Human Energy 2005 Supplement to the Annual Report Table of Contents
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Nigeria Last Updated: May 6, 2016
Country Analysis Brief: Nigeria Last Updated: May 6, 2016 Overview Nigeria is currently the largest oil producer in Africa and was the world's fourth-largest exporter of LNG in 2015. Nigeria’s oil production is hampered by instability and supply disruptions, while its natural gas sector is restricted by the lack of infrastructure to commercialize natural gas that is currently flared (burned off). Nigeria is the largest oil producer in Africa, holds the largest natural gas reserves on the continent, and was the world’s fourth-largest exporter of liquefied natural gas (LNG) in 2015.1 Nigeria became a member of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) in 1971, more than a decade after oil production began in the oil-rich Bayelsa State in the 1950s.2 Although Nigeria is the leading oil producer in Africa, production is affected by sporadic supply disruptions, which have resulted in unplanned outages of up to 500,000 barrels per day (b/d). Figure 1: Map of Nigeria Source: U.S. Department of State 1 Nigeria’s oil and natural gas industry is primarily located in the southern Niger Delta area, where it has been a source of conflict. Local groups seeking a share of the wealth often attack the oil infrastructure, forcing companies to declare force majeure on oil shipments (a legal clause that allows a party to not satisfy contractual agreements because of circumstances beyond their control). At the same time, oil theft leads to pipeline damage that is often severe, causing loss of production, pollution, and forcing companies to shut in production. -
The Cost of Pipeline Constraints in Canada by Elmira Aliakbari and Ashley Stedman
FRASER RESEARCH BULLETIN FROM THE CENTRE FOR NATURAL RESOURCE STUDIES May 2018 The Cost of Pipeline Constraints in Canada by Elmira Aliakbari and Ashley Stedman MAIN CONCLUSIONS Despite the steady growth in crude oil From 2013 to 2017, after accounting for available for export, new pipeline proj- quality differences and transportation ects in Canada continue to face delays costs, the depressed price for Canadian related to environmental and regula- heavy crude oil has resulted in CA$20.7 tory impediments as well as political billion in foregone revenues for the Ca- opposition. nadian energy industry. This significant loss is equivalent to almost 1 percent of Canada’s lack of adequate pipeline ca- Canada’s national GDP. pacity has imposed a number of costly constraints on the nation’s energy sec- In 2018, the average price differen- tor including an overdependence on tial (based on the first quarter) was the US market and reliance on more US$26.30 per barrel. If the price differ- costly modes of energy transportation. ential remains at the current level, we These and other factors have resulted estimate that Canada’s pipeline con- in depressed prices for Canadian heavy straints will reduce revenues for Cana- crude (Western Canada Select) relative dian energy firms by roughly CA$15.8 to US crude (West Texas Intermediate) billion in 2018, which is approximately and other international benchmarks. 0.7 percent of Canada’s national GDP. Between 2009 and 2012, the average Insufficient pipeline capacity has re- price differential between Western sulted in substantial lost revenue for Canada Select (WCS) and West Texas the energy industry and thus imposed Intermediate (WTI) was about 13 per- significant costs on the economy as a cent of the WTI price. -
GAO-07-315 Crude Oil: California Crude Oil Price Fluctuations Are
United States Government Accountability Office GAO Report to Congressional Requesters January 2007 CRUDE OIL California Crude Oil Price Fluctuations Are Consistent with Broader Market Trends a GAO-07-315 January 2007 CRUDE OIL Accountability Integrity Reliability Highlights California Crude Oil Price Fluctuations Highlights of GAO-07-315, a report to Are Consistent with Broader Market congressional requesters Trends Why GAO Did This Study What GAO Found California is the nation’s fourth California crude oil price differentials have experienced numerous and large largest producer of crude oil and fluctuations over the past 20 years. The largest spike in the price differential has the third largest oil refining began in mid-2004 and continued into 2005, during which the price industry (behind Texas and differential between WTI and a California crude oil called Kern River rose Louisiana). Because crude oil is a from about $6 to about $15 per barrel. This increase in the price differential globally traded commodity, natural and geopolitical events can affect between WTI and California crude oils occurred in a period of generally its price. These fluctuations affect increasing world oil prices during which prices for both WTI and California state revenues because a share of crude oils rose. Differentials between WTI and other oils also expanded in the royalty payments from the same time period. The differentials have since fallen somewhat but companies that lease state or remain relatively high by historical standards. federal lands to produce crude oil are distributed to the states. Recent trends in California crude oil price differentials are consistent with a number of changing market conditions. -
