In 2004, ILFORD Imaging is celebrating 125 years of photographic manufacturing.

From humble beginnings, when Alfred Hugh Harman began making Gelatine Dry Plates in the basement of his house in Cranbrook Road, Ilford, Essex, to today’s global manufacture of the world’s leading inkjet technology, imagery and photography have always been at the heart of the matter.

Photography is apparent wherever we look. It is almost impossible to get through the day without some contact with a photographic world’s population. all of which have been captured image. The photo can be used to As we look around our world photographically and are part of a record everything from a personal today, there are so many familiar, heritage that ILFORD Imaging is record of our past to becoming an everyday items that we take for proud to be a major part of. Icon of an era. granted that simply would not have existed in 1879; the automobile, Did you know, for instance, that It is hard to imagine a world telephone and even the humble radio was invented and ‘on air’ a without images, but even harder to zipper were not to be full year before the first piece of believe that 125 years ago, imaginable for many years to music was broadcast? Did you in the formative years of come. also know that ILFORD is older photography, the electric light had than electricity, telephone, not been invented. Just as photography has become cars….you name it, and you will part of our everyday lives, so many probably find ILFORD is older than This made these early days of other items that we now take for it!! If you would like a copy of this Photography, quite literally, the granted have come into existence years ILFORD Calendar, which dark ages, with photographers in the past century and a quarter. reflects this booklet, visit ilford.com. relying on gaslight and natural sunlight to expose and process This booklet takes a look at some ILFORD will continue to be a leader their images. It would be several of these technological underdogs in Imaging and is looking forward years before electricity was and at many of the events that to the challenges to come over the available to even a minority of the have shaped the past 125 years, next 125 years. One of the modern wonders of the world started to take shape in 1880 as work commenced on the Panama Canal, a project that would take 23 years to complete. The first town in the USA was illuminated by electricity and by the end of the year, Broadway, known as “the Great White Way” was lit up. The construction of Cologne Cathedral was completed after 600 years and Henry Draper took the first photograph of the Orion Nebula.

While the Earp Brothers were busy “shooting it out” at the OK Corral in Tombstone, Arizona, the first international telephone conversation was taking place in 1881.

PT Barnum bought his world famous elephant, Jumbo, in 1882, the year that Queen Victoria dedicated Epping Forrest. Edison created the first string of Christmas Tree Lights, the first district in New York City was lit 1879–1890 by electricity and Harry W Sealy patented the Electric Iron. In 1879, as Alfred Hugh Electric Lights were in use, Harman was busy making James Ritty had invented After a Test Match in Sydney, Gelatine Dry Plates, using the Cash Register and the Australia, the English Cricket Team little more than a teapot in first of many stores had were presented with the Ashes of the basement of his Essex been opened by FW a Bail in 1883. Louis Waterman House, across the Atlantic, Woolworth. In the same began experiments to produce a Thomas Edison had been year a patent was issued “leak proof” fountain pen, which busy inventing the for the first Automatic he patented the following year incandescent light. By the Telephone Switching and the Orient Express set out on end of the year, the first System, a technology still in its maiden journey, linking Turkey commercially available its relative infancy. to Europe by rail.

3 With an explosive force of 1300 Queen Victoria celebrated her opened. The world’s first Megatons, Krakatoa erupted in Golden Jubilee in 1887, the year Dishwashing machine was 1883, killing 36,000 people. in which Adolf Fick invented the marketed, Bayer introduced Contact Lens and the first Aspirin in powder form and by Esperanto book was published. the end of the year, Thomas The publishing world would later Edison was showing his first hail the invention of the Monotype Motion Picture. type-casting machine, which was patented by Tolbert Lanston this John Hart, convicted of murder in year as the photographic world 1890, became the first to sit in the would hail Hannibal W Goodwin Electric Chair and Ellis Island, ALPHA PAPER circa 1884 for patenting Celluloid New York, opened it’s doors as a Photographic Film. US Immigration Depot. In 1884, ILFORD introduced its ALPHA paper. Coincidentally, the word alpha appeared in the first volume of the Oxford English Dictionary, titled “A-Ant” which was published in the same year. The construction of Chicago’s first Sky Scraper began, the Statue of Liberty was presented to the USA, LeMarcus A Thompson invented the Roller Coaster, Dr John Harvey Kellogg patented his “flaked cereal”

In 1888 the Wax Drinking Straw was patented by Marvin C Stone, 1891-1900 the National Geographic Society was founded in Washington DC, In 1891 Carnegie Hall the English Football League was opened in New York City established and the Eastman Film featuring Tchaikovsky as and George Eastman patented his Company became Eastman the guest conductor and “paper-strip” photographic film. Kodak, coinciding with the patent Britain was linked to the The following year, 1885, the of it’s “Box Camera”. Continent by Telephone for Eastman Film Company the first time. Travellers manufactures the first commercial Cheques were Motion Picture Film and as patented this the Statue of Liberty arrived year and Thomas in the USA, Gottlieb Edison was Daimler patented the particularly first Motorcycle. busy, patenting both the In 1886, the London Motion Times published the Picture world’s first “classified William Bundy Camera advert” and the first successful invented the “time-card” clock, and gasoline driven car was patented Theophilus von Kannel invented Radio. by Karl Benz. Horlicks was the Revolving Door, Vincent Van offered to the public this year, the Goch cuts off his ear and Jack the first Cremation took place in Ripper killed his last victim. England and John Pemberton, a Chemist, began to advertise Viewing Paris from a height of “Coca-Cola” (with Cocaine), a 300 metres became possible in “brain and nerve tonic”. 1889 as the Eiffel Tower officially

4 Jesse W Reno, George C In 1894 the Manchester Ship sparking the Gold Rush and the Blickensdorfer and Charles Brady Canal opened to traffic and 1895 Dial Telephone was invented. King are certainly not household turned out to be the year of the names, but respectively, they were Motion Picture. August and Louis “Cyrano de Bergerac” opened in responsible for patenting the Lumière showed their first movie to Paris, Candy Floss (Cotton Candy) Escalator, the Portable Typewriter an invited audience, the world’s was invented by William and the Pneumatic Hammer in first Cinema opened in Paris and Morrison and John C Wharton, 1892, the year that George the first commercial movie and the first Submarine with an Sampson patented the Clothes performance took place. internal combustion engine was Dryer and Scotsman Sir James This was also the year that demonstrated in 1897.

The following year, the first Telephone message from a submerged Submarine was transmitted and could have been answered by the Answering Machine which was invented this year. Also in 1898 the Roller Coaster was patented, Pierre and Marie Curie discovered Radium, the Automobile speed record was Dewar invented the Vacuum Flask, Wilhelm von Roentgen discovered set at 39mph and the first car now known as the Thermos Flask. X-ray, Oscar Wilde’s “The insurance policy was issued in the American, John Froehlich invented Importance of being Ernest” was USA by the Travellers Insurance the Mechanical Tractor this year, first performed in London and the Company. the Pneumatic Automobile Tyre premiere of Tchaikovsky’s “Swan was invented and Sunday School Lake” took place. At the close of Teacher Lizzie Borden was the Century the Lawn Mower was arrested in Fall River, Massachusetts Dr Henry Smith took the first X-ray patented in 1899, the year that for the murder of her parents. photograph in the USA in 1896, Carnation processes it’s first can the year the Modern Olympics of evaporated milk and Conrad Edison completed his first movie in began in Athens. The Vitascope Hubert invented the Flashlight. 1893, “Record of a Sneeze”, System for Movie Projection was Henry Bliss became the world’s which was released in Theatres demonstrated, the Electric Stove first fatality of a car accident and across the US the following year. was invented by William the first Jukebox appeared in the The New York Stock Exchange Hadaway and Henry took his Palais Royal Hotel in crashed this year and Lizzie first Ford through the San Fransisco. Borden was found to be innocent. streets of Detroit. During Johann Vaaler, a The Crompton Company in a visit by the Chinese Norwegian Patent England made the first Electric Ambassador to New Clerk is probably Toaster and in France it became York City, his Chef best remembered necessary to take a Driving Test to invented Chop for his world acquire a license. Leo Hendrik Suey, Gold was famous Baekeland invented Velox discovered in the invention, the Photographic Paper this year. Klondike River, Paper Clip.

5 The Twentieth Century opened In 1903 the “Tour de France” was this year and Willem Einthoven of with the word “Escalator” being established and Niagra Falls ran the Netherlands invented the registered as a trademark by the Electrocardiogram (ECG). On the Otis Elevator Company, the 17th of October 1903 a patent Hamburger being created in was granted to the Lumière Connecticut and British Troops Brothers, August and Louis, for their relieving Mafeking. The Zeppelin Autochrome colour photograph was invented in 1900 by Count system. The first Motion Picture with Ferdinand Von Zeppelin and a a plot, “The Great Train Robbery” prize of 100,000 francs was was released this year. being offered for communication with Extra Terrestrials. Strangely, Wilbur Wright made his first flight in Martians were excluded as they 1904 and later that year achieved were considered too easy to the first flight to last more than five contact. minutes. The Daily Mirror began publishing, Silicone was invented and the Bell Telephone Company of 1901-1910 Antwerp, Belgium formed.

