DOCSLIB.ORG

Letters from Mr. G. W. Hayward on His Explorations in Gilgit and Yassin Author(S): George W

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Letters from Mr. G. W. Hayward on His Explorations in Gilgit and Yassin Author(S): George W Letters from Mr. G. W. Hayward on His Explorations in Gilgit and Yassin Author(s): George W. Hayward Source: Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London, Vol. 41 (1871), pp. 1-46 Published by: Wiley on behalf of The Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers) Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3698053 . Accessed: 24/06/2014 23:49 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Wiley and The Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers) are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 91.229.229.162 on Tue, 24 Jun 2014 23:49:13 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions PAPERS READ BEFORE THE ROYAL GEOGRAPHICALSOCIETY DURING THE SESSION 1870-71. [FORMING VOL. XLI. OF THE SOCIETY'SJOURNAL. PUBLISHEDJULY 1st, 1872.] I.-Letters from Mr. G. W. HAYWARDon his Explorationsin Gilgit and Yassin. Read, November 15, 1870. 1. LETTER FROM MR. G. W. HAYWARD TO COLONEL SHOWERS. " Camp Roshan, between Gilgit and Yassin, " MY DEAR COLONEL SHOWERS, " 17th February, 1870. " As you are good enough to take an interest in the exploring expedition to the Pamir, and expressed a wish to hear of my progress by Gilgit, I am glad to be able to let you know that I am on the point of entering Yassin, which place is only some 12 miles distant from my present camp. Some delay was experienced in Gilgit, and an advance to Yassin was for some time doubtful; but at length a favourable answer was received to my application to Meer Wulli Khan, the chief of the country, to be allowed to visit Yassin. He has sent an official to escort me in, and comes out himself to-morrow morning to meet me en route. Judging from his letter and friendly expressions, a favourable reception seems certain. He is related by marriage to Aman-i-Moolk, the chief of Chitral, and if I can obtain the latter's goodwill through Meer Wulli Khan, there should be no great difficulty in penetrating to the Karakul. Should the Yassin chief further my views, and render assistance as far as Wakhan, it will not be imperative to visit Chitral, since his vakeel mentions a very good route leading direct from Yassin VOL. XLI. B This content downloaded from 91.229.229.162 on Tue, 24 Jun 2014 23:49:13 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 4$ "-',',,, .:-"Kaa 't,ec,oot ';sUWV '; s w Wa8an,8 ,4' Darband,(;' Po-ur.---... .hurA -0:s--o s _s -.-. ,- T I -_, .asht.o,~,-- R 0 0 R SO-'- . This content downloaded from 91.229.229.162 on Tue, 24 Jun 2014 23:49:13 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 18h636 C H L A Sketch Map of the Route .;.,- TRANS-INDUS COUNTRIES MlHaywards ;,^1.o o Sowwt p ' s I R s X ° U n s sps b y This content downloaded from 91.229.229.162 on Tue, 24 Jun 2014 23:49:13 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions A S anga Parbut,or tDayam Peak EngZhMiles 'aPechoot,~,,, -'-'---, :-:-' ZKaa ';sUWV '; s w ,,o Pour,. ...-.. I %^'<)~V T Gashto' ---' L4L A ...i,oi a--- o R v"- C H L A Sketch Map of the Route .;..- MTHayvwards TRANS-INDUS ThisCOUNTRIES content downloaded from 91.229.229.162 on Tue, 24 Jun 2014 23:49:13 PM including All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions GILGIT, DIAI L,YASSIN &e. by Geo. J.W.Hayward. I Published for theJournal of the Royal GeographicaL Society i o I Sowwt p ' R U s sps b y A S anga Parbut,or tDayam Peak This content downloaded from 91.229.229.162 on Tue, 24 Jun 2014 23:49:13 PM EngZhMiles All use subject to JSTOR. Terms. and. Conditions . .2n 4 2 4 6 8 10 20 so 40 GeographiS Miles s o 2 4 6 8 10 20 o 40 Lp7 Soct bryJohrXurraoy,Xlbgnarle Steet;.];ondonl871. 2 HAYWARD'S Lettersowl his Explorations via the DarkotePass to Gujal in the basin of the Osus, thence to Shignan, Roshnan, Derwaz, Solab, lIissar, and Shahr-i- Sabz. This route entirely avoiclsChitral. After crossing the pass at the head of the Yassin Talley, it wotlldappear that one gets into a valley givirlg exit to one of the branchesof the Upper Osus. A road branches to the east w7ic6Sarikol, to Yarkand,and tlle direct roactleads down into Shignan. Our rlapSnaust be very faulty in t.heirdelineations of the country about the Pamir and the junction of the Hindu-Kush and S:arakoramchaiils. The watershed between Wakhan and Sarikolmust be lnore to the eastwald than is represellted,for the passes from the head of Yassin and the Gilgit River lead into tlle basin of the Oxus, and not ito the Sarikol district; as Yarkandand :@ashgarare rnoreto the eastwatdthan given in our maps,sothe eastern crestof the Palnir range should be foundto