CULTURAL RESOURCE INVENTORY AND EVALUATION FOR THE SAN YSIDRO RAIL YARD IMPROVEMENT PROJECT

Submitted to:

Mr. Tim Belzman Helix Environmental Planning, Inc. 7578 El Cajon Boulevard, Suite 200 La Mesa, 91941

Prepared by:

Sinéad Ní Ghabhláin, Ph.D., RPA, Principal Investigator Sarah Stringer-Bowsher, M.A., Project Historian Shelby Gunderman, B.A., Associate Archaeologist Chad A. Willis, B.A., Associate Archaeologist

ASM Affiliates, Inc. 2034 Corte del Nogal Carlsbad, California 92011

Type of Study: Cultural Resource Evaluation USGS 7.5' Quad: Imperial Beach

Keywords: and Arizona Railroad (P-37-25680); San Ysidro; CA-SDI-5555; CA-SDI-10613; CA-SDI-19751; 54 acres

April 2010

Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter Page

NATIONAL ARCHAEOLOGICAL DATABASE INFORMATION ...... v

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... vi

1. INTRODUCTION ...... 1 PROJECT DESCRIPTION ...... 1 STUDY PERSONNEL ...... 5

2. NATURAL AND CULTURAL OVERVIEW ...... 7 ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING ...... 7 Geomorphology ...... 7 Climate ...... 7 Vegetation ...... 8 Fauna ...... 8 CULTURAL HISTORY ...... 8 Prehistory ...... 8 Paleo-Indian Period ...... 9 Archaic Period ...... 10 Late Prehistoric Period ...... 11 Ethnohistoric Period ...... 12 Post-Contact History ...... 13 Historical Overview of the Border Crossing at San Ysidro ...... 14 Historic Overview of the San Diego and Eastern Arizona Railroad ...... 16

3. SURVEY METHODS AND RESULTS ...... 19 RECORDS SEARCH ...... 19 NATIVE AMERICAN CONSULTATION ...... 19 FIELD SURVEY METHODS ...... 28 SURVEY RESULTS ...... 28 Prehistoric Resources ...... 29 Historic Resources ...... 31 CONCLUSIONS ...... 32

4. RESEARCH DESIGN AND OBJECTIVES ...... 33 RESEARCH DESIGN FOR PREHSITORIC SITES ...... 33 General Issues ...... 33 Site Formation Processes ...... 33 Chronology and Dating ...... 33 Lithic Technology ...... 34 Settlement Organization and Site Function ...... 35 Subsistence Orientation ...... 35

San Ysidro Rail Yard Improvement Project Cultural Resources i Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) Chapter Page

HISTORICAL RESEARCH DESIGN ...... 36 Site Organization and Land Use ...... 36 Historic Economic Strategies ...... 37 TRADITIONAL CULTURAL PROPERTIES ...... 38

5. ARCHAEOLOGICAL TESTING RESULTS ...... 39 FIELD METHODOLOGY ...... 39 STP Excavation ...... 39 Unit Excavation ...... 39 Laboratory and Analytical Methods ...... 39 Surface Collection ...... 40 TESTING RESULTS ...... 40 SDI-5555 ...... 40 SDI-19751/ P-37-031175 ...... 40 SUMMARY ...... 44

6. CULTURAL RESOURCE EVALUATION ...... 45 NATIONAL REGISTER CRITERIA FOR EVALUATION ...... 45 THE CALIFORNIA REGISTER CRITERIA FOR EVALUATION ...... 46 CITY OF SAN DIEGO HISTORICAL RESOURCES REGISTER ...... 47 EVALUATION OF HISTORIC RESOURCES ...... 48 CA-SDI-5555 ...... 48 P-37-025680, San Diego and Arizona Eastern Railway ...... 48 SDI-19751/P-37-031175 ...... 49 IMPACTS ASSESSMENT AND MITIGATION ...... 49

REFERENCES ...... 51

APPENDICES ...... Bound Separately APPENDIX A. Record Search - Confidential APPENDIX B. Native American Heritage Commission Correspondence - Confidential APPENDIX C. DPR Forms - Confidential APPENDIX D. Confidential Figures

ii San Ysidro Rail Yard Improvement Project Cultural Resources Table of Contents LIST OF FIGURES

Page Figure 1. Project vicinity map...... 3 Figure 2. Project location map...... 4 Figure 3. Overview of the Project Area from the northern end, facing southeast...... 29 Figure 4. Location of cultural resources in the Project Area. - Confidential ...... 30 Figure 5. The location of STPs 1-8 in SDI-5555. - Confidential ...... 42 Figure 6. Historic site SDI-19751 showing the structural remains and the location of STPs 8 and 9. - Confidential ...... 43

LIST OF TABLES

Page Table 1. Previous Cultural Resources Reports Addressing the APE ...... 20 Table 2. Previously Recorded Cultural Resources within a One-Half Mile Radius of the Project Area ...... 24 Table 3. Historical Buildings Located Within One-Half Mile of the Project Area ...... 27 Table 4. Results of STP Excavation ...... 41

San Ysidro Rail Yard Improvement Project Cultural Resources iii

NADB Information NATIONAL ARCHAEOLOGICAL DATABASE INFORMATION

Authors: Sinéad Ní Ghabhláin, Sarah Stringer-Bowsher, Chad Willis, Shelby Gunderman Firm: ASM Affiliates, Inc Project Proponent SANDAG Report Date: March 2010 Report Title: Cultural Resource Inventory and Evaluation for The San Ysidro Rail Yard Improvement Project Type of Study: Cultural Resource Inventory and Evaluation New Sites: SDI-19751 Updated Sites: CA-SDI-5555; CA-SDI-10613; P-37-025680 USGS Quad: San Ysidro, 7.5-minute quadrangle Acreage: 54 acres Keywords: San Ysidro 7.5-minute USGS quad; Otay Mesa; San Diego and Arizona Railway; Lithic scatter; Lithic procurement site; cattle feeding yard; CA- SDI-5555; CA-SDI-10613; SDI-19751; P-37-025680

San Ysidro Rail Yard Improvement Project Cultural Resources v Executive Summary EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This report provides the results of an inventory and eligibility evaluation of cultural and historical resources located within and adjacent to the approximately 54-acre Area of Potential Effect (APE) for the proposed San Ysidro Rail Yard Improvement Project (Project). This study included a records search and literature review, archival research, a field survey, and documentation and evaluation of cultural and historical resources. The records search and literature review provided information on previously recorded resources in the Project vicinity. Archival research was conducted to develop a historical context for the development of San Ysidro. Field survey took place October 22, 2009 and site testing took place in March 2010. The field survey concentrated on the undeveloped parcels situated to the east of the developed Rail Yard and railway grade on the western edge of the Project APE. The cultural resources survey identified the following resources: one previously-recorded prehistoric site (CA-SDI- 5555); one previously-recorded historic resource P-37-025680, the San Diego and Eastern Arizona Railway; one historical site (SDI-19751); one historical isolate (SG-I-1); and one prehistoric isolate (SG-I-2). One previously recorded prehistoric resource, CA-SDI-10613, was not relocated during survey and is presumed to have been destroyed.

Subsurface testing was completed at prehistoric site CA-SDI-5555 and at historic site SDI- 19751. Testing at SDI-5555 revealed that the site has little or no intact subsurface and a sparse surface lithic scatter. Given the lack of diversity and quantity of cultural material, this site does not have research potential. It is recommended not eligible to the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP), California Register of Historic Resources (CRHR) and the City of San Diego Historic Resources Register (City Register).

While SDI-19751, the cattle pen and feed lot, does appear to have been associated with a historic ranch, the ranch remained in operation into the 1960s and later. The main ranch buildings are located outside and to the north and east of the Project APE. The cattle yard is not associated with significant historic deposits and therefore has poor research potential. It is recommended not eligible to the NRHP, CRHR and the City Register.

One eligible historic resource, P-37-025680, the SD&A Railway (now the SD&AE) is present within the Project APE. This historic resource was recommended eligible to the City of San Diego Historic Resources Register in 2009. The proposed Project will result in adverse effects to this resource. If the integrity of this resource cannot be preserved, it is recommended that a Historic American Engineering Record (HAER) of the SD&A Railway be completed as mitigation of impacts.

Field notes and photographs are on file at ASM’s office in Carlsbad. Artifacts will be curated at the San Diego County Archaeological Center. DPR forms for each resource documented are provided as an appendix to this report, and have been submitted to the South Coastal Information Center at San Diego State University.

vi San Ysidro Rail Yard Improvement Project Cultural Resources 1. Introduction 1. INTRODUCTION

The San Ysidro Rail Yard Improvement Project (Project) site encompasses approximately 54 acres along the San Diego and Arizona Eastern (SD&AE) railroad line in the southeast portion of the City of San Diego community of San Ysidro. The Project site is located southeast of Interstate 805, north of the United States (U.S.)-Mexico border, and east of East Beyer Boulevard. Undeveloped land borders the eastern Project site boundary. Figure 1 illustrates the regional location of the Project, and Figure 2 shows the Project vicinity.

The purpose of the Project is to improve operational capacity and efficiency at the San Ysidro Rail Yard (Rail Yard) to accommodate existing and future freight rail operations in the region. The Rail Yard is located along the SD&AE’s South Line, which extends approximately 15 miles between downtown San Diego and the U.S.–Mexico border at San Ysidro. This line connects to the Carrizo Gorge Railway in Mexico. The San Diego and Imperial Valley (SD&IV) railroad is the freight operator along this line and transports commodities such as propane, petroleum fuels, corn syrup, malt, and wood pulp. The existing Rail Yard includes a maintenance warehouse, a transload (rail to truck) facility, and storage tracks. Regional freight rail growth has stressed the current capacity of the existing Rail Yard, which is approximately 100 cars. Much of the growth is from the increase in cross-border traffic to Mexico. The Rail Yard is operationally constrained by a 3.5-hour daily freight train operating window for rail traffic moving north to interchange in San Diego, and a 3-hour border crossing window for moving rail cars to and from Mexico. These operational constraints trap rail cars at the Rail Yard for the majority of the day, creating demands on its existing storage capacity.

PROJECT DESCRIPTION

The Project would provide two new track extensions to the north that would provide additional storage capacity, as well as the ability to switch rail cars outside of the constrained operating windows without interrupting the trolley line. The new storage tracks and other revisions to track alignment would double rail car storage capacity. Access to the Rail Yard would be provided from East Beyer Boulevard via a new access road that would parallel the railroad tracks to the east. Other improvements, such as lighting and fencing, would be constructed for improved safety and security.

Additionally, the Project would include drainage improvements to alleviate flood and siltation hazards that occur at the Rail Yard. Because of the Rail Yard’s proximity to steeper topography of the undeveloped hillsides to the east, the Project site is subject to inundation by water and silt during storm events. During these times, the Rail Yard and tracks are not in service, which further exacerbates the operational constraints, and limits the efficient movement of goods in the region. The Project would correct the drainage deficiencies by constructing drainage/desiltation basins and storm drain pipelines to accommodate flows during

San Ysidro Rail Yard Improvement Project Cultural Resources 1 1. Introduction storm events. To accommodate the proposed improvements, acquisition of right-of-way from private property owners to the east would be required.

2 San Ysidro Rail Yard Improvement Project Cultural Resources 1. Introduction

Figure 1. Project vicinity map.

San Ysidro Rail Yard Improvement Project Cultural Resources 3 1. Introduction

Figure 2. Project location map.

4 San Ysidro Rail Yard Improvement Project Cultural Resources 1. Introduction STUDY PERSONNEL

The following individuals were instrumental in conducting the investigations and producing this report:

Sinéad Ní Ghabhláin, ASM Principal (Ph.D., Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles), served as principal investigator, and report coauthor.

Sarah Stringer-Bowsher, ASM Project Historian (M.A. History, Arizona State University, Tempe), served as project historian and report coauthor).

Chad Willis, ASM Associate Archaeologist (M.A. Anthropology, California State University Bakersfield), served as field director and coauthor for site testing.

Brian Williams, ASM Associate Archaeologist (M.A. Marine Archaeology, Flinders University), served as field director for the field survey.

Shelby Gunderman, ASM Associate Archaeologist (B.A., Anthropology, California, San Diego), was crew member for the field survey and site testing phases and contributed to the report.

Gabe Kitchen, (Red Tail Monitoring) participated in the site testing.

Zee Malas was the graphic illustrator, and Marcia Sandusky was the desktop publisher.

San Ysidro Rail Yard Improvement Project Cultural Resources 5

2. Natural and Cultural Overview 2. NATURAL AND CULTURAL OVERVIEW

ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING

The Project is located in southwestern San Diego County, approximately five miles east of the Pacific Ocean. The 54-acre Project Area of Potential Effect (APE) is partially developed along the western edge, consisting of the San Ysidro Rail Yard and SD&AE’s South Line tracks. The eastern edge of the Project APE consists of undeveloped land. Current vegetation in the undeveloped areas consists of , dry non-native weeds and grasses, fennel, mojave yucca, ceanotnes, caster bean, yerba santa, prickly pear, pepper trees, and tamarisk. Below is a discussion of the relevant regional environmental setting prior to modern development.

