HONDURAS LOCAL
GOVERNANCE ACTIVITY
Analysis of Gender, Vulnerable Populations and Social Inclusion
March, 2021
Honduras Local Governance Activity Analysis of Gender, Vulnerable Populations and Social Inclusion
Activity Title: Honduras Local Governance Activity
Sponsoring USAID Office: USAID/Honduras Office of Democracy and Governance
IDIQ Number: AID-OAA-I-14-00061
Task Order Number: AID-522-TO-17-00001
Contractor: DAI GLOBAL, LLC.
Final Submission: March 29, 2021
This report is made possible by the generous support of the American People through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The contents are the responsibility of DAI and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States Government.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACRONYMS 4
DEVELOPMENT OBJECTIVE 1 (DO1) MODIFICATION SUMMARY, JANUARY 2021 6
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 6
I. INTRODUCTION 8
II. HONDURAS GENERAL CONTEXT 10
III. ANALYSIS OF GENDER AND VULNERABLE POPULATIONS 17
IV. ADDENDUM: DO1 ANALYSIS OF GENDER AND VULNERABLE POPULATIONS, JANUARY 2021 36
V. CONCLUSIONS 47
VI. RECOMMENDATIONS 48
VII. APPENDIX 58
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ACRONYMS1
AECID* Spain Agency of International Cooperation for Development
ADELSAR* Coordinator of the Agency for Strategic Local Development
AGVPSI Analysis of Gender, Vulnerable Populations and Social Inclusion
ANAMMH* National Alliance of Women Municipalists of Honduras
AMHON* Association of Municipalities of Honduras
APUVIMEH* Association for a Better Life of People Infected and Affected by HIV in Honduras
CDM Center for Women’s Rights
CEDAW* Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women
CIPPDV* Characterization of internal movement in Honduras by the Interinstitutional Commission for the Protection of people displaced by Violence
ECLAC Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean
ENDESA* National Survey of Demography and Health
EPHPM* Permanent Survey of Multipurpose Homes
EU European Union
HLG Honduras Local Governance Activity
IACHR Inter-American Commission on Human Rights
IADB Inter-American Development Bank
IFPRI International Food Policy Research Institute
IHER* Honduran Institute of Education via Radio
ILO International Labour Organization
INAM* National Institute for Women
INE* National Institute of Statistics
LEOP* Electoral and Political Organizations Law
LGBTI Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender and Intersex
JAA* Water Management Board
1 Acronyms with an asterisk are derived from Spanish names. The Spanish names have been translated to English for the clarity of this report’s content
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MSM Men who have Sex with Men
OMJ Municipal Office for Youth
OMM* Municipal Office for Women
OPHI Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative
UN United Nations
PEA* Economically Active Population
PIAH* Indigenous and Afro-Honduran Populations
PIEGH* Honduras’ Plan for Gender Equality and Equity
UNDP United Nations Development Program
RAS-HON* Water and Sanitation Network of Honduras
SACE* Secretary of Education of Honduras
TSE* Supreme Electoral Court
UNDAF United Nations Development Assistance Framework
UNFPA United Nations Population Fund
UNICEF United Nations Children's Fund
USAID U.S. Agency for International Development
WSP Water and Sanitation Program
WHO World Health Organization
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DEVELOPMENT OBJECTIVE 1 (DO1) MODIFICATION SUMMARY, JANUARY 2021
HLG’s Analysis of Gender, Vulnerable Populations and Social Inclusion (AGVPSI) was completed to identify gaps in the situation of women, youth, indigenous groups, the population with disabilities, and lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and intersex people (LGBTI), as well as potential entry points or opportunities for the participation of these groups in decision making processes regarding municipal services. On March 13, 2017 HLG submitted the AGVPSI to USAID, who provided approval on May 23, 2017. On August 11, 2020 Task Order (TO) Contract Modification #8 was signed, extending the Activity through March 2022 to support local government and service providers’ capacity to respond to COVID-19 while continuing to strengthen the essential capacity of civil society groups, local governments, and service providers both in Western Honduras and targeted neighborhoods of five municipalities (Tegucigalpa, San Pedro Sula, Choloma, la Ceiba, and Tela) under USAID’s Development Objective 1 (DO1) operational zones. As such, Section IV, DO1 Addendum of this document provides data and analysis on gender, vulnerable populations, and social inclusion in the DO1 operational zone, which addresses citizen security for vulnerable populations in urban, high-crime areas.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The U.S. Agency for International Development’s (USAID) Honduras Local Governance (HLG) Activity began in November 2016, with the objective of optimizing the provision of municipal basic services and contributing to improve local governance in 90 municipalities of six departments in Western Honduras (Copán, Intibucá, Ocotepeque, La Paz, Lempira, and Santa Bárbara).
The activity aims to contribute to improving the administrative management of municipal services-- including education, health, and water-- and strengthening citizen participation and local governance. To achieve this objective, the Activity completed the AGVPSI to identify both the barriers to the inclusion of women, youth, indigenous groups, people with disabilities, and the LGBTI population, as well as potential entry points or opportunities to increase participation of these groups in decision making and oversight processes regarding municipal services.
The AGVPSI identified progress in the country regarding regulatory aspects towards social inclusion. The State has subscribed agreements, conventions, and international treaties in favor of non-discrimination of vulnerable groups, which serve as a framework for the defense of their rights. The country has also developed laws, policies, plans, and programs and / or institutions at the national level for the care and protection of vulnerable populations. However, there are fundamental challenges and lags in the implementation and effective functioning of these laws and institutions, due to budgetary constraints, lack of trained personnel, cultural barriers, and lack of transparency, among others.
Some barriers to the full and effective participation of vulnerable groups in public and private spheres stem from existing power structures within the family, the socio-economic arena, political parties, and other groups. Based on cultural patterns linked to gender roles, for example, girls and women are generally expected to care for the family and focus on domestic life, limiting participation in other public order activities. This situation is deepened by other factors such as domestic violence, economic limitations, and low self-esteem, among others.
On the other hand, stigmatization towards youth, aggravated by unemployment, early pregnancy, and violence in which young people are victims and perpetrators, can also lead to exclusion. Discrimination against the LGBTI community, due to a traditional conception of gender and sexual identity, leads to exclusion from family, educational, and health care spaces as well as hate crimes pushing these groups underground western.
Additional barriers result from racism, discrimination against indigenous peoples, and mistrust and antagonism between indigenous organizations and the State regarding the management and use of natural resources. Additionally,
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the lack of general awareness about the needs of people with disabilities; the vulnerability of their rights to work, education, access to specialized health services; and mobility and freedom of movement exposes challenges for this population.
Even so, there are opportunities for participation and representation of vulnerable groups in decision-making. The principle of parity, which requires a quota system of 50% representation of women in candidate lists-- effective as of 2016, and in operation for the upcoming electoral processes-- can contribute to improved gender balance in political participation.
In addition, various local decision-making structures have been created-- such as the Citizenship Transparency Committees (CTC), the Municipal Committees for Educational Development (COMDES), the Rural Health Centers (CESAR), the Dental Medical Health Centers (CESAMO), and the Water Boards-- which make the participation of the community at the municipal level possible. These spaces provide opportunities to enhance the voice of vulnerable groups in Honduras at the local level.
To address further close the inclusion gap, HLG recommends strengthening these existing inclusive bodies and structures in the country and optimizing existing public consultation mechanisms at the municipal level, such as the Open Town Council meeting and participatory budget sessions, to ensure the inclusion of vulnerable groups in decision-making, and to align the provision of municipal services with needs in education, health, nutrition, and water and sanitation, among other sectors.
Likewise, the local capacity of municipal officers should be strengthened to integrate issues around gender and vulnerable populations into municipal management. At the same time, the participation of civil society in municipal management and in social audit processes should be strengthened especially among organizations representing women, youth, populations with disabilities, indigenous communities, and the LGBTI community. Finally, a communication, dissemination, and awareness strategy should be developed to promote a “culture” of social inclusion within the USAID Honduras Local Governance Activity.
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I. INTRODUCTION
USAID’s HLG Activity began at the end of 2016 with the objective of optimizing the systems for provision of basic municipal services and contributing to improved local governance in 90 municipalities of six Departments in western Honduras (Copán, Intibucá, Ocotepeque, La Paz, Lempira, and Santa Bárbara). The Activity contributes to the USAID/Honduras Development Objective 2 (DO2) , which aims to reduce extreme poverty among vulnerable populations in the western Honduras. Due to budget cuts in 2019, the Activity reduced the number of target municipalities to 40. In the face of COVID-19, as of October 2020, the Activity extended its geographic and strategic coverage to five high-crime urban municipalities (Tegucigalpa, San Pedro Sula, Choloma, la Ceiba and Tela) under USAID’s DO1 implementation zone. Although the Results Framework of the Activity remains the same, the Activity will contribute to DO1: “to increase citizen security for vulnerable populations”. In total, the Activity now supports a total 45 targeted municipalities: 40 within the DO2 zone of western Honduras and the 5 urban communities in DO1.
The Activity aims to improve the quality of municipal service management (education, health), by strengthening their management and administrative capacities and improving transparency. HLG also works with local citizens and civil society to improve their participation in and oversight of municipal services.
Responsiveness to the needs of the most vulnerable populations requires inclusion of marginalized groups across stakeholders, including within national and municipal governments, Civil Society Organizations (CSOs), service providers, implementing partners for donor-funded programs, among others. Improved inclusion of vulnerable groups as participants in these institutions will improve the quality and usefulness of the services, laws, and policies they provide and enact.
In regard to Gender and Social Inclusion within the Activity, HLG’s staff is 65.71% female and 34.28% male and includes a Civil Society and Gender Specialist. The results of the Analysis will be used to support achievement of HLG’s Gender and Social Inclusion Theory of Change, which is: IF citizens, civil society and local service providers increase their understanding of the barriers that vulnerable groups face AND the participation of traditionally vulnerable groups is catalyzed, THEN the effective inclusion and participation of vulnerable groups in decision-making will improve.
I.I OBJECTIVE OF THE ANALYSIS OF GENDER, VULNERABLE POPULATIONS AND SOCIAL INCLUSION
The objective of the AGVPSI, is to identify the obstacles that vulnerable populations face in the provision of municipal services and to recommend potential access points to these services for these populations. In this way, the foundations are laid so that the benefits of municipal services are more inclusive and achieve the maximum possible reach.
The AGVPSI seeks to inform HLG about the limitations and opportunities that women, youth, indigenous people, people with disabilities, and LGBTI, and persons at the intersection of two or more of these groups, find in both the access to municipal services, as well as in the participation processes and decision making processes regarding these services at the local level. It also seeks to identify potential entry points or opportunities for beneficiaries’ participation. The recommendations derived from the analysis will lead to interventions aimed at addressing discrimination and violence towards these groups, and empowering them to become active agents in local development.
This document serves as input for the formulation of HLG’s Gender and Vulnerable Populations Inclusion Strategy,
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which will prioritize and operationalize the recommendations to reduce the exclusion of these groups. Both this document and the strategy are based on the recognition that these vulnerable populations do not exist exclusively of one another, and that the negative effects of exclusion and discrimination are multiplied for persons falling within more than one vulnerable group. Thus, they are written within a lens that is cognizant of the nuances of intersectionality. Social inclusion and equal access of these groups to municipal services will, in turn, increase the effectiveness of the activities undertaken by the activity.
I.2 METHODOLOGY
The research team of the initial AGVPSI initiative in 2017 included Caterina Valero, Chief Researcher and team manager; Lorena Mayén, Local Specialist; Alejandrina Carrasco, Local Specialist, and researcher Kellys Andreina Rodríguez. The research was conducted between January and April 2017.
The team used a qualitative and descriptive methodological technique. First, bibliographical research was undertaken, for which secondary sources of information were collected, selected, and analyzed. Some of the selected documents include: the 2015-2019 USAID Honduras Cooperation Strategy, the 2012 USAID Gender Equality and Empowerment Policy, reports on Honduras published by national and international organizations, websites and reports from government and other official agencies, national and international laws, national media, municipal plans, and consulting reports on local governance issues, human rights, social inclusion, gender and vulnerable populations in Honduras, among others (For more information, please see Section VII, Appendix, 2. Bibliography).
In addition, to complement the bibliographical information available at the department level, field interviews were conducted, that is, primary sources were consulted at the national and local levels. The AGVPSI team designed tools for collecting information; semi-structured questionnaires to be administered to municipal authorities, civil society organizations, and each population group to be consulted (women, youth, ethnic groups, population with disabilities, LGBTI) in the six departments of the West of the country (See Section VII. Appendix 3. List of persons and organizations consulted). These interviews aimed at exploring the perceptions, reactions, or positions of the interviewees before the municipal services (including their perception of access and participation), and to identify potential areas of inclusion.
The research team incorporated the USAID Toolkit for Gender Mainstreaming in Democracy, Human Rights and Governance Programming (2016) into information collection instruments to collect data on violence against vulnerable populations and barriers and opportunities for access and participation of beneficiaries in the provision and delivery of services, political participation and decision-making, participatory budget formulation processes, and legal frameworks.
A significant effort was made to compile the most up-to-date data and information available in the country regarding these topics, with the purpose of making a different contribution in relation to past gender analyses done for Honduras, all while delving into the specific topics of the activity.
The team faced some obstacles in collecting information on the ground. Some municipal authorities had expressed time constraints due to the then upcoming primary elections on March 12, 2017 – clashing with the period scheduled for interviews and their involvement in political campaign. The mayors of the municipal head offices of HLG’s six target departments had limited availability, because they were opting for re-election during the scheduled period for activities. Thus, of the six municipal authorities, only the mayor of La Paz and the mayor of Santa Bárbara responded to the interview.
On January 25, 2021, HLG produced an Addendum to the AGVPSI to reflect the Activity's expanded geographic scope to DO1 zones. To complete this addendum, the research team included consultants Isabel Ferrufino and
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Connie Paraskeva. The research was conducted from November 2020 to January 2021 and was based on a desktop review and analysis of recent socio-economic data in the geographic coverage area of the DO1 operational zone (Tegucigalpa, San Pedro Sula, Choloma, la Ceiba and Tela), prepared by Isabel Ferrufino in December of 2020. This addendum also draws on data and analysis formulated in the Unidos por la Justicia Gender Inclusion Strategy of September 2018, which also focused on the DO1 operational zone. Additionally, portions of the data and analysis in this addendum were drawn from the August 2020 Political Economy Analysis conducted by Eugenio Sosa for the Unidos por la Justicia project.
Much of the data reported in this analysis is based on nationwide statistics. Where data referred to specific provinces or cities under the DO1 zone, breakdowns are provided. Although much of the data in this report is current through only 2019 or mid-2020, it remains relevant to the context of gender, vulnerable populations, and social inclusion through the present. Please see Addendum Section IV.
II. HONDURAS GENERAL CONTEXT
II.1 DEMOGRAPHIC, ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF HONDURAS
Honduras is found in Central America and has a territorial extension of 112,493 km². It borders Guatemala and Belize in the northwest, El Salvador in the southwest, and Nicaragua in the southeast. Honduras is politically and administratively divided into 18 Departments: Atlántida, Colón, Comayagua, Copán, Cortés, Choluteca, El Paraíso, Francisco Morazán, Gracias a Dios, Intibucá, Islas de la Bahía, La Paz, Lempira, Ocotepeque, Olancho, Santa Bárbara, Valle, and Yoro.
According to the National Statistics Institute (INE), Honduras has a total population of approximately 8,714,641 inhabitants, with a yearly population growth rate of 1.838%, and a population density of 76 inhabitants / km2.
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Additionally, 45.8% of the households are in rural areas and 54.1% are in urban areas.2
52.6% of the population are women, and 47.7% are men. 67.3% do not exceed 30 years of age. According to the 2013 INE Census, the youth population, consisting of inhabitants from 12 to 30 years of age, is 3,268,820 inhabitants, approximately 37.5% of the national population. Of these, 48.52% are men and 51.4% are women. In contrast, the population of the elderly or adults 60 years old and older is less than 10%. General life expectancy at birth is 70 years, with a rate of 72 years for women and 69 years for men.
Persons with disabilities3 represent about 3% of the total population. INE results from the 2013 Census indicated that Honduras had a population of 261,577 people with disabilities, 48.6% of which were men and 51.3% of which were women. Of these, 42.6% were over 60 years of age, 10% were young people aged 15-29, and 11.7% were under the age of 14. The most common disabilities are related to locomotion: difficulty in walking, climbing, standing up, jumping, standing (54,475); dexterity: difficulty in using arms or hands, grasping, lifting, carrying things (23,544); impaired vision: partial or total blindness (72,165); impaired hearing: partial or total deafness (23,224); language deficiency: difficulty speaking (20,400); intellectual deficiency: such as a person with a learning disability (20,619), or those that face difficulty in self-care, bathing, dressing, or feeding alone (16,445).