Marconi sent the first Transatlantic radio signal in 1901, Hubert Cecil Booth invented the modern Vacuum Cleaner, King Camp Gillete began selling Safety Razors, Frank Hornby invented Meccano and Australia declared it’s independence. In 1902 the first Science Fiction Film “A Trip to the Moon” was released and the Texas Oil Company, now known as Texaco, was formed. French Physicist, George Claude

invented the Neon light this dry, due to drought. The Wright Speed was the flavour of the year in year and James Mackenzie Brothers were granted a 1905 when the first TT race ran on invented the Polygraph Lie patent for an the Isle of Man, the first car Detector. HF Callahan was Aeroplane and later to exceed 100mph did granted a patent for the that year made the so at Daytona Beach invention of the Window first flight at and the Simplon Tunnel Envelope and Edward VII was Kittyhawk, the Ford in Switzerland was crowned, following the death Motor Company completed. The first of Queen Victoria. The incorporated, Italo issue of Variety Britannia Works Ltd. changed Marchioni patented Ice magazine was its name to ILFORD, Limited. Cream and the first Teddy published, The comma was insisted Bear was made by Morris and the Popsicle upon by the Ilford Urban Rose Michton. Children, the world was invented by District Council and would not over, owe a debt of thanks to 11 year old Frank Epperson and be removed from the name Edward Binney and Harold Smith, Mary Anderson of Alabama for over 50 years. who co-invented the Wax Crayon invented the Windscreen Wiper.

6 The first commercially available began in Lyon, France, New The Magnetic South Pole was radio was advertised in 1906, Zealand became a Dominion, discovered by Shackleton and although there was little to listen to French Cyclist Paul Cornu flew a Joan of Arc was declared a Saint on it for several years to come. twin rotor Helicopter and Bakelite in 1909, 478 years after her Kellogg and Bollin formed the was invented by Leo Hendrik execution. Washington’s “Red E “Battle Creek Toasted Corn Flake Baekeland who invented Velox Coffee” the world’s first Instant Company” and Rolls Royce Limited Photographic Paper fourteen years Coffee, came on the market, The was established. The first Aeroplane earlier. George Constant US army took delivery of the first flight in Europe took place in the Washington, an English Chemist Military Aircraft and Colour same year that Einstein introduced living in Guatemala, invented the first Moving Pictures were his “Theory of Relativity”. Also in mass produced Instant Coffee this demonstrated at Madison Square 1906 the first animated Cartoon year. It would be another 3 years Gardens, New York. was copyrighted by J Stuart before he took his product to market. Blackton, Dr Lee DeForest British Miners began striking for demonstrated the “Radio Tube” “Be Prepared” was the motto in an 8 hour working day in 1910 and SOS was adopted as the new 1908, when Baden-Powell and the first Air Display took call for help. established the Scout movement. place at Hendon UK. Air travel dominated 1910, with the first Seaplane taking off from water at Martigues, France. The first night-flight took place, as did the first English Channel round-trip, the first round-trip from New York to Philadelphia,

Had you been eager to buy your Mother’s Day was first observed the first Zeppelin Airship first radio in 1906, you would have this year and the Federal Bureau of passenger flight, the first test flight had to wait a year to hear any Investigation was established. You of a twin-engined plane and, music. The first broadcast of a may have been lucky enough to unfortunately, the first Aircraft Musical Composition took place in become a traveller on the first collision in Milan. Halley’s Comet 1907, the same year that Houdini Passenger Air Flight or not so caused near panic as the Earth escaped from chains, underwater, in lucky, like Thomas Selfridge, passed through it’s tail, the first 57 seconds, the first Taxi Cab who became the first fatality of Movie Stunt was performed, appeared in New York and United powered flight this year although featuring a man jumping into the Parcel Services formed in Seattle. fortunately, not on the same flight. Hudson River from a burning The Outboard Motor was invented Henry Ford unveiled the Model T balloon and the first Neon Lights by Norwegian Ole Evinrude, Alva J for the handsome price of $825, were seen in public at the Paris Fisher invented the Washing the Tea Bag was invented by Car Show. Machine and full commercial Thomas Sullivan of New York and production of Louis and August Cellophane was the brainchild of Lumière’s Autochrome plates Jacques Edwin Brandenberger.

7 although it would be another 13 years until the modern day tin opener was invented. 1912 saw the first parachute jump from a plane, Harriet Quimby became the first woman pilot to cross the Channel and 15 young women were fired by their employer, Curtis Publishing, for dancing the “Turkey Trot” during their lunch break. The Geiger Counter, after four years in development, was invented

by Hans Wilhelm Geiger, Piltdown Man was discovered, Edgar Rice 1911-1920 Burroughs published “Tarzan” and the first Mack In 1911, the first non-stop A reconstruction Sennett “Keystone flight from London to Paris of the Base Camp Comedy” was would have taken you 3 at “Kelly Tarltons released. hours and 56 minutes and Antarctic Encounter you may have been lucky and Underwater Sufferagette Emily enough to spectate the first World” in Pankhurst was sentenced Monte Carlo Rally. The Indy Auckland, shows to 3 years imprisonment at 500 race was established the array of the beginning of 1913, the this year and Neanderthal ILFORD and Rajar Panama Canal opened to remains were discovered in printing papers traffic after 23 years of the Channel Islands. The used exclusively by construction and the Mona Lisa was stolen from Ponting during the Brassiere was invented by the Louvre and the Royal Expedition. Mary Phelps Jacob. Gideon Mail offered the first Air Mail Sundback, a Swedish service in the world. Engineer from Hodoken, After leaving for the should be a familiar name as South Pole at the end he was responsible for inventing of 1911, Scott arrives the all purpose Zipper. early in 1912, A more familiar name is a month after Charlie Chaplin, who began his Admundsen film career in 1913 at Keystone had reached it. The Titanic underwent on contract for $150 per week. Scott’s sea trials prior to her The Mona Lisa was recovered, Expedition maiden voyage two years after being stolen and Headquarters bound for New York the first Crossword puzzle was included darkroom and the world’s first published in “New York facilitites for Herbert George cannery opened in the World”. Ford introduced the Ponting, the Expedition’s UK, to supply food for Continuous Moving Assembly Photographer. the Royal Navy, Line, which allowed the

8 production of one car every 2 minutes 38 seconds and the world’s first “drive up” Gasoline station opened in Pittsburg. The Merck Chemical Company patented a new drug this year, which would gain notoriety in the later part of the 20th Century and become known as “Ecstacy”.

The World, the Flesh and the Devil, was the title of the first full colour motion picture, shown in London in 1914. Archduke Ferdinand and his wife were assassinated in Sarajevo, Mahatma Ghandi was arrested after campaigning for Indian The “Birdman of Alcatraz” “Tarzan of the Apes”, the first of Rights in South Africa and Austro- received solitary confinement as many Tarzan films was premiered Hungaria attacks Serbia, Britain introduced Daylight Saving at the Broadway Theatre in 1918. beginning the Great War. The Air- Time (British Summer Time) in Women in Britain got the right to Conditioner was patented by WH 1916. The first Boeing Aircraft took vote. They did have to be over 30 Carrier in America and to the skies and Tanks (Little Willies) years old though. The United Englishman, Henry Brearly were used in war at the Battle of States introduced Daylight Saving invented Stainless Steel, Richard Flors, France. It was in this year Time and Britain opened the Hutchins Goddard patented a that Variety Magazine published offensive on the Western Front. Liquid Fuelled Rocket Motor and the first ever reference to “Jazz”. In Utah’s Wasatch National Park, the US State Department started to require photographs for Passports.

In 1915, the 1,000,000th Model T Ford rolled off the production line and Albert Einstein published his “General Theory of Relativity”. He would not have used a Mechanical Pencil By 1917, the first Jazz record, Dark 504 sheep were killed by to write his theory as Town Strutters Ball, had been lightning and Margaret Owen set Tokuji Hayakawa would not recorded. Vladimir Ilyich Lenin the World Record for typing, invent one until later in the returned to Russia to start the reaching 170 words per minute. year. Garrett A Morgan Bolshevik Revolution and the British At 11am on the 11th of invented the Gas Mask Royal Family took the name November, the hostilities in Europe this year while Eugene of Windsor. Towards the ended and in the December of Sullivan and William end of 1917, Russia had 1918, Robert Ripley began his Taylor co-invented Pyrex. been proclaimed a long running “Believe It Or Not” Maurice Levy invented the Republic and American column in the New York Globe. Lipstick Tube and the first Troops had been 3D movie was screened mobilized in Europe The first public performance of this year. The film was to enter the Holst’s “Planet Suite” took place in untitled and featured conflict of 1919, the year that Alcock and scenes of New York and World War Brown crossed the Atlantic by air. New Jersey. One. The “Pop Up” Toaster was invented

9 Tutenkhamen’s Tomb was discovered by Howard Carter in 1923, the “Flying Scotsman” went into service and Garrett A Morgan invented the Automatic Traffic Light. Time Magazine first appeared on News Stands and Wembley Stadium opened, hosting the first FA Cup Final match, between Bolton Wanderers and West Ham United. Whilst suspended 40 feet above the ground, Houdini escaped from a Straight Jacket and The Disney Company was formed. The Popsicle was eventually patented by it’s creator, Frank Epperson, who was now 29 years old. The BBC uses the chimes of “Big Ben” as an ident for the first time and the first Transatlantic Broadcast of a voice is transmitted between Pittsburgh and Manchester.