Geomorphology Western San Diego County, as a whole, is divisible into two geomorphic provinces on the basis of surface geology and relief; the Peninsular Range Province and the Coastal Province (McArthur 1976; see also Jahns 1954; Kennedy 1975; Kennedy and Tan 1977; Kennedy and Peterson 1975; Kuhn and Shepard 1984). The dominant relief element of the Coastal Province is a series of marine terraces, otherwise known as mesas. Three terraces are recognized within the metropolitan San Diego region. In order of increasing age, elevation, and distance from the coastline, these are designated as the La Jolla Terrace, the Linda Vista Terrace, and the Poway Terrace (McArthur 1976:17). Other similar terraces occur throughout the Coastal Province, including Otay Mesa and Avondale Terrace. All of these terraces exhibit considerable surface relief and are dissected by canyon systems. The degree of dissection increases with the age of the terrace. Canyon cutting by stream erosion is a consequence of both terrace elevation relative to sea level, and of the general weakness of the rocks through which the terrace canyons were cut. Mission Valley and its tributary valleys are good examples of canyons that have been cut into the Linda Vista Terrace.

Otay Mesa is defined geologically by the Linda Vista and Otay formations, approximately 10,000 acres in extent (Kennedy and Tan 1977). The Linda Vista Formation is a high marine terrace with exposed surface cobbles. The Otay Formation is a terrace deposit that originated in the San Ysidro Mountains and is composed of massive sandstone and clay.

Climate Seasonal precipitation varies throughout the county in accordance with landform and elevation. The coastal areas receive on the average between 10 and 12 inches of rainfall annually (Griner and Pryde 1976:33). The coastal mesas receive two to four inches more rainfall than coastal valleys, and up to twice as much as the beaches. Summer thunderstorms are occasional in the foothills and less frequent on the coast. Temperatures also vary with elevation. Coastal areas are generally mild with occasional winter frost. A few days reach 100 degrees F in summer

San Ysidro Rail Yard Improvement Project Cultural Resources 7 2. Natural and Cultural Overview and fall. Yearly temperature variation increases inland. Coastal valleys have frequent winter frost, and some weeks each summer have temperatures over 100 degrees F.

Vegetation The vegetation communities in the area are closely related to its natural climatic and soil conditions (Griner and Pryde 1976:36-45; Munz 1974; United States Department of Agriculture 1973). vegetation was originally the dominant vegetation along the seashore, the southern coastal mesas, and the coastal valleys. The chamise , which has adapted to drier conditions, grows on the more exposed sites, while mixed chaparral grows on the moister sites. Oak woodlands generally exist in two forms: a coastal canyon form that extends into the mountains and the more open form of foothill mesas. Riparian woodlands are located in nearly all of the major geographic formations in San Diego County, growing in streams and riverbeds where soil moisture is close to the surface. In many areas, however, vegetation communities are not distinct, but blend in broad bands, or ecotones, at their borders.

Fauna A range of small mammals, birds, reptiles, and insects are indigenous terrestrial faunal resources exploited by prehistoric hunters and gatherers of the region (Griner and Pryde 1976:44-45). Some of the mammals that occur in the area include several species of mice and bats, desert cottontail (Sylvilagus audubonii), California ground squirrel (Spermophilus beecheyi), desert wood rat (Neotoma lepida), bobcat (Felis rufus), coyote (Canis latrans), and mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), among others. Waterfowl, such as grebes, gulls, and ducks, also occur in the region. Herds of pronghorn (Antilocapra americana), now extinct, occupied the coastal grasslands until historic times. Brown bear (Ursus horribilis) and mountain lion (Felis concolor) occurred at the higher elevations and occasionally visited the coastal zone. Marine mammals include harbor seal (Phoca vitulina), California sea lion (Zalophus californianus), southern fur seal (Collorhinus ursinus), and sea otter (Enhydra leutris).

CULTURAL HISTORY

Prehistory Archaeological fieldwork along the coast has yielded a diverse range of human occupation extending from the early into the Ethnohistoric period (Erlandson and Colten 1991; Jones 1992; Moratto 1984). A variety of different regional chronologies, often with overlapping terminology, have been used in coastal southern California and they vary from region to region (Moratto 1984). Today, the prehistory of San Diego County is generally divided into three major temporal periods: Paleo-Indian, Archaic, and Late Prehistoric. These time periods are characterized by patterns in material culture that are thought to represent distinct regional trends in the economic and social organization of prehistoric groups. In addition, particular scholars referring to specific areas utilize a number of cultural terms synonymously with these temporal labels: San Dieguito for Paleo-Indian, La

8 San Ysidro Rail Yard Improvement Project Cultural Resources 2. Natural and Cultural Overview Jolla for Archaic, and San Luis Rey for Late Prehistoric (Meighan 1959; Moriarty 1966; Rogers 1939, 1945; True 1966, 1970; Wallace 1978; Warren 1964).

Paleo-Indian Period The antiquity of human occupation in the New World has been the subject of considerable debate over the last few decades. The currently accepted model is that humans first entered the western hemisphere between 12,000 and 15,000 years B.P. While there is no firm evidence of human occupation in coastal southern California prior to 12,000 B.P., dates as early as 23,000 B.P. and even 48,000 B.P. have been reported (Bada et al. 1974; Carter 1980; Rogers 1974). The amino acid racemization technique used to date these sites has been largely discredited, however, by more recent accelerator radiocarbon dating of early human remains along the California coast (Taylor et al. 1985). Despite intense interest and a long history of research, no widely accepted evidence of human occupation of North America dating prior to 15,000 B.P. has emerged.

As in most of North America, the earliest recognized period of California prehistory is termed Paleo-Indian. In southern California, this period is usually considered to date from at least 10,000 B.P. until 8,500 to 7,200 B.P. (Moratto 1984; Warren et al. 1993), and is represented by what is known as the (Rogers 1966). Within the local classificatory system, San Dieguito assemblages are composed almost entirely of flaked stone tools, including scrapers, choppers, and large projectile points (Warren 1987; Warren et al. 1993). Until recently, the near absence of milling tools in San Dieguito sites was viewed as the major difference between Paleo-Indian economies and the lifeways which characterized the later Archaic period.

Based upon rather scant evidence from a small number of sites throughout San Diego County, it has been hypothesized that the people linked to the San Dieguito complex lived within a generalized hunter-gatherer society with band-level organization. This portrayal is essentially an extension to the inland and coastal areas of San Diego County of what has long been considered a continent-wide Paleo-Indian tradition. This immediate post-Pleistocene adaptation occurred within a climatic period of somewhat cooler and moister conditions than exists presently. The range of possible economic adaptations of San Dieguito bands to this environment are poorly understood at present, but it is typically assumed that these groups followed lifeways similar to other Paleo-Indian groups in North America.

This interpretation of the San Dieguito complex as the local extension of a post-Clovis big game hunting tradition is based primarily on materials from the Harris Site (Ezell 1983, 1987; Warren 1966, 1967). An unusually high percentage of large bifaces in the Harris assemblage seems indicative of a retooling station, a pattern not found at any other purported San Dieguito sites. Still, there does appear to be some evidence that large biface technology was typical of the earliest occupations of San Diego County, and that this pattern is shared by other complexes in the greater Southwest. What is less clear is how large a role these objects played in the day-to-day subsistence activities of their creators.

San Ysidro Rail Yard Improvement Project Cultural Resources 9 2. Natural and Cultural Overview Archaic Period The Archaic period (also referred to as the Early Milling Period) extends back at least 7,200 years, possibly as early as 9,000 B.P. (Moratto 1984; Rogers 1966; Warren et al. 1993). Archaic subsistence is generally considered to have differed from Paleo-Indian subsistence in two major ways. First, gathering activities were emphasized over hunting, with shellfish and seed collecting of particular importance. Second, milling technology, frequently employing portable ground stone slabs, was developed. The shift from a mostly maritime subsistence focus to a land-based focus is traditionally held to mark the transition from the Paleo-Indian period to the Archaic period. In reality, the implications of this transition are poorly understood from both an economic and cultural standpoint (see Warren et al. 1993 for an excellent review).

Early Archaic occupations in San Diego County are most apparent along the coast and the major drainage systems that extend inland from the coastal plains (Moratto 1984). Coastal Archaic sites are characterized by cobble tools, basin , manos, discoidals (disk-shaped grinding stones), a small number of “Pinto” and “Elko” series dart points, and flexed burials. Together these elements typify what is termed the in San Diego County, which appears as the early coastal manifestation of a more diversified way of life.

For many years the common model has included something that D. L. True (1958) termed the , an archaeological construct based upon a number of inland Archaic period sites in northern San Diego that appeared to exhibit assemblage attributes different from coastal Archaic sites. Pauma complex sites were typically located on small saddles and hills overlooking stream drainages, and were characterized by artifact scatters of basin and slab metates, manos, some planes, debitage, and occasional ground stone discoidals. Further analysis suggests that the Pauma complex is simply an inland counterpart to the coastal La Jolla complex (Cardenas and Van Wormer 1984; Gallegos 1987; True and Beemer 1982). Given that the distance between the two environments (coastal and inland) is relatively minimal, and that sites attributed to each complex appear to be contemporaneous, it seems more parsimonious to consider the differences in materials as seasonal manifestations of a mobile residence strategy using both coastal and inland resources. When similar environmental variability exists within Archaic complexes in other regions, such sites are usually considered to represent different aspects of the annual positioning strategies of a single hunter-gatherer culture complex (Bayham and Morris 1986; Sayles 1983; Sayles and Antevs 1941).

In recent years, local archaeologists have questioned the traditional definition of the Paleo- Indian San Dieguito complex as consisting solely of flaked lithic tools and lacking milling technology. There is speculation that differences between artifact assemblages of “San Dieguito” and “La Jolla” sites may reflect functional differences rather than temporal or cultural variability (Bull 1987; Gallegos 1987; Wade 1986). Gallegos (1987) has proposed that the San Dieguito, La Jolla, and Pauma complexes are manifestations of the same culture, that is, different site types are the result of differences in site locations and resources exploitation (Gallegos 1987:30). This hypothesis, however, has been strongly challenged by Warren and others (1993).

10 San Ysidro Rail Yard Improvement Project Cultural Resources 2. Natural and Cultural Overview In short, our understanding of the interplay between human land use, social organization, and material culture for the first several millennia of San Diego prehistory is poorly developed, although some progress has been made. Recent data collection has accelerated in the areas of paleoenvironmental analysis, paleoethnobotany, faunal analysis, and lithic technology studies. More importantly, efforts are being made to re-examine the assumptions surrounding existing artifact typologies and climatic reconstructions that form the basis of the standard systematics.

Late Prehistoric Period In his later overviews of San Diego prehistory, Malcolm Rogers (1945) hypothesized that around 2,000 B.P., Yuman-speaking people from the Colorado River region began migrating into southern California. This hypothesis was based primarily on patterns of material culture in archaeological contexts and his reading of ethnolinguistics. This “Yuman invasion” is still commonly cited in the literature, but some later linguistic studies suggest that the movement may have actually been northward from .

Assemblages derived from Late Prehistoric sites in San Diego County differ in many ways from those in the Archaic tradition. The occurrence of small, pressure-flaked projectile points, the replacement of flexed inhumations with cremations, the introduction of ceramics, and an emphasis on inland plant food collection, processing, and storage (especially acorns) are only a few of the cultural patterns that were well established by the second millennium AD. The centralized and seasonally permanent residential patterns that had begun to emerge during the Archaic period became well established in most areas. Inland semi-sedentary villages appeared along major watercourses in the foothills and in montane valleys where seasonal exploitation of acorns and piñon nuts were common, resulting in permanent milling stations on bedrock outcrops. Mortars for acorn processing increased in frequency relative to seed-grinding basins.

The Late Prehistoric period is represented in the northern part of San Diego County by the (Meighan 1954; True et al. 1974), and by the in the southern portion of the county (True 1970). The San Luis Rey complex is the archaeological manifestation of the Shoshonean predecessors of the ethnohistoric Luiseño, while the Cuyamaca complex reflects the material culture of the Yuman ancestors of the Kumeyaay (also known as Diegueño).

According to True and others (1974), the Cuyamaca complex, while similar to the San Luis Rey complex, is differentiated by its greater frequencies of side-notched points, flaked stone tools, ceramics, and milling stone implements, a wider range of ceramic forms, a steatite industry, and cremations placed in urns. Assigning significance to these patterns should be done with caution, however, since it is obvious that seasonal camps in upland areas would reflect a different economic focus and would involve a slightly different set of trade relations than would be expected for populations on the seaboard. Thus a good deal of the variation in artifact form might be therefore attributed to functional differences or point of origin. Gross and others (1989) have suggested that these differences may not serve as indicators of cultural affiliation, and some may be due to different levels of organization. In regards to site structure,

San Ysidro Rail Yard Improvement Project Cultural Resources 11 2. Natural and Cultural Overview we might also expect occupational spans to differ between coastal and inland camps given the shorter summers at higher elevations.

Ethnohistoric Period In ethnohistoric times, two main cultural groups occupied coastal San Diego County: the Shoshonean-speaking Luiseño and Juaneño in the north and the Kumeyaay or Diegueño in the south. Traditionally, Luiseño territory encompassed an area from roughly Agua Hedionda on the coast, east to Lake Henshaw, north into Riverside County, and west through San Juan Capistrano to the coast (Bean and Shipek 1978; Kroeber 1925). The region inhabited by various bands of the Kumeyaay was much larger and probably extended from Agua Hedionda lagoon eastward into the Imperial Valley and southward through much of northern Baja California (Almstedt 1982; Gifford 1931; Hedges 1975; Luomala 1978; Shipek 1982; Spier 1923).

