An Employee-Owned Company

June 24, 2016

Ms. Rikkie Ren Creative Design Associates 17528 E. Rowland Street, 2nd Floor City of Industry, CA 91748

Reference: Archaeological Survey for the Loma Alta Residence (RECON Number 7804)

Dear Ms. Ren:

This letter is to document the archaeological survey for the Loma Alta Residence (project) in the city of Oceanside, California. The archaeological survey was undertaken to fulfill City of Oceanside’s responsibilities under the California Environmental Quality Act. A qualified RECON archaeologist surveyed the project property on June 15, 2016 to identify, evaluate, and record any observable surface cultural resources. No prehistoric or historic cultural resources were observed during the survey of the property.

1.0 Introduction The project site is located in the city of Oceanside, east of Interstate 5 and north of State Route 78 (Figure 1). The project site consists of 4.13 acres (Assessor’s Parcel Number 149-010-2800) in Section 24 of Township 11 South, Range 5 West of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) 7.5-minute topographic map, San Luis Rey quadrangle (Figure 2). The project site is composed of undeveloped land consisting of disturbed and ornamental vegetation and is surrounded by single-family residential development to the north, south, east, and west (Figure 3).

The project proposes the construction of 10 single-family dwelling units on a previously undeveloped 4.13- acre parcel.

2.0 Environmental Setting

2.1 Physical Setting The project site is currently vacant. Residential fencing bounds most of the property, with a segment of chain-link fencing along Loma Alta Drive. Vegetation consists of non-native grasses, plants, and trees, with the predominant ground cover being black mustard (Brassica nigra) and thistles (Sonchus spp.). The north and west portions of the property are mostly flat (Photograph 1) with a gentle slope to the south that then drops into a small southwest-trending canyon (Photograph 2). There are no visible indications of once existent structures on the property. The property was once used as an orchard and there is evidence of terracing on the steeper (mostly south- and east-facing) slopes that make up the southern boundary of the property (Photograph 3). The most recent ground disturbance is an overall plowing of the property, which has exposed an abundant amount of cobbles (Photograph 4). Also present is a high amount of subsurface rodent activity.

2.2 Topography and Soils Elevations within the survey area range from 140 feet above mean sea level (AMSL) in the south to 200 feet AMSL in the north. One soil type, Chesterton fine sandy loam [CfB], 2 to 5 percent slopes, is mapped within the project site by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (1973). This soil type consists of gently sloping sandy loams with sandy clay subsoil, formed from material weathered in place from sandstone. It has very slow

1927 Fifth Avenue, San Diego, CA 92101 | 619.308.9333 | reconenvironmental.com SAN DIEGO | CENTRAL COAST | BERKELEY | TUCSON Ms. Rikkie Ren Page 2 June 24, 2016

permeability and slow runoff, with slight erosion hazard in cultivated areas. One formation type, Old Paralic deposits, units 2-4 (Qop2-4), which is a late to middle Pleistocene formation, is mapped within the project site by the U.S. Geologic Survey (2005). This formation type is mostly poorly sorted, moderately permeable, reddish–brown interfingered strandline, beach, estuarine, and colluvial deposits composed of siltstone, sandstone, and conglomerate.

2.3 Cultural Setting The prehistoric cultural sequence in San Diego County is generally conceived as comprising three basic periods: the Paleoindian, dated between about 11,500 and 8,500 years ago and manifested by the artifacts of the San Dieguito Complex; the Archaic, lasting from about 8,500 to 1,500 years ago (A.D. 500) and manifested by the cobble and core technology of the La Jollan Complex; and the Late Prehistoric, lasting from about 1,500 years ago to historic contact (i.e., A.D. 500 to 1769) and represented by the Cuyamaca Complex. This latest complex is marked by the appearance of ceramics, small arrow points, and cremation burial practices.

The Paleoindian Period in San Diego County is most closely associated with the San Dieguito Complex, as identified by Rogers (1938, 1939, 1945). The San Dieguito assemblage consists of well-made scraper planes, choppers, scraping tools, crescentics, elongated bifacial knives, and leaf-shaped points. The San Dieguito Complex is thought to represent an early emphasis on hunting (Warren et al. 1993).

The Archaic Period in coastal San Diego County is represented by the La Jolla Complex, a local manifestation of the widespread Millingstone Horizon. This period brings an apparent shift toward a more generalized economy and an increased emphasis on seed resources, small game, and shellfish. The local cultural manifestations of the Archaic Period are called the La Jollan Complex along the coast and the Pauma Complex inland. Pauma Complex sites lack the shell that dominates many La Jollan sites. Along with an economic focus on gathering plant resources, the settlement system appears to have been more sedentary. The La Jollan assemblage is dominated by rough, cobble-based choppers and scrapers, and slab and basin metates. Large side-notched and Elko series projectile points appeared late in the period. Large deposits of marine shell at coastal sites argue for the importance of shellfish gathering to the coastal Archaic Period economy.