U.S.-Canada Cross- Border Petroleum Trade
U.S.-Canada Cross- Border Petroleum Trade: An Assessment of Energy Security and Economic Benefits March 2021 Submitted to: American Petroleum Institute 200 Massachusetts Ave NW Suite 1100, Washington, DC 20001 Submitted by: Kevin DeCorla-Souza ICF Resources L.L.C. 9300 Lee Hwy Fairfax, VA 22031 U.S.-Canada Cross-Border Petroleum Trade: An Assessment of Energy Security and Economic Benefits This report was commissioned by the American Petroleum Institute (API) 2 U.S.-Canada Cross-Border Petroleum Trade: An Assessment of Energy Security and Economic Benefits Table of Contents I. Executive Summary ...................................................................................................... 4 II. Introduction ................................................................................................................... 6 III. Overview of U.S.-Canada Petroleum Trade ................................................................. 7 U.S.-Canada Petroleum Trade Volumes Have Surged ........................................................... 7 Petroleum Is a Major Component of Total U.S.-Canada Bilateral Trade ................................. 8 IV. North American Oil Production and Refining Markets Integration ...........................10 U.S.-Canada Oil Trade Reduces North American Dependence on Overseas Crude Oil Imports ..................................................................................................................................10 Cross-Border Pipelines Facilitate U.S.-Canada Oil Market Integration...................................14 -
The Role of Financial Markets in the Pricing of Crude Oil: An
THE ROLE OF FINANCIAL MARKETS IN THE PRICING OF CRUDE OIL: AN EXAMINATION OF OIL PRICING THROUGH THE STRUCTURAL CHANGES OF THE EARLY TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY A DISSERTATION IN Economics and Social Sciences Presented to the Faculty of the University of Missouri-Kansas City in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY by STEPHANIE LEIGH SHELDON B.A., Webster University, 2005 Kansas City, Missouri 2016 © 2016 STEPHANIE LEIGH SHELDON ALL RIGHTS RESERVED THE ROLE OF FINANCIAL MARKETS IN THE PRICING OF CRUDE OIL: AN EXAMINATION OF OIL PRICING THROUGH THE STRUCTURAL CHANGES OF THE EARLY TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY Stephanie L. Sheldon, Candidate for the Doctor of Philosophy University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2016 ABSTRACT The debate over the causes of the path of the price of oil over the twenty-first century has failed to address the method of oil pricing. The thesis guiding this dissertation is that the crude oil pricing method constrains the influence of financial investors in oil futures via (1) a two-part price system, (2) the role of both spot and contract markets, and (3) the connections between the futures market and the specific physical market related to the futures contract. Market participants construct the pricing method and adjust it through historical time and context, similar to methods of pricing found in manufacturing and retail markets. The details of the physical oil market, grounded in the pricing method, leads to the application in chapter 5. The chapter examines the behavior of prices for WTI and Brent-related futures markets as well as for one light sweet and one medium sour crude oil at the US Gulf coast. -
The Spectre of Weakening Prices
Oil & gas macro outlook The spectre of weakening prices 16 August 2010 Crude oil and refined product markets are in significant surplus currently which sets the scene for some near-term weakness in prices. A lacklustre price trend Analysts Peter J Dupont 020 3077 5700 is also expected to extend into 2011 reflecting the likely persistence of well Neil Shah 020 3077 5715 supplied markets and historically high inventories. Weak fundamentals relate to Ian McLelland 020 3077 5700 OPEC and non-OPEC supply additions and an increasingly lacklustre economic Elaine Reynolds 020 3077 5700 [email protected] backdrop. For institutional enquiries please contact: Alex Gunz 020 3077 5746 Crude oil supply/demand outlook Gareth Jones 020 3077 5704 [email protected] The upward trend in US and OECD inventories over the past year or more points to a crude oil market in surplus. Inventories are now close to 20-year and at least WTI vs Brent 12-year highs respectively. For 2010 we look for a supply surplus of at least 90 0.5mmb/d and approximate balance in 2011. 70 50 Crude oil prices $ barrel per 30 Light crude oil prices have trended broadly flat since the end of the third quarter of 2009. Prices firmed in the month to early August 2010 with West Texas Jul/09 Jul/10 Apr/09 Apr/10 Jan/10 Jan/09 Oct/09 Intermediate (WTI) hitting a recent high of $82.6/barrel. Subsequently, prices have Brent WTI AIM Oil & Gas Index come under significant pressure taking WTI down to $78.4/barrel on August 11, 7000 reflecting rising inventories and bearish US and China macroeconomic news. -
Quality and Chemistry of Crude Oils