Chamonix, France, hosted the this year, improving on the original magazine. One Thousand copies world’s first Winter Olympics in Toaster designed 26 years of James Joyces’ “Ulysees” were 1924, the chilly year that the Ice previously. By early 1920, Silver published in Paris in 1922 and Cream Cone Rolling Machine had reached the record scores of Commercial Radio was patented by Carl Taylor of price of $1.37 per ounce. Douglas Stations appeared world-wide. Cleveland and Clarence Birdseye Fairbanks and Mary Pickford Canadian Joseph-Armand invented Frozen Food. The Spiral married, becoming the first Bombadier invented the Bound Reporters Notebook was “Celebrity Couple”, KDKA, Snowmobile, the British invented and two General Electric Pittsburg went “On Air” as the Broadcasting Service began Engineers, Chester W Rice and world’s first Commercial Radio domestic transmissions from 210 Edward Washburn Kellogg, (Rice Station, the Blow-Dryer was Marconi House and Captain Cyril and Kellogg – seriously), invented invented and Kononklijke- Turner became the world’s the modern Loudspeaker. Luchtraar-Maatschappij, better first Skywriter. Sharp-shooting known as KLM, make their Annie Oakley set the maiden flight. world record for breaking 100 clay targets in a row and Henry Berliner 1921-1930 demonstrated his Helicopter to the Chaplin’s classic, “The Kid”, US Bureau of starring Jackie Coogan Aeronautics. was released in 1921 By the end of along with the 1922, New York memorable performance Zoo was exhibiting Gershwin presented “Rhapsody in of Rudolph Valentino in the first Duck Blue” for the first time at Carnegie “The Sheik”. The Billed Platypus to Hall, New York and the IBM Adhesive Bandage was be seen in public Corporation was founded by invented this year by and George Thomas Watson. In June of this Earle Dickson, the man Owen Squier year, George Herbert Leigh responsible for giving us would be blamed Mallory of Mobberley, Cheshire the “Band-Aid”. by elevator users (now home to ILFORD Imaging throughout UK), and Andrew “Sandy” Irvine, By the beginning of 1922 you the world for set out with the intent of becoming could be the first of millions to the invention of the first to conquer Everest. Both subscribe to “Readers Digest” Musak. men were to meet their fate during

10 the expedition and it remains a mystery to this day whether they reached the summit. It is hoped that the question may one day be answered if Irvine’s Kodak Vest- Pocket Camera is ever recovered from the mountain. The world’s most performed song, “Happy Birthday to You” was published this year by Claydon Sunny and the Ford Motor Company manufactures it’s 10,000,000 car. Four Aircraft left Seattle in 1924 to complete the first successful round-the-world flight and the first photo-facsimile was transmitted across the Atlantic by radio. At the close of the year Edwin Hubble announced the existence of distant Galactic systems and the Kimberley-Clark Company gave us the disposable Facial Tissue.

At the beginning of 1925, the top-selling song was “Tea For Two” by Marion Harris, the first

film was shown on a British Air was created by the Radio Motor Company stopped making Aircraft and Scott Fiztgerald’s “The Corporation of America (RCA) and the “Model T” this year. Fifteen Great Gatsby” was published. The Henry Ford announced the 8 hour million “Tin Lizzies” had been Goodyear Airship “Pilgrim” made day and the 5 day week. manufactured and 1927 hailed the it’s maiden flight, the first with an introduction of the “Model A” Ford. enclosed cabin, TASS was In 1927, Pan American Airlines Al Jolson starred in “The Jazz established as the official USSR (PanAm) was formed, as was Singer”, the world’s first talkie and News Agency and Walter Perry Gaumont, the British Film the Giant Panda was discovered in Chrysler founded the Chrysler Corporation. His Master’s Voice China. The “Grand Ole Opry” Corporation. (HMV) introduced the first automatic made it’s first broadcast from record changer and the British Nashville, Tennessee and the Bread George Burns and Grace Allen Slicer was invented by Otto tied the knot early in 1926, a Frederick Rohwedder of Ohio. marriage that proved to be the Before this point it was impossible longest lasting celebrity match of for anything to have been “the best the Century, Norma Jean thing since sliced Mortenson Baker (Marilyn Monroe) bread”. was born, the Walt Disney Studios were formed and the Television is Scotch Tape demonstrated by it’s inventor, John appears world- Logie Baird. The Gas Refrigerator airline, Imperial Airways became wide, marketed by the was patented, Norwegian the first to serve hot meals in-flight. Minnesota Mining and Engineer Erik Rotheim invented the Gerber became a household name Manufacturing Company Aerosol Can, the National when Dorothy Gerber invented (3M Corp), the first Audiotape was Broadcasting Company (NBC) Prepared Baby Food and The Ford invented by Fritz Pfleumer and John

11 Logie Baird demonstrated Colour Television in 1928. A German Shepherd Dog named Buddy became the first Guide Dog for the Blind, Madame Tussauds opened in London and Amelia Earhart became the first woman to cross the Atlantic, but only as a passenger at this time.

Walter E Diemer accidentally invented Bubble Gum this year, while working as an Accountant for the Fleer Chewing Gum Company in Philadelphia and if you’ve ever wondered why Bubble Gum is Pink, the answer is simply that pink happened to be the “flavour” of the day. The Dodge Brothers and the Chrysler Corporation merged, General Electric opened the first Television Station at Schenectady, New York, and in Paris, Ravel’s “Bolero” was publicly performed for the first time. Mickey Mouse made his debut on November 18th this year, appearing in Disney’s Red and Green Traffic Lights were “Steamboat Willy” in New York. installed in Manhattan in 1930, the year that Clyde Buck Rogers and Tarzan both Tombaugh discovered Pluto. Amy appear as Comic Strip characters in Johnson became the first woman to 1929 as did Popeye, who made fly solo from England to Australia this his first appearance in the “Thimble year and Betty Boop Theatre” comic strip. February 14th first appeared in Max Fleischer’s this year witnessed the Saint cartoon “Dizzy Dishes”. The New Valentines Day Massacre and the York Times proclaimed that “TV world’s first round-the-world Airship would be a theater in every home” flight was completed. The first and the first non-stop Transatlantic manned Rocket-plane flight was flight between Europe and America Duck appeared in his first piloted by car maker Fritz von Opel, took 37 hours to complete. Frank cartoon and Piccard and the Electroencephalogram (EEG) Whittle and Dr. Hans Von Ohain Knipfer became the first men was invented by Hans Berger of simultaneously co-invented the Jet to fly into the Stratosphere, Germany and the game of Bingo Engine, Bette Davis arrived in in the pressurized cabin of was invented by Edwin S Lowe. Hollywood, under contract to a Balloon. The first Infra Red Universal Studios and Chocolate Photograph was taken at Chips were invented by Ruth Rochester, New York in the Wakefield of Whitman, same year that Lumière Massachusetts. launched their Filmcolor and Lumicolor Sheet and Roll films and ILFORD introduced the 1931-1940 world to Hypersensitive Panchromatic film, later to 1931 saw the debut of become known as HP. Al Dracula on movie screens, the Capone was finally convicted introduction of Alka Seltzer of Tax Evasion and sentenced and the release of Cab to 11 years imprisonment at Calloway’s “Minnie The the end of the year and Moocher” which became the Public Toilets would be first million selling Jazz record. strewn forevermore with Due to the increasing volume of Schick offered the world the Arthur Scott’s invention, the motor vehicles in New York, the first first Electric Shaver, Donald Paper Towel.

12 On February 9th 1932, the US Airship “Columbia” crashed during a storm at Flushing, New York. Amelia Earhart became the first woman to cross the Atlantic solo this year and Ford unveiled it’s V8 engine. The Stereo Record was invented, Charles Lindburgh paid a $50,000 ransom for his kidnapped Son and Piccadilly Circus is first lit by electricity. Goofy made his debut in “Mickey’s Revue” and the BBC began regular experimental television broadcasts. Lazlo and Georg Biro went on to and “Peter and the Wolf” By the beginning become household names received its first public of 1933, it was when they invented the performance in Moscow. possible to own Mayfair, non-leak Ballpoint Pen The first US broadcast of take a chance and get out of jail in 1935. “hi-definition” television, with free, with the invention of the 343 lines, emanated from the game Monopoly. Polythene was Radar was Empire State Building and the discovered by Reginald Gibson patented by Sir BBC began broadcasting a hi- and Eric William Fawcett, the first Watson-Watt, the definition service in Britain. Life flight over Everest took place, Richter Scale was Magazine appeared on News Prohibition ended after 13 years invented by Charles Stands and RCA broadcast the in America and JR Wendell Francis Richter and Beno first television variety show in piloted the first aircraft to exceed Gutenburg and Gershwin’s America featuring dancing, a 300mph at Glenview, Illinois. “Porgy and Bess” opened in film on locomotives, the Bonwit Another lasting invention this year Boston while Sir Malcolm Teller Fashion Show, a was the “Cat’s Eye”, the brainchild Campbell set a new Land Speed monologue from Tobacco Road of Yorkshireman Percy Shaw. Record of 301.337mph. and Comedy.

