DOCSLIB.ORG

RF Annual Report

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
RF Annual Report The Rockefeller Foundation Annual Report '943 JUL31 f( 49 West 49th Street^ New York 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation CONTENTS FOREWORD xi PRESIDENT'S REVIEW I REPORT OF THE SECRETARY 4! REPORT OF THE WORK OF THE INTERNATIONAL HEALTH DIVISION 47 REPORT OF WORK IN THE MEDICAL SCIENCES IOI REPORT OF WORK IN THE NATURAL SCIENCES 143 REPORT OF WORK IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES 173 REPORT OF WORK IN THE HUMANITIES 197 OTHER APPROPRIATIONS 235 REPORT OF THE TREASURER INDEX 317 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation ILLUSTRATIONS Sailing vessel off the coast of Panama with mosquito- proof water containers 71 Typhus work, Naples, Italy 7/ Minnesota State Department of Health, work on in- fluenza virus 72 Determination of calcium in foods, School of Hy- giene, University of Toronto 72 Quebec Provincial Department of Health. Demon- stration booth of the Division of Tuberculosis and Well-baby Clinic 91 University of Michigan School of Public Health 92 Million volt X-ray machine, Memorial Hospital for the Treatment of Cancer and Allied Diseases, New York City 121 Graduate medical education, Eighth Service Com- mand, Dallas, Texas 121 The Children's Center, Judge Baker Guidance Center 122 Department of Legal Medicine, Harvard Medical School 122 Advanced students in applied mathematics, Brown University 161 Mexican agriculture project 161 Iowa State College genetics research with fruit flies 162 Roscoe B. Jackson Memorial Laboratory, Bar Har- bor, Maine 162 Student conference, National Institute of Public Af- fairs, Washington, D. C. Publications of the Food Research Institute, Stan- ford University 186 Intensive language program in Chinese: developed by the American Council of Learned Societies 211 Library of Congress 212 Slavic Division, Library of Congress 212 VJ1 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION Trustees, Committees, and Officers 1943 TRUSTEES WINTHROP W. ALDRICH WALTES S. GIFFORD CHESTER I. BARNARD WILLIAM I. MYERS KARL T. COMPTON THOMAS I. PARKINSON HAROLD W, DODDS THOMAS PARRAN, M,D, LEWIS W, DOUGLAS JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER, 3RD JOHN FOSTER DULLES ROBERT G. SPROUL RAYMOND B. FOSDICK WALTER W. STEWART DOUGLAS 8. FREEMAN ARTHUR HAYS SULZBERGER HERBERT S. GASSER, M.D. HAROLD H. SWIFT GEORGE H. WHIPPLE, M.D, EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE THE PRESIDENT. Chairman CHESTER I. BARNARD WILLIAM I. MYERS JOHN FOSTER DULLES THOMAS I. PARKINSON HERBERT S. GASSER, M.D. WALTER W. STEWART FINANCE COMMITTEE THOMAS I. PARKINSON, Chairman WINTHROP W. ALDRICH CHESTER I. BARNARD INTERNATIONAL HEALTH DIVISION SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS CHARLES H. BEST, M.D. KENNETH F. MAXCY, M.D. EUGENE L. BISHOP, M.D. HARRY S. MUSTARD, M.D. ERNEST W. GOODPASTURE, M.D. THOMAS M. RIVERS, M.D. TBS DIRECTOR OF THE DIVISION OFFICERS Chairman of the Board of Trustees ' WALTER W. STEWART President RAYMOND B. FOSDICK Vice-President THOMAS B, APPLEGBT Secretary NORMA S. THOMPSON Treasurer EDWARD ROBINSON Comptroller GEORGE J. DEAL Counsel THOMAS M. DEBBVOISE Associate Counsels CHAWCEY BBLKNAP VANDERBILT WEBB Directort International Health Division WILBUR A. SAWYER, M.D. Director for the Medical Sciences ALAN GREGG, M.D. Director for the Natural Sciences WARREN WEAVER Director for the Social Sciences JOSEPH H. WILLITS Director for the Humanities DAVID H. STEVENS viii 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION Trustees, Committees, and Officers 1944 TRUSTEES WINTHROP W. ALDRICH WALTER S, GOTKJBD CHESTER I. BARNARD HENRY ALLEN MOB KARL T. COMPTON WILLIAM I. MYERS HAROLD W. DODDS THOMAS I. PARKINSON LEWIS W. DOUGLAS THOMAS PARRAN, M.D. JOHN FOSTER DULLES JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER, 3RD RAYMOND B. FOSDICK ROBBRT G. SPROUL DOUGLAS S. FREEMAN WALTER W, STBWART HERBERT S. GASSBR, M.D. ARTHUR HAVS SULZBERGER HAROLD H. SWIFT EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE