CASE STUDIES FIRST EDITION 4th International Faecal Sludge Management Conference 19–23 February 2017 Chennai, India Contents 1 Acknowledging FSM as a Utility Service Doulaye Kone 3 From Pilot Project to Emerging FSM Service: Scaling up an Innovative PPP Model for Citywide FSM Services in Dhaka, Bangladesh Rosie Renouf, Habibur Rahman, Amirul Hasan, Nirjhor Rahman, Georges Mikhael and Sam Drabble 11 Preliminary Results of the FSM Business Model in Faridpur, Bangladesh: Tackling the Post-ODF Challenge through Public-Private Partnerships Noemie de La Brosse, Dr. Lucy Stevens and Rafiul Islam 19 Co-Composting of Faecal Sludge and Municipal Organic Waste in Sakhipur Municipality, Bangladesh Suman Kanti Nath, Abdullah Al-Muyeed and Palash Ranjan Sanyal 27 Implementing FSM Regulations at City Level: A Case Study of Warangal, India V. S. Chary, Y. M. Reddy and S. Ahmad 38 Introducing Regular Desludging in Balikpapan, Indonesia R. F. Siregar and M. Listyasari 46 Moving Towards Improved Urban Septage Management at Scale in Indonesia A. K. Mardikanto, A. Indiyani, M. Listyasari and R. Yuwono 54 Scaling up Faecal Sludge Management in Kenya’s Urban Areas S. O. Okoth, J. K. Ronoh, A. Dubois and D. Mbalo 60 Serviced Household Toilets, FSM, and ICT in Antananarivo, Madagascar: Lessons Learned V. Gardiner, P. Gardiner, A. Segretain and A. Andriamahavita 68 Sanitation and Sewerage Management: The Malaysian Experience Dorai Narayana 77 Emerging Lessons on FSM from Maputo, Mozambique O. Muximpua, P. Hawkins, J. Stricker, Z. Mugabe, O. Matendjua and A. Madamuge 85 Dumaguete Philippines Fecal Sludge Management Program: A Case Study David Robbins and Josie Antonio 95 Piloting Pit Emptying Service in Kigali, Rwanda R. Sklar, L. Stupin, N. Greene and A. Muspratt 103 eThekwini Municipality, Durban, South Africa – An FSM Case Study T. Gounden and N. Alcock 113 FSM Means Tackling the Entire Sanitation Chain – Examples from Kampala J. Rokob 121 Forever Sanitation: An Emerging FSM Service in Kampala, Uganda J. Businge 125 Lessons Learned from 50 Years of Providing Septic and Plumbing Services, Puyallup, USA J.R. Inman and T. Ramsay 131 Building Successful Sludge Enterprises in Norton, Zimbabwe Alana Potter, Joseph DeGabriele, Jeffrey Msamala, Mark Harper and Humphrey Mapuranga FOREWORD Acknowledging FSM as a Utility Service Worldwide, 2.7 billion people rely on onsite sanitation. support to help document key lessons to be shared. Yet, there is still typically no management system The cases studies feature four initiatives led by in place to deal with the resulting faecal sludge private service providers; two examples of national (e.g. septage and pit latrine sludge). The result is FSM planning and execution, and 12 city-level FSM that the waste typically ends up being dumped directly initiatives. The publications are available on the FSM4 into the urban environment, with significant health conference website for downloads. and environmental implications. Creating faecal The examples are from: sludge management (FSM) infrastructure and public services that work for everyone, and keeping faecal • Africa: Madagascar (city of Antananarivo), sludge out of the environment is a major challenge for Mozambique (Maputo), South Africa (city of Durban), achieving universal sanitation access as acknowledged Rwanda (City of Kigali), Zimbabwe (Norton); by the Sustainable Development Goals adopted • Asia: Bangladesh (Cities of Dhaka; Faridpur and by the United Nations at its General Assembly on Sakhipur); India (city of Warangal) Indonesia, September 25th, 2015. Malaysia, Philippines (Dumaguete); • and from the USA (a private service provider of the To address this challenge, a global platform for Washington State). discussion on FSM was created in 2011 by leading global sector organizations. The aim was to share Each case study in this publication highlights a specific and brainstorm potential solutions, formulate policy example of innovation for FSM service provision at recommendations that promote best practices, and community, city or national scale. The initiatives to identify lessons learned in how to make FSM an presented are led by National Governments, city integral part of sanitation service delivery. Building authorities, private service providers or NGOs. on the success of the first three International FSM The FSM stakeholders are very diverse, but when Conferences in Hanoi (2015) and in Durban (2011& roles and responsibilities are clearly defined, FSM 2012), the FSM4 conference aims to bring together operates as a profitable utility service, lowering cost professionals working in the sector, including utilities, for government and cities, and reducing service service providers, cities, governments, academics, fees for poor beneficiaries. These case studies are