Characterizing Spatiotemporal Variations of Soil Salinization And
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"Thoroughly Reforming Them Towards a Healthy Heart Attitude"
By Adrian Zenz - Version of this paper accepted for publication by the journal Central Asian Survey "Thoroughly Reforming Them Towards a Healthy Heart Attitude" - China's Political Re-Education Campaign in Xinjiang1 Adrian Zenz European School of Culture and Theology, Korntal Updated September 6, 2018 This is the accepted version of the article published by Central Asian Survey at https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02634937.2018.1507997 Abstract Since spring 2017, the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region in China has witnessed the emergence of an unprecedented reeducation campaign. According to media and informant reports, untold thousands of Uyghurs and other Muslims have been and are being detained in clandestine political re-education facilities, with major implications for society, local economies and ethnic relations. Considering that the Chinese state is currently denying the very existence of these facilities, this paper investigates publicly available evidence from official sources, including government websites, media reports and other Chinese internet sources. First, it briefly charts the history and present context of political re-education. Second, it looks at the recent evolution of re-education in Xinjiang in the context of ‘de-extremification’ work. Finally, it evaluates detailed empirical evidence pertaining to the present re-education drive. With Xinjiang as the ‘core hub’ of the Belt and Road Initiative, Beijing appears determined to pursue a definitive solution to the Uyghur question. Since summer 2017, troubling reports emerged about large-scale internments of Muslims (Uyghurs, Kazakhs and Kyrgyz) in China's northwest Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (XUAR). By the end of the year, reports emerged that some ethnic minority townships had detained up to 10 percent of the entire population, and that in the Uyghur-dominated Kashgar Prefecture alone, numbers of interned persons had reached 120,000 (The Guardian, January 25, 2018). -
Resisting Chinese Linguistic Imperialism
UYGHUR HUMAN RIGHTS PROJECT SPECIAL REPORT Resisting Chinese Linguistic Imperialism: Abduweli Ayup and the Movement for Uyghur Mother Tongue-Based Education Rustem Shir, Research Associate Logo of the Ana Til Balilar Baghchisi (Mother Tongue Children’s Garden) May 2019 Contents Acknowledgement 4 Introduction 5 1. CCP language policy on education in East Turkestan 6 Foundations of CCP ethnic minority policy 6 Eras of minority language tolerance 9 Primary and secondary school ‘bilingual’ education policy 12 The Xinjiang Class 20 Mandarin as the language of instruction at Xinjiang University 22 Preschool and kindergarten ‘bilingual’ education policy 23 Suppression of the Movement for Uyghur Mother Tongue-Based Education 26 The Hotan Prefecture and Ghulja County Department of Education directives 28 Internment camps 29 Discussion 32 2. ABduweli Ayup and the Movement for Uyghur Mother Tongue-Based Education 36 Upal: Why couldn’t we study Kashgari? 36 Toquzaq: Oyghan! (Wake Up!) 38 Beijing: Our campus felt like a minority region 41 Doletbagh: My sad history repeating in front of me 50 Urumchi: Education for assimilation 55 Lanzhou: Are you bin Laden? 60 Ankara: Ethno-nationalism and a counterbalance 67 Urumchi: For the love of community 72 Lawrence: Disconnected 77 Kashgar: Rise of the Movement for Uyghur Mother Tongue-Based Education 81 Urumchi: Just keep silent 89 Kashgar: You’re going to be arrested 93 Doletbagh Detention Center: No choice, brother 98 Urumchi Tengritagh Detention Center: Qorqma (Don’t be afraid) 104 Urumchi Liudaowan Prison: Every color had disappeared 109 Urumchi Koktagh Prison: Do you want to defend yourself? 124 2 Urumchi/Kashgar: Release and return 127 Kashgar: Open-air prison 131 Ankara: Stateless and stranded 138 Paris: A new beginning 146 3. -
World Bank Document
Document of The World Bank Public Disclosure Authorized Report No: 17129 - CHA PROJECT APPRAISAL DOCUMENT Public Disclosure Authorized ONA PROPOSED LOAN OF $90 MILLION AND A PROPOSED CREDIT EQUIVALENT TO SDR 44.6 MILLION TO THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA Public Disclosure Authorized FOR THE TARIM BASIN II PROJECT April 23, 1998 Public Disclosure Authorized Rural Development & Natural Resources Sector Unit East Asia and Pacific Region CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (Exchange Rate Effective January 1998) Currency Unit = Yuan Y 1.00 = US$ 0.12 US$ 1.00 = Y 8.3 FISCAL YEAR January I to December 31 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES I meter (m) = 3.28 feet (ft) 1 kilometer 0.62 miles I square kilometer 100 ha I hectare (ha) = 15 mu 2.47 acres I ton (t) = 1,000 kg - 2,205 pounds PRINCIPAL ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS USED CAS - Country Assistance Strategy GOC - Government of China EIA - Environmental Impact Assessment FAO - Food and Agriculture Organization GIS - Geographical Information System IBRD - International Bank for Reconstruction and Development IDA - Intemational Development Association IPM - Integrated Pest Management MIS - Management Information System MOF - Ministry of Finance MWR - Ministry of Water Resources NBET Non-Beneficial Evapotranspiration NGO - Non-governmental Organization PMO - Project Management Office PRC - People's Republic of China RAP Resettlement Action Plan SIDD - Self-financing Irrigation and Drainage District TBWRC - Tarim Basin Water Resources Commission TMB - Tarim Management Bureau WSC - Water Supply Corporation WUA - Water User Association XUAR - Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Vice President: Jean-Michel Severino, EAP Country Manager/Director: Yukon Huang Sector Manager/Director: Geoffrey B. Fox Task Team Leader/Task Manager: Douglas OlsoIn CHINA Tarim Basin II Project CONTENTS A. -
Mission and Revolution in Central Asia
Mission and Revolution in Central Asia The MCCS Mission Work in Eastern Turkestan 1892-1938 by John Hultvall A translation by Birgitta Åhman into English of the original book, Mission och revolution i Centralasien, published by Gummessons, Stockholm, 1981, in the series STUDIA MISSIONALIA UPSALIENSIA XXXV. TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword by Ambassador Gunnar Jarring Preface by the author I. Eastern Turkestan – An Isolated Country and Yet a Meeting Place 1. A Geographical Survey 2. Different Ethnic Groups 3. Scenes from Everyday Life 4. A Brief Historical Survey 5. Religious Concepts among the Chinese Rulers 6. The Religion of the Masses 7. Eastern Turkestan Church History II. Exploring the Mission Field 1892 -1900. From N. F. Höijer to the Boxer Uprising 1. An Un-known Mission Field 2. Pioneers 3. Diffident Missionary Endeavours 4. Sven Hedin – a Critic and a Friend 5. Real Adversities III. The Foundation 1901 – 1912. From the Boxer Uprising to the Birth of the Republic. 1. New Missionaries Keep Coming to the Field in a Constant Stream 2. Mission Medical Care is Organized 3. The Chinese Branch of the Mission Develops 4. The Bible Dispute 5. Starting Children’s Homes 6. The Republican Frenzy Reaches Kashgar 7. The Results of the Founding Years IV. Stabilization 1912 – 1923. From Sjöholm’s Inspection Tour to the First Persecution. 1. The Inspection of 1913 2. The Eastern Turkestan Conference 3. The Schools – an Attempt to Reach Young People 4. The Literary Work Transgressing all Frontiers 5. The Church is Taking Roots 6. The First World War – Seen from a Distance 7. -
Open-Surface Water Bodies Dynamics Analysis in the Tarim River Basin (North-Western China), Based on Google Earth Engine Cloud Platform
water Article Open-Surface Water Bodies Dynamics Analysis in the Tarim River Basin (North-Western China), Based on Google Earth Engine Cloud Platform Jiahao Chen 1,2 , Tingting Kang 1,2, Shuai Yang 1,2, Jingyi Bu 1,2 , Kexin Cao 1,2 and Yanchun Gao 1,* 1 Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Related Land Surface Processes, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; [email protected] (J.C.); [email protected] (T.K.); [email protected] (S.Y.); [email protected] (J.B.); [email protected] (K.C.) 2 College of Resources and Environment, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-010-6488-8991 Received: 6 July 2020; Accepted: 6 October 2020; Published: 11 October 2020 Abstract: The Tarim River Basin (TRB), located in an arid region, is facing the challenge of increasing water pressure and uncertain impacts of climate change. Many water body identification methods have achieved good results in different application scenarios, but only a few for arid areas. An arid region water detection rule (ARWDR) was proposed by combining vegetation index and water index. Taking computing advantages of the Google Earth Engine (GEE) cloud platform, 56,284 Landsat 5/7/8 optical images in the TRB were used to detect open-surface water bodies and generated a 30-m annual water frequency map from 1992 to 2019. The interannual changes and trends of the water body area were analyzed and the impacts of climatic and anthropogenic drivers on open-surface water body area dynamics were examined. -
Nature and Timing of Large Landslides Within an Active Orogen, Eastern Pamir, China