THE PRESIDENT, Chairman CHESTER I. BARNARD HENRY ALLEN MOB JOHN FOSTER DULLES THOMAS I. PARKINSON HERBERT S. GASSBR, M ,D. WALTER W. STEWART FINANCE COMMITTEE THOMAS I. PARKINSON, Chairman WINTHROP W. ALDRICH CHESTER I. BARNARD INTERNATIONAL HEALTH DIVISION SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS EUGENE L. BISHOP, M.D. KENNETH F. MAXCY, M.D. ERNEST W. GOODPASTURE, M.D. HARRY S. MUSTARD, M.D, WILTON L. HALVERSON, M.D. THOMAS PARRAN, M.D. THE DIRECTOR OF THE DIVISION OFFICERS Chairman of the Board of Trustees WALTER W. STEWART President RAYMOND B. FOSDICK Vice-President THOMAS B. APPLEGET Secretary NORMA S. THOMPSON Treasurer EDWARD ROBINSON Comptroller GEORGE J. BEAL Counsel THOMAS M. DEBEVOISE Associate Counsels CHAUNCEY BELKNAP VANDERBILT WEBB Director, International Health Division WILBUR A. SAWYER, M.D.« GEORGE K. STRODE, M.D.» Director for the Medical Sciences ALAN GREGG, M,D. Director for Hit Natural Sciences WARREN WEAVER Director for the Social Sciences JOSEPH H. WILLITS Director for the Humanities DAVID H. STEVENS 1 Retired September i, 1944. 'Appointed September i, 1944. ix 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation To THE TRUSTEES OF THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION : GENTLEMEN: I have the honor to transmit herewith a general review of the work of The Rockefeller Foundation for the period January I, 1943, to December 31, 1943, together with detailed reports of the Secretary and the Treasurer of the Foundation, the Director of the Inter- national Health Division, and the Directors of the Medical Sciences, the Natural Sciences, the Social Sciences, and the Humanities. Respectfully yours, RAYMOND B. FOSDICK President XI 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE PRESIDENT'S REVIEW FOR 1943 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation PRESIDENT'S REVIEW THE YEAR IN BRIEF 5 THE DEVELOPMENT or PENICILLIN 6 FACTS MARCH 8 PURE RESEARCH AND PRACTICAL NEEDS 10 FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH IN EUROPE 13 LABORATORIES AND BARBED WIRE 15 THE GAMBIAE MOSQUITO COMES BACK 17 THE RETURN TO LAGOS 19 TYPHUS 22 DOCTORS IN UNIFORM 24 FRANKENSTEIN 26 THE SOCIAL SCIENCES 28 SLAVIC STUDIES 30 THE PROTECTION OF A CULTURAL HERITAGE 33 LATIN AMERICAN FELLOWSHIPS 35 SCHOLARSHIP IN THE ARGENTINE 38 APPLICATIONS DECLINED DURING 1943 39 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation PRESIDENT'S REVIEW THE YEAR IN BRIEF ^URING 1943 the appropriations of The Rocke- feller Foundation amounted to $7,760,186. The income of the Foundation from investments during the year was $8,079,164, The appropriations were distributed for the most part in six major fields, roughly as follows: Public health $2,450,000 Medical sciences 1,529,000 Natural sciences 599,000 Social sciences 1,068,000 Humanities 1,055,000 Program in China 108,000 A detailed statement of the appropriations made in 1943 appears at the conclusion of this report, beginning on page 256. Of the money appropriated during the year, 69 per cent was for work in the United States and 31 per cent for work in other countries. In December 1943 Dr. Charles N. Leach of the Far Eastern field staff of the International Health Division and Mr. C. G. Copley of the Foundation's Manila office returned to America on the exchange ship Gripsholm. Both had been interned since the fall of Manila. At that time, the Japanese looted the Foundation's office and destroyed all records. In China, Dr. Henry S. Hough ton, director of the Peiping Union Medical College, and Mr. Trevor Bowen, its comptroller, are still imprisoned, and 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation O THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION hope for their early return seems slight. The buildings of the College have been taken over by the military and the greater part of their contents has been removed. THE DEVELOPMENT OF PENICILLIN Some fifteen years ago, Dr. Simon Flexner, whose dis- tinguished contributions to medicine had been in pathol- ogy, made this prophetic remark: "In my opinion the next great advance in