scientists, consultants, donors and industries, a compilation of the strong evidence that FSM as a to support the global initiative of disseminating business is profitable and financially viable. Success sustainable solutions for FSM. at scale is driven by the strong participation and recognition of the private sector for pit latrine and In order to support learning and dissemination of septic tank emptying and for the operating treatment FSM solutions, I am pleased to introduce a number plans. All the cases studies make a strong case of Fecal Sludge Management case studies selected for a FSM utility service where local and national from abstracts submitted to FSM4 Conference for Governments play key role as regulator, policy oral presentation and from invited authors. The development, financing infrastructure; Private Service cases studies were selected by the FSM4 program Providers operate and maintain the infrastructure committee and authors were provided technical (latrines, septic tanks, treatment plants), investment in equipment (trucks) or treatment facilities; for decision makers, investors and regulators. households pay for service and invest into The FSM conference will certainly continue to support containment systems (latrines, septic tanks or other the sharing of experiences to promote what works toilet technologies). The papers presented in this at scale and affordable for poor communities. publication discussed the viability of FSM private-public That is why I would to address a special thanks to partnership (PPP) models and strategies to scale-up all the authors and co-authors, the editorial team success in cities or at country level. I hope this led by Isabel Blackett who supported all the authors publication will inspire more conversation during the in summarizing their several years of learnings in conference and probably beyond to help our global these short notes. I am also very grateful to the FSM community fine tuning intervention models. Chair of the FSM4 Program Committee members for leading this project: Dr Stefan Reuter (Chair Program I also hope this compilation will encourage and Committee); Dr Roshan Shrestha, Ms. Susmita Sinha inspire projects managers to capture their own and Jennifer Williams for overall coordination. learning to share on this FSM conference platform, and help building strong evidences and database Doulaye Kone, PhD, Chair of the FSM4 Conference Deputy Director – Water, Sanitation & Hygiene Global Development Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation 2 Acknowledging FSM as a Utility Service FSM4 CASE STUDY From Pilot Project to Emerging FSM Service: Scaling up an Innovative PPP Model for Citywide FSM Services in Dhaka, Bangladesh Rosie Renouf, Habibur Rahman, Amirul Hasan, Nirjhor Rahman, Georges Mikhael and Sam Drabble EXECUTIVE summary Dhaka is one of the world’s megacities, with a population of around 16 million people. The clear majority of residents (80 percent) are dependent on on-site sanitation systems, yet until recently, no private operator existed to provide mechanical emptying services to this vast and largely untapped market. In 2015, a public private partnership (PPP) was established between Dhaka Water Supply and Sewerage Authority (DWASA) and a local small and medium enterprise (SME), based on a lease agreement for two DWASA-owned vacuum tankers. Figure 1: SWEEP team and vacuum tanker The partnership aimed at bridging the service gap through the operation of a new faecal sludge emptying Having established SWEEP as an innovative PPP that service, marketed under the brand name SWEEP. meets the needs of multiple stakeholders, WSUP is now focused on supporting continued scale-up As of February 2017, SWEEP has been operational in Dhaka, including more effective targeting of low- for nearly two years. During the first 18 months of income customers, and on replicating the model operation alone (to October 2016), SWEEP reached in Chittagong in partnership with Chittagong City 102,408 people and emptied 3,898m3 of sludge. Corporation, as the next step towards the objectives Significantly, it has also established itself as a viable of rolling out similar arrangements in cities across business, becoming profitable five months after its Bangladesh. Another focus is contributing to sector- launch, and generating a profit of BDT 691,837 wide effort to improve the enabling environment (USD 8,788) to October 2016. for sanitation in Bangladesh, as a pre-requisite to Key challenges include sustained demand creation, achieving change at scale. and adapting the service to reach out more effectively to low-income customers. SWEEP’s current profit CONTEXT AND backGround levels are the result of an initial focus on middle- Bangladesh experienced high rates of urbanization