The following short synopsis is derived from various ethnographic and historic documents and publications. More detailed culture histories for the Native American groups of the region are found in Barrows (1900), Bean (1978), Bean and Saubel (1972), Bean and Shipek (1978), Oxendine (1983), Shipek (1977), Sparkman (1908), and Strong (1929), among others.

The Kumeyaay inhabited a diverse environment including marine, foothill, mountain, and desert resource zones. The Kumeyaay speak a form of the Yuman language (including the dialects Ipai and Tipai) related to the large Hokan superfamily.

There seems to have been considerable variability in the level of social organization and settlement patterns among the Kumeyaay. The Kumeyaay were organized into bands containing members of non-localized patrilineal, patrilocal lineages that claimed prescribed territories, but did not own the resources except for some minor plants and eagle aeries (Luomala 1978; Spier 1923). Some of the bands occupied procurement ranges that required considerable residential mobility, such as those in the deserts (Hicks 1963). In the mountains, some of the larger bands occupied a few large residential bases that would be inhabited bi-annually, such as those inhabited in Cuyamaca in the summer and fall, and in Guatay or Descanso during the rest of the year (Almstedt 1982; Rensch 1975). According to Spier (1923), many desert and mountain Kumeyaay spent the period from spring to autumn in larger residential bases in the upland procurement ranges, and wintered in mixed groups in residential bases along the eastern foothills on the edge of the desert (i.e., Jacumba and Mountain Springs). This variability in settlement mobility and organization reflects the great range of environments within Kumeyaay territory. Most of Kumeyaay mythology was quite similar to the Quechan and Mojave of the Colorado River, as well as other Yuman groups in the Southwest (Gifford 1931; Hicks 1963; Luomala 1978; Spier 1923; Waterman 1910).

Acorns were the most important single food source utilized by the Kumeyaay. Kumeyaay villages were usually located near water, which was necessary for leaching acorn meal. Other storable resources such as mesquite or agave were equally valuable to bands inhabiting desert areas, at least during certain seasons (Hicks 1963; Shackley 1984). Seeds from grasses,

12 San Ysidro Rail Yard Improvement Project Cultural Resources 2. Natural and Cultural Overview manzanita, sage, sunflowers, lemonade berry, chia, and other plants were also used along with various wild greens and fruits.

Deer, small game, and birds were hunted, and fish and marine foods were eaten. Houses were arranged in the village without apparent patterns. Houses in primary villages were conical structures covered with tule bundles, having excavated floors and central hearths, while houses constructed at mountain bases generally lacked any excavation, probably due to the summer occupation. Other structures included sweathouses, ceremonial enclosures, ramadas, and acorn granaries. The material culture included ceramic cooking vessels, basketry, flaked stone tools, milling implements, arrow shaft straighteners, and bone, shell, and stone ornaments.

Hunting implements consisted of the bow and arrow, curved throwing sticks, nets, and snares. Bone and shell hooks, as well as nets, were used for fishing. Lithic resources of quartz and metavolcanics were commonly available throughout much of the Kumeyaay territory. Other raw materials such as obsidian, chert, chalcedony, and steatite occur in more localized areas. These raw materials were usually acquired through direct procurement or exchange. types included the Cottonwood, as well as the Desert Side-Notched, both commonly produced. Higher frequencies of ceramics and Desert Side-Notched points in artifact assemblages at Kumeyaay sites have been documented (Gross et al. 1989; True 1966, 1970), and this may be one way to differentiate between Kumeyaay and Luiseño territory (True 1966).

Post-Contact History The post-contact period began in A.D. 1769 with the Spanish establishment of Mission San Diego de Alcalá and the overland trek of an exploring party moving northward along the San Diego coast. However, Spanish explorers first encountered Native Americans in the area in A.D. 1542, when Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo entered San Diego Bay, and again in 1602 when Sebastián Vizcaíno returned to the region. Prior to missionization, local inhabitants may have been negatively affected by the protohistoric transmission of Old World diseases, perhaps spread via intermittent maritime visits or through overland diffusion from Baja California or (Preston 2002).

Gaspar de Portolá's 1769 expedition from San Diego to Monterey documented a series of Native American coastal settlements in the San Diego area, typically situated along the region's major drainages (Carrico 1977). The subsequent establishment of Mission San Juan Capistrano in 1776 and Mission San Luis Rey de Francia in 1798 further impacted traditional Native coastal settlement systems.

Missionization, along with the introduction of European diseases, greatly reduced the Native American population of southern California by the early nineteenth century. Coastal Luiseño and Kumeyaay were incorporated into the Spanish sphere of influence at an early date, but inland Luiseño groups were not heavily affected by Spanish influence until after 1816, when an outpost of Mission San Luis Rey was established 32 km further inland at Pala (Sparkman 1908). In 1834, under an independent Mexico, the missions were secularized, and much of the

San Ysidro Rail Yard Improvement Project Cultural Resources 13 2. Natural and Cultural Overview region was granted to secular owners of ranchos (Moyer 1969). California was conquered and annexed to the United States after 1846. The American period (1846 to the present) witnessed extensive changes in San Diego County. This period encompassed the rapid rise to dominance by Anglo-Victorian (Yankee) culture and the growth of urban centers, rural communities, and transportation networks. A frontier period (1846-1870) saw the region's transformation from a semi-feudal society to an aggressive capitalistic economy in which American entrepreneurs gained control of most of the ranchos and transformed San Diego into a merchant-dominated market town. Between 1870 and 1930, urban development established the cities of San Diego, National City, and Chula Vista, while a rural society developed on the basis of family-owned farms organized by rural school district communities. The 1920s brought a land boom (Robinson 1942) that stimulated development throughout the city and county. Development stalled during the depression years of the 1930s, but World War II ushered in a period of growth based on expanding defense industries. From the 1960s to the present, residential and commercial development in San Diego County has accelerated.

Historical Overview of the Border Crossing at San Ysidro Since the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo in 1848, an international border has existed between the United States and Mexico at present-day San Ysidro. Santiago Argüello’s Rancho Tía Juana land grant (1829) spanned Alta and Baja California, but after 1848 small settlements named Tía Juana (United States) and Tijuana (Mexico) existed on either side of the border. An experimental agrarian community was established in 1909 north of the border and Tía Juana. It was first known as the Little Landers colony, and subsequently San Ysidro. Over time, the close economic ties between San Ysidro and Tijuana facilitated the development of the community into a town that eventually stretched to the border.

It was not until the early 1900s that the United States constructed a small customs house at present-day San Ysidro. While the brief 1889 gold rush in the mountains south of Tijuana and the mineral baths at the Tijuana Hot Springs Hotel at Agua Caliente enticed visitors, travel across the international border was not heavy (Martis 1970:20-29). By 1889, only 21 structures existed between Tía Juana (United States) and Tijuana (Mexico). Two years later, Tijuana had already grown to include 30-40 homes and businesses. In 1891, a flood partially washed out a number of homes, forcing many of those who lived in Tía Juana to higher ground (Roth and Associates 1989:7).

Little Landers (later named San Ysidro), the experimental land colony created by William E. Smythe in 1909, was established on the utopian agrarian ideal that a small plot of land was sufficient to sustain a family. The Little Landers Corporation chose the old Belcher Ranch in the Tía Juana River valley for its fertile soil and proximity from the city of San Diego. The ranch was close enough for transporting agricultural goods to market, but sufficient distant from urban life. An old adobe house Belcher Ranch provided a space for the corporation’s headquarters and became the San Ysidro Inn (Lee 1975). The National City and Otay Railroad line (San Diego Southern in 1909) already extended to the border at Tía Juana by 1904, providing the community with a railroad link to San Diego (Hanft 1984:15; USGS 1904). By July 1911, San Diego County was constructing Tía Juana Boulevard alongside the San Diego

14 San Ysidro Rail Yard Improvement Project Cultural Resources 2. Natural and Cultural Overview Southern right-of-way to the Mexico border. The colony’s success ebbed and flowed until the 1916 flood. Changes wrought by the flood eventually led to the colony’s demise (Lee 1975).

Early San Ysidro residents traveled freely across the border to Tijuana for services not available to them, such as stores, doctors, and other necessities. By 1912, 47 new homes existed in San Ysidro and approximately 300 people lived there. Three years later, the population had grown to 500. The 1915 San Diego International Exposition at Balboa Park enticed thousands of travelers to San Diego, many of whom then drove the 16 miles down to Mexico. The small village of Tijuana offered forms of entertainment not available in San Diego including bullfighting, boxing, and gambling. The first Tijuana racetrack, the Jockey Club Race Track, opened on New Year’s Day in 1916, drawing a crowd of more than 10,000. Many of the 300 racetrack employees lived in San Ysidro. By the end of 1917, the United States Immigration Department required passports to cross the border for the first time. Shortly thereafter, in December 1917, the border was closed to protect Americans against vices and as a precaution during World War I (Martis 1970:29-32; Roth and Associates 1989:13,18). While tourism was increasingly important to the local economy, many residents of San Ysidro still produced crops and others developed commercial poultry operations (Lee 1975).

By 1920, travelers began crossing the border again after a border closure during World War I. Alcohol had been declared illegal in the U.S. by the 18th Amendment (1917) and the law had been enforced by 1920, initiating the Prohibition Era. Residents of Tiajuana eagerly welcomed alcohol-thirsty Americans across the border. The increasing availability of automobiles and the relatively short distance to the border drew 65,000 people across the border on July 4, 1920, alone. By 1926, the newly constructed Highway 101 provided easier access to the border. In the 1920s, Tijuana offered a multitude of vices, including gambling, drinking, bullfighting, and prostitution, primarily for U.S. tourists.

San Ysidro residents benefited from the economic growth in Tijuana, as most either worked across the border or provided services to operations across the border. Local residents recalled the intimate economic connection between Tijuana and San Ysidro (Gonzalez 1994:18). San Ysidro residents were primarily Anglos during the 1920s, working as jockeys, casino workers, bartenders, and track workers in Tijuana; few Mexicans lived in San Ysidro at that time (Castillo 1982:7). By 1928, 1,200 people lived in San Ysidro, prompting the construction of a number of new homes and businesses that year (Roth and Associates 1989:52-53).

The number of border crossers declined during the 1930s, as a result of the Great Depression, the repeal of the 18th amendment that ended Prohibition in 1933, the nationalization of foreign- owned properties in Mexico in 1933, and the enforcement of the Mexican anti-gambling laws in 1935. Tourism industries and local service providers experienced the impact of those changes as many Anglos began leaving the area. Mexican families with close ties to Mexico, and especially to Tijuana, bought the homes of former Anglo residents changing the demographics in San Ysidro. Despite the reopening of legal horse racing at Agua Caliente in 1937, trans-border visits remained low (Gonzalez 1994:18; Martis 1970:36-39; Roth and Associates 1989:21).

San Ysidro Rail Yard Improvement Project Cultural Resources 15 2. Natural and Cultural Overview Economic renewal during World War II resulted in increases in the number of tourists crossing the border into Mexico. Rationed items in the United States were available across the border, and servicemen and defense workers soon replaced the Prohibition-era tourists. Travelling in the other direction, one million Mexicans crossed the border into the United States in the early 1940s after the initiation of the Bracero program in August 1942. The Bracero program was an agreement between the United States and Mexico, prompted by an increasing need for wartime produce, that allowed workers to move from poverty-stricken Mexico into the United States to work in the fields (Martis 1970:39-44; Roth and Associates 1989:21).

During the 1950s and 1960s, more Mexicans and Mexican-Americans began living in San Ysidro, and several significant changes impacted the community. New Mexican laws restricted the employment of Americans in Mexico, and population increases in Tijuana continued to alter the demographics in San Ysidro (Castillo 1982:8; Roth and Associates 1989:21). By 1951, the Montgomery Freeway section of Interstate 5 had been constructed, connecting San Ysidro with the City of San Diego. Construction of the main border fence in July 1955 forever changed the landscape at the border (Castillo 1982:2). Two years later (1957), the City of San Diego annexed San Ysidro “to provide the port city with a direct land connection to Mexico and a stake in the international trade that flows across the United States-Mexico border through San Ysidro” (Gonzalez 1994:16). Concerns that San Ysidro needed to secure a water supply and urban services for its growing population led some to vote for the annexation (Roth and Associates 1989:21).

The construction of Interstate 805 in 1975 disrupted San Ysidro’s street system by replacing older routes, resulting in the removal of a number of older residences and local commercial buildings, permanently altering the landscape at San Ysidro (Castillo 1982:2; Roth and Associates 1989:23). Residents considered deannexation from the City of San Diego in 1973, but the proposal failed (Roth and Associates 1989:23). Devaluation of the peso in 1976 and 1982 further impacted the community, especially local retail stores (Roth and Associates 1989:24). By 1988, San Ysidro had become the world’s busiest border station, providing a port of entry and a temporary place of residence for Mexican immigrants (Roth and Associates 1989:24).