medicine will be in the field of chemotherapy/* How accurate his surmise was is shown by the events of the last few years. Hard on the heels of the sul- fonamide drugs has come penicillin, the new medical tool whose potentialities seem to be even greater than its present extraordinary achievements. The story of penicillin deserves a place in this report. In May 1936 The Rockefeller Foundation received a letter from Dr. H. W. Florey, professor of pathology at Oxford, applying for a grant in aid of $1,280. Dr. Florey, who was a former Rockefeller Foundation fellow, ex- plained that he was developing a chemical approach to problems of pathology. He had recently added a bio- chemist to his staff and had engaged a second chemist to join the group in September; the funds were needed to provide laboratory equipment The grant was made at once, and seldom has so small a contribution led to such momentous results. For it was this laboratory, this equipment and this group under Dr. Florey that pioneered the clinical use of peni- cillin. The existence of penicillin as a curious by-product of the greenish-blue mold, Penicillium notatum^ had been discovered several years before by Dr. Alexander Flem- ing working at St. Mary's Hospital in London. Dr. Fleming first recognized its antagonism to bacteria in 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation PRESIDENT'S REVIEW 7 1929 when he found that certain bacteria disappeared in the presence of the mold. In a sense the discovery was an accident, but as Pasteur remarked, ** Chance favo_rs the prepared mind." Dr. Fleming followed his discovery with various tests of the ability of PeniciHium notaium to clear up colonies of microbes in a test tube. But no tests had been made of its medicinal value, and Dr. Florey and his associates at Oxford now undertook, as one of their projects, to explore its possibilities in the treatment of human disease. Toward the end of 1939, with England engaged in a war of survival, Dr. Florey sent the Foundation a brief prospectus of his proposed research, the groundwork for which had been laid in the intervening years.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Creation of Neuroscience
    The Creation of Neuroscience The Society for Neuroscience and the Quest for Disciplinary Unity 1969-1995 Introduction rom the molecular biology of a single neuron to the breathtakingly complex circuitry of the entire human nervous system, our understanding of the brain and how it works has undergone radical F changes over the past century. These advances have brought us tantalizingly closer to genu- inely mechanistic and scientifically rigorous explanations of how the brain’s roughly 100 billion neurons, interacting through trillions of synaptic connections, function both as single units and as larger ensem- bles. The professional field of neuroscience, in keeping pace with these important scientific develop- ments, has dramatically reshaped the organization of biological sciences across the globe over the last 50 years. Much like physics during its dominant era in the 1950s and 1960s, neuroscience has become the leading scientific discipline with regard to funding, numbers of scientists, and numbers of trainees. Furthermore, neuroscience as fact, explanation, and myth has just as dramatically redrawn our cultural landscape and redefined how Western popular culture understands who we are as individuals. In the 1950s, especially in the United States, Freud and his successors stood at the center of all cultural expla- nations for psychological suffering. In the new millennium, we perceive such suffering as erupting no longer from a repressed unconscious but, instead, from a pathophysiology rooted in and caused by brain abnormalities and dysfunctions. Indeed, the normal as well as the pathological have become thoroughly neurobiological in the last several decades. In the process, entirely new vistas have opened up in fields ranging from neuroeconomics and neurophilosophy to consumer products, as exemplified by an entire line of soft drinks advertised as offering “neuro” benefits.