The Driving Test was introduced in Britain in 1934, the year that the Queen Mary was launched, Wallace Carruthers manufactured Polymer 66, the first Nylon and the first X-ray of an entire body was taken at Rochester, New York. Also this year, a recording of Beethoven’s 5th became the first 331/3rpm Long Playing Record to be released and Joseph Begun invented the first Magnetic Tape Recorder.

The New York herald Tribune Disaster struck at the beginning of was at the leading edge of 1937 when LZ 129, the technology in 1936, being the Hindenburg Airship exploded as it first Newspaper to store current approached its moorings at issues on Microfilm and Billboard Lakehurst, New Jersey. The Airship Magazine was about to publish had just completed the first of 18 the first “Hit Parade”. Adolf Hitler scheduled Transatlantic flights introduced the “Volkswagen” from Fankfurt to Lakehurst. designed by Ferdinand Porsche JRR Tolkein published “The Hobbit” to the German public, the this year, SPAM is invented by Hindenburg Airship made its Hormel Meat Packaging and on maiden flight as did The Spitfire the West Coast of America,

13 FP1 was introduced, quickly created by William Hannah and superceded by FP2 and Selo and Joseph Barbera. “In the Mood” Selochrome films were launched. rocketed to Number One on the The “Dixie Clipper” became the Hit Parade, hi-definition colour first Commercial Aircraft to fly television was demonstrated, Walt from the USA to Europe, the Disney released “Fantasia” and Batman Comic was launched this the Local Defence Volunteers, later year and the first televised known as the Home Guard is Heavyweight Boxing match formed in Britain.

the Golden Gate Bridge opened in San Francisco. Animation was certainly popular this year, with Walt Disney’s “Snow White” becoming the first feature length sound and colour animation and Daffy Duck, Elmer J Fudd and Petunia Pig making their debut for Warner Bros.

The first public demonstration of Colour Television took place in London in 1938, the year that Roy J Plunkett invented Teflon and the Owens Corning Corporation invented Fibreglass. Superman appeared for the first time and the first Xerox copy was made. The Broadcasting Industry was the first telecast of an unscheduled event, between Max Baer and Lou Nova which was a fire, broadcast on took place. While War was 1941-1950 WZXBT, New York and Orson breaking out in Europe the first Welles causes panic across the USA Nylon Stocking went on sale in Glenn Miller’s popularity with his Mercury Theater broadcast America at a store in Wilmington, continued to rise through of HG Wells’ “War Of The Worlds” Delaware. British Imperial Airways 1941 and he was presented on October 30th 1938. and British Airways with the world’s first Gold merged this year to form the British Record for his hit Overseas Air Corporation (BOAC) “Chattanooga Choo Choo and the Physical Review published this year. Captain America the first paper to deal with “Black appeared for the first time, Holes”. the Television Remote Control, Rationing began in Britain in thanks to Robert Adler, 1940, with Bacon, Butter and appeared down the back of Sugar being the first rationed seats worldwide and Disney’s items. ILFORD launched the Flying Talking Elephant, world’s first true MULTIGRADE Dumbo was released. Borley Rectory, Britain’s most photographic paper, Frank Sinatra Hot on the heels of the haunted house was destroyed by debuted in Indianapolis with the cartoon Pachyderm Disney fire early in 1939, ILFORD Tommy Dorsey Orchestra and released the children’s lauched it’s PLASTIKA Glenn Miller recorded “Tuxedo classic “Bambi” in 1942, photographic paper and a range Junction”. Disney released their the year that the first Cross of films. HP2 replaced the original 2nd full feature, Pinocchio this Country flight by Helicopter Hypersensetive Panchromatic film, year and “Tom and Jerry” were was made, the first Nylon

14 the 79th floor of the Empire State Building in 1945, killing 14 people and Atomic Bombs were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. All hostilities ended, a new World Air Speed record of 606mph was set by RAF Pilot HJ Wilson and the Microwave oven was invented by Percy Spencer.

The first commercially designed Helicopter was undergoing tests at Bridgeport, Connecticut in 1946 and the first US Rocket leaves the Earth’s atmosphere, 50 miles up. Five inmates died during a revolt at Alcatraz and the USA filed a patent for an H-Bomb. Weight Watchers was formed this year, SW Bell inaugurated a commercial Parachute Jump took place, the term “Bug” this year when her Mobile Telephone Service in St John Atanasoff and Clifford team found a moth, trapped in a Louis and the first long-distance car- Berry built the first digital relay in their Mark II computer, was to-car telephone conversation took computer (the first electronic the cause of a malfunction. The place. Although the technology analogue computer, the Moth was removed and taped into existed for Cell Phone Networks in “differential analyzer” was the log book, which now resides at 1946, it would be another 40 invented back in 1930 at the Smithsonian Institute. The term years before there were powerful MIT in Boston by Vannevar “Bug” has now come to mean any enough computers to operate the Bush) and ILFORD launched computer related error. complex switching systems at the FP3 and HP3 plates. speeds necessary to make it viable. By the end of the year the US In 1943, Frank Sinatra debuted on launched a Rocket which the radio show “Your Hit Parade”, successfully attained an altitude of Chicago’s new Subway system 100 miles. Willard F Libby was officially opened by it’s invented the Carbon Dating Mayor, Ed Kelly and pioneering process this year and the 2nd Oceanographer Jacques-Yves Cinemascope film “Scudda-Hoo Cousteau and Emile Gagnan co- Scudda-Hay” began production invented the Aqualung. The Slinky and was the first of Marilyn was also invented this year and Monroe’s career. started slithering its way down stairs all over the world, thanks to Richard James. The first Open Heart Surgery was performed at John Hopkins Hospital in 1944 and sadly, Glenn Miller was lost In 1945 Lauren Bacall married over the English Channel. Humphrey Bogart, Adolf Hitler Grace Hopper, responsible committed suicide, Winston for the creation of the COBOL Churchill resigned as Prime programming language coined Minister and Vannevar Bush, co- In 1947 Britain Nationalised it’s inventor of the digital Coal Industry and ILFORD computer, proposed a program introduced their first Camera. language known as Hypertext. “The Witness” failed to make an Arthur C Clark proposed relay impact, largely due to the shortage satellites in Geosynchronous of high quality lenses. A second orbit this year, Sunscreen attempt met with more success and was invented by Benjamin Green “The Advocate” camera retailed for in the US and the first Atomic £16. Across the Atlantic EH Land, Bomb was detonated. the founder of Polaroid A US Army Bomber crashed into demonstrated his Instant Developing 15 The British Steel and Iron Industries off. The world’s first Kidney were Nationalised in 1949, the Transplant took place in Chicago, year the first Laundrette opened in Disposable Diapers (Nappies) Queensway, London. The NATO were the brainchild of Marion treaty was signed this year, RCA Donovan in the US, the first introduced the 7inch 45rpm record typesetting machine was and the musical “South Pacific” demonstrated, dispensing with was first performed. The following metal type, and Snoopy was Camera and the first Zoom Lense year, India became a Republic, introduced to the world when was demonstrated in New York James Wrights’s Silicone and Boric “Peanuts” took to the pages while the British/Hungarian Acid compound, invented in 1943, of 9 Newspapers. scientist, Dennis Gabor had was renamed Silly Putty and the developed the theory of FBI’s “10 Most Wanted” fugitives Holography. The International program began. Also in 1950, the 1951-1960 Monetary Fund began operating Phototransistor was invented at this year, BF Goodrich The US Census Bureau took manufactured the first “tubeless” delivery of the first tyre, Edward Lowe invented Cat commercial Computer, Litter, a by-product of Clay Mining UNIVAC 1 in 1951, and Flying Saucers were sighted JD Salinger’s “Catcher in over Mount Rainier by pilot the Rye” was published Ken Arnold. Earl Silas and Disney’s “Alice in Tupper patented a Wonderland” delighted food storage sealing audiences for the first system, now known all time. Eastman over the world as Compound #910, known Tupperware, Kon Tiki crashed today as Superglue was onto a Polynesian Archipelago Murray Hill, New invented, CBS Television ran Reef in 1947, the year that York, Ralph Schneider gave us the the first episodes of Princess Elizabeth married Duke first Credit Card, the “Diners Club “I Love Lucy” and Elizabeth Philip Mountbatten, the Polio Card”, Elizabeth Taylor got Taylor divorced Conrad Vaccine was developed by Jonas married for the first time, wedding Hilton Junior only to marry Salk and the Transistor was Conrad Hilton Junior, and the first Michael Wilding the invented, by Bardeen, Brattain Transatlantic Passenger Jet trip took following year. and Shockley at Bell Laboratories. Britain continued its nationalization in 1948 with the Railways and the National Heath Service was formed. “Candid Camera” appeared on television, The Frisbee was invented by Walter Frederick Morrison and Walter Franscioni, the first Polaroid camera went on sale for $89.95 and the first Radio Controlled Plane was flown. ILFORD launched its first colour film “D” this year and the Borough of Ilford presented Princess Elizabeth with a specially commissioned ILFORD Advocate Camera, costing £340. That particular camera was stolen, but later recovered, when it was sent to be repaired. Velcro was invented this year, the Magnetic Tape Recorder was developed by Wireway and the first “stored” computer program was run on “Manchester Mark 1”.