The Late Prehistoric Period is represented by the San Luis Rey complex. Research by True (True et al. 1974; True and Waugh 1981) has put possible initial San Luis Rey complex movement into northern San Diego County at approximately 2,000 B.P. This move into the county began with a foraging pattern, characterized by small camps and multiple residential shifts during the course of the year (True and Waugh 1981). Later period settlement becomes more territorial, correlating with drainage systems, and shifting to a classic collector strategy. This settlement pattern is also seasonal, with permanent winter camps in the western foothills and summer camps in the mountains. These mountain camps are frequently associated with bedrock milling features, used for processing acorns and other plant products.

At the time of the Spanish arrival in A.D. 1769, the project area was within traditional territory of the Luiseño. The Luiseño are the most southwesterly of the Shoshonean or Uto-Aztecan speakers, and Luiseño territory encompassed much of northern San Diego and Orange counties. Luiseño settlement systems have been carefully reconstructed on the basis of extensive ethnographic and ethnohistoric research (Bean and Shipek 1978; Kroeber 1925; Sparkman 1908; Strong 1929; White 1963). White (1963:117) suggested that an average inland rancheria had a territory of approximately 30 square miles. He suggested that the Luiseño settlement system consisted of a series of villages or rancherias located on terraces above the valley bottom watercourse (i.e., the San Luis Rey River). The rancheria-owned territory is a contiguous strip leading from the valley bottom to upland areas. This vertical pattern of rancheria territory facilitated gathering plant foods through the year. In fall, the people moved temporarily to higher elevations (e.g., Palomar Mountain) for the acorn harvest (White 1963:121).

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A wide range of tools were made by the Luiseño using both locally available and imported materials. Numerous other flaked stone tools were made including scrapers, choppers, flake-based cutting tools, and bifacial knives. Preferred stone types were locally available metavolcanics, quartz, and Piedra de Lumbre chert. Obsidian was imported from the deserts to the north and east. Ground stone objects include mortars and pestles typically made of fine-grained granite. Mortars are associated with grinding acorns, although a variety of other materials was processed in them as well (Yohe et al. 1991). Simple basin metates and cobble manos were also used for grinding grass seeds and other items. Baskets, both coiled and twined, were used in gathering, preparation, and storage of food (Bean and Shipek 1978). Pottery vessels were used for cooking and storage. Pottery was made using the paddle and anvil technique, and was seldom decorated (Bean and Shipek 1978).

The Spanish Period in Alta California (1769–1821) represents a time of European exploration and settlement. Military and religious contingents established the San Diego Presidio and the San Diego Mission in 1769. In 1798, Mission San Luis Rey de Francia was founded on the San Luis Rey River in the present­day city of Oceanside. The mission system introduced horses, cattle, sheep, and agricultural goods and implemented new construction methods and architectural styles. The San Luis Rey Mission was particularly successful in terms of religious conversions, relations with the native populace generally, agricultural enterprises, and cattle ranching. According to Engelhardt (1921:46), the mission prospered well into the period following Mexico’s revolt against Spain in 1810. Mission San Luis Rey is approximately 1.3 miles south of the project, on the south side of the San Luis Rey River Valley.

During the Mexican Period (1821–1848), the missions were secularized, opening vast tracts of former mission lands for private use and settlement. In 1834, Mission San Luis Rey was placed under the military administration of Captain Pablo de la Portilla, and in 1835 the Mexican government formally confiscated the mission lands.

Rancho Santa Margarita y Las Flores, the closest rancho to the project site, is less than one mile to the north. Santa Margarita y Las Flores was originally two grants. Las Flores was originally under Mission San Luis Rey control, but became a free town under Native American control after the missions were secularized (Pourade 1969). Rancho Santa Margarita was given to the Pico brothers, Pio and Andres, in 1841, and Las Flores was added in 1844, making the rancho a total of 133,440 acres. The rancho passed through several owners through the years. In 1941, the U.S. government purchased 9,000 acres to establish the Naval Ammunition Depot at Fallbrook. Just a year later, in 1942, the U.S. government purchased all the remaining rancho acreage in San Diego County for the establishment of Marine Corps Base, Camp Joseph H Pendleton (Pourade 1969).