    [Show full text]
  • Advertising (PDF)
    Neuroscience 2013 SEE YOU IN San Diego November 9 – 13, 2013 Join the Society for Neuroscience Are you an SfN member? Join now and save on annual meeting registration. You’ll also enjoy these member-only benefits: • Abstract submission — only SfN members can submit abstracts for the annual meeting • Lower registration rates and more housing choices for the annual meeting • The Journal of Neuroscience — access The Journal online and receive a discounted subscription on the print version • Free essential color charges for The Journal of Neuroscience manuscripts, when first and last authors are members • Free online access to the European Journal of Neuroscience • Premium services on NeuroJobs, SfN’s online career resource • Member newsletters, including Neuroscience Quarterly and Nexus If you are not a member or let your membership lapse, there’s never been a better time to join or renew. Visit www.sfn.org/joinnow and start receiving your member benefits today. www.sfn.org/joinnow membership_full_page_ad.indd 1 1/25/10 2:27:58 PM The #1 Cited Journal in Neuroscience* Read The Journal of Neuroscience every week to keep up on what’s happening in the field. s4HENUMBERONECITEDJOURNAL INNEUROSCIENCE s4HEMOSTNEUROSCIENCEARTICLES PUBLISHEDEACHYEARNEARLY in 2011 s )MPACTFACTOR s 0UBLISHEDTIMESAYEAR ,EARNMOREABOUTMEMBERAND INSTITUTIONALSUBSCRIPTIONSAT *.EUROSCIORGSUBSCRIPTIONS *ISI Journal Citation Reports, 2011 The Journal of Neuroscience 4HE/FlCIAL*OURNALOFTHE3OCIETYFOR.EUROSCIENCE THE HISTORY OF NEUROSCIENCE IN AUTOBIOGRAPHY THE LIVES AND DISCOVERIES OF EMINENT SENIOR NEUROSCIENTISTS CAPTURED IN AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL BOOKS AND VIDEOS The History of Neuroscience in Autobiography Series Edited by Larry R. Squire Outstanding neuroscientists tell the stories of their scientific work in this fascinating series of autobiographical essays.
    [Show full text]
  • The Birth of Information in the Brain: Edgar Adrian and the Vacuum Tube,” Science in Context 28: 31-52
    Garson, J. (2015) “The Birth of Information in the Brain: Edgar Adrian and the Vacuum Tube,” Science in Context 28: 31-52. Preprint (not copyedited or formatted) Please use DOI when citing or quoting: https://doi- org.proxy.wexler.hunter.cuny.edu/10.1017/S0269889714000313 The Birth of Information in the Brain: Edgar Adrian and the Vacuum Tube Word Count: 10, 418 Abstract: As historian Henning Schmidgen notes, the scientific study of the nervous system would have been ‘unthinkable’ without the industrialization of communication in the 1830s. Historians have investigated extensively the way nerve physiologists have borrowed concepts and tools from the field of communications, particularly regarding the nineteenth-century work of figures like Helmholtz and in the American Cold War Era. The following focuses specifically on the interwar research of the Cambridge physiologist Edgar Douglas Adrian, and on the technology that led to his Nobel-Prize- winning research, the thermionic vacuum tube. Many countries used the vacuum tube during the war for the purpose of amplifying and intercepting coded messages. These events provided a context for Adrian’s evolving understanding of the nerve fiber in the 1920s. In particular, they provide the background for Adrian’s transition around 1926 to describing the nerve impulse in terms of “information,” “messages,” “signals,” or even “codes,” and for translating the basic principles of the nerve, such as the all-or-none principle and adaptation, into such an “informational” context. The following also places Adrian’s research in the broader context of the changing relationship between science and technology, and between physics and physiology, in the first few decades of the twentieth century.
    [Show full text]
  • Hhmi Bulletin 3 4 Hhmi Club
    HHMI BULLETIN 4000 Jones Bridge Road • Chevy Chase, Maryland 20815-6789 Howard Hughes Medical Institute www.hhmi.org One Lump or Two? in this issue Once again, those fast-growing yeast find a way to turn a The Silicon Marvel long-held theory on its head. This time, it’s about prions, • Prions for Good which aren’t as universally nasty as once suspected. Some may actually help organisms evolve. The yeast colony shown here www.hhmi.org A Kaleidoscopic View contains a protein in its prion form. Because the prion, known as PSI+, is self-replicating and forms fibrous amyloids, the yeast look lumpy and bumpy—strikingly different from normally smooth yeast. Susan Lindquist’s group has found 19 yeast proteins that can switch back and forth between a normal and a prion version. The prions are thought to help the yeast adapt to changing conditions (see “A Silver Lining,” page 22). LIGHT MOVES v ol. 23 Heather True / Lindquist lab /no. 02 O b s e r v a t i O n s 16 Secret Agent MAn Skin cells do more than just cover our bodies. As a neurology resident, Stanley Prusiner saw Creutzfeldt–Jakob agent began to emerge. These data established, for the first time, that Keratinocytes, for example, anchor immune cells disease kill a patient in a matter of months. Researchers knew the rare a particular macromolecule was required for infectivity and that this within the epidermis, move and proliferate during neurodegenerative disease and scrapie, a similar disease in sheep, macromolecule was a protein …. wound healing, and even secrete inhibitory molecules were infectious but not as a result of a typical virus.