correspond,and I beliese it will be found to follow a meridian of about 75° of east longitude. There appears, however,to be no probabilityof eSecting a:nimmedia$e aclvance beyondYassin, as the passes are deep in snow,and will not be open for two or three months. After arran(ringwith the Yassin chief for the onvard jOUtIle77, it will be advisableto retutn to Gilgit, or perhapseven to liashlair, until the road is open, for it wouldbe impolitic to lingel ill such risky ground close to Chitral,the goodwillof wllosechief cannotas yet be depended upon. " Gilrit itself is a place of some 200 houses, situate on the right bank of the river, rising in tvo blanches in the antle fozed by the julletion of the Kalakoran and Hindu-Kush ranges,and joillinCthe ludus near Boonji. It is in lat. 35° 55' 2" N., long. 74° 22' E.n and 5025 feet aboxTethe se£z. 'TheKash- mir autlloritieshave a large fort occupied by some 900 men, commandingthe valley, and the Maharajah'sterritory may be said to end at Gahkuch,some 24 miles beyond,in the *lirection of Yassill. They are not on the best of terms with the Hunza- Nagar and Yassin people, whose territoriesthey hase several times invaded,but they have invariablybeen driven back after sufferint,lleavy losses. Hlluza itself appearsto be impregnable to tilem, on account of the difficult apploach tllrough the mountainouscountrv. They have twice attemptedit, but have fled back to Gilgit precipitately, and suffered heavily. 'llhe Hunza tribe, mustering about 700 to 800 fighting men, successfullv defend the nalrosYpathway and roll down rocks upon their foes. A habitual and collstallt feud has thus been engendered;for the tribes, beint, to a man rigid Mahomedans, legard with no fiiendly eyes the Hindus, to which c£lstenlost This content downloaded from 91.229.229.162 on Tue, 24 Jun 2014 23:49:13 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions in Gilyit and Yassin. 3 of the Kashmir troops belong. It is probable that the Kash- mir troops will again advance to the head of the valleys, and endeavour to annex Hunza and Yassin, or will have to retire to their natural frontier the Indus. They will hardly be able to hold Hunza should they seize it, for they have tried the onward movement and have even reached Yassin, but have been driven back after burning and plundering as many villages as they were able. " The inhabitants of Dardistan, in which may be included Gilgit, Chilas, Hunza-Nagar, Dilail, and Upper Chitral, are a fine, good-looking, athletic race, and the difference of race is at once perceived on crossing the Indus. Light and dark brown hair, with grey, hazel, and often blue eyes, are seen. The women have a more English cast of countenance than any I have yet seen in Asia. Black hair is the exception amongst them, light-brown locks prevailing. The country, such as is under cultivation, is fertile and productive, but the population is scanty. Pray excuse a somewhat hurried note, as I am much pressed for time, and remain, "Yours very truly, " GEORGEW. HAYWARD." 2. LETTER FROMMR. G W.. AYWARDTO SIR RODERICKI. MURCHISON. "Camp, Yassin, 14th March, 1870. "CMY DEAR SIR RODERICK MURCHISON, " It is with much pleasure I find myself able to address you from Yassin, which place I have safely reached from Gilgit. "In order to explain exactly the amount of progress made up to date, it is necessary to briefly mention what I have been doing during the winter months. "After leaving Kashmir last year, I marched steadily to Gilgit via Skardo and the Indus valley. The representations made to me by the Maharajah of Kashmir's officials, of the state of the Gilgit frontier, offered little hope of my being able to penetrate to the Pamir Steppe by this route; but arrived at Gilgit, I found matters not nearly so hopeless as I had been led to anticipate. It was at once apparent the Maharajah'sofficials in Gilgit were anything but pleased at the appearance of an Englishman on that frontier, with the ostensible intention of penetrating further, to do which it would be imperative to make friends of the different tribes, their enemies.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Nature and Timing of Large Landslides Within an Active Orogen, Eastern Pamir, China
