region and number of projects ........... 118 Figure 36: Evolution of bioplastics production capacities by region ................................ 119 Figure 37: Criteria determining biobased investment decisions ........................................ 120 Figure 38: Share
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Biorefining National Program
    Biorefining National Program 5-Year Action Plan 2014-2019 1 How This Action Plan Was Developed The goal of the Agricultural Research Service (ARS) Biorefining National Program (NP 213) is to conduct research that enables new, commercially-viable technologies for the conversion of agricultural materials into fuels, value-added co-products, and biobased products. To achieve this goal, this Action Plan was designed to meet the following criteria: 1. Maximize the long-term economic impact of ARS biorefining research 2. Emphasize ARS’ unique capabilities and avoid overlap with research at other institutions 3. Maximize returns to agricultural stakeholders from ARS investment of public funds By developing commercially viable technologies for the production of biobased industrial products, ARS biorefining research increases the demand for agricultural products and therefore benefits both agricultural producers and rural communities. According to the U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE’s) Energy Information Administration (EIA), U.S. demand for gasoline is forecasted to drop over the next 10 years; this drop will reduce demand for blendstock ethanol, which is roughly 10 percent of the gasoline demand (Figure 1). The 10 percent “blend wall” is a result of government regulations and limitations imposed by the Nation’s gasoline distribution infrastructure, and although demand for E85 and E15 will rise, those volumes are relatively low. As a consequence, industry production capacity is expected to exceed demand for fuel ethanol sometime in the 2013 2014 time frame. 2013-2014: E10 Blend Wall Billion Gallons Gallons Per Billion Year Figure 1. Forecasted demand for ethanol blendstock vs. RFS2 targets 1 Chart courtesy of Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Aertos Bio-Based Economy Forward-Looking Analysis
    AERTOs Bio-Based Economy Forward-Looking Analysis Jesse Fahnestock, SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden Henna Sundqvist-Andberg, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland AERTOs Bio-Based Economy: Forward-Looking Analysis 1 Innehållsförteckning Executive Summary ............................................................................................................................. 3 Forward-Looking Analysis: Purpose and Approach ............................................................................. 4 The Scenario Framework ..................................................................................................................... 4 The Scenario Pathways ........................................................................................................................ 6 The World and Sustainability .......................................................................................................... 8 Europe and the Bioeconomy ......................................................................................................... 10 RTOs and the Industry ................................................................................................................... 13 Actors and Factors ............................................................................................................................. 15 Assessing the Boundaries: Quantitative Parameters of a Bio-Based Economy ................................ 17 Industrially available biomass ......................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Bio-Based Chemicals That Sound, Socially Accepted, and Cost-Competitive Bioenergy on P.O
    Further Information IEA Bioenergy Task42 Website www.iea-bioenergy.task42-biorefineries.com IEA Bioenergy is an international collaboration set-up in 1978 by the International Energy Agency (IEA) to IEA Bioenergy Website improve international co-operation and information www.ieabioenergy.com exchange between national bioenergy RD&D programmes. This report, that was prepared IEA Bioenergy’s vision is to achieve a substantial Contact – IEA Bioenergy Task42 Secretariat on behalf of IEA Bioenergy – bioenergy contribution to future global energy demands Wageningen UR – Food and Bio-based Research Task42 Biorefinery, addresses the Bio-based by accelerating the production and use of environmentally Hilde Holleman – Secretary main bio-based chemicals that sound, socially accepted, and cost-competitive bioenergy on P.O. Box 17 potentially could be co-produced a sustainable basis, thus providing the increased security 6700 AA Wageningen of supply whilst reducing greenhouse gas emissions from The Netherlands with secondary energy carriers in energy use. Currently, IEA Bioenergy has 24 Members and Phone: +31 317 481165 integrated biorefinery facilities. Chemicals is operating on the basis of 12 Tasks covering all aspects of Email: [email protected] Biorefining, i.e. the sustainable the bioenergy chain, from resource to the supply of energy services to the consumer. processing of biomass into a Leader of Task42 spectrum of marketable Bio-based René van Ree Products (chemicals, materials) Wageningen UR – Food and Bio-based Research | Task 42 Biorefinery Phone: +31 317 611894 and Bioenergy (fuels, power, heat) Email: [email protected] generally is seen as the optimal IEA Bioenergy Task42 Biorefinery deals with knowledge strategy to sustainably convert building and exchange within the area of biorefining, i.e.