    [Show full text]
  • The Fessard's School of Neurophysiology After
    The fessard’s School of neurophysiology after the Second World War in france: globalisation and diversity in neurophysiological research (1938-1955) Jean-Gaël Barbara To cite this version: Jean-Gaël Barbara. The fessard’s School of neurophysiology after the Second World War in france: globalisation and diversity in neurophysiological research (1938-1955). Archives Italiennes de Biologie, Universita degli Studi di Pisa, 2011. halshs-03090650 HAL Id: halshs-03090650 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-03090650 Submitted on 11 Jan 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. The Fessard’s School of neurophysiology after the Second World War in France: globalization and diversity in neurophysiological research (1938-1955) Jean- Gaël Barbara Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS UMR 7102 Université Denis Diderot, Paris, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS UMR 7219 [email protected] Postal Address : JG Barbara, UPMC, case 14, 7 quai Saint Bernard, 75005,
    [Show full text]
  • In Memoriam Viktor Hamburger
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Elsevier - Publisher Connector Neuron, Vol. 31, 179–190, August 2, 2001, Copyright 2001 by Cell Press Viktor Hamburger (1900–2001): In Memoriam Journey of a Neuroembryologist to the End of the Millennium and Beyond Ronald W. Oppenheim1 Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy and The Neuroscience Program Wake Forest University School of Medicine Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157 But will there be anyone to remember us in another thousand years? Surely it’s not possible that not a single molecule of memory will be found for us, like a yellowing manuscript at the bottom of a forgotten drawer, whose very cataloguing guarantees its eter- nity even if not a single reader ever discovers it. But will the catalog itself survive? —A.B. Yehoshua, 1998 Introduction Oblivious to the voyeuristic-like attention of the two sci- entists peering at it from outside, within the protected Viktor Hamburger in his office at Washington University in St. Louis environment of a temperature- and humidity-controlled in 1987. plexiglass chamber, a chicken embryo, after many hours of preparation, had begun its final embryonic perfor- mance—hatching—a one act drama lasting less than an Born on July 9, 1900, Viktor was conceived in the 19th hour, for which the scientists had coined the term climax, century, lived for the entire 20th century, and died on which was defined as the process of opening and escap- June 12, 2001, in the 21st century. Notwithstanding our ing from the shell, although admittedly the use of this 40 years of friendship, having not participated in his first term as a double entendre hadn’t entirely escaped their 60 years, I often felt like a relative newcomer in his life.
    [Show full text]
  • Ontogeny of Neuroembryology
    The Journal of Neuroscience, October 1988, 8(10): 35353540 part of the Journal. Our intention is to present brief essays on Feature Article subjects of broad importance to neuroscientists, including his- Readers will notice a new addition to this issue. The following torical accounts, tributes to prominent figures, reports of impor- article by Viktor Hamburger is the first of a series of general tant advances, and other noteworthy issues in our field. interest articles that the Editors plan to include in the Journal The Editors welcome the response of subscribers to the intro- pages. Because of the backlog of primary research reports (see duction of this feature section. Further, we are happy to receive Society for Neuroscience Newsletter, Vol. 19, No. 2 (March/April), spectjic suggestions from subscribers for future articles. 1988, pp. 6-7), feature articles will appear only occasionally at first. As the backlog and the resulting publication delays are diminished, however, we plan to make such features a regular Dale Purves, Editor-in-Chief Ontogeny of Neuroembryology V. Hamburger E. V. Mallinckrodt Distinguished Service Professor Emeritus, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130 This essay commemorates the 100th anniversary of the birth protoplasmic connections are transformed into nerve fibers. The of neuroembryology. One cannot, of course, ascribe the begin- more refined versions of the reticular theory of the 1870s and ning of a branch of science to a single year, but the years between 1880s associated with the names of Golgi, Hensen, Gerlach, 1885 and 1890 saw major publications by the German anato- had one important point in common: nerve fibers were supposed mist Wilhelm His (183 l-l 904) and the Spanish histologist S.
