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Pop-Culture Diplomacy in Japan: Soft Power, Nation Branding and the Question of ‘International Cultural Exchange’ Koichi Iwabuchi 419

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Pop-Culture Diplomacy in Japan: Soft Power, Nation Branding and the Question of ‘International Cultural Exchange’ Koichi Iwabuchi 419 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CULTURAL POLICY Volume 21 Number 4 September 2015 SPECIAL ISSUE: CULTURAL DIPLOMACY: BEYOND THE NATIONAL INTEREST? GUEST EDITORS: IEN ANG, YUDHISHTHIR RAJ ISAR & PHILLIP MAR CONTENTS Articles Cultural diplomacy: beyond the national interest? Ien Ang, Yudhishthir Raj Isar and Phillip Mar 365 The disjunction of image and word in US and Chinese soft power projection Robert Albro 382 Slow boat from China: public discourses behind the ‘going global’ media policy Wanning Sun 400 Pop-culture diplomacy in Japan: soft power, nation branding and the question of ‘international cultural exchange’ Koichi Iwabuchi 419 Contemporary cultural diplomacy in South Korea: explicit and implicit approaches Hyungseok Kang 433 Australia’s Colombo Plans, old and new: international students as foreign relations David Lowe 448 The case of Asialink’s arts residency program: towards a critical cosmopolitan approach to cultural diplomacy Bettina Ro¨sler 463 Living with instrumentalism: the academic commitment to cultural diplomacy David Carter 478 ‘Culture in EU external relations’: an idea whose time has come? Yudhishthir Raj Isar 494 Book review 509 SUBSCRIPTION INFORMATION The International Journal of Cultural Policy (USPS permit pending), Print ISSN 1028–6632, Online ISSN 1477–2833, Volume 21, 2015. The International Journal of Cultural Policy (www.tandfonline.com/gcul) is a peer-reviewed journal published (in January, March, June, September and November) by Taylor & Francis, an Informa Business, 4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN, UK. Institutional Subscription Rate (print and online): $894/£711/e711 Institutional Subscription Rate (online-only): $782/£622/e622 (+ VAT where applicable) Personal Subscription Rate (print-only): $226/£182/e182 All current institutional subscriptions include online access for any number of concurrent users across a local area network to the currently available backfile and articles posted online ahead of publication. Taylor & Francis has a flexible approach to subscriptions enabling us to match individual libraries’ require- ments. 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Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/page/terms-and-conditions Taylor & Francis grants authorization for individuals to photocopy copyright material for private research use, on the sole basis that requests for such use are referred directly to the requestor’s local Reproduction Rights Organization (RRO). The copyright fee is $40/£25/e30 exclusive of any charge or fee levied. In order to contact your local RRO, please contact International Federation of Reproduction Rights Organizations (IFRRO), rue du Prince Royal, 87, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium; email ifrro@ skynet.be; Copyright Clearance Center Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA; email [email protected]; or Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London, W1P 0LP, UK; email [email protected]. This authori- zation does not extend to any other kind of copying, by any means, in any form, for any purpose other than private research use. Periodical postage paid at Jamaica, NY and additional mailing offices. US Postmaster: Please send address changes to The International Journal of Cultural Policy (GCUL), Taylor & Francis, 325 Chestnut Street, Suite 800, Philadelphia, PA 19106. Subscription records are maintained at Taylor & Francis Group, 4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, OX14 4RN, United Kingdom. For more information on Taylor & Francis’ journal publishing programme, please visit our website: www.tandfonline.com. International Journal of Cultural Policy, 2015 Vol. 21, No. 4, 365–381, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10286632.2015.1042474 Cultural diplomacy: beyond the national interest? Ien Anga, Yudhishthir Raj Isara,b* and Phillip Mara aInstitute for Culture and Society, University of Western Sydney, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia; bThe American University of Paris, 148 rue de l’Université, 75007 Paris, France (Received 15 April 2015; accepted 15 April 2015) The field of cultural diplomacy, which looms large in present-day cultural pol- icy and discourse, has been insufficiently analysed by the cultural disciplines. This special issue engages with the task of filling the gap. The present essay sets out the terms in which the authors have taken up this engagement, focusing principally on Australia and Asia. Distinguishing between cultural diplomacy that is essentially interest-driven governmental practice and cultural relations, which is ideals-driven and practiced largely by non-state actors, the authors pur- sue a twofold aim. First, to demystify the field, especially when it is yoked to the notion of ‘soft power’; second, to better understand how actually-existing discourses of cultural diplomacy and/or cultural relations operate in different national contexts. The essay seeks in particular to scrutinize the current confu- sion surrounding cultural diplomacy and, in the context of the changing role of the nation-state, to explore its possibilities as an instrument for going beyond the national interest. Keywords: cultural diplomacy; cultural relations; soft power; public diplomacy; national representation; instrumentalisation of culture Introduction The term ‘cultural diplomacy’ looms large today in the foreign policy practice of nation-states as well as in cultural discourse. Yet there is often a distinct lack of clarity in the way the notion is used, on exactly what its practice involves, on why it is important, or on how it works. Much of this indeterminateness stems from the conflation of cultural diplomacy stricto sensu, which is essentially interest-driven governmental practice, with cultural relations, which tends to be driven by ideals rather than interests and is practiced largely by non-state actors. Given the present- day intrications between trans-national cultural connections and cultural practice within nations, this phenomenon should be an important concern of
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