Geomorphology 182 (2013) 49–65 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Geomorphology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/geomorph Nature and timing of large landslides within an active orogen, eastern Pamir, China Zhaode Yuan a,b, Jie Chen a,⁎, Lewis A. Owen c, Kathryn A. Hedrick c, Marc W. Caffee d, Wenqiao Li a, Lindsay M. Schoenbohm e, Alexander C. Robinson f a State Key Laboratory of Earthquake Dynamics, Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100029, China b China Earthquake Disaster Prevention Center, Beijing 100029, China c Department of Geology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA d Department of Physics/PRIME Laboratory, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA e Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Canada ON L5L 1C6 f Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204-5007, USA article info abstract Article history: Large-scale landsliding (involving ≫106 m3 in volume) is important in landscape development in high Received 18 June 2012 mountains. To assess the importance of large landslides in high mountains, four large landslides (Bulunkou, Received in revised form 26 October 2012 Muztagh, Taheman, and Yimake) were mapped in the NE Chinese Pamir at the westernmost end of the Accepted 26 October 2012 Himalayan–Tibetan orogen and dated using 10Be terrestrial cosmogenic nuclides. The Bulunkou landslide Available online 12 November 2012 at the southernmost end of Muji Valley is composed of ~1.7×107 m3 of landslide debris and has an age of 2.0±0.1 ka. The Muztagh landslide, located on the SW side of the massif Muztagh Ata, is composed of Keywords: 8 3 Landslides ~4.7×10 m of debris, and has an age of 14.3±0.8 ka. -
Letters from Mr. G. W. Hayward on His Explorations in Gilgit and Yassin Author(S): George W
Letters from Mr. G. W. Hayward on His Explorations in Gilgit and Yassin Author(s): George W. Hayward Source: Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London, Vol. 41 (1871), pp. 1-46 Published by: Wiley on behalf of The Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers) Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3698053 . Accessed: 24/06/2014 23:49 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Wiley and The Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers) are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 91.229.229.162 on Tue, 24 Jun 2014 23:49:13 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions PAPERS READ BEFORE THE ROYAL GEOGRAPHICALSOCIETY DURING THE SESSION 1870-71. [FORMING VOL. XLI. OF THE SOCIETY'SJOURNAL. PUBLISHEDJULY 1st, 1872.] I.-Letters from Mr. G. W. HAYWARDon his Explorationsin Gilgit and Yassin. Read, November 15, 1870. 1. LETTER FROM MR. G. W. HAYWARD TO COLONEL SHOWERS. " Camp Roshan, between Gilgit and Yassin, " MY DEAR COLONEL SHOWERS, " 17th February, 1870. -
Mpub10110094.Pdf
An Introduction to Chaghatay: A Graded Textbook for Reading Central Asian Sources Eric Schluessel Copyright © 2018 by Eric Schluessel Some rights reserved This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, PO Box 1866, Mountain View, California, 94042, USA. Published in the United States of America by Michigan Publishing Manufactured in the United States of America DOI: 10.3998/mpub.10110094 ISBN 978-1-60785-495-1 (paper) ISBN 978-1-60785-496-8 (e-book) An imprint of Michigan Publishing, Maize Books serves the publishing needs of the University of Michigan community by making high-quality scholarship widely available in print and online. It represents a new model for authors seeking to share their work within and beyond the academy, offering streamlined selection, production, and distribution processes. Maize Books is intended as a complement to more formal modes of publication in a wide range of disciplinary areas. http://www.maizebooks.org Cover Illustration: "Islamic Calligraphy in the Nasta`liq style." (Credit: Wellcome Collection, https://wellcomecollection.org/works/chengwfg/, licensed under CC BY 4.0) Contents Acknowledgments v Introduction vi How to Read the Alphabet xi 1 Basic Word Order and Copular Sentences 1 2 Existence 6 3 Plural, Palatal Harmony, and Case Endings 12 4 People and Questions 20 5 The Present-Future Tense 27 6 Possessive -
Controls on Erosion in the Western Tarim Basin: Implications for the Uplift of Northwest Tibet and the Pamir
Research Paper GEOSPHERE Controls on erosion in the western Tarim Basin: Implications for the uplift of northwest Tibet and the Pamir GEOSPHERE; v. 13, no. 5 Peter D. Clift1,2, Hongbo Zheng3, Andrew Carter4, Philipp Böning5, Tara N. Jonell1, Hannah Schorr1, Xin Shan6, Katharina Pahnke5, Xiaochun Wei7, and Tammy Rittenour8 doi:10.1130/GES01378.1 1Department of Geology and Geophysics, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA 2School of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China 3 12 figures; 3 tables; 1 supplemental file Research Center for Earth System Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China 4Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Birkbeck College, London WC1E 7HX, UK 5Max Planck Research Group for Marine Isotope Geochemistry, Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), University of