    [Show full text]
  • 1. Overview 2. Database Architecture 3. Example Tree 6. Mentorship Network Influences?
    Neurotree: Graphing the academic genealogy of neuroscience Stephen V. David1, Will Chertoff1, Titipat Achakulvisut2, Daniel Acuna2 1Oregon Health & Science University, 2Northwestern University 1. Overview 3. Example tree 4. Founding ancestors Neurotree (http://neurotree.org, [1]) is a collaborative, open-access Name N Resarch area Family tree The distance between two nodes can be Johannes Müller 7715 Physiology website that tracks and visualizes the academic genealogy and history P+ William Fitch measured by the number of mentorship Sir Charles Sherrington 4758 Neurophysiology of neuroscience. After 10 years of growth driven by user-generated Allen Hermann von Helmholtz 3048 Psychophysics University of P- steps connecting them through a Sir John Eccles 2998 Synapses content, the site has captured information about the mentorship of over Rudolf Oregon Ludwig Robert Samuel Alexander Sir Charles Medical common ancestor i(below). The list at Karl Lashley 2558 Learning and memory 80,000 neuroscientists. It has become a unique tool for a community of John Friedrich Karl Koch Sir Charles Kinnier Charles Gordon John Scott Sir Charles Harvey Sir Charles Karl Edgar School C+ Louis Agassiz 2241 Anatomy Sir Michael Newport Goltz Virchow Universität Scott Wilson Symonds Holmes Farquhar Sherrington Scott Williams Scott Spencer Wilder Douglas Frederic right shows the 30 most frequent primary researchers, students, journal editors, and the press. Once Foster Langley Kaiser-Wilhelms- Universität Berlin (ID Sherrington National Hospital, Queen National
    [Show full text]
  • Research Organizations and Major Discoveries in Twentieth-Century Science: a Case Study of Excellence in Biomedical Research
    A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Hollingsworth, Joseph Rogers Working Paper Research organizations and major discoveries in twentieth-century science: A case study of excellence in biomedical research WZB Discussion Paper, No. P 02-003 Provided in Cooperation with: WZB Berlin Social Science Center Suggested Citation: Hollingsworth, Joseph Rogers (2002) : Research organizations and major discoveries in twentieth-century science: A case study of excellence in biomedical research, WZB Discussion Paper, No. P 02-003, Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung (WZB), Berlin This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/50229 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. may exercise further usage rights as specified in the indicated licence. www.econstor.eu P 02 – 003 RESEARCH ORGANIZATIONS AND MAJOR DISCOVERIES IN TWENTIETH-CENTURY SCIENCE: A CASE STUDY OF EXCELLENCE IN BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH J.
    [Show full text]
  • CHEM 360 - Cambridge Scientists
    CHEM 360 - Cambridge Scientists Instructor: Dana Lashley This course will satisfy either COLL 300 or alternatively COLL 200 NQR looking out to the CSI domain. Class time: MTWRF between July 6th and August 7th. This class is taught synchronously or LIVE at 2.30-4.00pm. There are no classes held on Fridays (see below under movies and final exam). Introduction: The list of prominent scientist associated with Cambridge University is as impressive as it is endless. In this course students will learn about the most eminent of these scientists who have emerged from Cambridge over the past 400 years and whose specialties encompass various fields such as mathematics, physics, biochemistry and biology. The accomplishments of these ingenious scientists, many of whom are Nobel Laureates, have changed the course of mankind forever. Objectives: Students will learn about the lives of these scientists through lectures, movies and reading of scientific texts, historical essays and personal memoirs. The most important scientific contributions of each scientist will be discussed to an extent that does not require any college-level science prerequisites so that students from all prospective majors can follow this class. We will investigate how these scientific contributions impacted on society and talk about their modern applications. Lectures will be complemented by field trips in which we will visit historical sites and “walk in the footsteps” of these Cambridge scientists. Several museum trips accompanied by class assignments will be tied into the class assessment. Moreover we will talk about the struggles of some of these scientists as a result of sexism, racism, homophobia or ableism and compare to what extent these topics still pose a problem for scientist today.