On the other hand, although there is no abundant data on the number of members of the LGBTI community in Honduras, it is estimated that little more than 2.64% of the population are sexually active men with same sex partners (MSM).4
Honduras is a multicultural, multiethnic, and multilingual country. It has 9 indigenous and Afro-descendant peoples: Indigenous Lencas, Misquitos, Pech, Tawahkas, Maya-Chortí, Tolupán and Nahuas, English-speaking Afro-Hondurans and Garífuna Afro-Hondurans. These people make up around 10% of the population.5
According to the Human Development Index, Honduras is a medium human development country, ranking 131st among 188 countries.6 According to official figures for 2016, about 60.9% of the country's households live in poverty, and 38.4% in extreme poverty.7 This poverty particularly affects the rural population and indigenous and Afro- Hondurans, mainly of the Tolupán, Lenca, and Pech ethnic groups.8 Indeed, in the rural area, 62.9% of the population live in poverty and 52.4% of the population lives in extreme poverty.9 Only 3.2% of the total income of the country is associated with the poorest quintile of the population.10
The Economically Active Population (EAP) represents 45.3% of the national population. The participation rate, which counts the economically active population of working age, is 57%. These figures do not consider another aspect of the labor market, underemployment, in its two manifestations, the invisible11 that represents 44.2% at national level, and
2 National Institute of Statistics (INE), Country Indicators and Figures (2019), June, 2016. 3 The international Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (CIF) was used, which is endorsed by the World Health Organization (WHO), which defines disability as the "term that includes deficits, limitations in activity and restrictions on participation," whether cognitive or intellectual, physical or sensory. 4 Honduprensa (digital), Sexual Diversity in Honduras: A decade of struggle of this Community, June 24 2014. 5 Secretariat of Development and Social Inclusion, Public Policy against Racism and Racial Discrimination for the Integral Development of Indigenous Peoples and Hondurans (P-PIAH), 2016. Based on the 2013 Census. 6 Based on data gathered in 2014 for UNDP, Human Development Report 2015, Work for Human Development, New York, 2015. 7 INE, EPHPM, June 2016. 8 Committee for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, 2014, p. 2 9 INE, Idem., 2016. 10 UNDP, Idem., 2015. 11 People who work more than 36 hours a week but receive less income less than the minimum wage.
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the visible12, 14.1%.13 The female participation rate (43%) is significantly lower than the male rate (74%). The economic activities that64% of these occupied Hondurans concentrate in are agriculture, commerce, and industry, with 28.5%, 20.7%, and 14.8%, participation rate in each branch respectively.
Honduras maintains an economic growth of 3.5%. In September, 2020, partly due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Minister of Labor anticipated a rise in the unemployment rate from 5% to 13%.14 Young people are most affected by unemployment: 61.3% of the unemployed are under 25 years of age. About 25.3% of young Hondurans from 12 to 30 years old are "nini", neither study nor work,15 And this does not seem to be improving. The unemployment rate increased in the youth population in Honduras, according to the International Labor Organization (ILO),16 from the third quarter of 2014 until the third quarter of 2015.
At the national level, 27.4% of young people from 12 to 30 years old are only involved in schooling, and 47.3% are involved in work (including those who study and work and those who only work). Of the total number of young people working, 64.1% are men and 31.8% are women. Among those who only study there is parity among both sexes; but among those who neither study nor work, the majority (79.3%) are women, and 20.7% are men. 49.2% of the young working population lives in rural areas, while the remaining 50.8% live in urban areas.
Education remains a challenge in the country. According to the INE (2016), 11% of people over 15 years old in Honduras are illiterate. The highest figure was recorded in the rural areas (Lima, 2015).
Furthermore, 17.2% of the rural population cannot read or write. The illiteracy rate is also high for older populations: almost a third of the population aged 60 and over (30.2%) cannot read or write.17
Educational coverage reaches 59.8% for children from 3 to 17 years of age. However, school drop-out rates are increasing in secondary school. In this period, an estimated 58% of children are outside the school system. 18Among children between 15 and 17 years of age, only 1 of every 3 is attending school. The educational coverage of children in this specific age range is only 31.7%, with rural coverage at only 20% and urban coverage at 43.1%. On the other hand, and in spite of the progress that the country has achieved with the at least 200 days of class a year initiative, there is still more work to do regarding educational quality. An official report published by the Ministry of Education (2016) indicates that 44% of 9th grade students evaluated at the national level are in the "Must Improve" level, and 16% in the "Unsatisfactory" level, showing poorer results in Mathematics than in Spanish.19
In terms of health, the 2011-2012 National Demographic and Health Survey (ENDESA) indicates that infant mortality in the country is 29 per thousand live births. The percentage of children under 5 years of age with chronic malnutrition is 23%. Additionally, anemia in children up to 5 years is 29%, while in women from 15 to 49 years of age the percentage is 15%.20 The percentage of the population below the minimum level of food energy consumption is 12.2%.21Food insecurity among vulnerable populations has worsened due to continuous droughts in the southern and western regions of the country, known as the Dry Corridor (Corredor Seco). Honduras also stands out in Latin America for
12 People who work less than 36 hours a week even if they would like to work more. 13 INE, Idem, June 2016. 14 https://www.latribuna.hn/2020/09/19/ministro-del-trabajo-carlos-madero-tasa-de-desempleo-subira-de-5-7-a-13/ 15 World Bank Group, Rafael de Hoyos, Halsey Rogers y Miguel Székely, Ninis in Latin America, Washington, 2016. 16 Regional Office of the ILO for Latin America, Labor Panorama of Latin America and the Caribbean 2015, Lima, 2015. 17 EPHPM, 2016. 18 UN System, United Nations Development Assistance Framework (UNDAF) Honduras 2017-2021, Tegucigalpa, 2016. 19 Secretariat of Education, “National Report on Academic Performance.” 2015. Spanish and Mathematics grades 1 to 9”, 2016. 20 ENDESA 2011-2012, 2012. 21 ECLAC, Statistical Yearbook for Latin America and the Caribbean, 2015.
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its maternal mortality rates, 129 for every 100 thousand,22 and for teenage pregnancy (24%); both are among the highest rates in Latin America.
Honduras also suffers from HIV, with data from various sources ranging from 10.6% to 31.9% in transgender women; 6.9% to 11.7% in men who have sex with men; 3.5% to 15.6% in sex workers; 0.5% to 0.8% in pregnant women under prenatal control, and 0.2% to 0.3% in the rest of the country.23 In Honduras, 13.3% of households do not have an adequate water service. In the rural area, public service coverage is reduced to 1.1%, while 77% of the water supply is managed by private companies, water boards, and community boards in rural areas. 4.7% of households in rural areas use non-potable natural sources, i.e., streams, creeks, and lagoons, causing potential health impacts.
Regarding sanitation, almost 11% of households at the national level (13.7% in rural areas) lack adequate sanitation (simple pit latrines, or no form of excreta disposal in their homes). The rates are worse in the rural localities of less than 250 inhabitants and in the peri-urban population. This is directly proportional to the education achieved by the head of household: in almost half of the households whose heads of household lack formal education, there is also no adequate sanitation system, whereas in 85.7% of households headed by persons with higher education levels, appropriate sanitation systems are in place.
As for energy, 99% of homes have energy in the urban area, but only 74.7% of homes have energy in rural areas. 16.1% of homes in rural areas use gas, firewood lamps, candles, and other similar devices for light.
Honduras is home to about 41,000 households whose inhabitants have been internally displaced due to violence and insecurity from 2004 to 2014, which translates into 174,000 displaced persons.24 In turn, the net migration rate is 2.4 per thousand inhabitants, yielding a yearly migration of 17,000 people.25 Many migrants are rural men. Most of the population migrates to the United States, Spain, Mexico, or other Central American countries (see Appendix 19. ‘Table with total population that migrated from 2003 to 2013’; national total, country of residence, distribution in the 6 departments, area and sex).
II.2 FORMS OF VIOLENCE, INCLUDING GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE TOWARD VULNERABLE POPULATIONS
The Municipal Offices for Women (OMM) are local entities designed to address violence against women, whether it be psychological, economic, physical, and/or sexual. Where these bodies exist, they are the first interlocutory for women victims. The interviewed women confirmed this role.
OMM respondents state that in addition to cases of street sexual harassment, rape, acts of lust, and sexual harassment, another of the most frequent cases they receive is that of economic violence.26 The economic dependence of women on men (in addition to the lack of sufficient shelter or safe places to guarantee their stay) can cause a circle of violence that forces them to return home to the perpetrator of violence.
OMMs also deal with physical violence against women and assist women victims of mistreatment or aggression due to domestic or interfamily violence. This is a challenging task, given that Honduras is one of the countries of the Latin
22 World Bank, Open data, 2015. 23 “Estimation of the size of key populations with more risk to HIV exposure in Honduras through the programmatic mapping methodology.” Final report, Freddy Tinajeros y Elvia Ardón (main researchers), 2016. 24 CIPPDV, Characterization of internal movement in Honduras by the Interinstitutional Commission for the 25 UNFPA, Situation Analysis of Population in Honduras, Spatial Distribution of Population, 2009. 26 According to “Gender-based violence analysis for USAID/Honduras”, November 2015, the second most frequent case of violence (17%) is economic violence. First comes psychological violence (37%).
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American region with the highest crime and violence against women rate. In 2014, Honduras had the highest rate of femicides in Latin America: 531.27
As shown below, in 2018, at the Department level, Cortes and Franscio Morazán had the highest number of femicides.
Femicides in DO1 and DO2 Departments (2017, 2018)
Own elaboration from data of the most recent data available from the UNAH National Observatory on Violence, December 2017, 2018.
Departments 2017 2018
Atlántida 32 16
Copán 11 25
Cortes 116 92
Francisco Morazán 89 94
Intibucá 5 6
Lempira 14 12
La Paz 3 6
Ocotepeque 7 8
Santa Bárbara 18 8
According to data from the National Observatory on Violence, as in previous years, firearms were the main instrument used in violent deaths of women; followed by cold weapons (or white arms), which are weapons that do not involve fire or explosions. It was also reported that young women between 15 and 39 years of age are most vulnerable to violent death.
27 ECLAC, Gender Equality Observatory for Latin America and the Caribbean, digital page: http://oig.org/es.
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Violence is also acute in children and youth. According to a study presented by the National Autonomous University of Honduras (UNAH) and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), 1,084 children and young people died violently in Honduras in 2015. Of these deaths, 570 (52.6%) were murdered; 213 (19.6%) died in traffic accidents; 257 (23.7%) from indeterminate causes, and 44 (4%) committed suicide. Of these 570 deaths, 508 (89.1%) were children or youth between 12 and 18 years of age, while 62 (10.9%) were children 11 years old or younger.28
The LGBTI population is also plagued by hate crimes. According to the LGTBTI Rainbow Association, from 2010 to 2020, there were 340 murders and hate crimes of LGBTI persons in Honduras. As noted on an LGTBI news site, "Murders and violence against members of the LGBTI community in Honduras continue to occur in spite of the precautionary measures granted to many of them by the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR) in 2013. Many members of the LGBTI Rainbow Association, are also beneficiaries of precautionary measures granted by the IACHR".29
The Alternative Report of the Universal Periodic Review to the Human Rights Council of the United Nations, prepared by the Committee on Sexual Diversity of Honduras (CDSH)30 in 2014, indicated "an increase in a culture of stigma, discrimination and exclusion" and other expressions of hatred as a governmental and institutional practice against the LGBTI population, and as a violation of the protection and sanction mechanisms created to protect this group (article 321 of the Penal Code). The report indicates that their situation of vulnerability is nourished by macho culture and religious fundamentalism. Although a new report has not yet been released, according to Human Rights Watch31 the Lesbian Network Cattrachas found that, in 2018, 25 LGBTI people were killed: 16 gay men, 5 transgender people, and 4 lesbian women. Furthermore, as of August of 2019 26 LGBTI people had been killed in 2019: 13 gay men, 7 transgender people, and 6 lesbian women. Cattrachas has documented the highest rates of violence against LGBTI people in Pedro Sula.
Moreover, according to the report of the Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous people on their visit to Honduras in November 2015, "Indigenous people are also vulnerable to violence related to drug trafficking, organized crime and the resulting response state. Some ethnic groups live in a situation of serious insecurity caused by livestock farmers, loggers and drug traffickers who illegally sell and buy their land. Problems related to trafficking and prostitution of indigenous women and children have also been identified as part of organized crime activities in or around indigenous territories."
Another issue of great relevance mentioned in the report is the lack of recognition, protection, and enjoyment of indigenous rights over indigenous lands and natural resources. Due to the licensing of territories and the initiation of development projects such as hydroelectric dams without consultation with indigenous peoples - despite the ratification of International Labor Organization (ILO) Convention 169 - these groups suffer from violations to human rights, including murders, threats and intimidation, as well as sustained confrontation with the state in the defense of their territories. In fact, the cases that have been reported to the Special Prosecutor's Office for Ethnic and Cultural Heritage are cases of injuries, attempted murder, violence against indigenous women, and murders of indigenous leaders who defend their lands, including Toluca, Garífuna, Lencas, Chortís, and Pech peoples. The case that drew
28 La Prensa, “More than a thousand children died violently in Honduras in 2015”, published on August 9, 2016. 29 “Homicide of transgender activist Sherlyn Montoya hits Honduran LGBTI community”, published on Dosmanzanas.com April 13, 2017. 30 This is the most recent official data provided by the CDSH on this topic. The committee for Sexual Diversity of Honduras is a political instance, leader of Sexual Diversity in the country, decision-maker and implementer of high-level actions before the State, international organizations, cooperation agencies and other instances joined to the Sexual Diversity problematic, and it is integrated by the Kukulcán Association, the Violet Collective Association, the Rainbow LGBTI Association of Honduras, the Lesbian and Bisexual Group Ixchel, the Lesbian and Bisexual Group Litos, the Cozumel transgender Association, and the Association for a Better Life of People Infected and Affected by HIV in Honduras (APUVIMEH). 31 https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/09/09/amidst-violence-hondurans-march-pride
| ANALYSIS OF GENDER, VULNERABLE POPULATION AND SOCIAL INCLUSION // 15
worldwide attention to this problem was the assassination on March 3, 2016 of Lenca leader Berta Cáceres, who led protests against hydroelectric projects in the Lenca region. Berta Cáceres was murdered despite guaranteed precautionary measures by the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR) to safeguard the lives and personal integrity of the protestors.
| ANALYSIS OF GENDER, VULNERABLE POPULATION AND SOCIAL INCLUSION // 16
III. ANALYSIS OF GENDER AND VULNERABLE POPULATIONS
The analysis below is organized by USAID’s established domains as possible. The domains used here are: (1)Laws, Policies, Regulations, and Institutional Practices that influence the context in which men and women act and make decisions; (2) Access to and Control over Assets and Resources; and (3) Patterns of Power and Decision-making. The domains of Cultural Norms and Beliefs, and Gender Roles, Responsibilities, and Time Use are woven throughout due to their cross-cutting nature.
III.I Laws, Policies, Regulations, and Institutional Practices that influence the context in which men and women act and make decisions
According to USAID, ADS Chapter 205, the domain of Laws, Policies, Regulations, and Institutional Practices influence the context in which men and women act and make decisions. Laws include formal statutory laws and informal and customary legal systems. Policies and regulations include formal and informal rules and procedures adopted by public institutions for making decisions and taking public action. Institutional practices can be formal or informal and include behaviors or norms related to human resources (hiring and firing), professional conduct (workplace harassment), and the like.
In this regard, Honduras has progressed towards social inclusion in the normative aspect. The State has subscribed to international agreements and treaties in favor of non-discrimination of vulnerable groups, which ratify their will to respect human rights. The country adopted, inter alia, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of the United Nations (1948), the United Nations Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, CEDAW (1979) – ratification of its optional protocol is still pending - , the Ibero-American Convention on the Rights of Youth (2006), the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (2006), the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (1966), the ILO 169 Convention on the Rights of Indigenous and Tribal Peoples (1989), the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (2007), and the Convention on Biological Diversity (1992)32, among others. (See fuller list in Appendix 6 for some International Agreements relevant to vulnerable populations and to municipal issues, and the statuses of the laws under review).