16 Taylor and Wilding commenced married life in the same year that Sun Records was established, the “Big Bang” theory was proposed and Mr Potato Head became the first toy to be advertised on television.

Clarence Birdseye began marketing frozen peas in 1952, Mad Magazine became essential reading and the first Video Recording on Magnetic Tape was made in Los Angeles, California. The humble Bar Code (US Patent No 2,612,994) was invented by Joseph Woodland and Bernard Silver and the first “diet” drink went on sale. ILFORD introduced HPS plates and the world’s longest running Stage Play, Agatha Christie’s “The Mousetrap” opened at the Ambassadors Theatre in London on November 25th, starring Cinemascope made it’s Elizabeth II took place at a young Richard Attenborough. debut in 1953 when Westminster Abbey. In New York, At the time London was “The Robe” was the first passenger service suffering “killer fogs” released, Winston Helicopter went into operation and the word Smog Churchill was and TV Dinners became was introduced to the Knighted, New available. Piltdown Man, English language. The New Zealander Edmund Hilary discovered in Jersey in 1912, Musical Express (NME) and Sherpa Tensing conquered was proved to be a hoax this published the first British Singles Everest, reputedly using an year, Michelin introduced the Chart and Bette Nesmith, the ILFORD camera through their Radial Tyre and Chuck Yeager Mother of Michael, who would later expedition, and the Coronation of reached Mach 2.43 in the become a Monkee, invented Bell X-1A Rocket Plane. Typewriter Correction Fluid, allegedly after many mistakes were An invention that would rock the found in her typing, John Hetrick world appeared in 1954 when invented the Automotive Airbag, Leo Fender produced his first Paul M Zoll invented the Cardiac “Stratocaster”, a definitive design Pacemaker and the first that is much imitated to this day. transistorized Hearing Aid went Elvis Presley’s debut single, “That’s on sale in New York. All Right” was released this year,

17 Scalextric at the Harrogate Toy the Skateboard was invented by Fair. Elizabeth Taylor divorced for Bill and Mark Richards, although it the second time, subsequently would not catch on for many years marrying Mike Todd, the first and the Hula Hoop became Electric Portable Typewriter went a smash hit for its inventors Richard on sale and Elvis was drafted for Knerr and Arthur “Spud” Melin. National Service this year. The Modulator/Demodulator

Disaster struck the Ford Motor Company with the launch of “The Edsel”, named after Henry Ford’s only son. The 6000 surviving cars are now cherished classics. Gone are the days when Edsel meant Bill Haley and the Comets were “Every Day Something Else set to “Rock Around the Clock”, Leaks”. Whilst out walking in (Modem) was invented, Gibson Bell Laboratories in New York 1948, Swiss Engineer George de patented their “Flying V” guitar announced the invention of the Mestrel found Cockleburs clinging and the Integrated Circuit Board Solar Battery and Ray Kroc opens to his Jacket and his Dog. was invented independently this the first MacDonalds. Teflon, year by Jack Kilby and Robert invented in 1938, first appeared Noyce. Seven Manchester United on non-stick pans this year, Oral Players died in the Munich Air Contraception was invented and Disaster and “Laika”, the dog was RCA manufactured the first killed when Sputnik 2 burnt up “miniature” colour television, while re-entering the Atmosphere. which featured a 12.5 inch This sparked an idea screen and sold that would take the for $1000. next eight years to develop but resulted in the patenting of Velcro in 1957. Incidentally, the name de Mestrel chose for his invention is derived from a The game of combination of the two French Scrabble first words, Velour and Crochet, appeared in 1955, meaning Velvet and Hook. Disney opened their Disneyland NASA was inaugurated this year resort in Orange County, California 1958 saw Elizabeth Taylor and the first Radio signal to be and released “Lady and the divorcing yet again, although she broadcast from space was Tramp”. A Solar powered car was would not remarry until the transmitted. In Charlotte, North demonstrated in Chicago, RCA following year, Parking Meters Carolina, the world’s first Colour demonstrated the first Synthesizer were introduced in the UK, Video recording was made and in and the Hovercraft was patented Denmark, Lego was by Christopher Cockerell. invented, named from the two Danish words, In 1956, Britain abolished the Leg Godt, meaning Death Penalty, Play-Doh was “play well”. invented, a certain John Winston Lennon met Paul McCartney for Luna 1 became the first time and the world’s very the first craft to first commercial Video Tape truly leave the Recorder was demonstrated by Earth’s Atmosphere in Ampex. 1959, the same year that “Sleeping The first Electric Watch was Beauty” was released produced in 1957, the year that by Disney and Swedish Engineer the Wham-O Company made the Nils Bohlin invented the Seat Belt first Frisbee and Hornby launched for Volvo.

18 In 1962, the doors of the very In London, the first Home Video first K-Mart opened and MIT sent Recorder was demonstrated and a Television signal via satellite for in the US, Zip Codes are the first time. Marilyn Monroe introduced by the Postal Service. was found dead this year, the Ciba Geigy approached ILFORD Audio Cassette was invented in this year, with a buy-out offer. On the Netherlands by Phillips and August 28th, Martin Luther King Yukio Horie of the Tokyo Junior made his famous Stationery Company invented the Fibre-tipped pen.

The Barbie Doll first went on sale this year and to date over 800,000,000 have been sold. In real life, Barbie would be a 7 foot tall woman with a 48 inch bust line and 10 inch waist. Elizabeth Taylor married Eddie Fisher, the Guggenheim Museum opened in ILFORD introduced its famous New York City, designed by Frank Ilfochrome colour reversal system Lloyd Wright and “The Sound Of and Ciba Geigy acquired Music” opened on Broadway. The Lumière. In 1963 the US first colour photograph of Earth was launched the first communications received from space and Sony satellite, SYNCOM 1, The Beatles introduced the 8-301 Transistor were on tour, supporting Helen Television. Shapiro, prior to the release of their debut Album “Please Please UFO’s are sighted by three Me” and Alcatraz closed it’s Californian Highway Patrolmen in doors for the last time. The first “I have a dream” speech and 1960, the Halogen light was Bond film, “Dr No” was released sadly three months later on invented, the Flintstones became the this year and bad boys of Rock November 22nd John Fitzgerald first Prime Time animation show and ‘n’ Roll, The Rolling Stones, made Kennedy was Assassinated in Playboy opened the doors of its first their first television appearance. Dallas, Texas. Club in Chicago. ILFORD launched HP4 film this year, along with Ilfacolor film, Ilfochrome 32 Transparency film, Ilfochrome 25 8mm Cine film and later, Ilfocolor films and papers. The first patents for Lasers were granted to Arthur Schawlow and Charles Townes and Granada Television broadcast the first episode of Coronation Street. 1961-1970

The Beach Boys first performed together in 1961 and The Beatles appeared at The Cavern for the first time. Bob Dylan, born Robert Zimmerman, made his debut at Folk City in Greenwich Village, “101 Dalmations” was released and work commenced on the construction of the Berlin Wall.