    [Show full text]
  • The Fessard's School of Neurophysiology After the Second
    Archives Italiennes de Biologie, 149 (Suppl.): 187-195, 2011. The fessard’s School of neurophysiology after the Second World War in france: globalisation and diversity in neurophysiological research (1938-1955) J.-G. BARBARA Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS UMR 7102; Université Denis Diderot, Paris, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS UMR 7219 ABSTRACT In France, neurophysiology emerged after the Second World War as a dynamic discipline in different schools, Toulouse, Lyons, Montpellier, Marseilles, and Paris, where Lapicque was losing credit with his studies on the excitability of nerves. Parisian neurophysiologist, Alfred Fessard (1900-1982) was a key figure in establishing a new school of neurophysiology on the model of Edgar Adrian’s department in Cambridge, where he worked for a few months in the late thirties. Fessard was initially a student of Henri Piéron involved in experimental psychology. He also made parallel oscillographic studies on elementary activities in various animal and plant preparations. His school trained leading French neurophysiologists in Paris until recently and Fessard was instrumental in the creation of IBRO in 1961. Key words Neurophysiology • France • Fessard • IBRO • Torpedo fish • Chemical neurotransmission After the Second World War, major French figures Marey suggested the creation of an International in neurophysiology emerged from different tradi- Commission for the control of graphical instruments tions in Toulouse, Lyons Montpellier, Strasburg, devoted to physiology. A new cottage named Institut Marseilles, and Paris. Alfred Fessard (1900-1982) is Marey was built near the Physiological Station recognized today as a most talented neurophysiolo- Marey had planned for his studies on movement in gist in the 1940s and 1950s who was able to create Boulogne-Billancourt, Le Parc des Princes, near his own school near Paris, in the former Institut Paris.
    [Show full text]
  • Viktor Hamburger 222
    EDITORIAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE Albert J. Aguayo Bernice Grafstein Theodore Melnechuk Dale Purves Gordon M. Shepherd Larry W. Swanson (Chairperson) The History of Neuroscience in Autobiography VOLUME 1 Edited by Larry R. Squire SOCIETY FOR NEUROSCIENCE 1996 Washington, D.C. Society for Neuroscience 1121 14th Street, NW., Suite 1010 Washington, D.C. 20005 © 1996 by the Society for Neuroscience. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 96-70950 ISBN 0-916110-51-6 Contents Denise Albe-Fessard 2 Julius Axelrod 50 Peter O. Bishop 80 Theodore H. Bullock 110 Irving T. Diamond 158 Robert Galambos 178 Viktor Hamburger 222 Sir Alan L. Hodgkin 252 David H. Hubel 294 Herbert H. Jasper 318 Sir Bernard Katz 348 Seymour S. Kety 382 Benjamin Libet 414 Louis Sokoloff 454 James M. Sprague 498 Curt von Euler 528 John Z. Young 554 Viktor Hamburger BORN: Landeshut Silesia, Germany (now Poland) July 9, 1900 EDUCATION: University of Heidelberg, 1919 University of Freiburg, Ph.D., 1920 (Zoology with H. Spemann, 1925) APPOINTMENTS: University of Giittingen (1925) Kaiser-Wilhelm Institute for Biology, Berlin-Dahlem, Germany (1926) University of Freiburg (1928) University of Chicago (1932) Washington University, St. Louis (1935) Mallinkrodt Distinguished Professor Emeritus, Washington University (1969) HONORS AND AWARDS (SELECTED): Society for Developmental Biology (President, 1950, 1951) National Academy of Sciences USA (1953) American Society of Biologists (President, 1955) Ralph W. Gerard Prize, Society for Neuroscience (1985) National Medal of Science (1989) Karl Lashley Award, American Philosophical Society (1990) Viktor Hamburger is best known for his pioneering work in experimental neuroembryology, including the effects of peripheral tissue on the development of the central nervous system, and the emergence of behavior in the embryo.
    [Show full text]