The most relevant public policies, legislation, and institutions working with women and vulnerable populations are described below. A more detailed description of other relevant laws is also shown below, and a summary table of the status of certain laws and protocols can be found in Appendix 10.
Policies, Legislation and Public Institutions for the Protection of Women and Vulnerable Populations
Policies Legislation Public Institutions
Women
Política Nacional de la Mujer / II Ley de Igualdad de Instituto Nacional de la Mujer (INAM) -(National Plan de Igualdad y Equidad de Oportunidades para la Institute of Women). Género de Honduras, PIEGH Mujer Honduras - (Equal Opportunity Act for (2010- 2022) - (National Policy on Women in Honduras). Women/ II Plan for Gender Equality and Equity in Honduras).
32 Secretariat of Development and Social Inclusion, Policy of Social Protection, second edition, 2015. | ANALYSIS OF GENDER, VULNERABLE POPULATION AND SOCIAL INCLUSION // 17
Plan Nacional Contra la Violencia Ley Contra la Violencia Secretaría de Seguridad/Ministerio Público/ Hacia la Mujer (2014-2022)- Doméstica Honduras- Órganos Judiciales/ Secretaría de Desarrollo e (National Plan Against Violence (Law Against Domestic Inclusión Social (SEDIS)/Secretaría de Salud – Against Women). Violence Honduras). (Secretariat of Security
/ Public Ministry / Judicial Bodies / Secretariat for Development and Social Inclusion (SEDIS) / Ministry of Health).
Children and Adolescents
Política Nacional de Prevención Código de la Niñez y la Dirección de Niñez, Adolescencia y Familia de violencia Hacia la Niñez y Adolescencia – (Code of (DINAF) Juventud en Honduras - Children and (National Policy of Prevention of Adolescents). – (Directorate for Children, Adolescents and violence Towards Children and Families). Youth in Honduras).
Política y Plan Nacional de Ley Marco para el Instituto Nacional de la Juventud (INJ) – Juventud (2007-2021) – (Policy Desarrollo Integral de la (National Institute of Youth). and National Youth Plan). Juventud – (Framework Law for the Integral Development of Youth).
Indigenous Population
Política Pública contra el Racismo Ley Especial para el Dirección de Pueblos Indígenas y Afro- y la Discriminación para el Desarrollo Integral de los Hondureños (DINAFROH/en el SEDIS) /Sub- Desarrollo Integral de Pueblos Pueblos Indígenas y Afro dirección de Educación Indígena / Comisión Indígenas y Afro-Hondurans (P- Hondureños – (Special Legislativa de Pueblos Indígenas / Fiscalía Especial PIAH) – (Public Policy against Law for the Integral de Etnias – (Directorate of Indigenous and Afro- Racism and Discrimination for Development of Honduran Population (DINAFROH / in SEDIS) / the Integral Development of Indigenous and Afro- Sub-director of Indigenous Education / Indigenous and Afro-Honduran Honduran Peoples). Legislative Commission of Indigenous Population Population). / Special Office of Ethnic Groups).
LGBTI Population
Política Pública y Plan Nacional Subsecretaría de Justicia y Derechos Humanos – de Acción en Derechos (Undersecretary of Justice and Human Rights). Humanos – (Public Policy and National Action Plan on Human Rights).
People with Disabilities
Política Pública para el Ejercicio Ley de Equidad y Dirección de Discapacidad (En el SEDIS) – de los Derechos de las personas Desarrollo Integral para (Disability Directorate (at SEDIS). con Discapacidad y su Inclusión las personas con Social en Honduras – (Public discapacidad – (Law of Policy for the Exercise of the Equity and Integral Rights of Persons with Development for people Disabilities and their Social with disabilities). Inclusion in Honduras).
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Vulnerable Population
Política de Protección Social – Secretaría de Desarrollo e Inclusión Social (Social Protection Policy). (SEDIS) – (Secretariat for Development and Social Inclusion).
Source: Adapted from Gender and Vulnerable Populations Assessment, Honduras, 2017. Prepared by DAI for the USAID Honduras Project Justice, Human Rights and Strengthening Security (2017).
Some of these international treaties have served as a framework for defending the fundamental rights of vulnerable groups in the country, and in some cases, have resulted in national level laws, policies, or plans. For example, the adoption of the 169 ILO Convention on the Rights of Indigenous and Tribal People, and the adoption of the Durban Program and Plan of Action, have given indigenous and Afro-Honduran populations essential tools for the defense of their territories. For example, it requires informed consultation on the use of their territories as original inhabitants and their participation in decisions affecting their territorial scope. In addition, in 2016, the National Policy Against Racism and Discrimination for the Integral Development of Indigenous and Afro- Honduran Peoples (PIAH) was approved, which proposes strategic activities regarding their social and political participation, the right to education, the right to health, the right to ancestral heritage resources, the right to land, and the right to formal and community justice.
Regarding people with disabilities, the State has the Law on Equity and Integral Development for Persons with Disabilities (2004). The fundamental objective of this Law is "to equate opportunities; eliminate discrimination and social and architectural barriers, which prevent people with disabilities from exercising full citizenship, in order to facilitate their (full) participation". More recently, in 2013, Honduras approved the Public Policy for the Exercise of the Rights of People with Disabilities and their Social Inclusion in Honduras, which defines lines of action and strategies to guarantee all people with disabilities the enjoyment of their rights and full social inclusion.
At the national level, Honduras has also put forward various legislative instruments that promote equality and equity, as well as opportunities for the participation of women. These serve as a framework for the defense of women’s rights at the national and local levels. Relevant Policies include the National Policy for Women, the II Plan for Gender Equality Equity in Honduras 2010-2022, the 2014-2022 National Plan for Violence against Women, Domestic Violence Laws, and the Equal Opportunities Act for Women. Also, the National Women's Institute and the Municipal Offices for Women were created (some milestones relevant to gender equity in Honduras are included in Appendix 6).
Another institutional practice that affects women and vulnerable populations is the budget and budgetary process. At the national level, the budget provides for the attention of vulnerable groups with the provision of education, health, housing, etc. The following table shows budgetary allocations to some of these groups for 2017. The government has much progress left to make in budgetary allocations; as the data shows, the allocations to Secretariats and Institutes serving vulnerable groups only accounts for 0.24% of the National Budget.
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2017 Budget Allocation
Allocated Amount Relation to the National Budget L. in Lempiras (L.) and Us Dollars ($) 228,688,098,186 SECRETARIAT OR INSTITUTE
Secretaría de Desarrollo e Inclusion Social – (Secretariat for Development and Social Inclusion). L.29,856,800 0.01% ($1,272,126)
Attention to youth, women, boys and girls at social risk.
L. 72,858,500 ($3,104,324) Care Center for people with Special Abilities and Adults 0.03% in situation of vulnerability.
Instituto de la Juventud - (Youth Institute). L. 15,169,269 0.01%
($ 646,325)
Instituto Nacional de la Mujer – (Women L. 22,519,584 0.01% National Institute). ($ 959,505)
Dirección de Niñez, Adolescencia y Familia – L. 96,686,287 0.04% (Directorate for Children, Adolescents and ($4,119,569) Families).
Secretaría Derechos Humanos, Justicia, Gobernación y Descentralización – (Human Rights, Justice, Governance and Decentralization Secretariat). L. 6,000,000 0.003% ($255,645) Fundación de Asistencia a los Discapacitados Nelly
Santos – (The Nelly Santos Foundation for Assistance to the Disabled) L. 2,000,000 ($85,215) Centro Nacional para el Desarrollo de los Sectores 0.003% Vulnerables de
Honduras – (National Center for the Development of Vulnerable Sectors of
Honduras).
Instituto Nacional de Migración- (National Institute of Migration). L.408,826,216 0.12% ($17,419,097)
| ANALYSIS OF GENDER, VULNERABLE POPULATION AND SOCIAL INCLUSION // 20
Programa Nacional de Prevención, Rehabilitación L.7,167,538 y Reinserción Social (Jóvenes) – (National ($305,391) Program for Prevention, Rehabilitation and Social 0.003% Reintegration (Youth)).
Centro de la Cultura Garinabu (Garífuna). - L. 8,695,786 Center of Garinabu Culture (Garífuna). ($370,506) 0.004%
Own elaboration from data gathered from the Secretary of Finance and Gaceta No. 34,223 December 27, 2016.
At the local level, the Municipalities Act (2009) calls for the "needs of women, children, youth, children, the elderly, disabled people, ethnic groups and other priority groups", and the creation of units, Departments, management, or social development programs to support women, to channel their initiatives, and to protect their rights. The Act establishes that the municipalities that already have these units and programs in place should strengthen them and incorporate organized women's groups from their respective communities.
The Act also establishes that "the Secretary of State in the Offices of Human Rights, Justice, Governance and Decentralization shall transfer the allocated and authorized amount by monthly items to the Municipal Corporations according to the following distribution: 1) Forty- five percent (45%) of the transfers will be distributed in equal parts to the municipalities for social assistance programs for children, care for migrant returnees, adolescents and youth. In addition, five percent (5%) of this allowance will be allocated to Women's programs; which will be monitored by the National Institute of Women in Coordination with the Municipal Offices of Women (OMM) and Women's Organizations. "
III.2. Access to and Control over Assets and Resources
The domain of Access to and Control over Assets and Resources is defined as: A key component of gender analysis is an examination of whether females and males own and/or have access to and the capacity to use productive resources – assets (land, housing), income, social benefits (social insurance, pensions), public services (health, water), technology – and information necessary to be a fully active and productive participant in society (ADS 205). Thus, in the following section we focus on the topics of Education, Health and Nutrition, Water and Sanitation, and socioeconomic status.
III.2.A EDUCATION, GENDER AND VULNERABLE POPULATIONS
The Economic Commission for Latin America (ECLAC, 2015) indicates that at the national level, the percentage of illiteracy among all people over 15 years old averages to 15% for men and women. In the range of 15 to 24 years of age specifically, the percentage varies by gender; 4.1% of young women cannot read or write, compared to 5.6% of young men. This gender distinction increases to 8.1% and 12% respectively in the age range of 25 to 34 years33. At the national level, in this age range, women have a higher literacy rate than men.
Likewise, in the target departments, the enrollment of girls is greater than that of boys at distinct levels of education. This is shown in the following table, which shows the number of students enrolled in educational establishments in 2015, prepared by the System for the Administration of Education Centers (SACE) within the Ministry of Education of Honduras (SEDUC).
33 ECLAC, Statistical Yearbook of Latin America and the Caribbean, 2015. | ANALYSIS OF GENDER, VULNERABLE POPULATION AND SOCIAL INCLUSION // 21
2015 Initial enrollment by Department, Level and Sex (Number of students)
Departments Pre-Basic Education Basic Education Secondary School Total
Female Male Female Male Female Male
Atlántida 5,635 5,594 36,685 37,853 7,774 6,462 100,003
Copán 6,364 6,263 31,845 31,695 5,020 3,747 84,934
Cortes 18,463 18,764 140,782 143,575 30,340 23,436 375,360
Francisco Morazán 18,458 19,506 128,934 132,286 32,517 28,044 359,745
Intibucá 5,031 5,144 23,567 24,653 2,987 2,686 64,068
La Paz 3,629 3,514 19,713 21,115 2,819 3,129 53,919
Lempira 5,927 5,893 30,656 31,490 3,010 2,365 79,341
Ocotepeque 2,961 2,992 11,991 12,141 1,959 1,384 33,428
Santa Bárbara 6,373 6,587 38,679 40,026 5,567 4,893 102,125
Source: Ministry of Education of Honduras (SEDUC); Initial Reports 2014 and 2015.
As shown in the table, both girls and boys almost complete their permanence during the first five years of basic education. However, student enrollment declines towards secondary school. In Honduras, in secondary school, 58% of boys and girls are outside the school system. From 5 to 17 years, only 1 in 3 children is attending school. In this age range, educational coverage is only 31.7%: 20% in rural areas and 43.1% in urban areas. According to SACE (2015), educational exclusion of the youth population has repercussions on job quality, and remuneration and is one of the factors that in turn hinders their levels of productivity and economic growth. (A list of educational bodies created in 2014 and 2015 in the six HLG departments can be found in Appendix 17).
25% of young people aged 15 to 25 do not study or work (known as nini), Honduras ranks as one of the countries with the highest percentage in this regard. And worth noting, four out of five ninis in Honduras are women, also in a greater proportion than the rest of the region.34 According to the young people interviewed about this problem in the West, there are families who do not send their daughters to secondary education for fear of getting pregnant and/or for economic reasons. Some interviewees indicated that families prefer to try to send their sons because they think it is they who must provide for the family and in that sense, they must be given more opportunities.
In fact, the search for economic opportunities is a determinant of school drop-out in the West. Focus groups claimed that in the coffee communities, there are male drop-outs due to the work of children during the coffee harvest. In response to this phenomenon, schools in some communities in San Pedro de Copán have opened alternative programs for working children to attend classes on weekends or other times that are more accommodating to planting and harvesting schedules.
The average years of study by young people belonging to indigenous and Afro-descendant groups are statistically similar to the national average, especially at the elementary level. Except for the Lenca population, as shown in the
34 La Prensa, The “ninis” multiply and threaten the future of Honduras, March 2017. | ANALYSIS OF GENDER, VULNERABLE POPULATION AND SOCIAL INCLUSION // 22
table below, the dropout rates of ethnic groups are lower than the average.
Comparison of Enrollment of Bilingual Intercultural Education (EIB) Centers 2014 and 2015 by Ethnic Group
Ethnic Group Initial 2014 Final 2014 Initial 2015 Final 2015
Chorti 3,694 3,586 4,734 4,621
Garifuna 14,278 13,735 32,114 31,344
Isleño 4,838 4,743 7,777 7,717
Lenca 38,413 37,578 43,811 43,253
Maya Chorti 2,469 2,415 2,833 2,810
Pech (Paya) 235 235 1,249 1,222
Tawahka 179 179 449 443
Tolupan 4,470 4,340 5,248 5,101
Total 71,320 69,486 119,211 117,204
Data from Report “Sistema Educativo Hondureño en Cifras”, Initial Report 2015, 2016.
Additionally, the interviewees expressed their concern about the educational system used in schools with indigenous populations and the loss of language. Their opinion is that "the assimilationist educational model continues to be implemented, in which the deconfiguration of the historical and collective memory of indigenous peoples is sought," despite the existence of an EIB program that proposes to recover the indigenous cosmovision (the collection of worldviews shared by many Indigenous pre-Columbian societies) and to develop the languages of indigenous peoples and their cultures as a way of preserving their identity. According to one interviewee, "Lenca people who have lost their language in their entirety and much of their oral tradition are more complicated compared to other peoples who keep their languages alive, such as the villages that inhabit the region of La Mosquitia”.
The interviewees stressed the lack of bilingual and intercultural education, i.e., a differentiated education that preserves its language, customs, and traditions, using a pedagogical education based on mutual knowledge, as one of the most key factors of exclusion.
Additionally, according to the Alternate Report of the Universal Periodic Review by the Committee on Sexual Diversity of Honduras (2014),35 the LGBTI population has restricted access to citizen services, including education. Stigmatization and other expressions of hatred have also caused schools to be potential centers for threats and violence. The most common strategy in the West by the LGBTI community is anonymity and lack of visibility36, contrary to the greater organization levels of this collective in Tegucigalpa and San Pedro Sula. One of the interviewees in the West of the country indicated that sexually diverse people mostly prefer to maintain their sexual identity anonymously, or with a very low profile, to avoid being rejected by the more conservative society of this area.
35 Committee for the Sexual Diversity of Honduras (2014), Universal Periodic Exam. Alternative Report, Tegucigalpa, Honduras, p. 11. 36 For instance, to perform this analysis, representatives of a sexual diversity group that live in HLG target departments were contacted. No one answered the questionnaire or the interview request. | ANALYSIS OF GENDER, VULNERABLE POPULATION AND SOCIAL INCLUSION // 23
Regarding people with disabilities, a survey by the Ministry of Labor and Social Security (STSS) and INE in 2009 indicates that 48.1% and 39.6% respectively of disabled people over 60 years of age and those between ages 15 and 18 cannot read or write. A more thorough breakdown is shown in Appendix 7.
In addition, when interviewed, respondents identified the general lack of understanding of disability in the country and poor accessibility due to architectural barriers that prevent the access of persons with disabilities37 as barriers to accessing study centers and other educational facilities in the municipality. In Santa Rosa de Copán, for example, they explained that the streets are cobbled, and that people who use wheelchairs require support because they cannot easily maneuver between ditches and holes. In addition, respondents noted that there is only one casa hogar in Santa Rosa. Las Casas Hogares provide services-- such as training and recreation-- for individuals with disabilities. One interviewee expressed the wish that this effort be extended to other communities in the department.