Oldenburg, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany CORRESPONDENCE: pclift@lsu .edu 6Key Laboratory of Marine Sedimentology and Environmental Geology, First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao 266061, Shandong, China 7School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China CITATION: Clift, P.D., Zheng, H., Carter, A., Böning, 8Department of Geology, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, USA P., Jonell, T.N., Schorr, H., Shan, X., Pahnke, K., Wei, X., and Rittenour, T., 2017, Controls on erosion in the western Tarim Basin: Implications for the uplift ABSTRACT started by ca. 17 Ma, somewhat after that of the Pamir and Songpan Garze of of northwest Tibet and the Pamir: Geosphere, v. 13, northwestern Tibet, dated to before 24 Ma. Sediment from the Kunlun reached no. 5, p. 1747–1765, doi:10.1130/GES01378.1. -
The Muslim Emperor of China: Everyday Politics in Colonial Xinjiang, 1877-1933
The Muslim Emperor of China: Everyday Politics in Colonial Xinjiang, 1877-1933 The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Schluessel, Eric T. 2016. The Muslim Emperor of China: Everyday Politics in Colonial Xinjiang, 1877-1933. Doctoral dissertation, Harvard University, Graduate School of Arts & Sciences. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:33493602 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA The Muslim Emperor of China: Everyday Politics in Colonial Xinjiang, 1877-1933 A dissertation presented by Eric Tanner Schluessel to The Committee on History and East Asian Languages in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the subject of History and East Asian Languages Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts April, 2016 © 2016 – Eric Schluessel All rights reserved. Dissertation Advisor: Mark C. Elliott Eric Tanner Schluessel The Muslim Emperor of China: Everyday Politics in Colonial Xinjiang, 1877-1933 Abstract This dissertation concerns the ways in which a Chinese civilizing project intervened powerfully in cultural and social change in the Muslim-majority region of Xinjiang from the 1870s through the 1930s. I demonstrate that the efforts of officials following an ideology of domination and transformation rooted in the Chinese Classics changed the ways that people associated with each other and defined themselves and how Muslims understood their place in history and in global space. -
Ethnic Minorities in Xinjiang Introduction
A ROUTLEDGE FREEBOOK Ethnic Minorities in Xinjiang Introduction 1 - Xinjiang and the dead hand of history 2 - Language, Education, and Uyghur Identity: An Introductory Essay 3 - Xinjiang from the ?Outside-in? and the ?Inside-out' 4 - Ethnic Resurgence and State Response 5 - Xinjiang and the evolution of China?s policy on terrorism: (2009-18) 6 - Conflict in Xinjiang and its resolution 7 - Reeducation Camps READ THE LATEST ON ETHNIC MINORITIES IN XINJIANG WITH THESE KEY TITLES VISIT WWW.ROUTLEDGE.COM/ ASIANSTUDIES TO BROWSE THE FULL ASIAN STUDIES COLLECTION SAVE 20% WITH DISCOUNT CODE F003 Introduction There has been significant coverage in the media in recent years on the increase of violence towards the Xinjiang Uyghurs and other ethnic minorities in China. This Freebook explores how the Uyghur language, Uyghur culture, Xinjiang geopolitics and Chinese state response have all resulted in and affected the violence in Xinjiang in the Twenty-First Century. The first chapter, by Michael Dillon, gives a brief introduction to Uyghur history including an overview of Xinjiang and its location, Uyghur language and culture, the religious restrictions imposed over the years and various occasions of violence starting from the 1900s. The next chapter, by Joanne Smith and Xiaowei Zang, explores the language and education of the Xinjiang Uyghurs and how this had a direct impact on their identity. This chapter further defines ethnic identity and questions its relationship to social, cultural and religious practices. Chapter three, by Michael Clarke, delves into the problematic nature of geopolitics and explores how Beijing and the West's geopolitical perspectives have influenced and constrained the Uyghur domain. -
Climate System in Northwest China ������������������������������������������������������ 51 Yaning Chen, Baofu Li and Changchun Xu
Water Resources Research in Northwest China Yaning Chen Editor Water Resources Research in Northwest China 1 3 Editor Yaning Chen Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography Chinese Academy of Sciences Xinjiang People’s Republic of China ISBN 978-94-017-8016-2 ISBN 978-94-017-8017-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-8017-9 Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg New York London Library of Congress Control Number: 2014930889 © Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2014 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.