Historic Overview of the San Diego and Eastern Arizona Railroad The National City and Otay (NC&O) Railroad extended to the border at Tía Juana in 1895 (Hanft 1984:14). In 1909, the NC&O and the Coronado Railroad consolidated into the San Diego Southern Railroad, and in 1912, the San Diego & Cuyamaca (SD&C) and the San Diego Southern railroads merged and became the San Diego & Southeastern (SD&SE). The San Diego & Arizona (SD&A) purchased the line within the Project APE in 1917 (Hanft 1984:21,27). Two SD&A stations existed by 1919, one at Tía Juana and one at San Ysidro (San Diego & Arizona Railroad 1919).

The Southern Pacific Railroad (SPRR) sponsored the construction of the SD&A and John D. Spreckels provided a public persona and construction oversight for the SPRR. Despite numerous railroad failures in San Diego, the SD&A successfully connected San Diego with the

16 San Ysidro Rail Yard Improvement Project Cultural Resources 2. Natural and Cultural Overview SPRR line at El Centro, stretching 150 miles (Bissell 1980; Hanft 1984). The SD&A Railroad line extended to Agua Caliente, Mexico, by July 10, 1910, and a map dated March 1911 appears to indicate the Tía Juana station had been constructed by that time (Bissell 1980:6; Hanft 1984:54; Ruhlen 1911). A map of the SD&A line dated August 1917 indicates a “corrugated iron warehouse” at the same location as the current SD&A depot near the border, just south of the Project APE. It is likely that the structure functioned both as a warehouse and station (San Diego & Arizona Railroad 1917).

The easternmost tracks and the Rail Yard continue to be used today for freight shipping to and from Mexico. In 1979, after purchasing the SD&A/SD&AE1 track and rights-of-way, the Metropolitan Transit Development Board (MTDB) constructed a new San Diego Trolley that terminated at San Ysidro. The first trolleys began transporting patrons on July 19, 1981 (Eddy 1995; MTDB 2009).

1 The SD&A became the San Diego & Arizona Eastern in 1932 (Hanft 1984:106).

San Ysidro Rail Yard Improvement Project Cultural Resources 17

3. Survey Methods and Results 3. SURVEY METHODS AND RESULTS

RECORDS SEARCH

The records search for this study, conducted at South Coastal Information Center (SCIC), San Diego State University, was completed on October 12, 2009. The records search encompassed a search radius of one-half mile around the present Project APE. It included plotting of all resources recorded on the Cultural and Historical Resource Inventory System (CHRIS) maps; making copies of the record forms for the recorded resources; plotting of previous archaeological project boundaries; copying National Archaeological Database (NADB) citations for reports addressing those projects; copying historic maps on file at the SCIC; and copying a map and database of historic addresses (formerly Geofinder).

A total of 68 cultural resource studies have been completed within a one-mile radius of the Project APE. Eight of the previous studies have included portions of the Project APE. Seventy percent of the Project APE has been previously studied. The previous studies are summarized in Table 1.

The records search identified 45 prehistoric resources and 1 historical resource, which have been recorded within a one-mile radius of the Project APE. In addition, nine prehistoric isolates and two historical isolates have been recorded within a one-half mile radius of the Project APE. These resources are summarized in Table 2. Two prehistoric resources (CA-SDI- 5555 and CA-SDI-10613), and one historical resource (P-37-025680, the San Diego and Arizona Eastern Railroad) are situated within the Project APE. These resources are discussed in more detail below.

The SCIC Historic Address Database listed eight historical addresses that have been previously recorded within a one-half mile radius of the Project APE. None of these addresses are located within the Project APE. These resources are summarized in Table 3.

NATIVE AMERICAN CONSULTATION

On October 8, 2009, Ms. Shelby Gunderman, ASM Associate Archaeologist, wrote to the Native American Heritage Commission (NAHC) requesting a search of their Sacred Lands File. On October 20, 2009, Mr. David Singleton of NAHC replied that no known sacred lands or traditional cultural properties are located within the Project APE or within a one-half mile radius surrounding the Project APE. Mr. Singleton provided a list of Native American tribes and individuals to contact regarding the Project. On October 22, 2009 letters were then sent to each of the individuals and tribes listed by the NAHC. To date no responses have been received. A copy of correspondence relating to Native American consultation for this Project is provided in Appendix B.

San Ysidro Rail Yard Improvement Project Cultural Resources 19 3. Survey Methods and Results Table 1. Previous Cultural Resources Reports Addressing the APE

NADB Relation to No. Authors Date Title Present APE Stephen Apple and Keith An Archaeological Reconnaissance of Candlelight 1120087 1980 Outside R. Olmo Park, San Diego, CA Test and Evaluation for Twelve Archaeological Sites Dayle Cheever and portion of report 1120759 1987 Within the Proposed Spring Canyon Development Dennis Gallegos area intersects APE Otay Mesa Region, San Diego, CA Supplemental Cultural Resources Inventory for the 1120995 David Hanna 1977 Outside Tijuana River Flood Control Project 8 Area Archaeological / Historical Survey of the United Terri Jacques and Richard 1121237 1981 States Border Patrol Sector Headquarters San Outside Carrico Ysidro, CA Cultural Resource Survey and Evaluation of the 1121331 Andrew Pigniolo 1989 Mira Mesa East and Otay Mesa South Alternatives Outside for Navy Family Housing Scientific Resource Cultural Resources Survey of the El Mirador 1121458 1984 Outside Surveys, Inc. Property Otay Mesa, San Diego County An Archaeological Historical Survey of the Beyer portion of report 1121658 Sue Wade 1986 Ridge Apartments Project Area City of San Diego area intersects APE Candlelight Park Units 1-6 Otay Mesa East 1122192 Multi Systems, Inc. 1980 Outside Community Plan Area, City of San Diego Cultural Resource Survey for the Tijuana Trolley Carolyn Kyle and Dennis portion of report 1122581 1992 Transport Pedestrian Path and Border Gateway Gallegos area intersects APE Project. Casa Mayor Archaeology. An Investigation to John Cook, Chris White, 1122723 1976 Satisfy the Environmental Impact Report Mitigation Outside and Richard Glenn Requirement. Carolyn Kyle, James Remington Hills Project: Archaeological Testing of 1123021 Eighmey, Dennis 1994 Outside Seven Sites Otay Mesa, San Diego, California. Gallegos Brian Smith, Larry Pierson, Charles Results of an Archaeological Survey and Cultural 1123026 Callahan, Charles 1993 Resources Evaluation for the International Traders Outside Bouscaren and Riordan Center of San Ysidro Goodwin Carolyn Kyle, Roxana Cultural Resource Constraint Level Analysis for the portion of report 1123084 Phillips, Susan Carrico, 1996 San Ysidro Redevelopment Project, San Ysidro, CA area intersects APE and Dennis Gallegos Mary Robbins-Wade and Archaeological Monitoring for the Coral Gate 1123271 1996 Outside Richard D. Shultz Project, Tijuana River Valley Cultural Resource Evaluation of the Apostolic 1123450 Dayle Cheever 1995 Outside Assembly Church Property Draft Mitigated Declaration for the Apostolic 1123453 City of San Diego 1996 Outside Assembly Church, City of San Diego. Archaeological Resources Inventory and Assessment 1123559 Mary Robbins-Wade 1999 for the Reynolds Otay Mesa Parcel (Riviera Del Outside Sol), Otay Mesa, San Diego, California. Archaeological Survey of the Casa Familiar Project 1123742 Andrew R. Pigniolo 1995 in the San Ysidro Portion of the City of San Diego, Outside California Cultural Resource Survey for the International 1123842 Carolyn Kyle 2000 Outside Gateway of the Americas Project City of San Diego

20 San Ysidro Rail Yard Improvement Project Cultural Resources 3. Survey Methods and Results

NADB Relation to No. Authors Date Title Present APE Appendixes for the Environmental Impact Report for Otay Vally Water Reclamation Facility for the 1124590 City of San Diego 1990 Outside Clean Water Program for Greater San Diego, City of San Diego Public Notice of Proposed Mitigated Negative 1124609 City of San Diego 1994 Declaration International Traders Center Wetlands Outside Restoration Program. City of San Diego Archaeological Testing and Significance Evaluation 1127374 John Cook 1998 Outside Program for the Santee Investigations Precise Plan Cultural Resources Reconnaissance of the San Richard Carrico and portion of report 1120304 1978 Diego Fixed Guideway Project Centre City to San Lesley C. Eckhardt area intersects APE Ysidro Timothy Gross, Ruth Archaeological Survey for the Joint Task Force-Six 1123266 Alter, Mary Robbins- 1996 Border Road Repair Project, Otay Mountain, Outside Wade California 1124396 Robert Case 1996 Dairy Mart Road Realignment Project Outside An Archaeological Survey of the Pep Boys San 1124678 Brian Smith 1997 Outside Ysidro Project Historic and Architectural Study of Casa Familiar 1124731 Steve Van Wormer 1995 at 119 West Hall Avenue San Ysidro Portion of the Outside City of San Diego, California Archaeological/Historical Survey of the United Richard Carrico and Terri 1124767 1981 States Border Patrol Sector Headquarters San Outside Jacques Ysidro, CA Historic Properties Inventory for Secondary 1125507 Sue Wade 1990 Treatment Clean Water Program for Greater San Outside Diego: Confidential Appendices Cultural Resources Survey of 2.65 Miles of the 1125948 Richard Perry 1992 Tijuana River North Levee for the Joint Task Force Outside Six Border Fence Project A Phase 1 Cultural Resources Investigation of the Vesta Telecommunications, Inc. Fiber Optic 1126221 Jeanette A. McKenna 2000 Outside Alignment, River County to San Diego County, California Research Design for Proposed Testing of Site CA- 1126313 WESTEC 1987 SDI-10809, Spring Canyon, San Diego County, Outside California 1126369 Dennis Gallegos 1999 Historic Property Report for the State Route 905 Outside Test and Evaluation for Twelve Archaeological Sites portion of report 1126802 Dayle Cheever 1987 within the Proposed Spring Canyon Development area intersects APE Otay Mesa Region, San Diego, Ca Final Cultural and Paleontological Resource Study SWCA Environmental for the Tijuana River Valley Regional Park Trails 1127136 2004 Outside Consultants and Habitat Restoration Enhancement Project, San Diego County, CA Cultural Resource Assessment for Pacific Bell 1127973 Curt Duke 2000 Wireless Facility SD 054-01 County of San Diego, Outside CA Carolyn E. Kyle, Adella Remington Hills Archaeological Data Recovery 1128063 B. Schroth, and Dennis 1998 Program for Prehistoric Site CA-SDI-11079, Otay Outside R. Gallegos Mesa, San Diego, CA

San Ysidro Rail Yard Improvement Project Cultural Resources 21 3. Survey Methods and Results

NADB Relation to No. Authors Date Title Present APE Historic Properties Inventory for the Southeast Otay Mesa Sludge Processing Facilities and Pipeline Mary Robbins-Wade and portion of report 1128599 1990 (Southern Sludge Processing Facility to Southeast Timothy G. Gross area intersects APE Otay Mesa Sludge Processing Facility) San Diego, CA Russell O. Collett and 1129292 2004 Beyer Property Cultural Resource Survey Results Outside Charles S. Bull Johnna Buysse and Duane Cultural Resources Mitigation of Site CA-SDI- 1129344 1998 Outside E. Peter 10809 in Spring Canyon, San Diego County, CA Dennis Gallegos, Carolyn 1130594 Kyle and Roxana L. 1997 Historic Property Survey Report, San Diego, CA Outside Phillips 1123988 Various 1989 El Toreador Motel Outside 1124013 Unknown 2000 101-105 San Ysidro Boulevard Outside Cultural Resource Mitigation of Site CA-SDI-10809 1124562 Johnna L. Buysse 1998 Outside in Spring Canyon, San Diego County, Ca Cultural Resources Mitigation of a Portion of Site 1124563 Johnna Buysse 1998 CA-SDI-10808 in Spring Canyon, San Diego Outside County, CA Immigration and Naturalization Services Michael Ensch and 1125783 1998 Construction Project Along the US Border and Outside Cherilyn Widell Archaeological Site SDI-10809 Archaeological Field Survey of JTF-6 Light Pole 1126530 Stephen Dibble 1991 Outside Project Final Cultural and Paleontological Resource Study SWCA Environmental for the Tijuana River Valley Regional Park Trails 1127136 2004 Outside Consultants and Habitat Restoration Enhancement Project, San Diego County, CA Johnna Buysse and Duane Cultural Resources Mitigation of Site CA-SDI- 1129344 1998 Outside E. Peter 10809 in Spring Canyon, San Diego County, CA Draft Environmental Report for the Otay Mesa 1129449 N/A 2005 Outside Trunk Sewer Project, City of San Diego Cultural Resources Records Search and Survey Roger D. Mason and Jay 1129506 2004 Report for the South Otay Mesa Property, City of Outside Sander San Diego, San Diego County, California Archaeological Mitigation of Impacts to Prehistoric Brian F. Smith and 1129725 2005 Site CA-SDI-16397 in Spring Canyon, San Diego Outside Johnna L. Buysse County Mary Robbins-Wade, Cultural Resources inventory and Assessment: 1129765 Timothy Gross, and Sean 1987 Outside California Terraces Cardenas Record Search and Site Visit Results for Cingular Wayne Bonner and Telecommunications Facility Candidate SD-979-01 1130053 2004 Outside Christeen Taniguchi (Las Americas) 4211 Camino de la Plaza, San Diego, San Diego County, California Cultural Resource Records Search and Site Visit Results for Cricket Telecommunications Facility Wayne H. Bonner and 1130232 2006 Candidate SAN-761 (Las Americas Plaza Outside Sarah A. Williams California), 4211 Camino de la Plaza Avenue, San Diego, San Diego County, California Cultural Resource Records Search and Site Visit Results for Cricket Telecommunications Facility Wayne Bonner and Sarah 1130236 2006 Candidate SAN-759-C (San Ysidro Education Outside A. Williams Center) 4350 Otay Mesa Road, San Ysidro, San Diego County, California