Secularization of the California missions during Mexican rule brought about an era of large private land grants, some of whose histories directly affected the project area. As early as 1835, Pio Pico had taken control of Mission San Luis Rey, retaining the Native Americans as forced labor until he sold the property (in violation of government orders) to Jose A. Cot and Jose A. Pico in 1845. The numerous grants dramatically expanded the rancho system. The southern California economy became increasingly based on cattle ranching. The Mexican period ended when Mexico signed the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo on February 2, 1848, concluding the Mexican–American War.

The great influx of Americans and Europeans, beginning with the Gold Rush in the summer of 1848, eliminated many remaining vestiges of Native American culture. The American homestead system encouraged settlement beyond the coastal plain into areas where Native Americans had retreated to avoid the worst of Spanish and Mexican influences (Carrico 1987; Cook 1976). Mission San Luis Rey was left mostly abandoned from 1846 until 1892, although in 1865 President Abraham Lincoln executed title deeds, which returned it to the Catholic Church (Engelhardt 1921:233). The mission was restored in 1892–1893 by two Franciscans from Mexico and rededicated on May 12, 1893. Ms. Rikkie Ren Page 7 June 24, 2016

3.0 Study Methods 3.1 Records Search A records search with a 1.0-mile radius buffer was performed at the South Coastal Information Center (SCIC) at San Diego State University on June 15, 2016, in order to determine if previously recorded prehistoric or historic cultural resources occur on the property (Attachment 1). The search results indicated 58 cultural investigations, 10 cultural resources, and 37 historic addresses. None of these occur on the project site.

Nine of the 10 cultural resources located within a 1.0-mile radius of the project area are prehistoric: seven of which are sites, and the remaining two are isolate marine shell artifacts. One site, characterized as a heavy shell scatter and light tool scatter, is composed of manos, cobble tools, flakes, and flake tools. This site was tested twice: the first subsurface recovery yielded trace amounts of marine shell, 2 cores and 1 piece of lithic debitage; the second yielded a small amount of marine shell. One survey noted 2 cores, 2 flakes, and 1 scraping tool. One shell scatter site noted a secondary deposit attributed to slopewash that contained 5 pieces of angular debris and shatter, with 1 hammerstone. A site comprising 55+ marine shell specimens contained 1 clam shell disc bead. During the demolition monitoring of a house, garage, and barn, a site was recorded comprising 8 hammerstones, 17 manos, 7 cores, 1 large biface/preform, 3 metates, 7 pieces of angular debris, and 11 flakes. One site contained a single Tizon Brown Ware body sherd, and the remaining site is characterized as a sparse shell scatter. Two sites indicate cultural marine shellfish deposit depth (one site noted an eroded cut bank with an approximate 1-meter deposit depth; one site also noted a cut bank with an approximate 70-centimeter deposit depth), but the remaining sites and isolates within this search indicate a surficial context.

Historic aerial photographs and USGS topographic maps were also checked in order to see past development within and near the project area. A 1938 historic aerial photograph (NETR 2016) represents the most organized use of the project property—an orchard with terracing on the steeper slopes that make up the southern boundary of the property. There is a structure represented on the 1966 USGS topographic map (NETR 2016) near the current entry/exit onto Loma Alta Drive located on the east side of the project site. When overlaid on both 1964 and 1967 aerials, the structure is not present but would have been situated on a still existing southeast/northwest trending dirt road. No evidence of this structure was observed on the survey.

3.2 Reconnaissance Survey On June 15, 2016, the project area was surveyed by RECON archaeologist Nathanial Yerka. Conditions were warm, dry, and sunny. The survey area consisted of the entirety of the project property. Ground visibility was poor (the majority of the property had approximately 20 percent visibility due to seasonal grass cover, plants, non-native ornamental vegetation, and modern surface refuse) to fair (pockets of open ground appeared near the north/south centerline of the property). Survey transects were mostly east/west with approximately 10-meter spacing.

4.0 Survey Results At present, the project site is vacant and evidences a highly disturbed soil structure of light reddish brown, slightly silty, and loamy sand with broken and scarified cobbles, cluttered by modern refuse and building rubble. Toward the center of the top third of the property rests a segment of concrete encased metal pipe, most likely used as a water source for agricultural irrigation. There are no indications of structures on the property. The entire project site evidences disturbed soil. The land cover type is characterized as disturbed land, which is composed of areas that have been previously disturbed and no longer function as a native or naturalized vegetation community. Therefore, the vegetation is dominated by opportunistic non-native forb species, ornamental species, and a limited amount of non-native grass species (Oberbauer et al. 2008; O’Meara 2015). Ms. Rikkie Ren Page 8 June 24, 2016

No prehistoric or historic cultural material was observed during the archaeological survey.