    [Show full text]
  • Integrated Strategies to Enable Lower-Cost Biofuels
    Integrated Strategies to Enable Lower-Cost Biofuels (This page intentionally left blank) ii Integrated Strategies to Enable Lower-Cost Biofuels Acknowledgments This report was prepared by Mary J. Biddy, Ryan Davis, Abhijit Dutta, Avantika Singh, Ling Tao, Eric C.D. Tan (National Renewable Energy Laboratory); Susanne B. Jones, James R. Collett, Lesley J. Snowden-Swan (Pacific Northwest National Laboratory); Erin Webb, Michael Kass, Matthew Langholtz (Oak Ridge National Laboratory); Jennifer Dunn, Cristina Negri, Shruti K. Mishra, John J. Quinn (Argonne National Laboratory); and David N. Thompson, Amber Hoover, Damon S. Hartley, Jaya Tumuluru, Jeffrey A. Lacey, Kevin L. Kenney, Leslie Ovard, Lloyd M. Griffel, Mohammad S. Roni, Neal A. Yancey, Rachel M. Emerson, Shyam K. Nair, William A. Smith, Allison Ray, Jason K. Hansen, Luke Williams, Magdalena Ramirez-Corredores, Patrick N. Bonebright, Quang A. Nguyen, Tyler Westover, Vicki S. Thompson, Lynn Wendt, and Patrick Lamers (Idaho National Laboratory). The authors would like to acknowledge Alicia Lindauer, Valerie Reed, Jonathan Male, Jim Spaeth, Kevin Craig, Michael Berube, and Zia Haq of the U.S. Department of Energy Bioenergy Technologies Office for their support, as well as Besiki Kazaishvili, Michael Deneen, and Kathy Cisar from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory Communications Office for their help in developing this report. iii Integrated Strategies to Enable Lower-Cost Biofuels List of Acronyms AD anaerobic digestion BETO Bioenergy Technologies Office BioSepCon Bioprocessing Separations
    [Show full text]
  • Economic Evaluation of Large-Scale Biorefinery Deployment
    sustainability Article Economic Evaluation of Large-Scale Biorefinery Deployment: A Framework Integrating Dynamic Biomass Market and Techno-Economic Models Jonas Zetterholm 1,* , Elina Bryngemark 2 , Johan Ahlström 3 , Patrik Söderholm 2 , Simon Harvey 3 and Elisabeth Wetterlund 1,4 1 Department of Energy Engineering, Division of Energy Science, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87 Luleå, Sweden; [email protected] 2 Economics, Department of Business Administration, Technology and Social Sciences, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87 Luleå, Sweden; [email protected] (E.B.); [email protected] (P.S.) 3 Department of Space, Earth and Environment, Division of Energy Technology, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden; [email protected] (J.A.); [email protected] (S.H.) 4 International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Schlossplatz 1, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 13 July 2020; Accepted: 28 August 2020; Published: 1 September 2020 Abstract: Biofuels and biochemicals play significant roles in the transition towards a fossil-free society. However, large-scale biorefineries are not yet cost-competitive with their fossil-fuel counterparts, and it is important to identify biorefinery concepts with high economic performance. For evaluating early-stage biorefinery concepts, one needs to consider not only the technical performance and process costs but also the economic performance of the full supply chain and the impacts on feedstock and product markets. This article presents and demonstrates a conceptual interdisciplinary framework that can constitute the basis for evaluations of the full supply-chain performance of biorefinery concepts. This framework considers the competition for biomass across sectors, assumes exogenous end-use product demand, and incorporates various geographical and technical constraints.