Journal of Petroleum Technology and Alternative Fuels Vol. 4(3), pp. 53-63, March 2013 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/JPTAF DOI:10.5897/JPTAF12.025 ©2013 Academic Journals Full Length Research Paper Quality and chemistry of crude oils Ghulam Yasin1*, Muhammad Iqbal Bhanger2, Tariq Mahmood Ansari1, Syed Muhammad Sibtain Raza Naqvi3, Muhammad Ashraf1, Khizar1 Ahmad and Farah Naz Talpur2 1Department of Chemistry Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan. 2National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro 76080, Pakistan. 3HDIP Petroleum Testing Laboratory, Multan, Pakistan. Accepted 25 January, 2013 Physico-chemical characteristics such as API (American Petroleum Institute gravity) specific gravity, pour point, Calorific value, Kinematic viscosities, Reid vapour pressure, Copper corrosion, Water and sediments, Total Sulphur, Distillation range (I.B.P.F.B.P., Total recovery), residue and hydrocarbon contents (saturates, aromatics and polar) of crude oils collected from different oil fields of North (Punjab) and South (Sindh) regions of Pakistan have been evaluated using standard ASTM (American Society for Testing and Material) procedures. The results of North Region (Punjab) and South Region (Sindh) crude oils have been compared with each other. Punjab crude oils are better than Sindh crude oils because these have low specific gravity, low sulphur contents, low viscosity and low pour point. All the tested samples are of sweet type on the basis of total sulfur contents except three (L, N, O) samples of south (Sindh) region which are of sour type. All the tested samples belongs to the class light crude oil on the basis of API gravity except one (N) sample which belongs to the medium class. -
Monetizing Stranded Gas Reserves in Nigeria
ISSN-L: 2223-9553, ISSN: 2223-9944 Academic Research International Vol. 4 No. 5 September 2013 MONETIZING STRANDED GAS RESERVES IN NIGERIA Kerunwa Anothny 1, C. I. C. Anyadiegwu 2 Department of Petroleum Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Owerri. NIGERIA. 1 [email protected] , 2 [email protected] ABSTRACT Stranded natural gas has a huge economic implications for Nigeria since there are 184 TCF stranded gas reserves in the country. Oil currently accounts for over 90 percent of Nigeria’s foreign exchange earnings, there is therefore, hope for increased revenue from natural gas, if the gas being flared is monetized. Monetizing stranded gas reserves requires access to distribution infrastructure. It becomes necessary and appropriate for Nigeria to put in place these infrastructure as to develop her vast stranded natural gas reserves to serve her economy, strengthen regional cooperation, and meet expanding demand in the world market. This paper presents current technologies for monetizing stranded gas, and assessment of Nigeria’s achievements in monetizing stranded natural gas reserves. The monetization technologies and projects reviewed are liquefied natural gas (LNG), gas-to-liquids (GTL), compressed natural gas (CNG), gas-to-wire (gas-fired power generation), and gas-to-solid. Nigeria’s achievements in monetizing stranded gas include the Nigeria LNG plant, Brass LNG plant, Escravos GTL plant, Bonny Non-Associated Gas plant, West Niger Delta LNG plant, Olokola LNG project, Nigeria Gas Company, and thermal power plants. Some of these projects have not reached operational stage, even those that have reached are partially in operation. Some of those that were fully operational, were shut down due to poor maintenance and gas supply. -
Faqs: Crude Oil and Condensate Exports
FAQs: Crude Oil and Condensate Exports WHY IS THERE A CONCERN ABOUT ADDRESSING CRUDE OIL EXPORTS? Production of crude oil in the United States has changed dramatically in the past several years. The use of horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing opened crude oil resources in tight formations – typically shale – that previously were not economically and technically producible. Consequently, American crude oil production now reaches levels not seen since the early 1970s when U.S. crude oil production previously peaked. However, American refineries can no longer process all of the crude oil that can be produced in America. Without the opportunity to export, U.S. crude oil production will be stifled. WHY CAN’T AMERICAN REFINERIES HANDLE ALL OF THE AMERICAN CRUDE OIL? All refineries are designed to process a specific crude slate – a mixture of crude oils that it purchases to make the products it is designed to produce. During the 40 years before shale crude oil development really accelerated, refineries were modified to process imported crude oil that are typically heavy and sulfur laden (sour) compared to shale crudes that are typically lighter and low in sulfur (sweet). Consequently, these sour, heavy crude refineries cannot process as much sweet, light crude that can be produced. Reconstructing these refineries is costly and difficult to permit. Some reconstruction is taking place but not enough and not quickly enough to refine all of the shale crude that could be produced. In fact, many of these refiners recognize the importance of exporting the surplus supply of U.S. crude oil: We urge policy makers to consider our views as refiners and consumers of crude oil, and take action to enable the export of domestic crude oil. -
Technical Options for Processing Additional Light Tight Oil Volumes Within the United States