    Geomorphology 182 (2013) 49–65 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Geomorphology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/geomorph Nature and timing of large landslides within an active orogen, eastern Pamir, China Zhaode Yuan a,b, Jie Chen a,⁎, Lewis A. Owen c, Kathryn A. Hedrick c, Marc W. Caffee d, Wenqiao Li a, Lindsay M. Schoenbohm e, Alexander C. Robinson f a State Key Laboratory of Earthquake Dynamics, Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100029, China b China Earthquake Disaster Prevention Center, Beijing 100029, China c Department of Geology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA d Department of Physics/PRIME Laboratory, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA e Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Canada ON L5L 1C6 f Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204-5007, USA article info abstract Article history: Large-scale landsliding (involving ≫106 m3 in volume) is important in landscape development in high Received 18 June 2012 mountains. To assess the importance of large landslides in high mountains, four large landslides (Bulunkou, Received in revised form 26 October 2012 Muztagh, Taheman, and Yimake) were mapped in the NE Chinese Pamir at the westernmost end of the Accepted 26 October 2012 Himalayan–Tibetan orogen and dated using 10Be terrestrial cosmogenic nuclides. The Bulunkou landslide Available online 12 November 2012 at the southernmost end of Muji Valley is composed of ~1.7×107 m3 of landslide debris and has an age of 2.0±0.1 ka. The Muztagh landslide, located on the SW side of the massif Muztagh Ata, is composed of Keywords: 8 3 Landslides ~4.7×10 m of debris, and has an age of 14.3±0.8 ka.
    [Show full text]
  • The Muslim Emperor of China: Everyday Politics in Colonial Xinjiang, 1877-1933
    The Muslim Emperor of China: Everyday Politics in Colonial Xinjiang, 1877-1933 The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Schluessel, Eric T. 2016. The Muslim Emperor of China: Everyday Politics in Colonial Xinjiang, 1877-1933. Doctoral dissertation, Harvard University, Graduate School of Arts & Sciences. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:33493602 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA The Muslim Emperor of China: Everyday Politics in Colonial Xinjiang, 1877-1933 A dissertation presented by Eric Tanner Schluessel to The Committee on History and East Asian Languages in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the subject of History and East Asian Languages Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts April, 2016 © 2016 – Eric Schluessel All rights reserved. Dissertation Advisor: Mark C. Elliott Eric Tanner Schluessel The Muslim Emperor of China: Everyday Politics in Colonial Xinjiang, 1877-1933 Abstract This dissertation concerns the ways in which a Chinese civilizing project intervened powerfully in cultural and social change in the Muslim-majority region of Xinjiang from the 1870s through the 1930s. I demonstrate that the efforts of officials following an ideology of domination and transformation rooted in the Chinese Classics changed the ways that people associated with each other and defined themselves and how Muslims understood their place in history and in global space.
    [Show full text]
  • Climate System in Northwest China ������������������������������������������������������ 51 Yaning Chen, Baofu Li and Changchun Xu
    Water Resources Research in Northwest China Yaning Chen Editor Water Resources Research in Northwest China 1 3 Editor Yaning Chen Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography Chinese Academy of Sciences Xinjiang People’s Republic of China ISBN 978-94-017-8016-2 ISBN 978-94-017-8017-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-8017-9 Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg New York London Library of Congress Control Number: 2014930889 © Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2014 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
    [Show full text]
  • Glacier Exploration in the Eastern Karakoram Author(S): T
    Glacier Exploration in the Eastern Karakoram Author(s): T. G. Longstaff Source: The Geographical Journal, Vol. 35, No. 6 (Jun., 1910), pp. 622-653 Published by: geographicalj Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1777235 Accessed: 18-06-2016 22:07 UTC Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://about.jstor.org/terms JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. The Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers), Wiley are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Geographical Journal This content downloaded from 130.113.111.210 on Sat, 18 Jun 2016 22:07:13 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms ( 622 ) GLACIER EXPLORATION IN THE EASTERN KARAKORAM.* By T. G. LONGSTAFF, M.A., M.D. Oxon. OF the mountain regions of High Asia which are politically acces- sible to the ordinary traveller, there is none' concerning which detailed information is more scanty than the eastern section of the great Kara- koram range. Between Younghusband's MIuztagh pass andc the Kara- koram pass on the Leh-Yarkand trade-route, a distance of 100 miles as the crow flies, we have no record of any passage across the main axis of elevation having ever been effected by a European.