22 San Ysidro Rail Yard Improvement Project Cultural Resources 3. Survey Methods and Results

NADB Relation to No. Authors Date Title Present APE Cultural Resources Records Search and Site Visit Results for Sprint Telecommunications Facility Wayne H. Bonner and 1130286 2005 Candidate SD34XC831C (Vista Terrace Park), 301 Outside Marnie Aislin-Kay Athey Avenue, San Ysidro, San Diego County, California Historic Building Survey of the Building at 453 Charles S. Bull and Harry 1130335 2005 West San Ysidro Boulevard, City of San Diego, Outside J. Price California Seth A. Rosenberg and A Phase I Archaeological Assessment for the Las 1130468 2006 Outside Brian F. Smith Palmas Project San Ysidro, California Mary Robbins-Wade and Archaeological Monitoring for the Coral Gate 1130929 1996 Outside Richard D. Shultz Project, Tijuana River Valley, San Diego, CA. Archaeological Resources Inventory for the Villas 1131104 Mary Robbins-Wade 2007 Outside Andalucia Project, San Ysidro, San Diego, CA Archaeological Resources Inventory for the Vista 1131105 Mary Robbins-Wade 2007 Lane Villas, La Mission Villas and Blackshaw Lane Outside Villas Projects San Ysdiro, San Diego, CA Cultural Resources Constraints Study for the Beyer 1131208 Patrick McGinnis 2007 Outside Athletic Fields Project South Dennery Cellular Site, 4350 Otay Valley 1131662 Sara Clowery-Moreno 2007 Outside Road, San Ysidro, San Diego County, California Archaeological Resources Analysis for the Master portion of report 1131826 Mary Robbins-Wade 2008 Stormwater System Maintenance Program, San area intersects APE Diego, California Project No. 42891 Environmental Assessment for Deployment of Z U.S. Department of 1131936 2008 Backscatter Screening Systems, San Ysidro Port of Outside Homeland Security Entry, San Diego County, California Fielding and Operation of Gamma Imaging U.S. Department of 1131941 2008 Inspection Systems at Three Ports of Entry in San Outside Homeland Security Diego County, California Determination of No Historic Properties Affected Under Section 106 of the National Historic U.S. Department of 1131944 2008 Preservation Act for the U.S. Customs and Border Outside Homeland Security Protection Land Port of Entry at San Ysidro, California

San Ysidro Rail Yard Improvement Project Cultural Resources 23 3. Survey Methods and Results Table 2. Previously Recorded Cultural Resources within a One-Half Mile Radius of the Project Area

Designation Primary Approximate Number Trinomial Distance P-37- CA-SDI- from APE Contents Recorder, Date John R. Cook and Brad Underwood, Multi- 04571 1225 m AP 2 – Lithic Scatter, AP-12 - Quarry Systems Associates, Inc. 1976 Russell O. Collett and Sue A. Wade, RECON, 1990; 04934 4395 m AP 2 – Lithic Scatter Frank Ritz, RECON, 1990; David Hanna, 1976 Carolyn Kyle and Roxana Phillips, Gallegos and 5555 inside AP 2 – Lithic Scatter, AP 12 - Quarry Associates, 1992; Lesley Eckhardt, WESTEC, 1978 Mary Robbins-Wade, RBR & Associates, Inc., 1987; J.R. Cook, ASM 08640 1494 m AP 2 – Lithic Scatter Affiliates, 1990; S.A. Apple, 1980; Joines et al., RBR & Associates, Inc., 1984 S.A. Apple and R.K. 08750 825 m AP 2 – Lithic Scatter Olmo, 1981; D. Desautels, SRS, 1984 S.A. Apple and R.K. 08751 720 m AP 2 – Lithic Scatter Olmo, 1981; D. Desautels, SRS, 1984 S.A. Apple and R.K. 08752 715 m AP 2 – Lithic Scatter Olmo, 1981; D. Desautels, SRS, 1984 S.A. Apple and R.K. 08753 1055 m AP 2 – Lithic Scatter Olmo, 1981; D. Desautels, SRS, 1984 Mary Robbins-Wade, RBR & Associates, Inc., AP 2 – Lithic Scatter, AP 15 – Habitation 10200 1600 m 1987; S. Van Wormer, debris RBR & Associates, Inc., 1983 Joines, Sinkovec, and Robbins Wade, RBR & 10206 460 m AP 2 – Lithic Scatter Associates, Inc., 1984; H. Price, 1995 K.J. Peter, Scientific Resource Surveys, Inc., 10207 880 m AP 2 – Lithic Scatter, AP-12 - Quarry 1985; Joines, Sinkovec, and Robbins Wade, RBR & Associates, Inc., 1984 C. Kyle, Gallegos & AP 2 – Lithic Scatter, AP 15 – Habitation Associates, 1994; Andrew 10511 1225 m Debris, AP 16 – Shell Scatter Pigniolo, WESTEC, 1988; M. Mitchell, n.d.

24 San Ysidro Rail Yard Improvement Project Cultural Resources 3. Survey Methods and Results

Designation Primary Approximate Number Trinomial Distance P-37- CA-SDI- from APE Contents Recorder, Date H. Price, RECON, 2005; K.J. Peter, Scientific 10512 730 m AP 2 – Lithic Scatter Resource Surveys, Inc., 1985 K.J. Peter, Scientific 10513 665 m AP 2 – Lithic Scatter Resource Surveys, Inc., 1985 K.J. Peter, Scientific AP 2 – Lithic Scatter, AP 15 – Habitation 10514 865 m Resource Surveys, Inc., Debris 1985 K.J. Peter, Scientific 10515 1250 m AP 2 – Lithic Scatter Resource Surveys, Inc., 1985 M. Guerrero and D. Gallegos, Gallegos and AP 2 – Lithic Scatter, AP 15 – Habitation 10516 1465 m Associates, 2003; K.J. Debris Peter, Scientific Resource Surveys, Inc., 1985 K.J. Peter, Scientific 10517 1020 m AP 2 – Lithic Scatter Resource Surveys, Inc., 1985 K.J. Peter, Scientific 10518 1270 m AP 2 – Lithic Scatter Resource Surveys, Inc., 1985 K.J. Peter, Scientific AP 2 – Lithic Scatter, AP 15 – Habitation 10519 1230 m Resource Surveys, Inc., Debris 1985 K.J. Peter, Scientific 10520 890 m AP 2 – Lithic Scatter Resource Surveys, Inc., 1985 K.J. Peter, Scientific 10521 940 m AP 2 – Lithic Scatter Resource Surveys, Inc., 1985 K.J. Peter, Scientific 10524 1420 m AP 2 – Lithic Scatter Resource Surveys, Inc., 1985 K.J. Peter, Scientific 10525 1530 m AP 2 – Lithic Scatter Resource Surveys, Inc., 1985 K.J. Peter, Scientific 10527 1550 m AP 2 – Lithic Scatter Resource Surveys, Inc., 1985 Susan Hector, RECON, 10613 Inside AP 2 – Lithic Scatter 1986 Stephen Van Wormer, 10614 290 m AP 2 – Lithic Scatter, AP-12 - Quarry RECON, 1986 J. Buysse, Geo-Marine, AP 2 – Lithic Scatter, AP 15 – Habitation 10804 1290 m Inc., 1998; Dayle Debris Cheever, WESTEC, 1986 J. Buysse, Geo-Marine, 10806 835 m AP 2 – Lithic Scatter Inc., 1998; Dayle Cheever, WESTEC, 1986 Dayle Cheever, 10807 945 m AP 2 – Lithic Scatter WESTEC, 1986

San Ysidro Rail Yard Improvement Project Cultural Resources 25 3. Survey Methods and Results

Designation Primary Approximate Number Trinomial Distance P-37- CA-SDI- from APE Contents Recorder, Date J. Buysse, Geo-Marine, AP 2 – Lithic Scatter, AP 15 – Habitation 10808 1260 m Inc., 1998; Dayle Debris Cheever, WESTEC, 1986 J. Buysse, Geo-Marine, AP 2 – Lithic Scatter, AP 15 – Habitation 10809 1350 m Inc., 1998; Dayle Debris Cheever, WESTEC, 1986 Chuck Bouscaren, ECORP Counsulting, 10810 1180 m AP 2 – Lithic Scatter Inc., 2005; Dayle Cheever, WESTEC, 1986 AP 2 – Lithic Scatter, AP 15 – Habitation Andrew Pigniolo, 11079 1015 m Debris, AP 16 – Shell Scatter WESTEC, 1988 Larry Pierson, Brian F. 12962 1555 m AH 4 – Trash Scatter Smith, 1992 Carolyn Kyle, Gallegos 13532 1480 m AP 2 – Lithic Scatter and Associates, 1994 AP 2 – Lithic Scatter, AP 16 – Shell J. Buysse, Geo-Marine, 14728 1625 m Scatter Inc., 1998 AP 2 – Lithic Scatter, AP 15 – Habitation Brian F. Smith & 16397 1620 m Debris, AP 16 – Shell Scatter Associates, 2002 AP 2 – Lithic Scatter, AP 16 – Shell Brian F. Smith & 16398 1490 m Scatter Associates, 2002 Monica Guerrero and Larry Tift, Gallegos & 16705 1650 m AP 2 – Lithic Scatter Associates, 2003; Chuck Bouscaren, ECORP Consulting, Inc., 2005 Chuck Bouscaren, 17517 1560 m AP 2 – Lithic Scatter ECORP Consulting, Inc., 2005 Chuck Bouscaren, 17518 1365 m AP 2 – Lithic Scatter ECORP Consulting, Inc., 2005 Chuck Bouscaren, 16706 1515 m AP 2 – Lithic Scatter ECORP Consulting, Inc., 2005 Chuck Bouscaren, 17521 1430 m AP 2 – Lithic Scatter ECORP Consulting, Inc., 2004 Chuck Bouscaren, 17522 1330 m AP 2 – Lithic Scatter ECORP Consulting, Inc., 2005 Chuck Bouscaren, 17523 1295 m AP 2 – Lithic Scatter ECORP Consulting, Inc., 2005 Chuck Bouscaren, 17524 1335 m AP 2 – Lithic Scatter ECORP Consulting, Inc., 2005 D. Desautels and H. 014754 915 m Scraper Johnson, SRS, 1984 Joines et al., RBR & 014797 1185 m Flake Associates, 1984

26 San Ysidro Rail Yard Improvement Project Cultural Resources 3. Survey Methods and Results

Designation Primary Approximate Number Trinomial Distance P-37- CA-SDI- from APE Contents Recorder, Date Robbins-Wade, Affinis, 014987 1572 m Scrapper 1990 Robbins-Wade, Affinis, 014988 1585 m Flake 1990 Robbins-Wade, Affinis, 014990 1555 m Core 1990 Robbins-Wade, Affinis, 014991 1410 m Ironstone Ceramic Shard 1990 Robbins-Wade, Affinis, 014992 1400 m Utilized Flake 1990 Drew Pallette, ASM Affiliates, Inc., 2006; 025680 inside AH 7 – Railroad Grade Stephen Wee and Paul Ferrell, JRP Historical Consulting Services, 2000 J. Gilmer and H. Price, 028467 1215 m Flake and Core RECON, 2005 J. Gilmer and H. Price, 028468 1160 m Two Flakes RECON, 2005 J. Gilmer and H. Price, 028469 670 m Partial and Flake RECON, 2005

Table 3. Historical Buildings Located Within One-Half Mile of the Project Area

Approximate Distance National Register Status Address Historic Name City from APE Code 101-105 San Ysidro San Ysidro Free Public Boulevard San Ysidro 405 m Not determined Library P-37-019178 119 Hall Avenue San Ysidro 280 m Not determined 631 E San Ysidro Boulevard El Toreador Motel San Ysidro 100 m Eligible to CRHR P-37-023917 751 E San Ysidro International building San Ysidro 30 m Eligible to CRHR Boulevard 751 E San Ysidro San Ysidro 30 m Not determined Boulevard Boundary Marker; U.S.- 0 E san Ysidro Boulevard San Ysidro 110 m Not determined Mexico Border 1 – Property listed in the 0 Virginia Avenue U.S. Custom House San Ysidro 295 m National Register 453 West San Ysidro Boulevard San Ysidro 1245 m Not determined P-37-028199

San Ysidro Rail Yard Improvement Project Cultural Resources 27 3. Survey Methods and Results FIELD SURVEY METHODS

ASM Associate Archaeologists Shelby Gunderman and Brian Williams completed the field survey on October 22, 2009. The undeveloped, eastern portion of the Project APE was systematically surveyed in approximately 15-meter intervals running west to east. In addition, the road cuts within the hillsides were examined for cultural resources. The developed, western portion of the Project APE, along the SD&AE Railroad’s South Line tracks and the San Diego Metropolitan Transit System’s trolley tracks right-of-way was also systematically surveyed in approximately 15-meter intervals running north to south.