Technical Options for Processing Additional Light Tight Oil Volumes within the United States April 2015 Independent Statistics & Analysis U.S. Department of Energy www.eia.gov Washington, DC 20585 This report was prepared by the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), the statistical and analytical agency within the U.S. Department of Energy. By law, EIA’s data, analyses, and forecasts are independent of approval by any other officer or employee of the United States Government. The views in this report therefore should not be construed as representing those of the Department of Energy or other federal agencies. U.S. Energy Information Administration | Technical Options for Processing Additional Light Tight Oil Volumes within the United States i April 2015 Table of Contents Preface ......................................................................................................................................................... iv Executive Summary ....................................................................................................................................... v Limited- or no-investment-cost options ................................................................................................. vi Capacity expansion options ................................................................................................................... vii Technical options for processing additional LTO volumes ........................................................................... 1 Context and background ........................................................................................................................ -
Apec Energy Overview 2019
APEC ENERGY OVERVIEW 2019 APEC ENERGY OVERVIEW 2019 Disclaimer The views and opinions expressed in this publication belong solely to the authors. For consistency and veracity of the policies and other information contain here, the EGEDA focal points and EWG members of the respective economies were consulted. APEC ENERGY OVERVIEW 2019 Prepared by Asia Pacific Energy Research Centre (APERC) Inui Bldg.-Kachidoki 11F, 1-13-1 Kachidoki, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0054, JAPAN Tel: +81 (3) 5144-8551 Fax: +81 (3) 5144-8555 E-mail: [email protected] APERC Website: http://www.aperc.or.jp For the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Secretariat 35 Heng Mui Keng Terrace Singapore 119616 Tel: (65) 6775 6012 Fax: (65) 6775 6013 E-mail: [email protected] Website: http://www.apecsec.org.sg 2019 APEC Secretariat APEC#220-RE-01.11 APEC ENERGY OVERVIEW 2019 FOREWORD FOREWORD The APEC Energy Overview (the Overview) is an annual publication that highlights the current energy situation in each of the 21 APEC economies. It has been the pioneer publication of APERC in showcasing the latest energy data in APEC compiled by the Expert Group on Energy Data and Analysis (EGEDA). The Overview traditionally serves as a point of reference for those wishing to become more informed about recent energy trends in the APEC region. It contains information on energy supply and consumption, energy related policies and notable energy developments in the region, among others. In view of the increasing request from APEC expert groups, the Overview has also become the platform to monitor APEC goals―energy intensity reduction by 45% by 2035 (against the 2005 level) and doubling renewable energy share by 2030 with 2010 as base year. -
Gas-To-Liquids (GTL): a Review of an Industry Offering Several Routes for Monetizing Natural Gas David A
1 Gas-to-Liquids (GTL): a Review of an Industry Offering Several Routes for Monetizing Natural Gas David A. Wood DWA Energy Limited, Lincoln, United Kingdom Chikezie Nwaoha Independent Researcher, Nigeria Brian F. Towler Professor and CEAS Fellow for Hydrocarbon Energy Resources, Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Wyoming, USA Draft of Article published in Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering Volume 9, November 2012, Pages 196–208 Abstract Gas-to-liquids (GTL) has emerged as a commercially-viable industry over the past thirty years offering market diversification to remote natural gas resource holders. Several technologies are now available through a series of patented processes to provide liquid products that can be more easily transported than natural gas, and directed into high value transportation fuel and other petroleum product and petrochemical markets. Recent low natural gas prices prevailing in North America are stimulating interest in GTL as a means to better monetise isolated shale gas resources. This article reviews the various GTL technologies, the commercial plants in operation, development and planning, and the range of market opportunities for GTL products. The Fischer-Tropsch (F-T) technologies dominate both large-scale and small-scale projects targeting middle distillate liquid transportation fuel markets. The large technology providers have followed strategies to scale-up plants over the past decade to provide commercial economies of scale, which to date have proved to be more costly than originally forecast. On the other hand, some small-scale technology providers are now targeting GTL at efforts to eliminate associated gas flaring in remote producing oil fields.