    [Show full text]
  • Ladakh Studies 11
    INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR LADAKH STUDIES LADAKH STUDIES _ 11 Spring 1999 CONTENTS Page: Editorial 2 News from the Association: From the Hon. Sec. 3 News from Ladakh: 6 Sonam Wangyal Passed Away PM Visits Leh Heavy Snowfall Causes Havoc in Changthang Spituk Monastery Collapsing LAHDC Boycotts Republic Day Function Threats to Revive UT Agitation Obituary: Sonam Wangyal — Kristoffer Brix Bertelsen & Martijn van Beek 13 Articles: From Skardu to Yarkand — Rohit Vohra 14 The Farm Project: Learning from the Villagers — Robert Cook 23 Virtual Ladakh 2 — Michael Khoo 26 Conference Reports: Bloomington, Meudon, Madison 28 Ninth Colloquium Information 38 Dissertation Abstract: Kim Gutschow 42 Book reviews: High Peaks, Pure Earth, Hugh E. Richardson – John Bray 43 Transformation of Social and Economic Relationships in Northern Pakistan, Stellrecht and Bohle (eds.) – Martijn van Beek 44 Book announcement 45 Bray’s Bibliography Update no. 8 46 Production: Repro Afdeling, Faculty of Arts, Aarhus University Layout: MvB Support: Department of Ethnography and Social Anthropology, Aarhus University. 1 EDITORIAL Preparations are under way for the ninth IALS colloquium. As announced in the previous issue of Ladakh Studies, the continuing difficult situation in Kargil forced a shift of venue to Leh. Details regarding the conference, as far as they are available at this time, are provided elsewhere in this issue. Most importantly, however, members based outside of Ladakh should begin making their travel arrangements in good time. The colloquium will be held at the very end of August, just prior to the Ladakh Festival, and this means that there will be many other people trying to get in and out of Leh.
    [Show full text]
  • Phytonyms and Plant Knowledge in Sven Hedin's
    GLIMPSES OF LOPTUQ FOLK BOTANY: PHYTONYMS AND PLANT KNOWLEDGE IN SVEN HEDIN’S HERBARIUM NOTES FROM THE LOWER TARIM RIVER AREA AS A SOURCE FOR ETHNOBIOLOGICAL RESEARCH Patrick Hällzon, Sabira Ståhlberg and Ingvar Svanberg Uppsala University This interdisciplinary study discusses the vernacular phytonyms and other ethnobiological aspects of vegetation in the Loptuq (Loplik) habitat on the Lower Tarim River. This small Turkic-speaking group lived as fisher-foragers in the Lopnor (Lop Lake) area in East Turkestan, now the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region in China. Information about this unique group, and especially the folk knowledge of plants in the area, is scant. In 1900, Swedish explorer Sven Hedin collected plant voucher specimens for the Swedish Natural History Museum in Stockholm. He noted local names on herbarium labels, thus providing modern researchers a rare glimpse into the Loptuq world. As the traditional way of life is already lost and the Loptuq language almost extinct, every trace of the former culture is of significance when trying to understand the peculiarities of human habitats and survival in arid areas. The ethnobiological analysis can further contribute to other fields, such as climate change, and define the place of the Loptuq on the linguistic and cultural map of Central Asia. LANGUAGE AND FOLK BOTANY Language reflects not only cultural reality and the way of life, but also human habitat and the physical environment.1 Rich biodiversity-based knowledge about the surrounding landscape and its biota (the living organisms of a specific region) has usually constituted an essential component of traditional and pre-industrial societies across the world (Lévi-Strauss 1962; Svanberg et al.