A small homeless encampment with at least one individual present was located in a drainage extending eastward from approximately 3601487 mN 496562 mE. This area was avoided and not surveyed.

Prehistoric and historical resources were identified and recorded. GPS points, photographs and notes were taken of all cultural resources, the Project APE’s surrounding environment, and all possibly historical structures.

The eastern portion of the Project APE consists of undeveloped land comprised of a series of hills, knolls, and drainages. This area has been disturbed by several dirt access roads and man- made drainage culverts. The U.S. Border Patrol frequently drives over this area. Visibility is moderate as the ground is obscured by vegetation, consisting of dry grasses, chaparral, fennel, mojave yucca, ceanotes, caster bean, yerba santa, prickly pear, pepper trees, and tamarisk.

The western portion of the Project APE is developed and has been significantly disturbed by the construction and use of several railroad lines (Figure 3). The railroad and trolley track right-of-way has been graded and is presently covered with a layer of imported gravel, completely obscuring the ground surface. In addition, the area has been disturbed by the construction of drainage/desiltation basins and storm drain pipelines. Many of the western facing hillsides have eroded and the base of the railroad right-of-way is covered in a layer of silt. Surface visibility in this area is poor.

SURVEY RESULTS

During the intensive field survey the following cultural resources were identified: prehistoric lithic scatter SDI-5555; P-37-025680, the San Diego and Eastern Railroad; historic site SDI- 19751; and isolates SG-I-1 and SG-I-2. One prehistoric resource, SDI-10613, previously recorded within the Project APE, was not relocated during field survey. It appears to have been destroyed. The cultural resources identified during the present survey are described below. The location of the cultural resources identified during survey is shown in Figure 4. DPR forms for each resource are provided in Appendix C.

28 San Ysidro Rail Yard Improvement Project Cultural Resources 3. Survey Methods and Results

Figure 3. Overview of the Project Area from the northern end, facing southeast.

Prehistoric Resources CA-SDI-5555 CA-SDI-5555 was first recorded by WESTEC in 1978 as a lithic quarry site extending over a 750-x-30-m area. The site location was described as a terrace overlooking the railroad and extending from the U.S./Mexico border to the railroad crossing at Beyer Street. Noted on the site surface were cobbles “broken apart for tool manufacture” in addition to flakes, debitage and blade fragments.

Portions of the site near the railroad right-of-way were subsequently resurveyed in 1992 by Gallegos and Associates and in 2009 by ASM. These surveys did not relocate the site.

The present field survey relocated CA-SDI-5555 to the east of the railroad right-of-way and extended the previous site boundaries to the eastern edge of the Project APE (see Figure 4). The density of cultural materials observed within the site boundaries was very sparse and included 20 pieces of metavolcanic debitage and flakes, at least 3 metavolcanic cores, 3 marine shell fragments, and a white ware fragment.

San Ysidro Rail Yard Improvement Project Cultural Resources 29 3. Survey Methods and Results

This figure has been removed to the Confidential Appendix

Figure 4. Location of cultural resources in the Project Area. - Confidential

30 San Ysidro Rail Yard Improvement Project Cultural Resources 3. Survey Methods and Results CA-SDI-10613 CA-SDI-10613, recorded 1986 by RECON, is a prehistoric lithic scatter consisting of three flakes and one utilized flaked tool. The surface artifacts were collected during the 1986 RECON survey. During the present survey, CA-SDI-10613 was not relocated. The area has been significantly disturbed, containing many large concrete pieces, and the visibility was low, as the ground surface was almost entirely obscured by dry grasses.

SG-I-2 SG-I-2 is a prehistoric isolate consisting of one piece of metavolcanic debitage and one Chione shell fragment.

Historic Resources P-37-025680 (San Diego and Arizona Eastern Railway) The San Diego & Arizona (SD&A) Railroad, later known as the San Diego & Arizona Eastern (SD&AE), was completed in 1911. It extended 150 miles from San Diego to El Centro. The SD&A Railroad was the last of the major railroads built in the United States. It connected San Diego directly to the eastern United States via a connection with the SPRR network from El Centro. The SD&A route extended south from San Diego to the border crossing at San Ysidro, through Tijuana and Garcia before swinging north and crossing the International Border east of Tecate at Lindero. From the border, the rail line climbs to 3,660 feet in elevation near Tecate and then descends to Jacumba, Ocotillo, Seeley, and El Centro.

Segments of the SD&AE Railway were recorded and evaluated by JRP Consulting in 2000 and by ASM in 2009. JRP Consulting recommended the 25-mile segment of the SD&AE Railway line from Ocotillo to Seeley as not eligible for listing in the NRHP. ASM evaluated the segment of the SD&AE Railroad for the San Ysidro Port of Entry project. ASM recommended the SD&A Railroad within the current Project APE eligible for listing in the City of San Diego Historic Resources Register.

In 1979, the Metropolitan Transit Development Board purchased the SD&AE Railway for $18.1 million. The 15.9-mile San Diego Trolley “South Line” was constructed in 1981. The inaugural run of the service between the International Border and downtown San Diego took place on July 19, 1981. The current track alignment within the Project APE was constructed in 1981; it does not appear to retain any structures relating to the SD&AE. Inspection of historic aerial photographs and maps indicates that the current San Diego Trolley tracks are not located within a former alignment of the SD&A Railway.

The rail bed, ties, and rails were inspected and documented during the current field survey. The following dates were present on the rails within the grade: 1911, 1919, 1939, 1940, 1942, 1944, and 1944. In additional several large piles of rails are adjacent to the tracks to the east. Date stamps on these rails range from 1897 to the 1980s.

San Ysidro Rail Yard Improvement Project Cultural Resources 31 3. Survey Methods and Results SDI-19751/ P-37-031175 Historic site SDI-19751/P-37-031175 was recorded during the current survey near the northern boundary of the Project Area. SDI-19751 is the remains of a cattle pen and feeding lot, consisting of poured concrete walls with protruding iron bars, and a concrete structure pad. The site is bounded on the north and south by an approximately 2-ft-high concrete wall with iron rebar extending upward. The iron rebar has been cut to the height of the wall, except along the westernmost portion of the north wall where it remains approximately 6 ft tall. A concrete pad extends approximately 6 ft outside of the enclosure and from 6 to 12 ft inside the enclosure. A concrete trough runs along the ground, parallel to the northern wall. The trough is situated approximately 3 ft south of the northern wall. A concrete pad also extends along the southern wall. A raised concrete water trough is located along the northern side of the wall and a concrete structure pad makes up the eastern edge of the enclosure. The structure pad has multiple levels and at least one area appears to have contained a toilet. The western edge of the enclosure is marked by a series of wooden fence posts. A small concrete water trough is also located along the western edge of the site. Pepper trees are located along the northern wall and the corners of the enclosure. Modern and historic refuse noted on the site surface included 14 amethyst glass fragments, 50+ clear glass fragments, 20+ brown glass fragments, 7 green glass fragments, 5 aqua glass fragments, 1 milk bottle top, at least 15 sanitary cans, 5 pull-top cans, and modern debris of clothing, plastic, metal, furniture, books, toys, and shopping carts. The historic artifacts are located along the northern wall of the enclosure, and modern refuse is spread throughout the site.

SG-I-1 SG-I-1 is a historical isolate consisting of two pieces of amethyst glass.

CONCLUSIONS

The field survey and records search identified: two previously-recorded prehistoric resources (SDI-0555 and SDI-10613); one prehistoric isolate (SG-I-2); one previously recorded historic resource, the SD&A Railroad (P-37-25680); one newly-recorded historic site (SDI-19751); and a historic isolate (SG-I-1). Isolated artifacts are not eligible for listing in the NRHP, CRHR or the City Register. The SD&A Railroad (P-37-25680) has been recommended not eligible to the NRHP and the CRHR but is recommended eligible to the City Register (Ní Ghabhláin and Stringer-Bowsher 2009). No further evaluation is required for this resource. Previously recorded prehistoric site SDI-10613 was not relocated during the field survey. It is assumed that this resource was destroyed during a surface collection completed by RECON in 1986. No further work is required for this resource.

Two resources, prehistoric site SDI-5555 and historic site SDI-19751 have not been previously evaluated for listing in the NRHP, the CRHR or the City Register. A program of site documentation, and subsurfacing testing was completed to evaluate these resources for eligibility to the NRHP, CRHR and the City Register. The results of the evaluation are presented in the following chapters.

32 San Ysidro Rail Yard Improvement Project Cultural Resources 4. Research Design and Objectives 4. RESEARCH DESIGN AND OBJECTIVES

RESEARCH DESIGN FOR PREHSITORIC SITES

General Issues The objective of the testing program is to gather information to be used to evaluate eligibility of sites SDI-5555 and SDI-19751 to the NRHP, the CRHR, and the City Register. The eligibility of SDI-5555 is assessed with respect to its potential contribution to prehistoric regional research issues pertaining to southwestern California, and to the coastal areas of San Diego in particular. SDI-19751 will be assessed with respect to its potential contribution to regional research issues pertaining to historical ranching and farming in the region. Research issues pertinent to prehistoric site SDI-5555 are discussed first, followed by research issues pertinent to historical ranching sites.

General issues pertinent to the assessment of these sites include determination of the extent and integrity of cultural deposits, age and probable cultural affiliation, site function and subsistence strategies, overall insight into settlement organization, and the presence of any remains having a special Native American heritage value.

Site Formation Processes The assessment of research potential and evaluation of the potential effects of development are dependent on the delineation of the horizontal distribution and the vertical depth of a site. Analysis of deposits, preserved surfaces, and features with integrity are of particular importance in identifying vertical and horizontal spatial patterning in prehistoric behavior. The original characteristics and integrity of a site may be greatly altered by a variety of post- depositional processes (Gross 1993; Schiffer 1987; Waters 1992). These effects include alluvial deposition, bioturbation, erosion, or modern disturbance. SDI-5555 appears to have been impacted by the construction of the adjacent railroad, ranching activities and off-road vehicle traffic. In investigating SDI-5555, particular attention will be paid to assessing the integrity of the archaeological deposit, given the character and extent of post-depositional processes identified during survey.

Chronology and Dating Chronological issues are of basic importance in any archaeological research strategy and they provide the foundation for addressing all other research issues, including cultural processes (Binford 1968; Thomas 1979). The precision and accuracy of dating estimates are especially critical since they provide the chronological framework without which other research topics cannot be addressed. Strong chronological control facilitates the rigorous pursuit of other research issues. Consequently, considerable attention is paid to addressing this issue. Although the basic framework of the southern California coastal and inland occupation already exists, there are substantial gaps in the chronology.

San Ysidro Rail Yard Improvement Project Cultural Resources 33 4. Research Design and Objectives Few dates have been obtained for sites on Otay Mesa, however, the majority of the sites appear to represent Early Period occupations with no ceramics or small projectiles present in the site assemblages. Late Period sites appear to be clustered in the Otay River Valley.

The data requirements needed to address the issue of chronology require the presence of material for absolute and relative dating. These include radiocarbon samples for absolute dating (preferably charcoal, including very small samples for accelerator dating, but more commonly shell), the recovery of obsidian from identified sources for use in hydration analysis, and the seriation of temporally diagnostic artifacts such as beads, ceramics, and projectile points.

Lithic Technology The Otay Mesa region is unique in that it has an extensive sparse ithic scatter covering the mesa top with habitation sites near canyons, and quarries on the mountain slopes. Santiago Peak volcanic material was readily available to the prehistoric inhabitants of the region both in the mountain-slope quarries and as cobbles available on the mesa surface. The ready availability of raw lithic material scattered on the surface of Otay Mesa and the long period of use of the area over 9,000 years has resulted in an ubiquitous low-density scatter of lithic debris throughout the mesa.

Several flake-tool reduction strategies have been identified along the southern California coastal region. These include: split-cobble core reduction; bipolar core reduction; and small- blade core reduction, using two types of cores. The decision to use one type of core instead of another is dependent on at least two factors: the form of the material to be reduced (small cobble, large cobble, layered) and the intended product (core, flake, projectile point, groundstone resharpening tool, knife, hammerstone etc). The predominance of sparse lithic scatters of Santiago peak volcanic material across Otay Mesa testifies both to the ready availability of raw material and to extensive lithic reduction activities in the area. Both expedient use of cobbles and quarrying of raw lithic material can be expected in this region (Kyle et al. 1996:3-4).

Research questions to be addressed include: What reduction strategies were practiced at the site, based on debitage present? Which reduction strategies were employed for which tools? If groundstone is present, are cobble materials local or non-local? Were groundstone tools produced on site or carried to the site? How does lithic technology and stages of reduction relate to site function and range of tools present on site?

To address these questions, an analysis of debitage attributes and reduction sequence classification will be required. A sufficient quantity of debitage to provide a statistically valid sample will be essential to this analysis.