    [Show full text]
  • Forest Biorefining and Implications for Future Wood Energy Scenarios
    Presentation 2.4: Forest biorefining and implications for future wood energy scenarios Jack N. Saddler Position: Professor & Dean Organization/Company: University of British Columbia, Faculty of Forestry E-mail: [email protected] Abstract The diversification of the forest products industry to include bioenergy may be characterized by evolution of a number of co products. The biorefinery concept, which considers energy, fuels, and chemical or material production within a single facility or cluster of facilities, may be the route forward for the forest industry that provides optimal revenues and environmental benefits. Forest- based biorefining platforms may use traditional or innovative platforms. A review of biorefineries in other sectors is followed by an examination of potential co products. A number of existing pilot or demonstration facilities exist around the world today, and many of these are described. The growth of biorefining in developed regions creates a technology transfer opportunity that could be facilitated through an FAO-led network similar to IEA Implementing Agreements or Tasks. 149 Forest biorefining and implications for future wood energy scenarios W.E. Mabee, J.N. Saddler Forest Products Biotechnology, Department of Wood Science Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia 4043-2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4 [email protected] International Seminar on Energy and the Forest Products Industry Rome, Italy: October 30 2006 Forest Products Biotechnology at UBC Outline 1. Defining biorefining in
    [Show full text]
  • A Review of Sustainable Pathways for Biorefinery Value Chains and Sustainability Assessment Methodologies
    View metadata,Downloaded citation and from similar orbit.dtu.dk papers on:at core.ac.uk Dec 20, 2017 brought to you by CORE provided by Online Research Database In Technology Biorefining in the prevailing energy and materials crisis: a review of sustainable pathways for biorefinery value chains and sustainability assessment methodologies Parajuli, Ranjan ; Dalgaard, Tommy; Jørgensen, Uffe; Adamsen, Anders Peter S. ; Knudsen, Marie Trydeman; Birkved, Morten; Gylling, Morten; Schjoerring, Jan Kofod Published in: Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews Link to article, DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2014.11.041 Publication date: 2015 Document Version Peer reviewed version Link back to DTU Orbit Citation (APA): Parajuli, R., Dalgaard, T., Jørgensen, U., Adamsen, A. P. S., Knudsen, M. T., Birkved, M., ... Schjoerring, J. K. (2015). Biorefining in the prevailing energy and materials crisis: a review of sustainable pathways for biorefinery value chains and sustainability assessment methodologies. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 43, 244- 263. DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2014.11.041 General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim.
    [Show full text]
  • A Strategy for a Bio-Based Economy by Bas Eickhout
    Green New Deal Series volume 9 A strategy for a bio-based economy By Bas Eickhout Green New Deal Series volume 9 A strategy for a bio-based economy By Bas Eickhout, Member of the European Parliament Greens/EFA Based on a study by Jonna Gjaltema and Femke de Jong This report was published for the Greens/EFA Group by The Green European Foundation is a European-level political foundation whose mission is to contribute to a lively European sphere of debate and to foster greater involvement by citizens in European politics. GEF strives to mainstream discussions on European policies and politics both within and beyond the Green political family. The foundation acts as a laboratory for new ideas, offers cross-border political education and a platform for cooperation and exchange at the European level. Published in English by the Green European Foundation for the Greens/EFA Group in the European Parliament Printed in Belgium, December 2012 © Green European Foundation asbl and the Greens/EFA Group in the European Parliament All rights reserved Project coordination: Andrew Murphy (Green European Foundation) English language editing: Tom Redford Production: Micheline Gutman Cover picture: © shutterstock Printed on 100% recycled paper The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors alone. They do not necessarily reflect the views of the Green European Foundation. This publication has been realised with the financial support of the European Parliament. The European Parliament is not responsible for the content of this project. This publication can be ordered at: The Green European Foundation – Brussels Office: 15 Rue d’Arlon – B-1050 Brussels – Belgium Tel: +32 2 234 65 70 I Fax: +32 2 234 65 79 – E-mail: [email protected] I Web: www.gef.eu Green European Foundation asbl: 1 Rue du Fort Elisabeth – L-1463 Luxembourg 1.