19 killing most marine life along the whole of the south coast of Britain and the Normandy shores of France. The ensuing fire burnt for 12 days. 400 million viewers tuned in to see The Beatles “Our World” television special, which featured the live performance of “All You Need Is Love” and “The News At Ten” was seen for the first time on British television. The Light Emitting Diode (LED) was invented this year and the first handheld Calculator, which would later use an LED Display, was invented by Texas Instruments’ employees Jack Kilby, who had invented the Integrated Circuit 8 years earlier, Jerry Merryman, and James Van Tassel. The Calculator used a Thermal Printer to show its 12 digit calculations. The Move’s “Flowers In The Rain” was the first song broadcast by BBC Radio One, which launched this year, Etch-A-Sketch began selling in Toy Shops throughout the world and Disney’s animation of Rudyard

Elizabeth Taylor was granted her fourth divorce and celebrated her fifth marriage, this time to Richard Burton, in 1964 and the Great Train Robbery was staged between Leighton Buzzard and Tring. The first BASIC program was run on a computer at Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire and Mary Poppins was released, introducing us to the word Supercallafrajalisticexpeallidocious. Bewitched, The Man from Uncle Europe, he had become “Action Kiplings “The Jungle Book” and The Munsters all appeared Man”. Kevlar, which is 5 times appeared in Cinemas. on television for the first time this stronger than the same weight of Dr Christian Barnard performed year, “Fiddler on the Roof” steel and commonly used in Bullet- the first Human Heart Transplant opened on Broadway, the “Star of proof vests, was invented. The and the Residential Smoke Alarm India” diamond was stolen from following year, The Cavern Club was developed. New York and the first “Pink closed its doors, and television Panther” cartoon was screened. gave us Batman, Star Trek and The First Bank of Philadelphia The Monkees. installed the world’s first Automatic The Who made their first Telling Machine (ATM), the television appearance in 1965, Disaster struck Apollo I in 1967 Computer Mouse was invented by Astroturf and the Soft Contact Lens killing all three Astronauts, Douglas Engelbart, the first Boeing were invented, Cooper and Grissom, White and Chaffee and 747 “Jumbo Jet” rolled out and Conrad completed 12 Earth The Torrey Canyon struck the Russia flew Supersonic with Orbits in Gemini 5 and Winston Seven Stones Reef off the South “Concordski”, the Tupelov TU-144 Churchill’s Funeral took place. coast of Cornwall, which ripped all in the course of 1968. Stanley Weston created a “Doll open six tanks and causing the Concorde itself, made its first Test for Boys” known as “GI Joe” in ship to lose its entire cargo of Flight in the following year in America. By the time Joe reached 31,000,000 Gallons of Crude Oil 1969. Ciba Geigy became the

20 sole owner of ILFORD Limited, six years after their initial approach, 1971-1980 the first Human Eye transplant was performed this year, the Bar Code The first Chatrooms started Scanner was invented, 16 years on appear on the Internet after the Bar Code itself, the QEII in 1971 and E-mail was set out on her maiden voyage to invented by Ray Tomlinson. New York and the Woodstock Mount Etna erupted in Italy, Festival took place. Apparently, if the Dot-matrix printer was you can remember the Summer of invented, the Liquid Crystal ’69, you weren’t there! Sony Display (LCD) and the Food invented the Video Cassette Processor came into Recorder (VCR), The Jackson Five existence and the Microchip made their first Television was invented by Faggin, appearance on The Ed Sullivan Hoff and Mazor. show and the Internet was Disneyworld opened in officially invented by the Florida and on the 15th Advanced Research Projects Compact Disk, Fibre-Optics and February this year, the Agency (APRA) at the US the Daisy Wheel Printer were British Pound Sterling Department of Defense. invented, Alan Shugart invented became Decimal.

the Floppy Disk, International 1972, International Book Year, Business Machines Corporation was the year that the Word (IBM) announced the 370 Processor was invented. Bernstein On July 20th 1969, Neil Computer and Disney’s and Woodward published their Armstrong, Edwin “Buzz” Aldrin “Aristocats” was released. The first article, exposing Watergate and Michael Collins landed on Post-it Note was invented by 3M and the Goodyear Blimp took its the Moon. The following day at Corporation’s Art Fry and maiden flight. 2:56:15 am (GMT), Armstrong Spencer Silver, although it would The Waltons and became the first Man to walk on be 10 years before the product MASH were the Moon. Legend has it that got to market. Fry wanted to prime-time “One small step for Man, one solve a nagging problem. television giant leap for Mankind” had He needed a method to viewing, Pong, originally been scripted by NASA bookmark pages in his the first Video as “One small step for a man”, Church Hymnal, which Game was but the little “a” had been lost in would neither damage the invented by transmission. pages or fall out. Using an Nolan Bushell adhesive developed by and NASA The Boeing 747 “Jumbo” took to Silver, which was strong announced the the air on its maiden flight in enough to adhere but left development of 1970. This was the year that the no residue when the Space Shuttle first Digital Wristwatch, invented removed, he applied it to Program. by John M Bergey appeared, the edge of a piece of James T Russell invented the paper – problem solved!

21 Rhapsody becomes the first song to be accompanied by a Pop Video. Within a short space of time, Elizabeth Taylor redivorced Richard Burton and married John Warner for her 7th Toaster. Apple debuted their first Personal Computer, the Inkjet Printer was invented and the “Pet Rock”, literally no more than a Beach Pebble, was invented by Gary Dahl. Cabbage Patch Dolls, complete with Birth Certificates, are invented by Xavier Roberts this year and the VHS video cassette was introduced by the Victor Company of Japan Limited (JVC).

Ethernet Computer Networking and the Safety Airbag, invented was invented in 1973, the year by John Hetrick in 1952, was Comet Kohoutek was discovered made available by General Motors. and Bar Coding appeared for the This was the year that ILFORD first time. The first Cellular Phone, introduced its Ilfospeed range of The world was shocked to hear weighing 2lb went on the market photographic papers. that Elvis Aaron Presley had died and two Scientists in the US, in 1977, the year that Concorde Stanley N Cohen and Herbert W The Rocky Horror Show, written made its first landing in New Boyer were responsible for the and created by Richard O’Brien, York. The “Gossamer Condor” discovery of Genetic Engineering. took to the stage of the Belasco made the first “man-powered flight Elizabeth Taylor, following a Theater in New York for the first of this year, the first TRS-80 Model 1 reasonably long marriage by her 45 performances in 1975. computer was sold, Queen standards, divorced for the 5th Elizabeth Taylor decided to Elizabeth II celebrated her Silver time in 1974, Hungarian Architect remarry Richard Burton, the Sex Jubilee and the Sports Bra was Ernö Rubik frustrated the world Pistols made their debut, Phone invented. In the following year with his invention that became Cards and the Laser Printer were 1978, the first Microchip was known as “the Rubik’s Cube” invented. Optical Character patented by Texas Instruments, Recognition (OCR) was created Red Rum won his 3rd consecutive by Ray Kurzweil and the first Grand National at Aintree, Digital recordings were made. Liverpool, Velcro appeared on the Hypertext Mark Up Language (HTML), the wizardry behind the majority of Internet Pages, was also invented this year.

In 1976, Concorde made its first commercial flight, ILFORD launched its new HP5 film and Disneyworld greeted its 50 millionth guest. The first market, 21 years after it was first Quadrophonic Soundtrack patented, the Karaoke Machine appeared on the movie “Ladies was invented, developed from a and Gentlemen, The Rolling device invented in 1972 by Stones” and Queen’s Bohemian Japanese Drummer Daisuke Inoue,

22 and Star Wars was a smash hit at the Cinema. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) was invented as was Human In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) and, following the rationalization of products and facilities by Ciba- Geigy, ILFORD became responsible for their Photographic Group Worldwide. Incidentally, Karaoke translated from Japanese means “Empty Orchestra”. 1981-1990

1979 was the International Year of In 1981, the first Space the Child. In the USA and on April Shuttle, Columbia, 20th, US President Jimmy Carter successfully returned to was attacked by a Earth following her maiden Rabbit during a voyage. The world’s first fishing trip in Plains, Solar Powered Aircraft the Georgia. “Solar Challenger” crossed the English Channel, Ioannis V Yannas and John F Burke invented Synthetic Skin, Prince Charles married Lady The question on everybody’s Diana Spencer, MS-DOS tongues in 1980 was “who shot was invented by Microsoft, JR”? The Blues Brothers Movie IBM introduced the Personal appeared on Cinema screens, Computer Disk Operating In-line Skates or Roller-Blades System (PC DOS) version were invented by 1.0 and MTV was launched. The rabbit, which was possibly 20 year old Scott Lumière, who were fleeing a predator, swam toward Olson, the 3.5 acquired by Ciba-Geigy in his boat, “hissing menacingly, its inch Floppy 1962, eventually teeth flashing and nostrils flared.” Disk was relinquished their Corporate President Carter swatted at the invented name in 1982 and became normally docile creature with a and the known as ILFORD France canoe paddle, which apparently world and Sony demonstrated the scared it off. Trivial Pursuit mourned the became the idle pursuit of many sudden loss of John this year, the first commercial Cell Lennon. The Post-it Note Phone was invented, Cheerios eventually made it to market, graced our Breakfast tables and having spent nearly 10 years in Sony invented the Walkman. development.

23 In 1983, the final episode of MASH was aired. It was seen by 125 million viewers. Compact Disc recordings were launched jointly this year by Phillips and Sony, the Radio Shack Corporation offered the world’s first Laptop Computer, Cabbage Patch Kids went on sale for the first time and the oldest surviving Human Skeleton, aged 80,000 years was discovered in Egypt.