    [Show full text]
  • The Pundits: British Exploration of Tibet and Central Asia
    University of Kentucky UKnowledge Asian History History 1990 The Pundits: British Exploration of Tibet and Central Asia Derek Waller Vanderbilt University Click here to let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Thanks to the University of Kentucky Libraries and the University Press of Kentucky, this book is freely available to current faculty, students, and staff at the University of Kentucky. Find other University of Kentucky Books at uknowledge.uky.edu/upk. For more information, please contact UKnowledge at [email protected]. Recommended Citation Waller, Derek, "The Pundits: British Exploration of Tibet and Central Asia" (1990). Asian History. 1. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/upk_asian_history/1 THE PUNDITS For Penny THE PUNDITS British Exploration of Tibet and Central Asia DEREK WALLER THE UNIVERSITY PRESS OF KENTUCKY Publication of this volume was made possible in part by a grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities. Copyright© 1990 by The University Press of Kentucky Paperback edition 2004 The University Press of Kentucky Scholarly publisher for the Commonwealth, serving Bellarmine University, Berea College, Centre College of Kentucky, Eastern Kentucky University, The Filson Historical Society, Georgetown College, Kentucky Historical Society, Kentucky State University, Morehead State University, Murray State University, Northern Kentucky University, Transylvania University, University of Kentucky, University of Louisville, and Western Kentucky University. All rights reserved. Editorial and Sales Offices: The University Press of Kentucky 663 South Limestone Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40508-4008 www.kentuckypress.com Maps in this book were created by Lawrence Brence. Relief rendering from The New International Atlas © 1988 by Rand McNally & Co., R.L.
    [Show full text]
  • Historic and Simulated Desert-Oasis Ecotone Changes in the Arid Tarim River Basin, China
    remote sensing Article Historic and Simulated Desert-Oasis Ecotone Changes in the Arid Tarim River Basin, China Fan Sun 1,2 , Yi Wang 1,3,*, Yaning Chen 1, Yupeng Li 1, Qifei Zhang 1,2, Jingxiu Qin 1,2 and Patient Mindje Kayumba 1,2 1 State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, China; [email protected] (F.S.); [email protected] (Y.C.); [email protected] (Y.L.); [email protected] (Q.Z.); [email protected] (J.Q.); [email protected] (P.M.K.) 2 College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China 3 School of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-991-7823175 Abstract: The desert-oasis ecotone, as a crucial natural barrier, maintains the stability of oasis agricultural production and protects oasis habitat security. This paper investigates the dynamic evolution of the desert-oasis ecotone in the Tarim River Basin and predicts the near-future land- use change in the desert-oasis ecotone using the cellular automata–Markov (CA-Markov) model. Results indicate that the overall area of the desert-oasis ecotone shows a shrinking trend (from 67,642 km2 in 1990 to 46,613 km2 in 2015) and the land-use change within the desert-oasis ecotone is mainly manifested by the conversion of a large amount of forest and grass area into arable land.
    [Show full text]
  • Understanding the Transboundary Karakoram-Pamir Landscape
    Feasibility and Baseline Studies #1 Understanding the Transboundary Karakoram-Pamir Landscape 1 Feasibility and Baseline Studies #1 Understanding the Transboundary Karakoram-Pamir Landscape Wu Ning, Muhammad Ismail, Srijana Joshi, Faisal M Qamar, Karma Phuntsho, Yang Weikang, Babar Khan, Yi Shaoliang, Rajan Kotru, and Eklabya Sharma International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, Kathmandu, Nepal, November 2014 Published by International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development GPO Box 3226, Kathmandu, Nepal Copyright © 2014 International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) All rights reserved. Published 2014 ISBN 978 92 9115 326 8 (printed) 978 92 9115 327 5 (electronic) LCCN 2014-347287 Production team A Beatrice Murray (Consultant editor) Amy Sellmyer (Editor) Sushil Dhungana (Consultant Graphic designer) Asha Kaji Thaku (Editorial assistant) Printed and bound in Nepal by Quality Printers Pvt. Ltd, Kathmandu, Nepal Note This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-profit purposes without special permission from the copyright holder, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. ICIMOD would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this publication as a source. No use of this publication may be made for resale or for any other commercial purpose whatsoever without prior permission in writing from ICIMOD. The views and interpretations in this publication are those of the author(s). They are not attributable to ICIMOD and do not imply the expression of any opinion concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries, or the endorsement of any product.