There are alternative distance programs approved and recognized by the Ministry of Education of Honduras, which are worth evaluating to ensure greater access to education, such as the "El Maestro en Casa" radio program, coordinated by the Honduran Institute of Education Radio (IHER). This program features radio programs from elementary education to a baccalaureate in Science and Literature for youth and adults. It also has written materials or texts and notebooks, radio material, radio broadcasts, and volunteer animators, who accompany the learning process of the students in the community. Degrees and diplomas are recognized professionally. According to IHER (2015), enrollment grew from 300 to more than 50,000 students, from 1989 to 2015. The rate of people who cannot read or write dropped from 25.4 percent to 14.5 percent, from 1990 to 2013. IHER reports that 67% of its students are women and 33% are men, and 73% come from rural areas and 27% from urban centers. They have headquarters in Lempira, Copán, Intibucá, Atlántida, Yoro, Choluteca, El Paraíso, and Francisco Morazán.
There are also other alternative programs for the Ministry of Education to consider such as EDUCATODOS, which addresses the educational needs of both the youth and adult populations that have not been able to initiate, continue, or complete basic education. Another program is the Honduran Program for Community Education (PROHECO), in which education is a shared responsibility among the state and civil society and management is the commitment of the parents.
There are also participative bodies which aim to carry out the Law on Strengthening Public Education and Community Participation, such as the COMDE, the Department Educational Development Councils (CODDE), and the School Council for Educational Development (CED). These structures bring together different public-private stakeholders at the level of the Municipality, Department, and urban and rural Education Centers.38 For a description of the groups that integrate COMDEs and CEDs, see Appendix 9.
These bodies enable community participation in educational decision-making and promote transparency and access to information for citizens at the local level. According to an interviewed government representative, since 2012, induction workshops have been facilitated at each departmental headquarter, and the members of each COMDE have been trained per municipality to define the strategies and mechanisms for organization and operation, planning, monitoring, and quality management, including on the application of student benefit programs such as scholarships, bonuses, free tuition, infrastructure, and the conditional cash transfer program of 10,000 Lempiras for households in extreme poverty (bono diez mil). These bodies present an opportunity to initiate dialogue about the Strategic Educational Plan of the municipality or related issues with student associations, parents' associations, assemblies of members of retired teachers of the municipality and students, among others. In 2013, these bodies focused on promoting the at least 200 days of classes a year initiative, which was successfully achieved. Please see Appendix 10 for the number of municipalities in each Department with trained COMDEs.
37 There is no disaggregated data on the type of disability. 38 Secretariat of Education, Learning Communities, 2015. | ANALYSIS OF GENDER, VULNERABLE POPULATION AND SOCIAL INCLUSION // 24
The implementation of Open Town Councils on educational issues is another option for participation in the discussion on the quality of educational outcomes at the municipal level and the creation of a culture of goal-based accountability. Although there is no explicit mandate of the law on the holding of public assemblies on specific issues, some active departments such as Santa Rosa de Copán have carried them forward.
Parents associations are another participation body to consider in the education sector. According to several interviewees, the majority of the members of the parent association are women "but without decision power": their home partners delegate their participation, but "without voice or vote", and advise them not to accept any role or charge. This gap indicates, on the one hand, the importance of encouraging the participation of men to have a balanced representation and, on the other hand, the need to promote the leadership of women in these instances. Some interviewees suggested increasing women's participation in parent committees through awareness-raising workshops for men and women, emphasizing the importance of gender balance in shaping these institutions. In this way, the different perspectives are integrated, and willingness of thought and action to improve the education of children is encouraged.
One of the interviewees shared new of progress taking place in the West, due to the intervention of Projects of Schools for Parents in Lempira, Ocotepeque, and Copán, following the Miles de Manos methodology, which trains children leaders to advise other children, and involves parents, in addition to teachers and managers, to learn how to guide their children through the learning process.
III.2.B WATER AND SANITATION SERVICE, GENDER AND VULNERABLE POPULATION
In Honduras, 13.3% of households do not have adequate water services, that is, approximately 1.1 million people do not have adequate access to the service at national level. In rural areas, access to water service is 81.8%, and 76.9% of the provision of this service is managed by private companies, water boards, and community boards. The coverage of the public service is only 1.1%.
Attention to efficiency and coverage in water supply is relevant, as 4.7% of households in rural areas use non-potable natural sources, i.e., water from streams, creeks, and lagoons, causing adverse effects on health.
Regarding sanitation, almost 11% of households at the national level (13.7% in rural areas) lack adequate sanitation (simple pit latrines, or no form of excreta disposal in their homes). The issue is more acute in rural localities of less than 250 inhabitants, and in the periurban population. This is directly proportional to the education achieved by the head of household: in almost half of the households whose heads of household lack formal education, there is also no adequate sanitation system, whereas in 85.7% of households headed by persons which have higher education, housing has appropriate sanitation systems. Regarding target HLG departments, a UNICEF study on water and
sanitation (2011)39 indicates that Ocotepeque and Santa Bárbara have up to a 20% exclusion rate from water service. The situation reported for the departments of Lempira, Copán, Intibucá, and La Paz is more critical, whose exclusion rates range from 21% to 35%. Regarding access to sanitation, in Lempira, the percentage of exclusion is 48%, in Copán 42%, in Intibucá and Ocotepeque 40%, in La Paz 36%, and in Santa Bárbara 39%.
Water Management Boards increase access for vulnerable populations and create spaces for participation in decision making . Through these structures, "communities own water and sanitation systems, and/or exercise their rights related to their operation and maintenance." However, both the people consulted, and the report "Database Results of Water Management Boards”40 agree that there is a participation gap in these structures. Women are the largest users at the household level, but their participation is limited in these Boards.
39 United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), Study on the Exclusion of Service in Water and Sanitation in Honduras, Tegucigalpa, 2011. 40 USAID ProParque, Results of the Administrating Water Boards Database, July 2016.
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Indeed, in a study produced by the Water and Sanitation Program (WSP), in agreement with the National Institute of Women (INAM) and the Water and Sanitation Network of Honduras (RAS- HON),41 women were found to be the main stakeholders in the use and management of water, although they do not necessarily have spaces in decision making. Women are present around the water for consumption, hygiene, distribution, and payment. This same report found that related training and methodologies do not feature clear modules -up to 2007-, to report on human rights, including women’s rights. Gaps were identified regarding training with legal and economic advice in general. No strategic alliances were found with NGOs or institutions that work for economic opportunities, human rights, and women's rights.
According to the perceptions gathered for this report, women feel inhibited to participate; they self-censure for lack of self-esteem, being intimidated "for not understanding the issue of water infrastructure as well as men understand." Additionally, there is some resistance from women to take on additional workloads, or to have the "double day", considering themselves without available time to attend meetings because they are overloaded by home activities
"understood as their first responsibility." Finally, inhibition was mentioned in view of "it is the men who make decisions and occupy the highest leadership positions in the structures of the Boards." The before mentioned perceptions gathered for this report, state interest in participating in empowerment and leadership training for women on this subject.
The following graph showcases the male predominance in the positions of President, Vice President, Prosecutor, Treasurer, Secretary, and Vowels I and II, of the 5 Boards of Directors of Copán Water Management Boards. This pattern only digresses in the positions of secretaries and vowels, where the women have greater participation.
Members of Copán Directive Boards disaggregated by sex42
Source: USAID Proparque, 2016.
In Lempira, the same trend can be seen. Men occupy most of the positions. Of 65 Boards, only 3 feature women presidents in the board of directors, 6 as vice-president, 10 as prosecutor, and 12 as treasurers. However, for the positions of secretary and vowels, the presence of women is higher.
The following table shows sex disaggregated data for the Presidencies, Vice Presidencies, Prosecutors, Treasurers, Secretaries, and Vowels I and II of the Boards of Directors of Water Management Boards in Lempira.
41 Water and Sanitation Program (WSP), National Institute for Women (INAM) y Water and Sanitation Network of Honduras (RAS-HON), Inclusion of the gender equity focus in the water and sanitation sector of Honduras, 2007. 42 There is no disaggregated data for other vulnerable populations. | ANALYSIS OF GENDER, VULNERABLE POPULATION AND SOCIAL INCLUSION // 26
Sex disaggregation of Presidencies positions of the Board of Directors of Water Management Boards in Lempira
Gender Lempira municipalities
San Manuel San Marcos de Colohete de Caiquín Belén Gracias La La Las San Talgua Total Campa Iguala Flores Sebastián
M 3 27 1 2 15 5 1 3 5 62
F 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 3
Total 4 28 1 2 16 5 1 3 5 65
Source: USAID Proparque, 2016
Individual tables showing data segregated by sex for each position in the Water Boards can be found in Appendix 18.
Although women are the ones who carry and use water daily because of their traditional female role related to domestic work, men own the goods in most cases. Most subscribers to water services or registered users in Water Boards records are men. In Lempira, for example, there are 3,849 male subscribers and 1,343 women subscribers.
Regarding participation in decision-making spaces, the role of women continues to be relegated, and it is men who occupy the positions where decisions are made, as further elaborated in the following paragraphs.
The different registration rates of men and women as users subscribed to Water Boards in Belén, San Marcos de Caiquín, Talgua, La Campa, La Iguala, Las Flores, San Manuel de Colohete, and San Sebastián in Lempira, are shown in more detail in the following chart:
Subscribers disaggregated by sex at some Water Boards in Lempira
Source: USAID Proparque, 2016.
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The issue of water is also especially relevant to indigenous peoples. The proper management of water is defined according to the "Indigenous Cosmovision" of integrality, balance, and harmony of the cosmos. That is, water, as the earth, is understood as part of the sacred Mother Earth and as a "living being, omnipotent, creator and transformer”.43 Water has a vital importance, and it is less related to its economic use and more to the spiritual and social conception.
This is why access and rational management of water resources is particularly important for this population. Water scarcity and lack of access to water sources have been identified as issues of concern to indigenous groups. A Lenca woman from Intibucá stated that the water level of the river has decreased in relation to previous years, and that the lack of access to the rivers prevents its connection with the forces of the water. She claimed that “in the cosmovision of the indigenous people, the spirits of girls go around rivers every day, girls are the protectors of water; but there is a military blockade in the area that prevents the women of the Lenca people from going to wash by the river, from invoking the strength of their ancestors, and from invoking the girls who take care of the water”.
Another indigenous person interviewed claimed that the water shortage is a consequence of the accelerated deforestation in the West mainly due to the trade of forest resources with other countries. In addition to deforestation in recent years, the forest was severely affected by the pest of the bark beetle, which forced tree cutting. This situation causes river sources to dry up. In fact, the drought caused by the El Niño phenomenon affecting the Western departments the reduction of rainfall, and the increase in temperature caused by climate change, has reduced water availability for aquifers and, consequently, led to the loss of some water sources.
The social conception of water is related to the fact that in many communities, indigenous women walk several kilometers every day to fetch water for consumption. It is a task that women do, with children in some cases, and allows them to interact and socialize, although they can also be harassed in the long journeys.
It is, then, a controversial subject for the ethnic groups. According to another interviewee, the concessions of rivers for hydropower projects to companies in this area of the country have brought communities "to defend their most sacred rights, which are to keep alive their rivers and the water they consume every day, and has caused violence of the State against our defenders".
The Municipal Water and Sanitation Commissions (COMAS) and the Local Supervision and Control Units (USCL), are internal institutions in charge of this issue in municipal structures. Raising awareness of the current composition of the Boards to these bodies could help to integrate more women and other vulnerable populations, such as indigenous people, into water issues. Likewise, promoting the call to participation of these groups for their empowerment, awareness of the advantages of contributing their vision (and worldview), and their perspectives, to reduce their inhibition or self-censorship; may support their integration.
III.2.C HEALTH, NUTRITION, GENDER AND VULNERABLE POPULATIONS
Regarding health, maternal mortality, i.e. the number of women dying during pregnancy and childbirth in Honduras, is above the average for other countries in the region. A World Bank study (2015) reported that 73 women died each year for every 100,000 births.44
In addition, the National Demographic and Health Survey (ENDESA) for the period 2011-2012 indicated that infant mortality in the country is 29 per thousand live births. It also indicated that 23% of children under five in Honduras suffer from chronic malnutrition due to poverty and inadequate food, resulting in anemia, retarded growth, and learning difficulties. Again, the children of uneducated mothers and poor families are the most affected. The difference in the level of chronic undernutrition among the children of mothers without any education and those of mothers with higher education is substantial: 40.3 percentage points.
43 World view of the indigenous peoples on water, health, education (compilation), implemented by HLG, 2017. 44 El Heraldo, Honduras will not accomplish goal in maternal deaths, April 28, 2015. | ANALYSIS OF GENDER, VULNERABLE POPULATION AND SOCIAL INCLUSION // 28
Chronic malnutrition affects children more intensely in the rural area (32%), while in the urban area, it is 14%. According to a Honduran pediatrician, "a chronic illness is developing in Honduras, since currently two out of three children are malnourished to some degree and especially in the corridor of La Paz, Lempira, Santa Bárbara, Copán and Ocotepeque. In the department of Lempira, half of the children are seriously malnourished. They are followed by Intibucá, La Paz and Copán with 47 percent, the first and 42 percent the last two”.45
Another critical issue is teenage pregnancy. According to a UNICEF report, Honduras has the most teenage pregnancies of any Latin American country. Data from the UN Population Division (2015) indicate a specific fertility rate of 68 births per 1,000 adolescents between the ages of 15 and 19 in Honduras. The main factors that cause this are associated with the home, particularly with parental education, income status, and poverty. Pregnancies occur predominantly in the rural and in the urban-marginal areas.
Pregnancy is not an issue that only involves girls. There is some effort on the part of international cooperation to train young men in issues such as following up on the pregnancy of their domestic partners and postnatal care of the baby, as well as the mother. However, according to the interviews conducted, men frequently lack this training when they are reserved about participating for cultural reasons attributable to machismo and the patriarchal culture. On the other hand, some young people expressed interest in participating in trainings on teenage pregnancy prevention and care for sexual and reproductive health.
At the national level, there are health centers that work under the Decentralized Health Model46 which is a participatory model. The Ministry delegates, to health centers and community organizations (mayors, associations, NGOs, others), the management and provision of services, including agreements that allow for the transfer of functions, attributions, and public resources for the management of health services.
Among these decentralized centers are the Rural Health Centers (CESAR) where Primary Health Care and ambulatory interventions of low complexity are provided. Its main activity is prevention, promotion, health care, and rehabilitation actions, with active community participation. The Dental Medical Health Centers (CESAMO) are also dedicated to outpatient care, have a multidisciplinary team, "for prevention, care, monitoring and rehabilitation of individual and collective health".47 The CESAMO are larger and have more complete facilities: they usually have a doctor on staff and occasionally a dentist. CESARs are more remote and less equipped.
Furthermore, the Ministry of Health has established social audit mechanisms aimed at ensuring the "legal, correct, ethical, honest and efficient management of these entities”. Community leaders, community organizations, and citizens in general, can carry out a social audit of these entities.48 Although this is a viable form of participation and guarantees transparency in the provision of services, according to some people interviewed, "the community does not interfere with the priest or the doctor". Consequently, the conception of the audit as an exercise of confrontation presents challenges for this activity regarding the deep need of health services in communities whose sole resource are these entities.
According to the focus groups, women actively participate in the health. For example, there are organized women's groups that have received training on issues related to childcare and first aid. In some municipalities, women go to health centers to support the measure the height and weight of their children. The gap in this case is in the low participation of men. Some interviewees indicated that because of a cultural or "by tradition" conception, women have overseen family health care.
According to one interviewee, the Government of Honduras, through the Ministry of Development and Social
45 Semanario FIDES, FIDES Interview with Víctor Molina, Head of the Pediatrics Department of the University of Honduras Hospital, Honduras maintains high rates of malnutrition, 2014. 46 Secretariat of Health, National Model of Health of Honduras, 2012. 47 Transformemos Honduras, Methodological Guide of Sectorial Social Audits, 2013. 48 Ibid.
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Inclusion, is developing nutrition programs in the western region, expanding its coverage of what was the glass of milk activity to a more complete diet. Under an agreement with the World Food Program, resources are transferred to commonwealths and producers, and associations of producers are supported to supply locally. In addition, there are other programs to train producers, teachers, and parent organizations in food production and processing.49 Indigenous peoples understand health from an integral point of view, such as in biological, psychological, spiritual, and social well-being, both individually and collectively. That is, health is the result of this relationship of harmony with nature, with itself, with the family, and with the community. Individual harmony linked to the universe and all its components is the source of well-being. Therefore, an intervention in this area must consider an intercultural approach to health.