The world breathed a sigh of relief in 1984, when Orwell’s predictions proved to be wrong, the year that Alec Jeffreys perfected the DNA Fingerprinting technique. Apple Computer Inc. unveiled its first Macintosh computer, named after a type of apple. The company logo, a multi- coloured apple with a bite taken out of it is a reference to the Biblical story of Adam and Eve, in which the apple represents the fruit of the “tree of knowledge”. Coca- Cola announced it would change its secret formula in 1985, but within a few months the drinks giant brought back the 99 year old secret. A US and French Expedition located the wreckage of the Titanic this year, off the coast of Newfoundland and Desktop Publishing is invented. Windows was invented by the Microsoft Corporation and “Live Aid” rocked the world for charity in ’85, with world’s first Digital Camera simultaneous concerts in London, this year and also Philadelphia, Moscow and Sydney. introduced the world to the Camcorder, the first handheld Video Camera which required no “umbilical” cord. The following year saw the Doobie Brothers split up and the Falklands War beginning. On the 21st April 1986 it was one 1982 was also the year that 10 million days since the foundation of Oryx, then extinct in the wild, Rome in 753BC. Fuji introduced were released into their natural the first Disposable Camera this habitat in Oman, Elizabeth Taylor year, ILFORD sponsored Radio divorced for the 7th time and Diet- One DJ Mike Smith in the UK Coke was invented. Disney’s Touring Car Race Championships visionary EPCOT Center opened acronym for the “Experimental and the Space Shuttle “Challenger” this year in Orlando, Florida. Prototype Community of crashed, killing all seven Astronauts EPCOT was originally an Tomorrow”. onboard.

24 Smith of Johannesburg, South Africa invented the “Snake Board”, best described as a “Universally Jointed Skateboard” this year and the rare conjunction of Venus, Mars, Uranus, Neptune, Saturn and the Moon known as a Stellium, a conjunction that involves three or more planets, took place,

1987 introduced the world Physics, in to Homer, Marge, Bart, Lisa Geneva, developed and Maggie Simpson, a small piece of software when the show first aired that could, as he described in this year. The Simpsons are now his own words, keep “track of all the world’s longest running the random associations one cartoon series. Nintendo launched comes across in real life and the “Game Boy”, Digging began brains are supposed to be so in England and France, marking good at remembering but the start of construction sometimes mine wouldn’t.” He work for the Channel Tunnel, called this software “Enquire Laser Vision Correction was Within Upon Everything”, a title invented by Stephen Trokel in the borrowed from a Victorian US, Scalextric released a Model Encyclopedia, inventing his which some might argue, of the ILFORD sponsored “global hypertext system”. Tim influenced the demolition of the Touring Car Championship Burners-Lee then set about Berlin Wall. The next such Stellium vehicle and the MP3 finding a more suitable will not take place for another 13 format was invented. name for his invention. Centuries, in the year 3370. The Koosh Ball “Mine of appeared in stores Information” (MOI), Nelson Mandela was released this year. It was was considered, from Robben Island after 27 years originally invented but was thought to of captivity in 1990. In a bay not to help teach young be egotistical as far from Cape Town, South Africa, children to catch. was “The the Island was once the home to Information Mine” lepers, the mentally insane, A record breaking (TIM). Another thieves, and political prisoners. Banana Split appeared in consideration was “Information The prison eventually closed after Selingrove, Philadelphia in 1988. Mesh” but Berners-Lee thought this nearly 400 years use as a place The world’s largest “Split” sounded too much like “mess”. In of banishment, exile, isolation and measured 4.55 miles in length, 1988, he eventually decided imprisonment, the island was although no-one calculated the upon 3 letters that he had used to declared a World Heritage site total time it took to eat the massive identify a WYSIWYG (what you and it is now a tourist site, with confectionery. ET, The Extra- see is what you get) hypertext boat trips run by ex-guards and Terrestrial was released on home browser/editor that ran in the tours conducted by ex-prisoners. video, with 14 million customers NeXTStep environment, found a This was the year that pre-ordering their copies and the name to suit the acronym, and MacDonalds opened their first Super Soaker water gun was gave birth to possibly the biggest restaurant in Russia, which was invented by Lonnie Johnson, an and most used inventions of the also the largest in the world, Aerospace engineer, which he 20th Century, the World Wide Digital Television was invented originally called the “Power Web. and rioting began in London in Drencher”. This was the year that protest over the newly introduced a bomb, aboard PanAm Flight In 1989 IM Pei’s pyramidical “Poll Tax”. ILFORD announced the 103, exploded in mid-air over the entrance to the Louvre opened in Digital Photo Imager (DPI) this quiet Scottish Town of Lockerbie. Paris and an Earthquake in San year at the Photokina Exhibition, Eight years earlier, in 1980, a Fransisco, California killed 67 held in Cologne, Germany hailing young software engineer working people. Jaron Lanier, a Computer the dawn of the Companies for six months at CERN, the Scientist invented “Virtual Reality”, venture into the new technology of European Laboratory for Particle James Fisher and Oliver Macleod- Digital Imaging. The Hubble

25 names and Adobe introduced the world to the Portable Document Format (PDF) file. H Ty Warner created a range of 12 bean bag toys this year which took the world by storm. He called them “Beanie Babies”, a phenomenon that mushroomed into a multi-million dollar business.

Los Angeles, California was rocked by an Earthquake which killed 60 people in 1994 and the Church of England ordained the first of 33 Women Priests. The world’s largest Lollipop was made in Denmark, weighing 3,011lb and Nelson Mandela was sworn in as South Africa’s first Black President. In Britain, the “National Lottery” was launched and the scourge of the Internet, Spam, was invented by two Attorneys, taking its name from Monty Python’s homage to the processed meat invented by Hormel Meat Telescope was launched and sent this time to Larry Fortensky Packaging in 1937. ILFORD its first message from space, Iraq and the USSR officially launched the “Printasia Digital invaded Kuwait and the K’nex Toy ceased to exist. Kodak Imaging System” in 1994. The Construction kit was invented by introduced a Digital Camera system included a Computer, Joel Glickman. which stored images on a Scanner, Printer and Image Floppy Disk around this Manipulation software but time, although the history suffered due to the constantly of Digital Photography is a changing technology of computers little vague the average cost and peripherals at the time, which of Digital Camera led to its demise. Equipment at this time was in region of $18,000. The financial house of Barings collapsed after suffering huge In 1992, Scientists in Sandwich, losses made by Trader Nick Leeson Kent were trying to “come up” in 1995 and JavaScript was with a treatment for Angina. invented. An Earthquake in Japan What they eventually developed killed more than 5,000 people, the became known as Viagra. The criminal trial of OJ Simpson General Synod voted for the opened in California and a Nerve Ordination of Women in the Gas Attack in a Tokyo subway 1991-2004 United Kingdom this year and killed eight and injured thousands. Sony introduced the Mini-Disc. In May of this year the US Space In the early hours of Shuttle Atlantis successfully docked January 16th 1991, The Digital Video Disc (DVD), now with the Russian Space Station Mir Operation Desert Storm renamed the Digital “Versatile” and the Los Angeles Jury finds was launched to liberate Disc was invented in 1993, the OJ “Not Guilty” of murder Kuwait from the Iraqi year that the European Union charges. Kodak introduced the invasion. The “Birmingham came into existence. Intel invented DC40 this year, which was the first 6” were released, following the Pentium Processor, Apple Digital Camera aimed at an appeal, after 16 years Computer Inc invented the consumers, which could be of imprisonment, and the Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) connected directly to a computer first Internet Search Engine this year, naming it “The and retailed at under $1,000. appeared. Elizabeth Taylor Newton”, maintaining their Apple introduced their QuickTake Married for the 8th time, commitment to fruit based product camera in the same year.

26 another 4397 years and the Mass Balloon flight around-the-world Suicide took place of the Heaven’s was completed by Bertrand Gate religious Cult in California. Piccard of Switzerland and Brian Princess Diana died this year Jones of Britain. when she was involved in a car The circumnavigation took 20 crash in Paris, France and Mother days to complete. The “Melissa” Theresa of Calcutta received the computer virus wreaked havoc as first State Funeral accorded to a it spread across the Internet and “private citizen” in India. Hong Libya handed over two suspects Britain was alarmed by the Kong returned to Chinese Rule for the 1988 Lockerbie Bombing outbreak of Mad Cow Disease after 156 years as a British of PanAm 103. Nelson Mandela (BSE) in March 1996 whilst in Territory and two people were retired as President of South America, the FBI arrested the convicted for the World Trade Africa this year and Britain’s suspected Unabomber. Centre Bombing in New York. ILFORD introduced it’s third generation Chromagenic film, XP2 The world’s first “Razor Super this year, Ella Fitzgerald, Scooter”, the late Twentieth the legendary Jazz Singer died, Centuries last fad, was Prince Charles and Princess Diana unveiled at the National agreed to divorce and France Sports Goods Association announced its intention to stop (NSGA) World Sports Expo Nuclear testing. in Chicago 1998 by its Cloning left the realm of Science Taiwanese inventor Gino Tsai. Fiction and became reality in US President Bill Clinton denied all allegations of an affair with White House intern Monica Lewinsky this year and a landmark peace settlement,

