The Rockefeller Foundation Annual Report '943 JUL31 f( 49 West 49th Street^ New York 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation CONTENTS FOREWORD xi PRESIDENT'S REVIEW I REPORT OF THE SECRETARY 4! REPORT OF THE WORK OF THE INTERNATIONAL HEALTH DIVISION 47 REPORT OF WORK IN THE MEDICAL SCIENCES IOI REPORT OF WORK IN THE NATURAL SCIENCES 143 REPORT OF WORK IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES 173 REPORT OF WORK IN THE HUMANITIES 197 OTHER APPROPRIATIONS 235 REPORT OF THE TREASURER INDEX 317 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation ILLUSTRATIONS Sailing vessel off the coast of Panama with mosquito- proof water containers 71 Typhus work, Naples, Italy 7/ Minnesota State Department of Health, work on in- fluenza virus 72 Determination of calcium in foods, School of Hy- giene, University of Toronto 72 Quebec Provincial Department of Health. Demon- stration booth of the Division of Tuberculosis and Well-baby Clinic 91 University of Michigan School of Public Health 92 Million volt X-ray machine, Memorial Hospital for the Treatment of Cancer and Allied Diseases, New York City 121 Graduate medical education, Eighth Service Com- mand, Dallas, Texas 121 The Children's Center, Judge Baker Guidance Center 122 Department of Legal Medicine, Harvard Medical School 122 Advanced students in applied mathematics, Brown University 161 Mexican agriculture project 161 Iowa State College genetics research with fruit flies 162 Roscoe B. Jackson Memorial Laboratory, Bar Har- bor, Maine 162 Student conference, National Institute of Public Af- fairs, Washington, D. C. Publications of the Food Research Institute, Stan- ford University 186 Intensive language program in Chinese: developed by the American Council of Learned Societies 211 Library of Congress 212 Slavic Division, Library of Congress 212 VJ1 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION Trustees, Committees, and Officers 1943 TRUSTEES WINTHROP W. ALDRICH WALTES S. GIFFORD CHESTER I. BARNARD WILLIAM I. MYERS KARL T. COMPTON THOMAS I. PARKINSON HAROLD W, DODDS THOMAS PARRAN, M,D, LEWIS W, DOUGLAS JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER, 3RD JOHN FOSTER DULLES ROBERT G. SPROUL RAYMOND B. FOSDICK WALTER W. STEWART DOUGLAS 8. FREEMAN ARTHUR HAYS SULZBERGER HERBERT S. GASSER, M.D. HAROLD H. SWIFT GEORGE H. WHIPPLE, M.D, EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE THE PRESIDENT. Chairman CHESTER I. BARNARD WILLIAM I. MYERS JOHN FOSTER DULLES THOMAS I. PARKINSON HERBERT S. GASSER, M.D. WALTER W. STEWART FINANCE COMMITTEE THOMAS I. PARKINSON, Chairman WINTHROP W. ALDRICH CHESTER I. BARNARD INTERNATIONAL HEALTH DIVISION SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS CHARLES H. BEST, M.D. KENNETH F. MAXCY, M.D. EUGENE L. BISHOP, M.D. HARRY S. MUSTARD, M.D. ERNEST W. GOODPASTURE, M.D. THOMAS M. RIVERS, M.D. TBS DIRECTOR OF THE DIVISION OFFICERS Chairman of the Board of Trustees ' WALTER W. STEWART President RAYMOND B. FOSDICK Vice-President THOMAS B, APPLEGBT Secretary NORMA S. THOMPSON Treasurer EDWARD ROBINSON Comptroller GEORGE J. DEAL Counsel THOMAS M. DEBBVOISE Associate Counsels CHAWCEY BBLKNAP VANDERBILT WEBB Directort International Health Division WILBUR A. SAWYER, M.D. Director for the Medical Sciences ALAN GREGG, M.D. Director for the Natural Sciences WARREN WEAVER Director for the Social Sciences JOSEPH H. WILLITS Director for the Humanities DAVID H. STEVENS viii 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION Trustees, Committees, and Officers 1944 TRUSTEES WINTHROP W. ALDRICH WALTER S, GOTKJBD CHESTER I. BARNARD HENRY ALLEN MOB KARL T. COMPTON WILLIAM I. MYERS HAROLD W. DODDS THOMAS I. PARKINSON LEWIS W. DOUGLAS THOMAS PARRAN, M.D. JOHN FOSTER DULLES JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER, 3RD RAYMOND B. FOSDICK ROBBRT G. SPROUL DOUGLAS S. FREEMAN WALTER W, STBWART HERBERT S. GASSBR, M.D. ARTHUR HAVS SULZBERGER HAROLD H. SWIFT EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE THE PRESIDENT, Chairman CHESTER I. BARNARD HENRY ALLEN MOB JOHN FOSTER DULLES THOMAS I. PARKINSON HERBERT S. GASSBR, M ,D. WALTER W. STEWART FINANCE COMMITTEE THOMAS I. PARKINSON, Chairman WINTHROP W. ALDRICH CHESTER I. BARNARD INTERNATIONAL HEALTH DIVISION SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS EUGENE L. BISHOP, M.D. KENNETH F. MAXCY, M.D. ERNEST W. GOODPASTURE, M.D. HARRY S. MUSTARD, M.D, WILTON L. HALVERSON, M.D. THOMAS PARRAN, M.D. THE DIRECTOR OF THE DIVISION OFFICERS Chairman of the Board of Trustees WALTER W. STEWART President RAYMOND B. FOSDICK Vice-President THOMAS B. APPLEGET Secretary NORMA S. THOMPSON Treasurer EDWARD ROBINSON Comptroller GEORGE J. BEAL Counsel THOMAS M. DEBEVOISE Associate Counsels CHAUNCEY BELKNAP VANDERBILT WEBB Director, International Health Division WILBUR A. SAWYER, M.D.« GEORGE K. STRODE, M.D.» Director for the Medical Sciences ALAN GREGG, M,D. Director for Hit Natural Sciences WARREN WEAVER Director for the Social Sciences JOSEPH H. WILLITS Director for the Humanities DAVID H. STEVENS 1 Retired September i, 1944. 