    [Show full text]
  • Natural Dams and Outburst Floods of the Karakoram Himalaya
    Hydrological Aspects of Alpine and High Mountain Areas (Proceedings of the Exeter Symposium, Juiy 1982). IAHS Publ. no. 138. Natural dams and outburst floods of the Karakoram Himalaya KENNETH HEWITT Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario Canada N2L 3C5 ABSTRACT Glacier dams and outburst floods ("jokulhlaups") have been reported in many glacierized mountain regions, and may create hazards for human populations. Specially large and dangerous examples occur where the rivers of extensive ice-free zones are blocked. This hydrological anomaly has been rare in modern times except for two areas: the southern Alaska-Yukon ranges and Karakoram Himalaya. In the Karakoram some 30 glaciers may form substantial dams on the Upper Indus and Yarkand river systems. Many more interfere with the flow of rivers in a potentially dangerous way. There is evidence of some 35 disastrous jokulhlaups since 1826. Rarer landslide dams have resulted in the largest dam-burst floods. The paper provides a record of known dams and related events, and identifies the glaciers involved. It indicates the role of the regional environment in the widespread potential for these glacier dams and catastrophic outbursts. Some data are given on the dimensions of past dams and the nature and impact of the flood waves. No dams were reported from the mid 1930's until 1978 when satellite imagery showed a 6 km glacier lake on the Upper Yarkand. The absence of dams in recent decades relates to a general glacier recession here. Renewed activity creates serious problems for water resource development and settlement growth that occurred in the recent, unusually favourable period.
    [Show full text]
  • Sustainable Land Use Alternatives in the Tarim Basin, China
    Sustainable land use alternatives in the Tarim Basin, China Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Mathematisch-Geographischen Fakultät der Katholischen Universität Eichstätt-Ingolstadt vorgelegt von International Master’s in Landscape Ecology and Nature Conservation Rouzi Aihemaitijiang (Ahmatjan) aus Xinjiang, People’s Republic of China Eichstätt, Germany, 2016 Eingereicht am: 06.11.2015 1. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Bernd Cyffka 2. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Ümüt Halik Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 03.02.2016 Thesis Declaration I hereby declare that this Ph.D. thesis entitled “Sustainable land use alternatives in the Tarim Basin, China” was carried out by me for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in English under the guidance and supervision of Prof. Bernd Cyffka as first referee and Prof. Dr. Umut Halik as second referee, Faculty of Mathematics and Geography at the Catholic University of Eichstaett-Ingolstadt, Germany. I hereby confirm that I independently carried out the research for this thesis and wrote it without any other aids than those referenced. In each individual case, I have clearly identified the source that are taken word for word or paraphrased from other works. I certify that this work contains no material which has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma in my name, in any university or other tertiary institution and, to the best of my knowledge and belief, contains no material previously published or written by another person, except where due reference has been made in the text. In addition, I certify that no part of this work will, in the future, be used in a submission in my name, for any other degree or diploma in any university or other tertiary institution without the prior approval of the University of Catholic University of Eichstätt-Ingolstadt.
    [Show full text]
  • Integrating Wavelet Analysis and BPANN to Simulate the Annual Runoff with Regional Climate Change: a Case Study of Yarkand River, Northwest China
    Water Resour Manage (2014) 28:2523–2537 DOI 10.1007/s11269-014-0625-z Integrating Wavelet Analysis and BPANN to Simulate the Annual Runoff With Regional Climate Change: A Case Study of Yarkand River, Northwest China Jianhua Xu & Yaning Chen & Weihong Li & Qin Nie & Chunan Song & Chunmeng Wei Received: 14 December 2012 /Accepted: 15 April 2014 / Published online: 5 May 2014 # Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2014 Abstract Selecting the Yarkand River as a typical representative of an inland river in northwest China, We identified the variation pattern of hydro-climatic process based on the hydrological and meteorological data during the period of 1957~2008, and constructed an integrated model to simulate the change of annual runoff (AR) with annual average temperature (AAT) and annual precipitation (AP) by combining wavelet analysis (WA) and artificial neural network (ANN) at different time scale. The results showed that the pattern of hydro-climatic process is scale- dependent in time. At 16-year and 32-year time scale, AR presents a monotonically increasing trend with the similar trend of AAT and AP. But at 2-year, 4-year, and 8-year time scale, AR exhibits a nonlinear variation with fluctuations of AAT and AP. The back propagation artificial neural network based on wavelet decomposition (BPANNBWD) well simulated the change of AR with AATand AP at the all five time scales. Compared to the traditional statistics model, the simulation effect of BPANNBWD is better than that of multiple linear regression (MLR) at every time scale. The results also revealed the fact that the simulation effect at a larger time scale (e.g.
    [Show full text]