Thus, the structural theme mentioned by the interviewees is that the model of primary health care used in the country does not respond to this conception and "is not appropriate for indigenous communities". Organizations such as the Confederation of Indigenous Peoples of Honduras (CONPAH) have been active in raising the need for culturally differentiated health services, especially maternal and child health services. "An existing National Program of Care for Ethnic Groups of Honduras (PRONAEH), which intended to find solutions to the demands of health of the communities, was closed during the government of Porfirio Lobo Sosa. In terms of health, the State of Honduras has been carrying a historic debt with indigenous and Afro-descendant peoples”, said one of the people from the indigenous group that was consulted upon. This adds to the fact that in the West, "medicinal plants were more abundant than now because our ancestors cultivated them, but the hand of man and climate change have caused their disappearance”.50
According to an indigenous interviewee, for the Chortis and Maya Chortis located in the department of Copán and Municipality of Nueva Ocotepeque, there is a deficit in the diet and primary network access is still limited. Also, according to a representative of the ethnic groups in Intibucá there is a project aimed at supporting Lenca women in relation to food and nutrition. The Association of Renewed Intibucan Women (AMIR), a grassroots organization of indigenous Lencas women with 650 members, has received technical support from several donors to strengthen the production of vegetables, grains, and fruit trees. Indigenous women have established family gardens where they use native seeds, which allows them to preserve their food sovereignty while improving their food security, using a combination of ancestral practices and appropriate technology for the area. Women also sell seeds and use them as a means of exchange for other products. This allows them to vary their diet and that of their families. They have also learned to make new products, such as candies, sweets, and potato wine. This is an initiative with potential for expansion to other indigenous communities in the HLG departments.
In addition to being a particularly relevant issue for women in relation to maternal mortality and undernutrition of children, health is also fundamental for young people due to the incidence of adolescent pregnancy. It was also specifically mentioned by the LGBTI interviewees. They stated the interest of having an efficient and respectful service of human rights, "without judgments, that could deploy informational days on HIV and Transmission Infections and on welfare".
The disabled people interviewed indicated that they do not receive differentiated attention according to their physical and mental health situation. The health services in the rural area are much more precarious in this sense, which forces people with disabilities to move to nearby cities. Some facilities such as the Teleton and La Paz Rehabilitation Centers are the exceptions.
49 USAID Mercados, USAID Acceso y EUROSAN USAID Projects. There is also a cooperation agreement with FAO, CRS and USAID to approve training guides on nutritional hygiene; An entire basic education program. USAID programs are also collaborating in the production of Basic Product Standards. There is also a CARE program that trains nutrition and health issues in southern Lempira. 50 There are about 60 medicinal plants in the zone. The most common and utilized is: the eucalyptus (Eucalyptus sp.), followed by oregano (Lippia graveolens), rue (Ruta chalepensis), chamomille (Matricaria), el epazote (Chenopodium ambrodioides), ginger (Zingiber officinale), aloe (Aloe vera) y quinoa (Cinchona sp). Less common plants are: 22 sauco (Sambucus mexicana), pepper (Pimenta dioica), nance (Byrsonima crassifolia), among others. | ANALYSIS OF GENDER, VULNERABLE POPULATION AND SOCIAL INCLUSION // 30
III.2.D SOCIOECONOMIC, GENDER, AND VULNERABLE POPULATION DATA
Although the participation of women in the economy has grown, it has done so in very low percentages. As shown in the table below, according to the gender analysis of USAID’s Building Resilience into Ecosystem and Livelihoods Activity, from 2009 to 2015, the participation rate of women has increased from 35.9% to 44.1%, without reaching the levels of participation of men in the labor market, which has remained in a range of 72.3% and 74.4%. Gaps remain constant, hindering balance in the short or medium term.
Participation Rate of Men and Women in the Economy
Sex 2009 2013 2015
Women 35.9% 37.2% 44.1%
Men 72.3% 72.1% 74.4%
Elaboration of the USAID’s Building Resilience into Ecosystem and Livelihoods Activity, based on INE data, 2015.
According to the 2013 Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) report ‘Situation of women in Honduras and their access to land and credit’, cited in the USAID report, of the segment of working women, the majority are in the commerce and service sector (69% women, 31% men), followed by industry (45% women, 55% men) and finally agriculture (12% women, 88% men).
Productive Activities by Men and Women
Services/Commerce Industry Agriculture
Women Men Women Men Women Men
69% 31% 45% 55% 12% 88%
Source: FAO, Honduras, Situación de las mujeres rurales pobres en Honduras y su acceso a la tierra y el crédito, December 2013.
According to the Demography and Health Survey (ENDESA, 2011-2012), the participation of women in agricultural production is 26%.51 Women farmers are engaged in domestic and family work and self-production of basic grains, coffee, and vegetables without being paid. In addition, they are less likely than men to be landowners, and even if they do own land, their land is smaller. This inequality is induced by unfavorable matrimonial and patrimonial laws (inheritance), and family and community norms.
According to FAO, 49% of rural women lack cash income. In this sense, USAID's Index of Women's Empowerment in Agriculture is a useful tool to measure and guide interventions in the five domains of empowerment for women in agriculture (production, resources, income, leadership, and time) to measure gender parity of empowerment within the household.52
The following table shows the economically active, occupied, poor, and rural population, classified by occupational category and sex according to economic activity.
51 ENDESA- 2011-2012. 52 USAID, OPHI, IFPRI, Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index, 2012. | ANALYSIS OF GENDER, VULNERABLE POPULATION AND SOCIAL INCLUSION // 31
Occupational Category Sex Agriculture Industry Commerce and Services
Employees Men 93% 89% 49%
Women 6% 11% 51%
Total 100% 100% 100%
Employers Men 90% 67% 60%
Women 10% 33% 40%
Total 100% 100% 100%
Self-employed and unpaid family Men 87% 28% 21% members Women 13% 72% 79%
Total 100% 100% 100%
Source: FAO, Honduras (2013). Situación de las mujeres rurales pobres en Honduras y su acceso a la tierra y el crédito.
The June 2015 INE report states that the average income per main occupation of women was 4,937 Lempiras a month, while that of men was 5,384 Lempiras, which shows a slight wage inequality. Furthermore, women's organizations claim that the work done in the home should be "visibilized" or taken into account as a true productive contribution. They indicate that their daily hours are "hidden" in domestic work. This inequity in the economic situation of women has repercussions on their roles, both within the family and in society, and in the circle of violence resulting from economic dependence.
III. 3 PATTERNS OF POWER AND DECISION-MAKING
Lastly, the domain of Patterns of Power and Decision-Making is defined as one that examines the ability of women and men to decide, influence, and exercise control over material, human, intellectual, and financial resources, in the family, community, and country. It also includes the capacity to vote and run for office at all levels of government (ADS 205). In the following section we have chosen to focus on Political Participation and Citizen Participation.
III.3.A POLITICAL PARTICIPATION
Another important breakthrough regarding policy relates to the political participation of women. In 2012, a modification was introduced to the Electoral and Political Organizations Act (LEOP), which called for a 40% increase in the number of women in the lists of candidates for positions of authority and in the governing bodies of the parties, as well as in the candidacies to positions of popular election. The quota is applicable to the candidacies for the presidential formula, deputy congress people and alternates to the National Congress, the Central American Parliament, the municipalities, vice mayors, and members of the Municipal Council. When a single candidate is to be elected, the principle of equality shall apply, and the candidates and alternates shall be of different sex.
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The same decree (54-2012) introduced article 105A in the Electoral Law establishing that from the 2016 election period, the principle of parity would apply (50% women and 50% men).53
The principle of parity that calls for respect to the "mechanism of alternation" (system of "rack" or "braid") that involves alternating a woman and a man - or vice versa - and so on in the payrolls of candidates. The Supreme Electoral Tribunal (TSE) will implement the mechanism of alternation in the integration of the formulas and payroll that will be presented. The legislation includes financial support for women's political empowerment and advocacy.
The participation of women as municipal authorities, especially at the highest level of authority, is still limited. In the executive cabinet, although variable according to the designations, less than half of the ministries are led by women. One third of Supreme Court justices (5 out of 15) are women. Of 128 deputies (elected for four years), 25 are women (24%), as shown in Appendix 11.
Furthermore, 17 of 298 municipalities are led by women mayors, that is, only 5.7% of the total. Additionally, 25.8% of deputy mayors are women, and 22.4% of aldermen are women. These statistics are presented in Appendix 10.
Out of the six municipal head offices in the target departments, only one woman was elected mayor in the 2013 elections. She was elected in the La Paz department. See Appendix 12 for further details.
As for the congressional positions corresponding to the nine Departments, Santa Bárbara has two congresswomen, corresponding to 22% of that Department. Copán and La Paz have a woman representative in the National Congress. In the other three departments, the congressional positions are held by men alone. See Appendix 13 for more illustration.
Additionally, some organizations working with and advocating for women in the political space are the Academy of Parliamentarian Women, where candidates have been trained, and the National Alliance of Women Municipalists of Honduras (ANAMMH), created in 1999 as a space for exchange and strengthening for all those women who have held a position of local popular choice (mayors and former mayors, deputy mayors and ex-deputy mayors, female Aldermen and former female Aldermen, local technical staff), and for women leaders of the communities.54
In reality, the actual representation of women in government positions likely varies from this quota law. The March 12, 2017 primary elections (at which point this work was being prepared) unfortunately led to a lower percentage of women in congress55. In general, the inclusion of more women as decision makers could potentially facilitate the sensitization and incorporation of gender and social inclusion issues into the local agenda.
Finally, the consultation of active women in political spaces indicated that the growing participation of women in politics "has generated rejection among legislators and political parties who are forced to share traditionally male spaces." This has led to acts of harassment, denounced publicly by congresswomen.56
Additionally, the report "Reflexiones sobre la Participación Política de las personas LGBTI en Honduras”57(Reflections on the Political Participation of LGBTI people in Honduras) reveals that LGBTI people have not played an active role in decision-making spaces in Honduras, because there are no guarantees for their participation and these groups have fear of exclusion and discrimination. They also point out that violence against the LGBTI group has discouraged their
53 Article 105 of the Electoral Law states that "from the primary electoral process to be held in 2016, the principle of parity in relation to the participation of women and men in the lists of positions of leadership of political parties shall be established, as well for positions of popular election; to the effect that they are integrated in 50 percent by women and 50 percent by men." 54 Marcela Jager Contreras, “Local inputs to democracy: politics and power among women”, ANAMMH, with support from AMHON, AECID, the Netherlands, the SNV and the CEM-H, electronic version, 2004. 55 European Union Election Observation Mission (EU EOM) to Honduras 2017, Final Report 56 La Prensa, “Honduras: congresswomen report political harassment”, June 17, 2015. 57 USAID, National Democratic Institute, Caribe Afirmativo, Somos CDC, Gay & Lesbian Victory Institute “Reflections on the Political Participation of LGBTI people in Honduras”, February 2017. | ANALYSIS OF GENDER, VULNERABLE POPULATION AND SOCIAL INCLUSION // 33
interest in participating and taking advantage of citizen spaces.
Although the movement is more visible in Tegucigalpa and San Pedro Sula, this research reveals that among the barriers to participation of the LGBTI group are "the murder of male and female leaders, threats, legal difficulties to associate, religious fundamentalism and lack of political safeguards ", which have contributed to the lack of visibility of the LGBTI movement in the country.
III.3.B OTHER MUNICIPAL CITIZEN, GENDER AND VULNERABLE POPULATIONS PARTICIPATION
At the municipal level, there are other spaces for citizen participation, which could help improve the inclusion of vulnerable groups in local management. For example, municipal governments are required to hold five open councils or public assemblies a year, to exchange information and hold management accountability to their community. These public conversations provide an opportunity to identify priorities and needs of vulnerable groups that can be reflected in the budget, the Annual Operational Plan, the Municipal Development Plan, and the Municipal Investment Plan.
Some municipalities have held open town halls for specific audiences, for example, young people or women (in Santa Rosa de Copán), to discuss their needs and requirements in depth and promote inclusion. However, these town hall meetings are not very active and uniform in all departments of the West. It has been pointed out that many heads of councils do not comply with this provision and/or are unaware of the processes to be followed. In this regard, there has been relatively recent impetus by the Secretariat for Human Rights, Justice, Governance and Decentralization (SDHJGD), to train and socialize the Protocol of Accountability of Municipal Accounts and to disseminate the mechanism of the Open Town Council with the aim of promoting these spaces for transparency in the 298 municipalities of Honduras.58
Additionally, the interviews identified a decline in participation in the open town hall meetings. In some interviews, we could verify the apathy to participate in these assemblies, given the perception that the Open Councils are "only for co-religionists or members of the same party, relatives and close relatives" or "to consult if the plaque of decoration of the authorities will be gold, silver or bronze".
The participative budget, or the call to the citizenship to discuss the priorities and to reflect them in the public budget, constitutes another fundamental space of participation at the local level. This mechanism presents an opportunity for the inclusion of projects relevant to the various vulnerable groups in municipal management, the increase in the confidence of the citizens in their authorities, and transparency and equity in the distribution of resources. On the part of the civil society in the participative budgets, the boards, Water Boards, women's organizations, teachers, the Citizens Commissions for Transparency, and the community at large participate to diagnose and identify needs and projects. At the community level, organized citizenship is committed to participate in the activities leading to the prioritization of projects and to act as the local counterpart for implementation.
Given that the Municipalities Act gives the option of finalizing and approving the final budget to the Municipal Corporation, there is no standardized practice regarding the formulation of participatory budgeting in all municipalities. Some municipalities have higher levels of organization and institutionalization in this sense. Additionally, organized women appear to have an advantage over other vulnerable groups in relation to their processes and mechanisms for establishing gender- sensitive budgets.
Santa Rosa de Copán, for example, has successful experiences in this regard. Coordination spaces between local partners59including the Local Government, the Citizen's Commission for Women in Solidarity, and the Copaneca Women's Center, has been promoted with the support of various partners to strengthen local planning and budgeting
58 La Tribuna, Mayors should be held accountable in open council meetings, July 2015. 59 Coordinador por la Agencia de Desarrollo Estratégico Local (ADELSAR), a service provider organization that supports shared responsibility among citizens, local government and the private sector, socioeconomic development”, with support of AECID, ILO, UNDP, IDB, EU, Holland Cooperation, Japan Cooperation and the Embassy of France. | ANALYSIS OF GENDER, VULNERABLE POPULATION AND SOCIAL INCLUSION // 34
capacities. A systematic program of training in gender, citizen participation, advocacy, and public budgets was developed for the different women's organizations in the municipality.
Other past experiences found in the research are the participatory budgets of La Esperanza and Intibucá led by the Intibucan Organization of Women Las Hormigas, with the support of the Center for Women's Studies (CEM-H) and the Center for Research and Promotion of Human Rights (CIPRODEH). This resulted in both municipalities incorporating Gender Equity Budgets (PEG), following a detailed process of consulting women's organizations on their priorities for budget financing. Other positive consequences of this initiative were the election of the Coordinator of the Municipal Office of Women in open Town Hall from a list of candidates proposed by women's organizations, as well as increased budget allocations to gender items and projects.
According to the interviews conducted, in Santa Bárbara, for example, the budget is now more directly focused by the city council in determining priorities and is presented at the first annual meeting of the town council.
The groups consulted, however, expressed barriers to gender-sensitive participatory budgeting or budgeting informed by the participation and needs of other vulnerable groups, given "the absence of methodologically trained technical staff to classify budget items according to the intersectionality of groups", that is, plan and allocate a fair budget that responds to the needs of women, youth, ethnic groups, people with disabilities, the LGBTI community, among others.
On the other hand, some municipal authorities indicated that "the community had never asked them for the budget", and in this sense, they argued that the budget presentation on the municipal billboard is sufficient. In contrast, a representative of an indigenous group expressed that they are systematically excluded from consultations or from any municipal participatory process, except in the electoral processes, when the vote of their ethnic group is requested.