    [Show full text]
  • IEA Bioenergy Task42 Biorefining Deals with Knowledge Building and Exchange Within the Area of Biorefining, I.E
    IEA Bioenergy is an international collaboration set-up in 1978 by the International Energy Agency (IEA) to improve international co-operation and information exchange between national bioenergy RD&D programmes. Its Vision is that bioenergy is, and will continue to be a substantial part of the sustainable IEA BIOENERGY use of biomass in the BioEconomy. By accelerating the sustainable production and use of biomass, particularly in a Task42 Biorefining approach, the economic and environmental impacts will be optimised, resulting in more cost-competitive BIOREFINING bioenergy and reduced greenhouse gas emissions. Its Mission is facilitating the commercialisation and market deployment of environmentally sound, socially acceptable, and cost-competitive bioenergy systems and technologies, and to advise policy and industrial decision makers accordingly. Its Strategy is to provide platforms for international FOOD FEED collaboration and information exchange, including the development of networks, dissemination of information, and provision of science-based technology BIOENERGY (FUELS, POWER, HEAT) analysis, as well as support and advice to policy makers, involvement of industry, and encouragement of membership by countries with a strong bioenergy CHEMICALS MATERIALS infrastructure and appropriate policies. Gaps and barriers to deployment will be addressed to successfully promote sustainable bioenergy systems. The purpose of this brochure is to provide an unbiased, authoritative statement on biorefining in general, and of the specific activities
    [Show full text]
  • Biorefinery Approach in the EU and Beyond
    Biorefinery Approach in the EU and Beyond René van Ree IEA Bioenergy Task42 Biorefining / Wageningen Food and Biobased Research Workshop on EU-AU R&I Partnership on Food and Nutrition Security and Sustainable Agriculture (FNSSA) (adopted April 2016) Brussels, 23 January 2017 IEA Bioenergy, also known as the Implementing Agreement for a Programme of Research, Development and Demonstration on Bioenergy, functions within a Framework created by the International Energy Agency (IEA). Views, findings and publications of IEA Bioenergy do not necessarily represent the views or policies of the IEA Secretariat or of its individual Member countries. Biorefining Definition IEA Bioenergy Task42 Sustainable processing of biomass into a portfolio of marketable biobased products (food and feed ingredients, chemicals, materials, fuels, energy, minerals, CO2) and bioenergy (fuels, power, heat) 2 Why Biorefining? Motivation • Because the products and services we are using are based mainly on non-renewable resources • Because the biomass resources are not inexhaustible, so they have to be used efficient and sustainable • Non-renewable and current biomass processes are inefficient and not sustainable , consequently business as usual will not work out any more in the future! Biorefining is the optimal strategy for large-scale sustainable use of biomass in the BioEconomy resulting in cost-competitive co-production of food/feed ingredients, biobased products and bioenergy with optimal socio- economic and environmental impacts (efficient use of resources, reduced
    [Show full text]
  • Biogas and Fuel Cells Workshop Summary Report Proceedings from the Biogas and Fuel Cells Workshop Golden, Colorado June 11–13, 2012
    Biogas and Fuel Cells Workshop Summary Report Proceedings from the Biogas and Fuel Cells Workshop Golden, Colorado June 11–13, 2012 NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy, operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC. Workshop Proceedings NREL/BK-5600-56523 January 2013 Contract No. DE-AC36-08GO28308 Biogas and Fuel Cells Workshop Summary Report Proceedings from the Biogas and Fuel Cells Workshop Golden, Colorado June 11–13, 2012 Prepared under Task No. H279.1710 NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy, operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC. National Renewable Energy Laboratory Workshop Proceedings 15013 Denver West Parkway NREL/BK-5600-56523 Golden, Colorado 80401 January 2013 303-275-3000 • www.nrel.gov Contract No. DE-AC36-08GO28308 NOTICE This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States government. Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States government or any agency thereof.
    [Show full text]
  • The Biorefining Story
    Proceedings of the 55th International Convention of Society of Wood Science and Technology August 27-31, 2012 - Beijing, CHINA The Biorefining Story: Progress in the Evolution of the Forest Products Industry to a Forest-Based Biorefining Sector John N Saddler, Sergios Karatzos and Jinguang Hu Forest Products Biotechnology/Bioenergy Group IEA Bioenergy Task 39 Department of Wood Science Faculty of Forestry University of British Columbia 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4 Email: [email protected] Keywords: Biofuels, bioenergy, biorefinery, conventional and advanced biofuels. (A variation of this manuscript/presentation was given at IUFRO All Div. 5 Conference, Estoril, Portugal, July, 2012) Abstract Continued global insecurity around oil supplies has helped keep oil prices volatile and relatively high, influencing the ongoing and significant investment in both conventional (sugar, starch, plant, and animal-oil-derived ethanol and diesel) and advanced (biomass-derived or ‘drop-in’ like) biofuels and chemicals. It is likely that ‘pioneer’ advanced biofuel plants will first use biomass residues as their initial feedstock as it is currently difficult to justify the investment in energy crops when there is no clear market for their use. It is also likely that agriculture-based advanced biofuel plants will be predisposed towards using a biochemically based process as sugar- and starch-based processes already use much of the equipment and processes that are conducive to the use of enzymes and microorganisms. In contrast, wood-based processing such as in pulp and paper manufacturing will be predisposed to using thermochemically based processes which build on already existing expertise in areas such as combustion, gasification and pyrolysis.
    [Show full text]