34 San Ysidro Rail Yard Improvement Project Cultural Resources 4. Research Design and Objectives Settlement Organization and Site Function Prehistoric hunter-gatherers in the region most likely practiced a variety of mobility strategies and settlement/subsistence practices. At present, the changing dynamics of prehistoric settlement organization in the southern coastal area are not well known (Jones 1992; Lightfoot 1993). The early periods of occupation in the southern California coastal area appear to have been characterized by a foraging settlement strategy (Erlandson and Colten 1991; Moratto 1984; Warren 1964). During the Late Prehistoric period, residential bases may have been sedentary villages, or extensively occupied seasonal settlements (Byrd and Serr 1993). Other sites were related to these larger residential bases, including field camps, locations, stations, and caches (Binford 1980). With adequate storable resources, such as acorns, the Late Prehistoric period may have witnessed a logistic-collector strategy utilizing inland oak groves during the fall and winter months, and focusing on coastal resources during other periods of the year (Bean and Shipek 1978; Craib 1982; Rice and Cottrell 1976).

Based on previous research in the general area, a number of questions have the potential to be addressed: What role did the site play in the larger settlement system? Was the site specialized or generalized in terms of subsistence and technology related activities? What was the resource catchment area for the site, which can be applied to model for the settlement-subsistence potential of the area? What are the implications of these results for long-term patterns in local settlement organization?

The major data sets needed to address these issues include aspects of site structure (e.g., size, depth of deposit, range and character of features), technology, and the resources exploited. A primary focus will be to determine the level of mobility practiced at the site (residential or logistic strategies). The ability to discern the range of activities at a given site, and hence its place within an annual system, is directly related to the interpretation of the technological record, particularly the lithic assemblage. The seasonal availability of exploited resources also has the potential to provide further insights into settlement organization (Byrd 1996; Byrd et al.1995).

Subsistence Orientation The issues related to subsistence orientation are interwoven with the previous discussion of settlement organization, and this section compliments the issues discussed previously.

Among the questions to be addressed are: Are floral and faunal remains present? What specific resources were the focus of exploitation?

San Ysidro Rail Yard Improvement Project Cultural Resources 35 4. Research Design and Objectives What was the role of marine resources in the subsistence system? Is there diachronic change in the emphasis on specific resources and can these differences be related to specific factors such as changes in procurement strategies?

To address these issues, a number of data sets and analytical procedures are needed. Faunal and floral remains were targeted for collection, and when preservation and recovery permit, they are rigorously analyzed. Fine screen sieving (1/8-inch) was undertaken in the field to recover bone and shell remains.

HISTORICAL RESEARCH DESIGN

The research framework for evaluation of historical site SDI-19751 is guided by historical contexts developed for rural historic sites in San Diego County (Schaefer and VanWormer 1986, 1993) and the historical context for agricultural properties in California developed in recent years by Caltrans (Caltrans n.d). These thematic studies were prepared specifically to provide assistance with evaluation of these property types to the NRHP and CRHR by providing a historical overview and context and identifying specific research themes and questions. Broad research themes defined relevant to rural agricultural and ranching sites include: economic strategies employed by ranchers and farmers; economic and environmental adaptations; the role of women in family farms and ranches; ethnicity and acculturation; technological innovation; class relations and household composition; the effects of industrialization on rural agrarian households; and agricultural labor history.

Site Organization and Land Use The contextual history of an individual historic site is necessary to provide the basic framework for interpretation of the archaeological data. Essential information about the site should be established, such as the nature of the site, when was it established, by whom, and the extent and boundaries of the property. In addition to providing basic details that define the function of the site, research questions relating to site structure and land use would include:

When was a particular site first constructed and by whom? How long was the site in use? Was the property owned and operated over several generations? Did site function change over time? Are changes in land use or site structure attributable to generational changes in the household? Are specialized work areas present? Is there evidence of a high degree of specialization or more generalized use of the property? Was production specialized or diversified and did the focus of production change over time? How do changes in production relate to broader historical changes?

36 San Ysidro Rail Yard Improvement Project Cultural Resources 4. Research Design and Objectives Historic Economic Strategies This theme focuses on economic strategies employed by property owners and farm workers to achieve basic subsistence or to produce income and meet household needs from agricultural production. Archaeological studies are ideally suited to the study of consumer behavior and economic strategies of rural households, and they provide an opportunity to examine how rural households adapted to economic conditions compared to households in other settings such as urban households. One important research issue concerns how successful rural farm families defined wealth and spent money compared to middle- and upper-middle class urban dwellers. Research has indicated that after achieving a basic standard of living that included inexpensive ceramics and a few luxury items, farm families invested in equipment, land, livestock and outbuildings rather than in status symbols favored by urban dwellers such as fine furniture, table settings and clothes.

The difference in household values between successful farm families and middle- and upper- middle-class urban residents is manifested through cross-site comparisons of functional profile and economic indexing data. Profiles of rural assemblages show higher frequencies of hardware, livery items, and equipment and machinery parts than those representing urban sites (Phillips and Van Wormer 1991; Van Wormer 1991; Van Wormer and Schaefer 1991; Van Wormer 1996). In addition, rural site assemblages tend to exhibit reduced ceramic index values (i.e. cheaper ceramic wares), that remain unaffected by fluctuating economic trends, as well as excessive ceramic and bottle manufacture-deposition lag time when compared to urban assemblages from the same period. These patterns indicate that rural households exhibited a different style of consumption from urban residents by spending less money on ceramic tableware and being more conservative about disposing of items only a few years old. Trash deposits from ranch and farmstead sites provide an excellent opportunity to test hypotheses relating to consumption patterns of rural versus urban dwellers. Remote rural dwellers survived in very difficult conditions and the rural consumer pattern may be further accentuated at these sites.

Archaeological data needs to address these questions include mapped locations of buildings and/or building foundations; structural remains of known function; sheet refuse indicative of specialized activity areas; intact archaeological deposits of known association containing residential and agricultural waste, including trash-filled cisterns, privies and trash pits; landscape features; environmental adaptations such as windbreaks; remnants of fencing and corrals; and presence of orchards and evidence of other land uses. Artifacts collected from defined contexts, a sufficient variety and quantity of materials, items associated with specific activities, and the frequency and proportion of items can assist in supporting any interpretations. Documentary data sources include land patent files; property and tax assessment records; property deeds; leases; probate records; census records; marriage and death records; financial and production records, if available; and oral history.

While two research themes are highlighted here, additional research themes and specific research questions can be developed for historic agricultural and ranching sites, depending on the site function, variety and quantity of historic materials present and the availability of

San Ysidro Rail Yard Improvement Project Cultural Resources 37 4. Research Design and Objectives historical documentary data sources. Based on the data collected during the survey phase, this site appears to have poor research potential due to the paucity of historical deposits on site. The testing program will focus on determining if any subsurface deposits are present and on developing a land use history for this site.

TRADITIONAL CULTURAL PROPERTIES

A Native American monitor, Gabe Kitchen of Red Tail Monitoring, was present at all times during fieldwork. No objects or features of a sacred or ceremonial nature existed within the site.

38 San Ysidro Rail Yard Improvement Project Cultural Resources 5. Archaeological Testing Results 5. ARCHAEOLOGICAL TESTING RESULTS

The evaluation of SDI-5555 aimed to establish the horizontal and vertical boundaries of the site, characterize the nature of the archaeological deposits, and assess the integrity of the cultural deposits. The program included site documentation and mapping, excavation of shovel test pits and 1-x-.5-m units if warranted, laboratory cataloging, analyses, and report preparation.

The evaluation of historic site SDI-19751 focused on archival research to provide a historic context for the structural remains, in addition to limited subsurface excavation to determine if the structural remains were associated with a substantial subsurface deposit.

FIELD METHODOLOGY

STP Excavation Shovel test pits (STPs) were used to determine the presence, extent, and structure of subsurface deposits, locus boundaries, and assist in the determination of the nature of the sites. Each STP measured approximately 50 x 25 cm in size and all were excavated in 20-cm levels until sterile sediment was encountered. Sediment was screened through 1/8-inch hardware mesh, and all cultural material was collected, bagged, labeled, and transported to the ASM laboratory for processing. Results were documented on STP forms, which included provenience location, artifact inventory, information on sediment type and color, termination depth, and general observations. All STPs were backfilled.

In general, the initial STPs were located judgmentally, with focus on areas of higher surface artifact concentrations when present. STPs were spaced no greater than 20 m apart in the areas having the highest probability for intact subsurface deposits, and judgmentally placed in other portions of the sites.

Unit Excavation Excavation of 1-x-.5-m units are used to determine the character, structure, and integrity of subsurface cultural deposits at the site, when encountered. Units are primarily placed in areas where there is a relatively strong likelihood that such deposits were present based on surface indications, subsurface disturbance and STP data; no such locations were identified in this study.

Laboratory and Analytical Methods The procedures used in the initial processing of recovered material include the cleaning (as appropriate), sorting, and cataloging of all items. All items were individually examined and cataloged according to class, subclass, and material, counted, and weighed on a digital scale.

San Ysidro Rail Yard Improvement Project Cultural Resources 39 5. Archaeological Testing Results The site yielded few prehistoric artifacts; however, all artifacts were cataloged and identified based upon type. Historic and modern items were cataloged and identified as specifically as possible, but further study was not undertaken since none were of ethnohistoric origin. All cultural materials were subject to appropriate conservation in the field and laboratory including proper packaging and handling.

Surface Collection Surface material was not collected at time of testing, as the primary objective of the testing program was to identify subsurface deposits. This is an area that is known to have sparse but continuous scatters of prehistoric lithic material; therefore, a systematic surface collection over such an expansive area is prohibitive.

TESTING RESULTS

SDI-5555 The primary objective of STP excavation was to determine if subsurface deposits are present. While a low density of lithic material is present at SDI-5555, only three areas with a greater concentration of lithic artifacts were identified within the site boundaries. These concentrations were located outside and to the east of the previously-recorded site boundaries, but within the Project APE. Eight STPs were excavated at these locations of artifacts density within SDI-5555 (Figure 5).

Four of the STPs contained cultural material (STPs 1, 2, 3, 4). STPs 1 and 2 are located near the southern boundary of the site, and were identified during the survey as containing possible subsurface deposits based upon surface artifacts. Upon excavation it was found that the area had been highly impacted by grading activities and there was not likely to be an intact deposit in this location. Excavation of STPs 1 and 2 confirmed this, as modern glass and ceramic material was discovered at depth in these STPs, and the soil matrix and material appear to be displaced. The only STPs that yielded prehistoric material were STPs 3 and 4. These two STPs are located toward the center of the site, adjacent to the eastern site boundary. STP 3 yielded a single metavolcanic flake in the first level, and STP 4 yielded three metavolcanic flakes in two levels. A breakdown of the material excavated from each STP by level can be reviewed in Table 4. The results of the site survey and testing at SDI-5555 has resulted in an expansion of the site area toward the east (see Figure 5).

SDI-19751/ P-37-031175 Evaluation of historic site SDI-19751 focused on archival research to determine if the cattle pen and feed lot were associated with an adjacent ranch and it they were associated with other historic deposits. Field evaluation included detailed mapping of the structural remains (Figure 6), intensive re-survey of the area surrounding the cattle pen and feed lot to identify additional structural remains and possible historic refuse deposits, and excavation of STPs in areas with surface historic material to determine if subsurface deposits are present. The intensive re-

40 San Ysidro Rail Yard Improvement Project Cultural Resources 5. Archaeological Testing Results survey of the site failed to identify any additional structural remains or artifact concentrations. The vast majority of refuse on site is modern trash associated with homeless encampments. A small quantity of amethyst glass was identified, but this was not associated with other diagnostic historic material. Two STPs were excavated within small concentrations of surface materials. Both STPS were negative.

Table 4. Results of STP Excavation

Depth STP (cm) Debitage Ground Stone Glass Metal Fragments Ceramic Total 1 0-20 - - 4 - - 4 1 20-40 - - 5 - 2 7 1 40-60 - - - 4 - 4 2 0-20 - - 5 - - 5 2 20-40 - - 3 - 1 4 2 40-60 - - - - - 0 3 0-20 1 - - - - 1 3 20-40 - - - - - 0 3 40-60 - - - - - 0 4 0-20 2 - - - - 2 4 20-40 1 - - - - 1 4 40-60 - - - - - 0 5 0-20 - - - - - 0 5 20-40 - - - - - 0 5 40-60 - - - - - 0 6 0-20 - - - - - 0 6 20-40 - - - - - 0 6 40-60 - - - - - 0 7 0-20 - - - - - 0 7 20-40 - - - - - 0 7 40-50 - - - - - 0 8 0-20 - - - - - 0 8 20-40 - - - - - 0 9 0-20 - - - - - 0 9 20-40 - - - - - 0 10 0-20 - - - - - 0 10 20-40 - - - - - 0

San Ysidro Rail Yard Improvement Project Cultural Resources 41 5. Archaeological Testing Results

This figure has been removed to the Confidential Appendix

Figure 5. The location of STPs 1-8 in SDI-5555. - Confidential

42 San Ysidro Rail Yard Improvement Project Cultural Resources 5. Archaeological Testing Results

This figure has been removed to the Confidential Appendix

Figure 6. Historic site SDI-19751 showing the structural remains and the location of STPs 8 and 9. - Confidential

San Ysidro Rail Yard Improvement Project Cultural Resources 43 5. Archaeological Testing Results Archival research was conducted at the San Diego Historical Society. Historical maps and aerial photographs of the San Ysidro area were examined. The 1928 Tax Factor aerial photograph did show what appears to be a cattle feed lot in the vicinity of SDI-19751. The configuration of this lot is different to the remains present at SDI-19751. It appears it has undergone considerable expansion and modifications since 1928. A house and outbuildings are clearly visible to the north of the feed lot in the 1928 aerial, outside the Project APE. These are likely to be the main ranch house and out buildings. Two buildings are also shown in this location on the 1943 USGS 7.5’ quadrangle. The feed lot is also clearly visible on a 1960 aerial photograph. At that time it appeared to be in use. The area where the ranch buildings were located is currently developed with several large warehouse buildings.