Another potential space for intervention for vulnerable groups is the Citizen Commissions for Transparency (CCT), created in the Municipalities Act to "carry out social audits in the municipality, understood as the process of citizen participation, both men and women, aimed at monitoring the processes of public management that ensure the transparent execution of programs and projects, as well as the provision of public services in an effective and efficient manner ". In each municipality, the different communities can choose their representatives for the CCT. The greatest barrier to participation in this identified space was the age and gender gap. Some interviewees indicated that CCTs are made up of men older than 50, inhibiting the participation of young people and women, and challenging the diversity and sustainability of the entity. Another situation worthy of attention in relation to the CCT is the fact that most mayors propose members of the same political party or relatives to integrate them, which de- legitimizes their work.
On the other hand, the Municipalities Act requires that every Municipality must have a Municipal Commissioner elected by the Municipal Corporation in an Open Town Hall which has been duly summoned for this purpose. Candidates for this position must be nominated by civil society organizations. According to one interviewee, mayors often propose people related to their interests, affecting their impartiality.
Another possible form of participation by the community is through the Boards, community organizations with legal entity status that represent the interests of the community. These can serve as a channel for the reception and submission of applications to the municipal government, often through the Department of Community Development of the Municipality or its equivalent. Despite some criticism regarding the leadership of some boards (continuity of the elected representative beyond the year, abuse of power or use of the board for personal gain, etc.) perceptions regarding these entities were positive.
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IV. ADDENDUM: DO1 ANALYSIS OF GENDER AND VULNERABLE POPULATIONS, JANUARY 2021
IV.1 INTRODUCTION
This addendum updates and builds upon the current Analysis of Gender, Vulnerable Populations and Social Inclusion that was conducted under HLG in 2017, when the Activity’s geographic coverage area included only Western Honduras and served only USAID’s Development Objective 2 (DO2). On July 16, 2020 USAID notified the Activity of its intention to obligate new funds and to expand activities geographically to the Development Objective 1 (DO1) zone. On August 11th a Task Order (TO) Contract Modification #8 was signed, extending the Activity through March 2022 to support local government and service providers’ capacity to respond to COVID-19 while continuing to strengthen the essential capacity of civil society groups, local governments, and service providers both in Western Honduras and targeted neighborhoods of five municipalities (Tegucigalpa, San Pedro Sula, Choloma, la Ceiba and Tela) under DO1 operational zones. As such, this document provides data and analysis on gender, vulnerable populations, and social inclusion in the DO1 operational zone, which addresses citizen security for vulnerable populations in urban, high-crime areas.
The FY2021 work plan continues to align with and directly address the Activity’s approved development hypothesis and results framework. The Activity will continue to strengthen civil society’s capacity to effectively engage with governments and service providers; to monitor service performance using evidence; and contribute to improvements in the management, responsiveness, and accountability of governments and service providers. At the same time, the Activity will continue to support local government and service providers to institutionalize the long-term systems, processes, and competencies required to effectively address local development challenges.
The Activity’s new efforts in the country’s large urban municipalities (DO1 intervention zones) will replicate select activities from western Honduras and both build on and leverage USAID’s previous and ongoing place-based strategy (PBS) for violence prevention and response. Under DO1, the Activity will implement integrated activities in Choloma, La Ceiba, and Tela, while providing narrower support in San Pedro Sula and Tegucigalpa given the size and the complexity of challenges they face. 60 The Activity will strengthen local services by leveraging USAID’s previous and ongoing investments in those locations and by building on and adapting, as necessary, the successful civil society approaches used during the Activity’s first four years of implementation in western Honduras. The Activity will continue to focus on empowering citizens to proactively participate in local decision-making and provide oversight of essential targeted services. The active participation of civil society in DO1 areas will help improve local service delivery and increase communities’ resilience to violence. The Team will use a combination of direct technical assistance and grants under contract to replicate selected interventions from DO2 and promote and/or extend models or approaches from other USAID investments in DO1 intervention areas. a. Data and Analysis in the DO1 zone as related to women and vulnerable populations
CITIZEN SECURITY
Citizen security is as much a concern, and greater, in the DO1 zone as in Honduras as a whole. Statistics show that women and vulnerable populations suffer disproportionately from all aspects of crime.
60 Where we know based on contextual factors that activities will be implemented only in Tela, Choloma, and la Ceiba we have clearly indicated as much in the text. Where we describe activities that will be implemented in all five DO1 municipalities, we have made this determination based on the best information available during the work planning stage. However, final decisions about which activities will implemented in these two large and complex municipalities will be made based upon the results of more detailed rapid assessments once implementation begins. | ANALYSIS OF GENDER, VULNERABLE POPULATION AND SOCIAL INCLUSION // 36
Nationwide
In 2018, there were 3,726 homicides in Honduras. Murder by firearms continues to be the principal cause of death nationally. In spite of this, according to official statistics from the Government, the homicide rate in Honduras continued to decrease from a level of 59.1 per one hundred thousand in 2016, to a rate of 40.86 for each one hundred thousand inhabitants at the close of 2018 (IACHR, 2018, paragraph 53, page 31). Nevertheless, in 2019 the estimated homicide rate was 43.6 per one hundred thousand inhabitants; rather than dropping, it increased. 61
DO1 Zone
Homicides in the 5 municipalities of DO1 during the years from 2011-2018.
Source: University Institute for Democracy, Peace, and Security (IUDPAS; 2001-2018).
Concerns for citizen security for the general population nationwide are registered in a 2019 study on citizens' perception of security and victimization in Honduras, conducted by IUDPAS (University Institute for Democracy, Peace and Security - Faculty of Social Sciences of the UNAH). According to this study, women feel, in greater percentages than men, that insecurity is a priority issue. As well, the study showed that citizen sentiment is expressed differently according to age, gender, and educational level. Younger people (18-25 years old) perceive economic problems as the highest priority issue, whereas those over 40 consider insecurity as the most pressing problem.
61 Source: Office of Forensic Medicine/Projections, INE */Monitoring Communications Media//Local Observatories and the National Violence Observatory -UNAH-Honduras. 2019*data on the number of homicides includes information Up through September 30, 2019. SEPOL (2019) https://www.sepol.hn/artisistem/images/sepol-images/files/Estadistica%20Diaria%20Septiembre%202019--1.pdf Cierre Anual Homicidios 2019. Sistema Estadístico Policial en Línea SEPOL https://www.sepol.hn/artisistem/images/sepol- images/images/777(1).PNG. | ANALYSIS OF GENDER, VULNERABLE POPULATION AND SOCIAL INCLUSION // 37
Violent deaths of women and female homicides by Department and number of cases - March 15 – June 06, 2020
Source: IUDPAS-UNAH. Illustrative Report No. 6, regarding violent female deaths and female homicides in the context of COVID-19, which occurred between March 15, and June 06, 2020.
GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE UNDER COVID
Given that most work remaining under HLG implementation will occur within the constraints of the COVID-19 pandemic, this section considers GBV assistance under that context.
According to the National Violence Observatory (ONV-UNAH) the reduction in the number of people in the streets as a result of the restrictions imposed by the Government due to the pandemic has not reduced the number of homicides. Another contradiction is that the homicides are occurring primarily on Saturdays and Sundays, which are days when a curfew is in place and when, presumably, no one should be out. It should also be pointed out that homicides/violence in general have not ceased. There were 15 massacres registered with a total of 56 victims by early 2020, and in a period of 69 days of the pandemic an additional 443 homicides occurred in Honduras.62 The National Violence Observatory has also indicated that the Distrito Central, Choloma and San Pedro Sula-- all targeted in DO1 under the Activity’s expanded focus-- are among the municipalities with the greatest numbers of homicides.
ECLAC states that the health crisis has generated conditions that exacerbate gender-based violence. Children who are not able to attend school require additional care which then overloads the time available to families, especially women, who generally dedicate three times the amount of time per day to unpaid activities such as domestic work and childcare when compared to the amount of time contributed by men to the same tasks.63 The Observatory of Women’s Human Rights of the Center for Women’s Rights(CDM), through its monitoring of written and digital media, registered since the beginning of the curfew through May 13, a total of three attempted femicides, 20 femicides, and 10 cases of sexual violence (CDM, 2020).
62 El Heraldo June 02, 2020.Curfew has not stopped violence in Honduras. [ Accessed at] https://www.elheraldo.hn/pais/1383824-466/toque-de-queda-no-ha-frenado-la-violencia-en-honduras 63 CEPAL; 2020, p.10 | ANALYSIS OF GENDER, VULNERABLE POPULATION AND SOCIAL INCLUSION // 38
The Public Ministry receives on an annual basis an average of 20,000 cases of domestic and inter-family violence. Currently, there is evidence of an increase in the average number of daily cases, since during March 2019 there were an average of 59 cases per day, while during the same month in 2020 there were an average of 80 cases per day.64
An accurate source regarding complaints of domestic and inter-family violence is the 911 emergency line. According to reports from this source, from January through June 2020 there were a total of 49,399 complaints received regarding domestic and inter-family violence. As can be seen in the graphic in Appendix 14, during the months of curfew (which began in March 2020) there were a greater number of complaints received then there were in the months of January and February when the country was not under confinement orders. For the full data, please see Appendix 14. The Departments with the greatest number of complaints regarding domestic and inter-family violence are: Cortés, with 12,006 complaints, Francisco Morazán, with 10,248, and Yoro, with 4,404 complaints. The Departments of Copán, Choluteca, Atlántida, Comayagua, and Santa Bárbara each had approximately 2,000 complaints over this period.
According to the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), a woman in Honduras is a victim of physical aggression each hour.65 In the framework of the COVID-19 pandemic, from January through May 2020 there were more than 40,000 cases of aggression against women. Out of a total of 1,259 complaints of violence against women received by the Public Ministry from March 17 through May, only 393 resulted in arrests of perpetrators caught in the act, while 304 of these proceeded to court hearings (UNFPA and the Special Prosecutor’s Office for the Protection of Women). In general, according to UNFPA, the women who are in the most vulnerable conditions face problems such as the loss of work, reduction in income, economic dependence, and increased stress when they are living in the same environment with their aggressor.
The Inter-American Court of Human Rights (IACHR) has highlighted the risk of an exponential increase in violence against women and girls during the period of confinement. They recommend reinforcing due diligence in the protection of the rights of women and girls to live free of violence. Therefore, “all necessary steps should be taken to prevent gender-based and sexual violence, with secure mechanisms for direct and immediate reporting, while reinforcing assistance to victims” (CDM, 2020).
It is important to note that statistics on violence against women refer only to complaints made by women to State entities, since there is no overall record of violence against women (victimization surveys, for example). It is also important to point out that on average, sexual violence aggressions against women from 0 to 19 years old represent 74.2% of the total reports. That is, more than two thirds of the sexual violations reported are violations against girls.
GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE OUTSIDE OF PANDEMIC CONDITIONS
Lesbian, bisexual, and transgender women
Lesbian, bisexual, and transgender women are at great risk of violence and their ability to obtain paid employment is closely linked to their gender identity. According to one of the leading LGBTI organizations, which also runs "Litos," a lesbian/bisexual women's group, lesbian and bisexual women who were more masculine in dress, appearance, and behavior were more likely to suffer discrimination. Homicide statistics collected by LGBTI advocates indicate that transgender women were much more likely to be killed than gay men, and often in a grotesque way with sexual connotations. This organization also noted that transgender women generally become prostitutes, the most dangerous of sex trades, for lack of alternative employment opportunities. They were also more likely to be HIV- positive or to have AIDS.
64 Plan for a humanitarian response to the COVID-19 pandemic in Honduras, ONU 2020 65 Digital newspaper, France24. June 10, 2020. In Honduras, a woman is a victim of aggression every hour [Accessed at] https://www.france24.com/es/20200610-pandemia-violencia-genero-honduras-coronavirus | ANALYSIS OF GENDER, VULNERABLE POPULATION AND SOCIAL INCLUSION // 39
Indigenous Women
According to the qualitative research conducted as part of the field research to build the Gender Strategy of USAID's Unidos por la Justicia project, "Afro-Honduran women, specifically Garifuna women, were at risk of being beaten when Garifuna men were drunk and identified male alcoholism as a major social problem in the Garifuna community. Garifuna women have a matrilineal and matriarchal worldview, and women have traditionally been economically powerful. It is estimated that about 30 percent of Garifuna households are headed by women.” In the focus group held in Tela, they emphasized that Garifuna women had a variety of ways to earn income, giving them more freedom to separate from an abuser. In rural areas, Garifuna women grow horticultural species, such as cassava, for sale and consumption. They also produce and sell refined products, such as coconut bread that they bake in communal ovens. Some dry and sell fish caught by men. In urban areas, informants suggested that Garifuna women are likely to engage in other informal sector income-generating activities geared to the local economy. They are likely to have more years of education than Garifuna men, who often fish or work in other maritime activities linked to the tourism industry or maritime trade. Women stressed that their ability to earn income meant that they did not have to put up with men's violence for lack of alternatives. The study also states that Garifuna men often have problems with alcoholism, an element also present in the Lenca ethnic group in the western part of the country and linked to entrenched machista patterns within their culture.
THE HEALTH SECTOR AND ITS PARTICIPATION IN THE INVESTIGATION OF SEXUAL CRIMES
The effects of violence can be devastating to women's reproductive health and other aspects of their physical and mental well-being, in addition to causing injury. Violence puts women at risk of developing health problems, such as chronic pain, physical disability, drug and alcohol abuse, and depression. Women with a history of physical or sexual abuse also face an increased risk of unintended pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections. It is because of these serious problems faced by women that the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), in 1994, declared domestic violence a health problem; however, the problem cannot only be viewed from a medical perspective, since it also constitutes a problem of public safety, education, justice, social services, and an economic problem, among others.
Until recently, the law prohibited anyone outside of the Directorate of Forensic Medicine of the Public Ministry to administer rape kits or collect evidence from victims. This has led to significant bottlenecks in the application of existing referral protocols, leading to a backlog of cases that act as a deterrent to victims. Recent criminal reforms now allow third parties to examine victims, marking a significant opportunity to expand the services of access to justice and victims’ care. There is now a need to operationalize the new reform through a protocol for third party examiners to collect evidence as part of the overall effort to strengthen GBV services outlined in existing referral protocols. Also, currently there is no specialized training program for specialized nurse examiners of victims of sexual violence available in Honduras. Such a program would help ensure prompt investigation and preserve the principle of legality.
GENDER IMPACTS OF HONDURAS' VULNERABILITY TO NATURAL DISASTERS
Hurricanes ETA and IOTA in November 2020 devastated the country, particularly in the DOI operational zone. Although the Honduran government and various donors were able to prepare shelters for the displaced, these buildings intended for refuge quickly became risky for the health and security of women and children. Not only was it difficult to maintain biosecurity protocols to curb the spread of the COVID-19 virus that was raging at the time, but also protecting women and children from gang members and sexual predators in the shelters soon became a challenge for those operating the shelters.
To date, there is no evaluation of the gender impacts caused by these two disasters. However, based on the experience with Hurricane Mitch, case studies indicate that the resources available to the affected population prior to the emergency are reliable predictors of people's resilience and recovery capacity.66 In Honduras, the average
66 Enarson, 1998b | ANALYSIS OF GENDER, VULNERABLE POPULATION AND SOCIAL INCLUSION // 40
savings rate of women is very low, both in the formal system and in alternative systems such as cooperatives and rural savings banks. Likewise, other assets, such as land and livestock, belong mostly to men. Because women are typically more engaged in the informal economy, the loss of jobs due to the economic crisis of the pandemic affects women disproportionately. In the western part of the country, malnutrition of children and mothers is a constant problem. In urban areas, the problem of malnutrition occurs in marginalized neighborhoods and colonies, both because of limited access to resources to bring food to the family, and because of little or no nutritional education for families who consume food of little nutritional value. Natural disasters no doubt exacerbate this imbalance. Appropriate and safe housing is the main challenge for recovery after disasters such as ETA and IOTA, but in a process of national reconstruction, democratic participation of all sectors is required. With the Honduran economy having shrunk for the pandemic, reconstruction will be even more difficult. Loss of housing and other resources in a natural disaster are especially critical for women. Having a kitchen or space for food preparation is a basic need for families. Additionally, recovering housing for women gives them the opportunity to earn income from the sale of food and beverages through informal businesses.
CHILDREN AND YOUTH
The IACHR, in its report regarding Honduras in 2019, reviewed a number of areas including poverty, education, access to health services, child labor, child pregnancy and abuse, sexual violence, insecurity and violence, juvenile justice, and migrant children. The commission was very concerned about the impact that the socio-economic situation of the country has on the rights of children and youth in terms of their welfare and opportunities for comprehensive development. The commission believes that the structural conditions of inequality and social exclusion, exacerbated by the low investment in children’s rights by the Government, have severe repercussions in terms of the ability of boys and girls to fully enjoy and benefit from their rights as they grow to adulthood (IACHR 2019, paragraphs 222, 224, page 117).