Prince Edward married Sophie Rhys-Jones. US Judges ruled The Good Friday Accord, was Microsoft was a Monopoly, achieved in Northern Ireland. Scientists measured the fastest ILFORD entered the mass inkjet wind speeds ever recorded on consumer market with the launch Earth at 318mph and Self Rule of the PRINTASIA Inkjet Photo began in Northern Ireland for the Range of papers. first time in 25 years. On October 1st 1999, the world population 1997, when Scientists at In 1999, King Hussein of Jordan reached 6 billion. Edinburgh’s Roslin Institute gave died as did John Kennedy Junior, birth to “Dolly the Sheep”. when his Private Aircraft crashed The Hale Bopp Comet passed the as he piloted it to the Kennedy closest to Earth that it would be for Family retreat. The first non-stop

Afghan Hijackers seized a plane in 2000, eventually releasing the hostages at Stanstead Airport, England and the short lived Self- Rule in Northern Ireland ended as the IRA missed their disarmament deadline. Bill Gates’ Microsoft Corporation lost its Anti Trust suit in the USA and the “I Love You”

27 Starr would become the two Supersonically for the final time surviving Beatles, following the and terrorist bombs exploded death of George Harrison. All will outside the British Consulate remember the horrific act of and HSBC Bank in Istanbul, Terrorism that occurred on Turkey. Wall Street Journalist September 11th this year. The Michael Drosnin found a “hidden Twin Towers of the World Trade skip-code” in the Bible, which Centre in New York were predicted the end of the world in destroyed when two Jet Airliners 2010 and Paul MacCartney were deliberately flown into the stripped naked the final Beatles main structures of the buildings, a Album “Let It Be” of Producer Phil third Jet was forced to crash into Spector’s original mix. Spector the Pentagon in Washington DC himself was on trial for murder. and a fourth Aircraft was crashed US President George Bush left to the ground 80 miles from Buckingham Palace to have lunch Pittsburgh. The news of these with Prime Minister Tony Blair at atrocities shook the world and the the Dun Cow Pub in the village of virus disrupted computers immediacy of new technology Sedgewick, Cumbria, before worldwide. In France, an Air brought terror into every home. returning to America. France Concorde crashed near Paris, killing all 113 on board and George Bush’s slim majority in Florida during the US Presidential Elections leads to an Automatic recount. This was also the year that ILFORD launched the GALERIE Professional Inkjet Photo Range of paper and media.

Dean Kamen, an Entrepreneur from New Hampshire, invented the mind-boggling Segway Human Transporter in 2001. US Millionaire Dennis Tito became the first “space tourist this year, the Artificial Liver was invented by Dr Kenneth Matsumura of the Alin Twelve European countries British Pensioner Kenneth Foundation, Self-cleaning windows adopted the new European Wightman from Bolton, became were invented by PPG Industries Monetary Unit and became “Euro the first Blind person to “see” and the Enron Corporation, one of Paying” on January 1st 2002, the again, using a revolutionary the world’s largest companies, filed year that James Auger and Jimmy Bionic Eye. Following a £60,000 for bankruptcy. By the end of the Loizeau invented the “Phone operation, Kenneth became one year, Paul MacCartney and Ringo Tooth”, although to date, there are of 8 people from around the not many Early Adopters of this world to have a Bionic Eye. At the technology. The Foveon Camera close of the year, sending SPAM Chip was invented by Richard in Europe became a Criminal Merrill, Queen Elizabeth II offence, carrying a fine of up to celebrated her Golden Jubilee, £5000 and on December 13th Ryan Patterson invented the Braille 2003, American Troops captured Glove and a Terrorist bomb attack Saddam Hussein. He was found in Bali killed hundreds at a Night hiding underground in a 9ft Club. Washington DC was square bunker near the town of preyed upon by Snipers, resulting Tikrit in Iraq. in the arrest of two men in October of that year.

US and British Coalition forces went to War with Iraq, ousting Saddam Hussein’s Dictatorship in 2003, Concorde flew

28 By the close of the Twentieth Century and the beginning ot the 21st, inventions and innovations were becoming increasingly “virtual”. This brief review of the icons, events and innovations of the past 125 years has taken 62,146 characters to describe and contains 12,088 words according to the word processing package used, which incidentally, was invented in 1992. It can only be hoped that the next 125 years will be as eventful and interesting to describe.

Does anybody fancy trying to re- invent the wheel? INDEX OF ILLUSTRATIONS

PAGE 2 PAGE 9 PAGE 16 • ILFORD Sunburst Logo • Namestone from the • ILFORD “Advocate” Camera (circa 1960’s) “Rajar” Building at (1947) • Selochrome ILFORD, Mobberley (1903) • ILFORD Colour “D” Film Advertisement •Lipstick Tube (1915) Packaging (circa 1948) (circa 1950’s) • Bolshevik Revolution • Juke Box - Rock ‘n’ Roll (1917) (circa 1950’s) PAGE 3 • Rajar Limited Delivery • Incandesant Light (1879) Van PAGE 17 • ILFORD Logo (circa 1880) • Mr Potato Head (1951) • Britannia Works Limited PAGE 10 • ILFORD “Lustre Bromide” Factory (1888) • Commercial Radio (1922) Comparison Print • BBC “Ident” Chimes (circa 1950’s) PAGE 4 (1923) • Bar Code (1952) • ILFORD “Alpha” Paper • Loudspeaker (1924) • Radial Tyre (1953) Label (1884) • The Statue of Liberty PAGE 11 PAGE 18 (1884) • ILFORD Exposure Meter • Fender Stratocaster (1954) • Flaked Cereal (1884) (circa 1920’s) • Scrabble (1955) • Roller Coaster (1884) • ILFORD Panchromatic • ILFORD Process and Print • Motorcycle (1885) Comparison Prints Service (circa 1950’s) • The Eiffel Tower (1889) (circa 1920’s) • Ford Edsel (1957) • His Master’s Voice Badge • Integrated Circuit Board PAGE 5 (Automatic Record Changer (1958) • Motion Picture (1895) 1927) • Lego (1958) • Britannia Works Price List • Bread Slicer (1927) (1897) PAGE 19 • Paper Clip (1899) PAGE 12 • First colour image of Earth • Hamburger (1900) • Hi-Definition Television (1936) received from space (1959) • Automatic Traffic Light (1930) • Audio Cassette (1962) PAGE 6 • Ford V8 Engine (1932) • ILFORD ILFOCHROME • Safety Razor (1901) Advertisement (1962) •Wax Crayon (1903) PAGE 13 • Handheld Calculator (1967) • Aircraft (1903) • Monopoly (1933) • ILFORD Magazine Box • Dufaycolor Advertisement PAGE 20 Camera (1903) (circa 1930’s) • ILFORD FP3 and HP3 • Long Playing Record (1934) Advertisement (1961) PAGE 7 • Biro (1935) • Concorde (1969) • Brickwork from the •Volkswagen (1936) “Rajar” Building at PAGE 21 ILFORD, Mobberley (1903) PAGE 14 •Man lands on the Moon • ILFORD “Intona” Paper • Golden Gate Bridge (1937) (1969) Label (1910) • ILFORD “Plastika” Paper Label • Boeing 747 “Jumbo” Jet • ILFORD “King’s Own (circa 1939) (1968) Plate” Label (1912) • Nylon Stockings (1939) • Compact Disc (1970) • Goodyear Blimp (1972) PAGE 8 PAGE 15 • Continuous Assembley Line • ILFORD Selo Advertisement PAGE 22 Production (1913) (circa 1940’s) • Post-it Note (1970) • Crossword Puzzle (1913) • ILFORD “Selo” Plate Label • Space Shuttle Program • Rajar Bromide Paper (circa 1940’s) announced (1972) Label (1911) •Army Nurse Corps Recruitment • ILFORD Film Range • Zipper (1913) Advertisement (circa 1940’s) (circa 1970’s) • ILFORD “Witness” Camera • Microchip (1978) (1947) INDEX OF ILLUSTRATIONS

PAGE 23 • ILFORD Advertisement (1972) • Presidential “Rabbit” attack (1979) •World Wide Web (1988) • Cellular Phone (1979) • 3.5inch Floppy Disk (1980) • ILFORD Panchromatic Film range (circa 1981)

PAGE 24 • Space Shuttle Maiden Voyage (1981) • ILFORD Advertisement (circa 1980’s) • ILFORD Scalextric Car (1987)

PAGE 25 • ILFORD XP1 Chromagenic Film range (circa 1981) • Koosh Ball (1987) • Conjunction of the Planets (1989)

PAGE 26 • Cellular Phone technology comes of age (1990’s) • K’Nex Construction Toy (1990)

PAGE 27 • “Mad Cow” Disease (1996) • Prince and Princess of Wales (circa 1993) •Hong Kong night Skyline (1997) • Razor Scooter (1998) •USPresident Clinton (1999) • ILFORD XP2 SUPER Chromagenic Film (1996)

PAGE 28 • ILFORD PRINTASIA Inkjet Paper range (1998) • ILFORD GALERIE Professional Inkjet Photo range (2000) • Bionic Eye Technology (2003)

All names in capitals are Registered Trademarks of ILFORD Imaging Limited. All other product names are Trademarks of their respective owners. Every effort has been made to validate the information contained in this booklet. E&OE. ILFORD Imaging Limited, Town Lane, Mobberley, Cheshire, WA16 7JL