5.0 Recommendations No significant cultural material was observed during the archaeological survey of the project property. The project site is located on a hillside, an erosional context, which would lack significant alluvial deposition that may have covered cultural material. Since the project site presents a highly disturbed environment that includes terracing, plowing, and a high level of rodent activity, the observed ground exposure, though minimal, granted fair opportunity to observe any surface prehistoric and/or historic deposit. Given the level of ground disturbance, evidenced by the exposed subsoils and further evidenced by the resultant and current vegetation community, the probability of the project site containing significant intact subsurface cultural resources is low.

RECON concludes that since the SCIC records search and the archaeological survey failed to indicate the presence of cultural material within the project site, no archaeological monitoring is recommended for this project.

This report was prepared in compliance with the procedures of the City of Oceanside. To the best of our knowledge, the statements and information contained in this report are accurate.

Please call Harry Price at 619-308-9333 ext. 103 or email me at [email protected] if you have any questions or concerns about this project.

Sincerely,

Nathanial Yerka Project Archaeologist

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References Cited Bean, L. J., and F. Shipek 1978 Luiseño. In California, edited by Robert F. Heizer, pp. 550-563. Handbook of North American Indians, vol. 8, William G. Sturtevant, general editor. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.

Carrico, Richard L. 1987 Strangers in a Stolen Land. American Indians in San Diego 1850-1880. Sierra Oaks Publishing, Newcastle, California.

Cook, Shelburne F. 1976 The Population of the California Indians, 1769-1970. University of California Press, Berkeley.

Engelhardt, Fr. Zephyrin, O.F.M. 1921 San Luis Rey Mission. James H. Barry Company, San Francisco.

Kroeber, A. L. 1925 Handbook of the Indians of California. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 78. Smithsonian Institution, Washington.

Nationwide Environmental Title Research, LLC (NETR) 2016 Historic Aerials. Accessed at http://www.historicaerials.com/ on June 23, 2016. Ms. Rikkie Ren Page 9 June 24, 2016

Oberbauer, T., M. Kelly, and J. Buegge 2008 March 2008. Draft Vegetation Communities of San Diego County. Based on “Preliminary Descriptions of the Terrestrial Natural Communities of California”, Robert F. Holland, Ph.D., October 1986.

O’Meara, Cailin 2015 Results of the Biological Survey for the Loma Alta Residence. Unpublished report on file at RECON, San Diego.

Pourade, Richard F. 1969 Historic Ranchos of San Diego. A Copley Book, Union-Tribune Publishing, San Diego.

Rogers, M. J. 1938 Archaeological and Geological Investigations of the Culture Levels in an Old Channel of San Dieguito Valley. Carnegie Institution of Washington Yearbook 37:344-45.

1939 Early Lithic Industries of the Lower Basin of the Colorado River and Adjacent Desert Areas. San Diego Museum of Man Papers 3.

1945 An Outline of Yuman Prehistory. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 1(2):167-198.

Sparkman, Philip S. 1908 The Culture of the Luiseño Indians. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234.

Strong, William 1929 Aboriginal Society in Southern California. University of California Publications in American Archeology and Ethnology 26:1-358.

True, Delbert L., and Georgie Waugh 1981 Archaeological Investigations in Northern San Diego County, California: Frey Creek. Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 3(1):84-115.

True, Delbert L., Clement W. Meighan, and Harvey Crew 1974 Archaeological Investigations at Molpa, San Diego County, California. University of California Publications in Anthropology No. 11, Berkeley, California

U.S. Department of Agriculture 1973 Soil Survey, San Diego Area, California. Edited by Roy H. Bowman. Soil Conservation Service and Forest Service. December.

U.S. Geological Survey 2005 Geologic Map of the Oceanside 30’ x 60’ Quadrangle, California. Compiled by Michael P. Kennedy and Siang S. Tan. Department of Earth Sciences, University of California, Riverside.

Warren, Claude N., Gretchen Siegler, and Frank Dittmer 1993 Paleoindian and Early Archaic Periods. In Historic Properties Background Study for the City of San Diego Clean Water Program. On file with City of San Diego Clean Water Program and Mooney Associates, San Diego.

White, Raymond 1963 Luiseño Social Organization. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 48(2):91-194. Ms. Rikkie Ren Page 10 June 24, 2016

Yohe, Robert M., Margaret E. Newman, and Johan S. Schneider 1991 Immunological Identification of Small-Mammal Proteins on Aboriginal Milling Equipment. American Antiquity 56:679-666.

Archaeological Survey

ATTACHMENT 1 Records Search

Loma Alta Residence