The human rights situation has been terrible for children and youth in the context of violence and insecurity, according to Casa Alianza, during the past 20 years, especially between February 1998 and February 2018, during which there were a total of 12,371 cases of murder, arbitrary execution, and violent deaths of children and youth under 23 years of age. (IACHR 2019, paragraph 234, page 224).
The coverage of basic services in Honduras reflects the following situation: more than 500,000 children in Honduras do not have access to potable water and approximately 1.1 million children do not have access to basic sanitation, a situation which disproportionately affects those living in rural areas. Furthermore, more than 10,000 children are living in the streets, 4.1 million children (36%) live in poverty, and more than one million children and adolescents are not in school. According to IACHR, there are many persistent structural causes which inhibit the full enjoyment of human rights for these children. Some of the challenges they face include: an especially fragile institutional framework in terms of guarantees for the rights of children; the absence of comprehensive protections; and a lack of access to basic services for children and youth (IACHR, 2019 paragraphs 223 and 225, pages 117-118).
The Observatory for the Rights of Children and Youth in Honduras, in a report by Casa Alianza in June 2019, highlighted that during the past 21 years, from 1981 through June 2019, there have been a total of 13,042 cases of arbitrary executions and violent deaths for children and youth under the age of 23. Also, according to the Observatory, for those cases of violent deaths and arbitrary executions occurring in 2019 through the month of June among children from 0 through 17 years of age, 75% of the victims were males and 25% were females. For the age group from 18 through 23 years of age, 62% of the victims were males and 38% of the victims were female. Looking at the overall population group under 23 years of age, in June 2019, 68% of the victims were male and 32% of them were female. The majority of the cases occurred in the municipalities of San Pedro Sula, Choloma, and the Distrito Central, which are the areas which generally present the greatest number of cases of violent deaths or executions for children and young people under 23 years of age.67 For its part, the Violence Observatory of the UNAH reported that during 2019 more than 55% of the violent deaths occurring in the country corresponded to cases of children and young people under 30 years of age.
67 Observatory for the Rights of Boys, Girls, and Youth in Honduras. Casa Alianza, July, 2019 | ANALYSIS OF GENDER, VULNERABLE POPULATION AND SOCIAL INCLUSION // 41
Another problem for children and youth in the country is migration, which in recent years and over the course of 2019 has become more critical. According to the Observatory, the causes continue to be violence, political instability, corruption, lack of employment, and a lack of opportunities. These factors can be translated into inequality, poverty, inequity, unemployment, under-employment, violence, and polarization. According to the statistics presented by the Observatory, the numbers of detentions of unaccompanied migrant children and youth arriving from Honduras at the border of the United States in the year 2014 were 18,244 and in 2019 were 16,982.68
Furthermore, in the area of education, the country faces huge challenges. Statistics indicate that each year the number of children not attending school increases. In 2018, the national education system, including public and private schools, had a total enrollment of 2,018,226.69 These enrollment figures include students of all ages, but nevertheless, if we look at the statistics projected by the INE for the total population between the ages of three and 17 in the year 2018, we see a total of 2,914,763.70 This indicates an estimated total of 896,537 children and youth outside of the system not receiving an education. This difference would be even more pronounced if students over the age of 18 who are enrolled in school in 2018 were excluded from these numbers. For these reasons, some social sectors in the country believe that more than one million children and youth may be currently excluded from the country’s educational system.
Net educational coverage showed a slight improvement from 2014 to 2018, but this is still not sufficient. For example, for basic education from seventh through ninth grade in 2014, net coverage was estimated at 44.5%, which is to say that of every 100 children between the ages of 12 and 14, only 44 were enrolled in school while the remainder (56) were outside of the educational system. By 2018, that coverage had improved by about one percentage point to 45.7% (SACE, 2014-2018).
PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES
In Honduras, official information regarding persons with disabilities is scarce, limited, and to a certain point inconsistent. According to the results of the Permanent Survey of Multi Use Households from the INE carried out in September 2002, there were at the time 177,516 individuals with disabilities in Honduras, which represented 2.65% of the population, of which 55% were male and 45% were female. Nevertheless, there is conflict with the information regarding the number of people with disabilities (PcD) in Honduras. According to information from 2009 from the Office of Employment of the Secretariat of Labor and Social Security, among the population of working age (PET), they identified 314,174 individuals with disabilities (140,389 men and 172,785 women). The data from the 2013 Census carried out by the INE indicated 261,577 individuals with disabilities, while another study carried out by Flores et al (2014) found the prevalence rate of 4.6% which would translate into a total number of 381,287 individuals living with disabilities based on an assumed population of 8.2 million.71 According to the National Center on Information in the Social Sector (CENISS), in 2019 there were over 222,388 individuals with disabilities made up primarily of motor skill disabilities or visual disabilities followed by mental, hearing, and speech impairments.72
68 Observatory for the Rights of Boys, Girls, and Youth in Honduras. Casa Alianza, July, 2019 69 Ministry of Education: Administration System for Education Centers (SACE) 70 National Statistics Institute (INE), population projections for 2018 71 PAHO (2017) Identification and Characterization of Individuals with Disabilities in Francisco Morazán: Systematization from “Honduras for All” https://www.paho.org/hon/index.php?option=com_docman&view=download&alias=383-identificacion-y-caracterizacion-de-las- personas-con-discapacidad-en-francisco-morazan-2017&category_slug=fortalecimiento-de-sistemas-de-salud&Itemid=211 72 University Presentation - September 25, 2020 Professors discuss disabilities in Honduras and limitations in the access to health services https://presencia.unah.edu.hn/noticias/profesores-universitarios-exponen-sobre-discapacidad-en-honduras-y-limitantes- para-acceder-a-los-servicios-de-salud/
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Social and demographic data regarding persons with disabilities in Honduras shows that they reside primarily in the departments of Francisco Morazán with 22.3%, and Cortés with 16.8%, while the remaining departments have disabled populations of 10% or less, as is shown in the graph below.
Regarding the different types of disabilities which are found in the country, motor skill disabilities are the most prevalent, affecting a total of 69,232 individuals, followed by visual disabilities with a total of 57,959 persons affected, and mental disabilities with 42,909.
Individuals with Disabilities by Department 2018-2019 (%)
Source: CENISS, Single (Unique) Registry of Participants, 2018 – 2019
MIGRANTS
The emigration of Honduran citizens, mostly to the United States but also to European countries, is the result of conditions such as unemployment, precarious employment, violence, lack of opportunities, and more generally, institutional weakness, corruption, and impunity. Another factor that must not be ignored is that emigration is also sparked by processes of family reunification. It is also worth mentioning that the profile of migrants has changed. Initially, it was young men who were more likely to migrate, but it was later observed that more women were also migrating, a phenomenon referred to as the feminization of migration. Currently, in migrant caravans, whole families are seen migrating together.
| ANALYSIS OF GENDER, VULNERABLE POPULATION AND SOCIAL INCLUSION // 43
Honduran migrants returned to Honduras 2010-2019
Source: Center for the Returned Migrant (CAMR) and National Migration Institute (INM). Honduran Consular and Migration Observatory (CONMIGHO 2019).
There are no reliable statistics on the number of people who migrate to the United States each year in an irregular manner, but considering the thousands of migrants that made up the October 2018 caravans, the more than 100,000 returnees in 2019, and the more than 150,000 family units detained at the southern border of the United States, migration has surely continued to grow.
The municipalities under DO1 have a high level of deportation of their population from the United States. Furthermore, the growth in this number was sustained during the three years from 2017 to 2019.
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Returned migrants from five municipalities 2016-2019 (San Pedro Sula, Central District, La Ceiba, Choloma and Tela)
Source: Honduran Consular and Migration Observatory (CONMIGHO, 2016- 2019).
According to statistical data from the Honduran Consular and Migration Observatory (CONMIGHO), from January 1 through July 5, 2020, a total of 23,81173 Hondurans had been deported, both by land and air.
Honduras: Returned Migrants 2020 (January 1 – July 5, 2020)
Adults Children Country of Return Male Female Boys Girls Total
USA 8,248 1,478 523 365 10,614
Mexico 9,733 1,372 1,025 554 12,684
Central 300 117 56 40 513 America
Total 18,281 2,967 1,604 959 23,811
Source: Honduran Consular and Migration Observatory (CONMIGHO, 2020).
If we compare 2019 to 2020, deportations significantly reduced. While by July 5, 2019, there had been a total of 71,148 deportations, in July 2020 the total number was 23,811. As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and especially the lockdown and closing of the borders, there has been a reduction of migratory flows and therefore a decline in deportations, both by land and by air.
73CONMIGHO (2020); Returned Hondurans during 2020 [Accessed at] https://www.conmigho.hn/ ; https://www.conmigho.hn/direccion-general-de-proteccion-al-hondureno-migrante/retornados-2020
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Honduras: Comparison of returned migrants 2019-2020 (January 1 – July 5)
Source: Honduran Consular and Migration Observatory (CONMIGHO).
The COVID-19 pandemic has not completely stopped deportations to Honduras, a country that faces “immense” immigration challenges, according to a report from the International Red Cross Committee for Mexico and Central America (CICR).74 Honduras faces huge challenges in terms of migration and internal displacement due to violence; “both are phenomena that are interconnected in one way or another. A great portion of the people who migrate as part of the caravans have first been internally displaced people as a result of violence, who ended up deciding to migrate as a last option to save their lives.”
With the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic and the growing need to provide assistance to the migrating population, representatives of the International Red Cross Movement and the Red Crescent in Honduras have expressed a call for the recognition, respect, and care for the rights and needs of migrants, even during these exceptional times. According to the representative of CICR for Honduras, Karim Khallaayoun, “It is important to strengthen the response plans for all of the population of migrants, both returnees and those in transit, those in Temporary Isolation Centers – such as shelters - and those outside of those spaces, who are facing conditions of vulnerability because they are stranded due to the pandemic”75. In Honduras, returned migrants are relocated and cared for in units that Government calls Temporary Isolation Centers (CAT).
In general terms, COVID-19 will have an impact on migration in several ways. People who continue to try to migrate will face greater risks in terms of human rights violations. One scenario is that migration will increase substantially due to increasing poverty, social inequality, discontent, and despair. Furthermore, as part of the country’s structural problems, it is probable that there will be an increase in violence, and along with that there may be even more cases of forced displacements. Likewise, the caravans may see a spike in frequency.
74 Digital Newspaper Department 19. Pandemic does not slow down deportations to Honduras, a country that faces “huge” challenges in immigration - April 22, 2020. [Accessed at] https://departamento19.hn/pandemia-no-frena-deportaciones-a-honduras- pais-que-enfrenta-enormes-desafios-en-inmigracion/ 75 Review – July 2, 2020. Honduras: A call to assist without discrimination all immigrants amidst the COVID-19 pandemic. [Accessed at] https://reliefweb.int/report/honduras/honduras-llamado-asistir-sin-discriminaci-n-todas-las-personas-migrantes-en-medio-de | ANALYSIS OF GENDER, VULNERABLE POPULATION AND SOCIAL INCLUSION // 46
V. CONCLUSIONS
As shown throughout this Analysis, Honduras has begun to make strides towards social inclusion through agreements, conventions, pacts, and international treaties in favor of non-discrimination of vulnerable groups, formally ratifying their will to respect human rights. These international treaties serve as a framework for defending the rights of vulnerable groups in the country.
The country has also developed laws, policies, plans, programs and/or institutions at the national level for the care and protection of women, youth, disabled people, indigenous groups, and LGBTI groups. At the local level, 45% of the budget for social programs and 5% for women's programs have been "allocated" respectively.
However, despite these legislative and institutional developments, the implementation and effective functioning of laws and agencies or agencies created for the care of vulnerable groups has fundamental challenges and disadvantages due to budgetary constraints, the absence of trained personnel to its implementation, cultural barriers, and lack of transparency, among others. These cultural barriers also manifest as "informal" power structures within the family, socioeconomic field, and within political parties and other representative bodies.
Cultural conceptions linked to the roles assigned to women, for example, involving the care and maintenance of family and domestic life, limit their participation in other activities due to schedule constraints coupled with domestic violence, economic constraints, transportation, low self- esteem, etc. This cycle is perpetuated by the ongoing privilege of young men as the primary recipients of opportunities, according to the faulty idea that they will be the suppliers of the future. The data provided in this analysis demonstrate women’s and vulnerable populations’ general disadvantages in comparison to men, and in particular regarding access to employment, education, and the freedom to live without fear of gender-based violence. These disadvantages extend to the voices of women and vulnerable populations in the public decision-making spaces as well as the informal power structures within families. Specifically, this analysis identifies a series of variables that impede access by women and vulnerable populations to municipal services, particularly those relating to citizen security. Despite varied efforts on the part of the Honduran government to enhance equality, advances to date fall very short of the goal of ensuring parity and universal access to municipal services. It is imperative that Honduras produce and adapt pro-gender legislation and mainstream gender equality efforts in a variety of contexts.
Furthermore, stigmatization of young people, coupled with unemployment, early pregnancy, and young people as victims and perpetrators of violence, leads to exclusion. Discrimination against the LGBTI population, due to a traditional conception of identity, has generated hate crimes and exclusion in educational, health care, and other spaces in the West.
Additionally, racism and discrimination against indigenous peoples, and the mistrust between indigenous organizations and the state over the use of natural resources exposes another barrier. The lack of awareness regarding accessibility and mobility needs for the disabled population and the subsequent limitations on freedom of movement, health services, among others, points to challenges for full participation.
Regarding citizen security, in the DO1 zone specifically, the data show greatly increased security risks faced by women and vulnerable populations compared with those of men. The hopes of a young girl being able to complete her education, obtain dignified employment, and live a full life of peace and prosperity are threatened by the alarming statistics of obstacles that block her path. For disabled persons and the LGBTI population, the statistics are even more discouraging. The back-to-back hurricanes of ETA and IOTA greatly exacerbated the struggles faced by women and all vulnerable populations. Lastly, these challenges are multiplied when Honduras fall into more than one of these groups, leading to increased barriers to social inclusion and equity at the intersection of multiple vulnerable populations.
Despite these challenges, there are opportunities for the participation and representation of women and vulnerable groups in decision-making bodies. For example, political participation may be improved by the quota system in force | ANALYSIS OF GENDER, VULNERABLE POPULATION AND SOCIAL INCLUSION // 47
since 2016 or the principle of parity (50% of women and 50% of men) and the "mechanism of alternation" ("zipper" or "braid" system) that involves alternating a woman and a man - or vice versa - and so on in the payrolls of candidates, can contribute to improved gender balance. Furthermore, there are other structures at the municipal level that enable participation of vulnerable groups and can enhance their voices at the local level, such as open councils, participatory budgets, water boards, COMDES, and Citizens Commissions for Transparency..
In conclusion, achieving a greater level of gender equity will contribute to decreasing levels of violence and improving access to services in Honduras, and strengthen respect for human rights of women and members of other vulnerable populations, such as LGBTI and people with disabilities. It is, therefore, incumbent upon HLG to include in its own programming, and dovetail with the programming of other USAID/Honduras projects, the most effective use of resources to address these barriers.
VI. RECOMMENDATIONS
VI.I POTENTIAL ACTIVITIES
Optimize Existing Public Consultation Mechanisms at the Municipal Level
1. Encourage and support municipalities to periodically hold open councils and other public assemblies established in the Municipalities Act of Honduras, providing a space for dialogue on the operation and needs of public services at the local level.
2. Strengthen the capacity of municipalities and other municipal bodies such as OMMs and OMJs to disseminate these events through all audiovisual and social media to amplify and democratize the summons and ensure the participation of the various vulnerable groups.
3. Strengthen the municipalities’ ability to facilitate the assembly with the community, to lead a cooperative, non- confrontational dialogue, and provide a non-discriminatory and secure environment for expressing opinions.
4. Propose to the municipalities the realization of these open councils with specific populations when possible, to deepen the needs of women, youth, people with disabilities, indigenous groups, and the LGBTI community.
5. Sensitize the municipality on the realization of these councils at feasible hours, in safe and accessible places, reducing the limitations of participation of vulnerable groups.
6. Strengthen both the municipality and the community to monitor effectively, as far as possible, the demands arising from these events. If necessary, facilitate the programming of private meetings of the local authority with each group, women, persons with disabilities, indigenous, LGBTI community, and youth groups to delve into the pending issues.
