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WASTEWATER MICROBIOLOGY Fourth Edition WASTEWATER MICROBIOLOGY Fourth Edition WASTEWATER MICROBIOLOGY Fourth Edition WASTEWATER MICROBIOLOGY Fourth Edition GABRIEL BITTON Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences University of Florida, Gainesville, FL A John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Publication Copyright © 2011 by Wiley-Blackwell. All rights reserved Wiley-Blackwell is an imprint of John Wiley & Sons, formed by the merger of Wiley’s global Scientifi c, Technical and Medical business with Blackwell Publishing. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey Published simultaneously in Canada No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 750-4470, or on the web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, or online at http://www.wiley.com/go/permission. Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifi cally disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fi tness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a professional where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor author shall be liable for any loss of profi t or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages. For general information on our other products and services or for technical support, please contact our Customer Care Department within the United States at (800) 762-2974, outside the United States at (317) 572-3993 or fax (317) 572-4002. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic formats. For more information about Wiley products, visit our web site at www.wiley.com. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available. ISBN 978-0-470-63033-4 Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 To Ari Gabriel with love CONTENTS Preface to the Fourth Edition ix Preface to the Third Edition xi Preface to the Second Edition xiii Preface to the First Edition xv PART A. FUNDAMENTALS OF MICROBIOLOGY 1 1. The Microbial World 3 2. Microbial Metabolism and Growth 51 3. Role of Microorganisms in Biogeochemical Cycles 83 PART B. PUBLIC HEALTH MICROBIOLOGY 119 4. Pathogens and Parasites in Domestic Wastewater 121 5. Microbial Indicators of Fecal Contamination 173 6. Microbial Source Tracking 197 7. Wastewater Disinfection 217 PART C. MICROBIOLOGY OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT 267 8. Introduction to Wastewater Treatment 269 9. Activated Sludge Process 281 10. Bulking and Foaming in Activated Sludge Plants 319 11. Processes Based on Attached Microbial Growth 353 12. Waste Stabilization Ponds 369 13. Sludge Microbiology 383 14. Anaerobic Digestion of Wastewater and Biosolids 409 15. Biological Aerosols and Bio-odors from Wastewater Treatment Plants 437 PART D. BIOTECHNOLOGY IN WASTEWATER TREATMENT 465 16. Pollution Control Biotechnology 467 PART E. FATE AND TOXICITY OF CHEMICALS IN WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS 501 17. Fate of Xenobiotics and Toxic Metals in Wastewater Treatment Plants 503 18. Toxicity Testing in Wastewater Treatment Plants Using Microorganisms 533 vii viii CONTENTS PART F. MICROBIOLOGY AND PUBLIC HEALTH ASPECTS OF WASTEWATER EFFLUENTS AND BIOSOLIDS DISPOSAL AND REUSE 553 19. Public Health Aspects of Wastewater and Biosolids Disposal on Land 555 20. Public Health Aspects of Contamination of Recreational Waters with Wastewater 581 21. Wastewater Reuse 599 References 619 Index 763 PREFACE TO THE FOURTH EDITION The fi eld of wastewater microbiology is advancing rapidly, thanks to improved methodol- ogy dominated by novel molecular techniques. This is helping environmental microbiolo- gists, molecular biologists, and environmental engineers gain a deeper knowledge of what is inside the wastewater “ black box. ” The fourth edition of Wastewater Microbiology, compared with the third edition, updates the reader on fundamental and molecular biology topics and deals exclusively with wastewater topics. Furthermore, the present edition of Wastewater Microbiology includes a new chapter titled Microbial Source Tracking of Fecal Contamination. This timely topic is of great interest to environmental microbiologists and engineers for tracking the sources of fecal contamination in receiving waters. What follows are some specifi c changes/additions to several chapters in the fourth edition. These changes give an indication of the direction of the funded research in waste- water microbiology during the past fi ve years since the third edition was published. The chapters have been reorganized accordingly to refl ect those changes and additions. The molecular methods section of Chapter 1 was signifi cantly expanded, especially the methods of nucleic acid fi ngerprinting. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) section was also expanded to include quantitative real - time PCR (qRT - PCR) and competitive PCR (cPCR). Chapter 2 was slightly revised to include some new methods for determining cell viability/activity in environmental samples. In Chapter 3 , the section on enhanced biologi- cal phosphorus removal (EBPR) was expanded to include the latest information on this topic. Chapter 4 covers the expanding fi eld of epidemiology and public health microbiol- ogy. Information has been updated all over this chapter, particularly the sections on noro- viruses, enteric adenoviruses, polyomaviruses, coronaviruses, and picobirnaviruses. As regards the protozoan parasites, new information was added concerning Cryptosporidium , Giardia , and other protozoan parasites. A short section on fungal pathogens was also added. As mentioned earlier, Chapter 6 is new and covers the topic of microbial source tracking of fecal contamination of receiving waters. Chapter 7 covers disinfection, a fertile research fi eld. Much of the new information added to this chapter deals with disinfection byproducts, ultraviolet (UV) disinfection and photoreactivation, solar radiation, photoca- talysis, and other emerging technologies such as the use of nanomaterials, ultrasonic energy, or ultrahigh hydrostatic pressure. The new information in Chapter 9 includes advances in new techniques for the study of activated sludge, extracellular polymeric ix x PREFACE TO THE FOURTH EDITION substances (EPS), and settling of activated sludge fl ocs. Research on sludge microbiology (Chapter 13 ) has peaked in the 1980s and 1990s and has since slowed down. The section on risk assessment was expanded a little bit. In Chapter 14 , the sections on methanogen classifi cation and methodology and inhibition of anaerobic digestion were expanded. Most of the research on bioaerosols (Chapter 15 ) being carried out presently deals with the transport of microbial biothreat agents in indoor environments. Little research is focusing on the transport of biothreat agents following wastewater treatment operations. Most of the new information added to this chapter deals with the use of molecular techniques in bioaerosol studies. Chapter 16 was updated and new sections were added to refl ect the recent advances in wastewater biotechnology. These new sections include the potential applications of nanotechnology in wastewater treatment and bioelectrochemical wastewa- ter treatment, a fi eld covering the potential use of microbial fuel cells (MFC), microbial electrolysis cells (MEC), and phototrophic cells to eventually produce bioelectricity in large - scale wastewater treatment plants. The section on membrane bioreactors was expanded to refl ect advances in membrane technology. In Chapter 17 , the section on the fate and treatment of endocrine disrupters, pharmaceuticals, and personal care products in wastewater treatment plants was expanded to address the new research being carried out in this fi eld. A new section on ecotoxicogenomics was added to Chapter 18 . Finally, in Chapter 20 , the sections on public health aspects of swimming in contaminated recre- ational waters and risk assessment were expanded. As were the previous editions, the text in the fourth edition is abundantly illustrated with tables and fi gures. New fi gures and tables were included in this edition and some old tables were edited to refl ect the latest research data. I take this opportunity to thank my colleagues and their students who published the tables and fi gures that helped in illustrat- ing this book. I also thank the companies, publishing fi rms, and research journals that graciously gave me permission to use the fi gures and tables. As were the preceding editions, this book is intended for advanced undergraduates, graduate students, and professionals in sciences and engineering in the fi elds of wastewater microbiology and wastewater engineering. Experience has taught me that this book
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