SUMMARY

Testing at SDI-5555 revealed that the site has little no intact subsurface or in situ cultural deposits. The small quantities of historic/modern material on the surface, and recovered from a small number of the STPs, was determined to be in secondary disturbed contexts. Given the lack of diversity and quantity of cultural material, and the absence of spatial and vertical integrity, it is suggested that the minimal cultural material at SDI-5555 is located primarily on the surface and does not represent a significant subsurface deposit with research potential.

While the cattle pen and feed lot at SDI-19751 do appear to have been associated with a historic ranch dating possibly from the early 1900s, the site remained in operation into the 1960s and later. The main ranch buildings are located outside and to the north and east of the Project APE. These buildings have been demolished and several large warehouses are located on the parcel. The cattle yard is not associated with significant historic deposits and therefore has poor research potential

44 San Ysidro Rail Yard Improvement Project Cultural Resources 6. Cultural Resource Evaluation 6. CULTURAL RESOURCE EVALUATION

The primary goals of this study, conducted in support of the San Ysidro Rail Yard Improvement Project, were to identify cultural resources that have the potential to be adversely affected by future development plans, and to provide an evaluation of resources identified for eligibility to the NRHP and to the CRHR. As the Project APE is located within the City of San Diego, evaluation of resources for the City Register is also provided. The survey accomplished these goals in compliance with the Section 106 of the NHPA of 1966, CRHR, and other applicable federal, state, or local laws, ordinances, rules, regulations, and policies.

NATIONAL REGISTER CRITERIA FOR EVALUATION

Sections 106 and 110 of the NHPA are the primary directives for cultural resource preservation. Section 106 mandates compliance with NHPA through site evaluation. Regulations that govern the Section 106 review process are stipulated in 36 CFR Part 800. These regulations specify that each Federal agency consult with the SHPO to determine if a property is eligible for the NRHP (36 CFR 800.4). Section 110 establishes procedures for Federal agencies managing or controlling property. Among other things, agencies must assume responsibility for the preservation of historic properties under their jurisdiction and, to the maximum extent feasible, use historic properties available to the agency. Amendments to Section 110 made in 1992 require each Federal agency to establish a historic preservation program. The program must provide for the identification and protection of the agency’s historic properties and ensure that such properties are maintained and managed with due consideration for preservation of their historic values [16 U.S.C. § 470h-2(a)(2) (1994)].

Pursuant to the NHPA, NRHP eligibility criteria have become the standard for evaluating significance. As published in the Federal Register (November 16, 1981, 46 (220):50189) they are stated as:

The quality of significance in American history, architecture, archaeology, engineering, and culture is present in districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects that possess integrity of location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling, and association, and that:

(a) Are associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of our history; or (b) Are associated with the lives of persons significant in our past; or (c) Embody the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction, or that represent the work of a master, or that possess high artistic values, or that represent a significant and distinguishable entity whose components may lack individual distinction; or

San Ysidro Rail Yard Improvement Project Cultural Resources 45 6. Cultural Resource Evaluation (d) Have yielded or may be likely to yield, information important in prehistory or history [36 CFR 60.4].

In addition to meeting at least one of the eligibility criteria, a property must also retain sufficient integrity to convey its significance. Integrity is a quality that relates to the historic authenticity of a property. The NRHP defines seven elements of integrity: location, design, setting, workmanship, materials, feeling, and association. Location and setting relate to the relationship of a property to its environment. Design, materials, and workmanship relate to construction methods and stylistic details. Feeling and association relate to the ability of the property to convey a sense of historical time and place. A significant loss of integrity will render a property ineligible for the NRHP, regardless of its level of historical significance. Evaluation of a property to the NRHP requires a consideration of both historical significance as defined by the evaluation criteria and integrity. The criteria under which a property is significant is relevant to the issue of integrity, because the property must retain sufficient integrity of those elements of integrity relevant to the qualifying criteria. For example, for an engineering structure that qualifies for listing under Criterion C, integrity of design, workmanship, and materials is paramount.

THE CALIFORNIA REGISTER CRITERIA FOR EVALUATION

Lead agencies have a responsibility to evaluate historical resources against the CRHR criteria prior to making a finding as to a proposed project’s impacts to historical resources (PRC § 21084.1, 14 CCR § 15064.5(3)). Mitigation of adverse impacts is required if the proposed project will cause substantial adverse change. Substantial adverse change includes demolition, destruction, relocation, or alteration such that the significance of an historical resource would be impaired. While demolition and destruction are fairly obvious significant impacts, it is more difficult to assess when change, alteration, or relocation crosses the threshold of substantial adverse change.

The CRHR is used in the consideration of historic resources relative to significance. The CRHR includes resources listed in, or formally determined eligible for listing in, the NRHP, as well as some California State Landmarks and Points of Historical Interest. Properties of local significance that have been designated under a local preservation ordinance (local landmarks or landmark districts), or that have been identified in a local historical resources inventory may be eligible for listing in the CRHR and are presumed to be significant resources unless a preponderance of evidence indicates otherwise.

Generally, a resource shall be considered by the lead agency to be “historically significant” if the resource meets the criteria for listing on the CRHR, cited as Pub. Res. Code SS5024.1, Title 14 CCR, Section 4852, consisting of the following:

46 San Ysidro Rail Yard Improvement Project Cultural Resources 6. Cultural Resource Evaluation (1) It is associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of local or regional history, or the cultural heritage of California or the United States; or (2) It is associated with the lives of persons important to local, California, or national history; or (3) It embodies the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, region, or method of construction, or represents the work of a master, or possesses high artistic values; or (4) It has yielded, or has the potential to yield, information important to the prehistory or history of the local area, California, or the nation.

CITY OF SAN DIEGO HISTORICAL RESOURCES REGISTER

Any improvement, building, structure, sign, interior element and fixture, feature, site, place, district, area or object may be designated as historic by the City of San Diego Historical Resources Board (HRB) if it meets any of the following criteria:

a. Exemplifies or reflects special elements of the City's, a community's or a neighborhood's historical, archaeological, cultural, social, economic, political, aesthetic, engineering, landscaping or architectural development; b. Is identified with persons or events significant in local, state or national history; c. Embodies distinctive characteristics of a style, type, period or method of construction or is a valuable example of the use of indigenous materials or craftsmanship; d. Is representative of the notable work of a master builder, designer, architect, engineer, landscape architect, interior designer, artist or craftsman; e. Is listed or has been determined eligible by National Park Service for listing on the NRHP or is listed or has been determined eligible by the SHPO for listing on the CRHR; or f. Is a finite group of resources related to one another in a clearly distinguishable way or is a geographically definable area or neighborhood containing improvements which have a special character, historical interest or aesthetic value or which represent one or more architectural periods or styles in the history and development of the City.

San Ysidro Rail Yard Improvement Project Cultural Resources 47 6. Cultural Resource Evaluation EVALUATION OF HISTORIC RESOURCES

CA-SDI-5555 Prehistoric site SDI-5555 is an extensive, low density artifact scatter typical of the scatter of Santiago Peak lithic material that extends over the entire top of Otay Mesa. This low-density lithic scatter constitutes “background” noise on the mesa. SDI-5555 has poor research potential given the lack of any concentration of artifacts or subsurface deposits at this site and is therefore recommended not eligible for listing in the NRHP, CRHR and the City Register.

P-37-025680, San Diego and Arizona Eastern Railway The San Diego and Arizona Eastern Railway tracks at San Ysidro were constructed circa 1911 by the SD&A. The tracks maintain good integrity. Rails examined within the APE in the vicinity of the depot bore dates ranging from 1911 to the 1940s. The SD&A was one of the last major railroads constructed in the United States. It extends approximately 150 miles from San Diego to El Centro, California where it was connected to the Southern Pacific’s railroad network. This route provided San Diego with a more direct connection to the eastern United States. When the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe rail line to San Diego was completed in 1885, it connected San Diego to Los Angeles. A route directly east through Imperial County was not accomplished until the completion of the SD&A line in 1919. The difficult terrain crossed in the eastern route through the desert earned the SD&A the title “the impossible railroad”.

A section of the SD&A railroad in eastern San Diego County around Campo was evaluated to the NRHP by Steve Wee and Paul Ferrell of JRP in 2000 and recommended not eligible for listing. They argued that it was not eligible under Criterion A because the San Diego to El Centro rail line did not make a significant contribution to the history of the railroad in America. The railroad’s association with John D. Spreckels, Adolph B. Spreckels and Edward Harriman was not sufficiently significant as each individual had been associated with more significant railroad projects, and therefore the SD&A railroad was not eligible under Criterion B. In addition the segment of the rail line evaluated for eligibility had poor integrity.

In an evaluation of the segment of the SD&A adjacent to the current Project APE, ASM concurred with the findings of the previous evaluation of NRHP and CRHR eligibility (Ní Ghabhláin and Stringer-Bowsher 2009). Within the context of the history of American railroads, the SD&A was a latecomer and did not make a significant contribution to the national history of railroad development. The SD&A railroad tracks were therefore recommended not eligible to the NRHP and the CRHR. However, ASM Affiliates recommended that the SD&A tracks were eligible to the City Register as the “railroad tracks exemplify an important aspect of San Ysidro’s economic development as the border station regulating traffic of goods and people between Mexico and the U.S. The SD&A railroad transported both passengers and freight between San Diego and Mexico since it was first established in 1911-1917. The SD&A railroad is associated with people who have made a significant contribution to the history of San Diego: John D. Spreckels and Adolph B. Spreckels” (Ní Ghabhláin and Stringer-Bowsher 2009:60).

48 San Ysidro Rail Yard Improvement Project Cultural Resources 6. Cultural Resource Evaluation SDI-19751/P-37-031175 While this site was associated with a cattle ranch in San Ysidro, in use possibly as early as the early 1900s and into the 1960s, this site has poor research potential due to a paucity of historic deposits. In order for a historic archaeological site to have research potential, a sufficient range and quantity of diagnostic historic materials must be present on site. In addition, the historic deposits must retain good integrity. These conditions are not met at SDI-19751 and therefore it is recommended not eligible for listing in the NRHP, CRHR and the City Register.

IMPACTS ASSESSMENT AND MITIGATION

One eligible historic resource, P-37-025680, the SD&A Railway is present within the Project APE.

An undertaking has an adverse effect when it: “…may alter, directly or indirectly, any of the characteristics of a historic property that qualify the property for inclusion in the National Register in a manner that would diminish the integrity of the property’s location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling and association (36 CFR 800.5(a)1).” Adverse effects on historic properties include, but are not limited to: (i) Physical destruction of or damage to all or part of the property; (ii) Alteration of a property, including restoration, rehabilitation, repair, maintenance, stabilization, hazardous material remediation, and provision of handicapped access, that is not consistent with the Secretary’s standards for the treatment of historic properties (36 CFR part 68) and applicable guidelines; (iii) Removal of the property from its historic location; (iv) Change of the character of the property’s use or of physical features within the property’s setting that contribute to its historic significance; (v) Introduction of visual, atmospheric or audible elements that diminish the integrity of the property’s significant historic features; (vi) Neglect of a property which causes its deterioration, except where such neglect and deterioration are recognized qualities of a property of religious and cultural significance to an Indian tribe or Native Hawaiian organization; and (vii) Transfer, lease, or sale of property out of Federal ownership or control without adequate and legally enforceable restrictions or conditions to ensure long-term preservation of the property’s historic significance (36 CFR 800.5(a)2).

During the planned rehabilitation, any modifications or alterations to this NRHP-listed property must conform to the Secretary of Interior’s Standards for the Treatment of Historic Properties

San Ysidro Rail Yard Improvement Project Cultural Resources 49 6. Cultural Resource Evaluation (Weeks and Grimmer 1995). Any alterations that do not conform with the Secretary’s standards would constitute an adverse effect.

Under 36 CFR Part 800, Section 800.6 the lead agency: “shall consult with the SHPO and other consulting parties… to develop and evaluate alternatives or modifications to the undertaking that could avoid, minimize, or mitigate adverse effects on historic properties”

The proposed project will result in adverse effects to P-37-025680 when the railyard is expanded. It may not be possible to preserve this resource in situ. It is recommended that a Historic American Engineering Record (HAER) of the SD&A Railway be completed as mitigation of impacts, if the integrity of this resource cannot be preserved. A Level II HAER is recommended as an appropriate level of documentation for this resource. Guidelines for the preparation of a HAER are provided in Secretary of the Interior’s Standards and Guidelines for Architectural and Engineering Documentation HABS/HAER Standards (NPS 1990).

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60 San Ysidro Rail Yard Improvement Project Cultural Resources 6. Cultural Resource Evaluation

APPENDICES

San Ysidro Rail Yard Improvement Project Cultural Resources 61