'Appointed September i, 1944. ix 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation To THE TRUSTEES OF THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION : GENTLEMEN: I have the honor to transmit herewith a general review of the work of The Rockefeller Foundation for the period January I, 1943, to December 31, 1943, together with detailed reports of the Secretary and the Treasurer of the Foundation, the Director of the Inter- national Health Division, and the Directors of the Medical Sciences, the Natural Sciences, the Social Sciences, and the Humanities. Respectfully yours, RAYMOND B. FOSDICK President XI 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE PRESIDENT'S REVIEW FOR 1943 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation PRESIDENT'S REVIEW THE YEAR IN BRIEF 5 THE DEVELOPMENT or PENICILLIN 6 FACTS MARCH 8 PURE RESEARCH AND PRACTICAL NEEDS 10 FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH IN EUROPE 13 LABORATORIES AND BARBED WIRE 15 THE GAMBIAE MOSQUITO COMES BACK 17 THE RETURN TO LAGOS 19 TYPHUS 22 DOCTORS IN UNIFORM 24 FRANKENSTEIN 26 THE SOCIAL SCIENCES 28 SLAVIC STUDIES 30 THE PROTECTION OF A CULTURAL HERITAGE 33 LATIN AMERICAN FELLOWSHIPS 35 SCHOLARSHIP IN THE ARGENTINE 38 APPLICATIONS DECLINED DURING 1943 39 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation PRESIDENT'S REVIEW THE YEAR IN BRIEF ^URING 1943 the appropriations of The Rocke- feller Foundation amounted to $7,760,186. The income of the Foundation from investments during the year was $8,079,164, The appropriations were distributed for the most part in six major fields, roughly as follows: Public health $2,450,000 Medical sciences 1,529,000 Natural sciences 599,000 Social sciences 1,068,000 Humanities 1,055,000 Program in China 108,000 A detailed statement of the appropriations made in 1943 appears at the conclusion of this report, beginning on page 256. Of the money appropriated during the year, 69 per cent was for work in the United States and 31 per cent for work in other countries. In December 1943 Dr. Charles N. Leach of the Far Eastern field staff of the International Health Division and Mr. C. G. Copley of the Foundation's Manila office returned to America on the exchange ship Gripsholm. Both had been interned since the fall of Manila. At that time, the Japanese looted the Foundation's office and destroyed all records. In China, Dr. Henry S. Hough ton, director of the Peiping Union Medical College, and Mr. Trevor Bowen, its comptroller, are still imprisoned, and 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation O THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION hope for their early return seems slight. The buildings of the College have been taken over by the military and the greater part of their contents has been removed. THE DEVELOPMENT OF PENICILLIN Some fifteen years ago, Dr. Simon Flexner, whose dis- tinguished contributions to medicine had been in pathol- ogy, made this prophetic remark: "In my opinion the next great advance in medicine will be in the field of chemotherapy/* How accurate his surmise was is shown by the events of the last few years. Hard on the heels of the sul- fonamide drugs has come penicillin, the new medical tool whose potentialities seem to be even greater than its present extraordinary achievements. The story of penicillin deserves a place in this report. In May 1936 The Rockefeller Foundation received a letter from Dr. H. W. Florey, professor of pathology at Oxford, applying for a grant in aid of $1,280. Dr. Florey, who was a former Rockefeller Foundation fellow, ex- plained that he was developing a chemical approach to problems of pathology. He had recently added a bio- chemist to his staff and had engaged a second chemist to join the group in September; the funds were needed to provide laboratory equipment The grant was made at once, and seldom has so small a contribution led to such momentous results. For it was this laboratory, this equipment and this group under Dr. Florey that pioneered the clinical use of peni- cillin. The existence of penicillin as a curious by-product of the greenish-blue mold, Penicillium notatum^ had been discovered several years before by Dr. Alexander Flem- ing working at St. Mary's Hospital in London. Dr. Fleming first recognized its antagonism to bacteria in 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation PRESIDENT'S REVIEW 7 1929 when he found that certain bacteria disappeared in the presence of the mold. In a sense the discovery was an accident, but as Pasteur remarked, ** Chance favo_rs the prepared mind." Dr. Fleming followed his discovery with various tests of the ability of PeniciHium notaium to clear up colonies of microbes in a test tube. But no tests had been made of its medicinal value, and Dr. Florey and his associates at Oxford now undertook, as one of their projects, to explore its possibilities in the treatment of human disease. Toward the end of 1939, with England engaged in a war of survival, Dr. Florey sent the Foundation a brief prospectus of his proposed research, the groundwork for which had been laid in the intervening years.