7. Sensitize vulnerable groups on the importance of being present and participating in these spaces to incorporate their points of view and express their needs
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Optimize Existing Inclusive Feedback Mechanisms in the Country
Strengthen mechanisms for participation and feedback from the Citizen Transparency Committees (CCT), the Municipal Committees for Educational Development (COMDES), the Rural Health Centers (CESAR), the Dental Medical Health Centers (CESAMO), and other related bodies, to ensure the inclusion of vulnerable groups and alignment of needs with the provision of municipal education, health, water and sanitation services, etc.
Strengthen the Local Capacity of Municipal Officials for the Integration of Gender Issues and Vulnerable Populations in Municipal Management
1. Raise awareness among mayors, municipal corporations, and employees about the importance of the participation of different vulnerable groups in public management.
2. Train and sensitize government officials and service providers in gender and issues relating to vulnerable populations to implement these issues in their daily work, around why and how to implement inclusive initiatives.
3. Encourage OMM participation as speakers or participants in these training workshops to replicate their knowledge and experience on violence against women to other municipal officials.
4. Train municipal officials and vulnerable groups in creating gender-sensitive budgets and other vulnerable populations to better align community needs with available resources and improve the effectiveness of public spending. Evaluate and adapt existing educational materials, such as the "Participative Budget Manual" prepared by the Social Forum of the External Debt and Development of Honduras (FOSDEH).
Strengthen the Participation of Civil Society, including Women's Organizations and Each Vulnerable Group, in Municipal Management and Social Audit
1. Develop the capacity of organizations of women, youth, indigenous groups, people with disabilities, and local LGBTI groups which represent excluded communities, to participate more actively in the processes of official consultation, planning and execution on public services.
2. Develop the capacity of civil society organizations (CSOs) to actively participate in municipal initiatives and monitor and follow up on municipal budget processes. For example, train civil organizations representing each vulnerable group - which in turn can train their audience - on how to participate in the participatory budget and generate informed participation of their groups.
3. Take all steps possible to strengthen the role of the OMMs to participate vigorously and effectively in municipal council meetings in which budget priorities are set.
4. Support training for vulnerable groups in the issue of advocacy and social auditing, collaborating with existing participatory entities at the local level.
5. Support CSO efforts to raise public awareness of the barriers, rights, and importance of the participation of women, youth, indigenous groups, population with disabilities, and the LGBTI community.
6. Strengthen the capacity of CSOs to monitor public services and hold local governments accountable, through community scorecards, public surveys, and direct requests for comments to users.
7. Use USAID's Women's Empowerment in Agriculture Index to measure the five domains of empowerment for women in agriculture (production, resources, income, leadership, and time), measure gender parity in empowerment within the household, and guide HLG interventions for women farmers in the nine departments. | ANALYSIS OF GENDER, VULNERABLE POPULATION AND SOCIAL INCLUSION // 49
8. Explore and capitalize on every opportunity for women and vulnerable populations to participate in public decision-making spaces at the municipal level. HLG supports this participation through many channels. The project must exhaust existing legal entry points for this participation and creatively pursue additional ones. Once encouraged to participate, however, women and vulnerable populations need coaching in voicing their interests effectively.
9. Encourage and facilitate the participation of women and vulnerable groups in social audit exercises. Youth, in particular, should be engaged in social auditing to improve their meaningful participation and oversight and increase rootedness. Successful social audits engender a strong sense of empowerment in those who undertake them. This sense of empowerment encourages further participation in municipal management and oversight.
Establish a Communication, Dissemination and Awareness Strategy to Guarantee the Promotion of Social Inclusion
1. Design and implement a communication and awareness-raising strategy, with the participation of OMMs, civil society networks, women experts, etc., on violence against women in Honduras, ways to prevent it, and existing laws and instances for their protection.
2. Design a communication strategy that sensitizes and promotes a culture of participation, acceptance and social inclusion, using inclusive messages, evidenced in the logos, trifolds, pamphlets, banners, trainings, and cultural assessments about roles and stereotypes (gender, ethnic, disability, etc.).
3. Encourage communication campaigns to empower vulnerable groups on the importance of their participation in decision-making on municipal services, including existing structures at the local level, to promote efficient service delivery and transparency at the local level. Establish a culture of social inclusion within the HLG Activity. This can be accomplished by:
• Training staff to understand gender issues, social inclusion, and the reality of vulnerable groups in Honduras, particularly in the West of the country.
• Ensuring that each intervention (donation, training, and communication) has gender considerations and inclusion of vulnerable groups, as well as an inclusive language. This can be done through, as far as possible, affirmative measures that aim at achieving a minimum participation and/or representation quota of each group in the case of training or donations
Collaborate with other IMs and USAID Projects to Improve Gender and Social Inclusion of Vulnerable Groups
1. Step up recruitment efforts for the participation of women and vulnerable populations in educational and vocational training programs under HLG and other USAID projects operating in the DO1 Zone.
2. Collaborate with Unidos por la Justicia on means of assisting women and vulnerable populations to seek key GBV services and pursue criminal complaints against perpetrators of GBV.
VI.2 ACCORDING TO GAPS AND ISSUES:
To prioritize the recommendations according to the Analysis, the Activity identified the main gaps in the lens of USAID’s defined Gender domains, and then defined a series of strategies and activities to address each one according to sector and result. The integral domains for a gender analysis, as identified by USAID, are: Laws, Policies, Regulations, and Institutional Practices that influence the context in which men and women act and make decisions; Cultural Norms and Beliefs; Gender Roles, Responsibilities, and Time Use; Access to and Control over Assets and Resources; and Patterns of Power and Decision-making (ADS 205). The following table presents these recommendations for both DO2 and DO1zone.
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Domain Laws, Policies, Cultural Norms and Gender Roles, Access to and Patterns of Power Regulations, and Beliefs Responsibilities, and Control over Assets and Decision-making Institutional Time Use and Resources Practices
Education
-The extension of confinement due -Limitations for the permanence of -Limitations for the permanence of -Lack of education leads to lack of to COVID 19 is a limitation for the girls in school due to the concern girls in school due to prioritizing self-esteem and lack financial implementation of policies and on the part of parents that if they boy’s education as a way to power, which is strongly recommendations in educational send their daughters to school, guarantee the family's main source correlated with becoming a victim matters. they will become pregnant of income of male violence.
- Bilingual intercultural education, -Men have greater access to which preserves language and education under the conception traditions in the national public that they must have more system, is not applied. opportunities to be the bread winners Prioritized Gaps:
-The extension of confinement due to COVID 19 is a limitation for - Self-exclusion from school or educational coverage and quality inhibition of expression of identity to avoid stigmatization and discrimination among LGTBI students Irrelevant school curriculum leads to disinterest, acting as an incentive for drop-out and increases the potential for migration
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Domain Laws, Policies, Cultural Norms and Gender Roles, Access to and Patterns of Power Regulations, and Beliefs Responsibilities, and Control over Assets and Decision-making Institutional Time Use and Resources Practices
-Assistance for monitoring the -Structuring awareness campaigns -Make a concerted effort to recruit implementation of policies and to raise awareness of the benefits girls for vocational training recommendations that strengthen - Carry out a series of awareness- for girls to stay in school programs under HLG or other -Develop actions for decision- the response of the education raising actions for boys, girls, USAID-funded vocational training making and supervision of sector to the pandemic parents associations, and projects. education services within the educators to ensure their framework of COVID-19 through education in a safe environment. the use of public emergency and recovery funds and the funding and -Assistance and monitoring of ▪ -Link young women to the training implementation of 2019-2023 Co- schedules for the safe return to processes of Young Builders and Existence and Citizen Security Plans classes. ▪ -Training and sensitization for productive activities within the CSOs and other groups regarding framework of Local Economic the barriers that LGTBI youth face Development (LED) agendas and plans ▪ -PPE contribution through an in- kind donation -Promote meetings with each
Recommended vulnerable group (women, youth, Activities: LGBTI group, ethnic groups, and / -Strengthen citizen participation in or population with disabilities) to biosafety committees to guarantee delve into gaps, needs and a safe return to classes potential solutions for education.
- Design / implementation of -Optimize existing feedback targeted education projects mechanisms, such as the Citizen focused on migration in line with Transparency Committees (CCT), SEDUC policy. Municipal Educational Development Committees (COMDES) and other related bodies, to ensure the inclusion of vulnerable groups and align needs with the provision of municipal education
DO1 & DO2, School networks, DO1 & DO2, School networks, DO1 and DO2, School Networks, DO2, HLG LED team and Youth DO1 and DO2, HLG LED team Implementation departmental directorates, departmental directorates, CSOs, CCTs, DLAL, ALE, Specialist, Transforming Market and Youth Specialist, Zone(s), Implementing municipal governments, parent municipal governments, parent Secretary of Education, Unidos por Systems, School networks, Transforming Market Systems, Partners associations associations la Justicia; Shelters and Outreach municipal governments, private School networks, municipal Centers sector governments, private sector
Result 1 & Result 2 Result 1 Result 1 Result 2 Result 1 Activity Result:
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Domain Laws, Policies, Cultural Norms and Gender Roles, Access to and Patterns of Power Regulations, and Beliefs Responsibilities, and Control over Assets and Decision-making Institutional Time Use and Resources Practices
Health
-Poor collection and management - Lack of general understanding of -Limited knowledge about the -Lack of time and adequate of evidence for cases of gender disability in the country. public and private services for schedules of meetings that prevent abuse GBV. women from participating in Water Management Board Meetings
-High incidence of gender-based -Lack of culturally differentiated violence -Above average female mortality health services for maternal and rate during pregnancy compared child health. to other countries in the region.
Prioritized Gaps: -Lack of differentiated care Limited livelihoods options for according to physical and mental victims of GBV to enable health situation for the disabled achievement of economic population. independence
-Lack of accessibility for disability health services in rural areas
-Fully socialize the GOH’s GBV - Establish a communication, - Awareness and training - Develop actions for decision- Critical Route for referrals in diffusion and awareness strategy campaigns on the Critical Route making and supervision of health marginalized communities of DO1 that guarantees the promotion of (ruta critica) and the services services within the framework of social inclusion for disabled available, including psychosocial COVID-19 through the use of populations and medical services and the filing public emergency and recovery of criminal complaints against funds and the funding and aggressors implementation of 2019-2023 Co- -Strengthen the GOH’s new Existence and Citizen Security regulations on the collection of Plans GBV evidence; Design a - Awareness-raising around GBV curriculum to train and certify and available services Recommended nurses to document forced sexual -Provide vocational training and Activities: incidents (DO1) follow-on assistance in job placement for victims of gender- -Promote meetings with each based violence vulnerable group (women, youth, -Support for improved reporting LGBTI group, ethnic groups, and / on issues related to GBV by local or population with disabilities) for -Strengthen evidence collection media health gaps, needs and potential through the development of a joint solutions. protocol between the Public - Training in violence prevention Ministry and the MOH to collect issues with existing programs and evidence of sexual crimes (DO1) services in the DO1 area - Conversations between managers, providers, and CSOs to
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Domain Laws, Policies, Cultural Norms and Gender Roles, Access to and Patterns of Power Regulations, and Beliefs Responsibilities, and Control over Assets and Decision-making Institutional Time Use and Resources Practices sensitize the reduction of gender violence in the face of COVID-19
- Optimize the existing mechanisms of feedback in departments, CCTs, CESARs, CESAMOs, and other related bodies, to ensure the inclusion of vulnerable groups and align needs with the provision of municipal health services. (DO1 & DO2)
DO1 and DO2, School Networks, DO1 and DO2, School Networks; DO1 and DO2, School Networks, DO1 and DO2, School Networks, Local Governments, NGOs, health Local Governments; NGOs; local Local Governments, NGOs, health Local Governments, NGOs, health Implementation centers, directors, managers, media; health centers, directors, centers, directors, managers, centers, directors, managers, Zone(s), technical teams at the central and managers, technical teams at the technical teams at the central and technical teams at the central and Implementing regional levels, in alliance with central and regional levels, in regional levels, in alliances with regional levels, in alliances with Partners and Relation other related programs both alliance with other related other related programs both other related programs both to the Work Plan: within and outside of USAID, programs both within and outside within and outside of USAID, within and outside of USAID Public Ministry, SESAL, CSO, of USAID; Public Ministry; SESAL, Public Ministry, SESAL, CSO, women networks CSO, women networks women networks
Result: Result 1 and 2 Result 1 and Result 2 Result 1 and 2 Result 1 and 2
Local Governments
-Potential challenges in 2021 -Lack of representation of women elections due to limited and vulnerable populations in participation due to COVID-19. decision-making spaces
Prioritized Gaps:
-OMMs and Youth Municipal Offices (OMJs) face budgetary limitations in the face of the COVID emergency.
-Ensure that the transition and -Alliances with USAID -Work with local governments to Recommended handover protocol guarantee the implementers and other partners promote diverse participation in Activities: inclusion of women and other to encourage economic open council meetings or other
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Domain Laws, Policies, Cultural Norms and Gender Roles, Access to and Patterns of Power Regulations, and Beliefs Responsibilities, and Control over Assets and Decision-making Institutional Time Use and Resources Practices vulnerable groups. independence municipal events,
-Optimize the existing mechanisms of feedback to ensure the inclusion of vulnerable groups and align -Ensure visibility of the issue of needs with the provision of social inclusion in forums and municipal services. debates on transition and transfer.
-Advocate for allocation of budget in support of the OMMs in accordance with the law.
- Ensure that OMM Coordinators/Directors participate in all municipal meetings regarding the development and implementation of LED agenda
- Support and make visible actions that favor vulnerable groups in citizen security plans.
Implementation DO1 and DO2, Local DO1, Local Governments DO1 and DO2, Local Zone(s), governments, CCTs, OMM Governments, Women and youth Implementing Alliances with other related networks, local CSOs, OMM, OMJ Partners and Relation programs both inside and outside to the Work Plan: USAID
Result: Result 1 and 2 Result 2 Result 1 and 2
Civil Society - Increased incidence of GBV as a - Lack of knowledge among citizens result of COVID-19 lockdown -Lack of knowledge about gender- -Lack of representation of women and civil society regarding available based violence prevention in times and vulnerable populations in Prioritized Gaps: GBV services of pandemic due in part to scarce decision-making spaces information on gender-based violence and available services
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Domain Laws, Policies, Cultural Norms and Gender Roles, Access to and Patterns of Power Regulations, and Beliefs Responsibilities, and Control over Assets and Decision-making Institutional Time Use and Resources Practices
-Increase information and -Communications Campaign for -Strengthen the representation of - Outreach and training for CSOs on opportunities to discuss GBV Social Inclusion in addition to civil society groups that represent the GBV critical Route, key through training and outreach to specific actions in health, vulnerable sectors and ensure processes and available services media and CSOs education, and local government. effective participation for decision- - Support OMM by advocating for making - linking vulnerable groups increased visibility and the with the expanded CCTs in allocation of the 5% stipulated by decision-making processes, law in municipal budgets especially with networks of -Incorporate the issue of gender women and youth. and gender-based violence in regional online forums to discuss "Civil society as key actors in the provision of services at the local level during the COVID-19 -Train groups of women and young emergency" people to supervise and follow up on the recommendations of citizen oversight exercises
Recommended Activities: - Provide grants to CSOs to lead social audits of local services, especially pandemic emergency response and citizen coexistence and security plans, with a focus on vulnerable groups.
- Provide capacity-building to women and vulnerable groups on means of more effectively participating in these decision- making spaces.
DO1, Regional Sanitary Units, DO1 and DO2: CSOs, citizens, DO1 and DO2: CSOs, citizens, DO1 and DO2: CSOs, citizens, CSOs and service providers within local media local media local media, OMMs, OMJs, NGOs, the Critical Route local CSOs, Fundación Nacional Implementation para el Desarrollo de Honduras Zone(s), (FUNADEH), Comisión de Acción Implementing Partners and Relation Social Menonita (CASM), Asociación to the Work Plan: de Jóvenes Cristianos de Honduras (ACJ), Organismo Cristiano de Desarrollo Integral de Honduras (OCDI)
Result: Result 1 Result 1 and Result 2 Result 1 and 2 Result 1 and 2
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Domain Laws, Policies, Cultural Norms and Gender Roles, Access to and Patterns of Power Regulations, and Beliefs Responsibilities, and Control over Assets and Decision-making Institutional Time Use and Resources Practices
Cross-Cutting: Youth and Migration
Irrelevant school curriculum leads -Lack of economic opportunities -Lack of opportunities for to disinterest, acting as an increases the risk of youth participation for young people Prioritized Gaps: incentive for drop-out and migration. increases the risk of youth increases the potential for migration. migration
Design / implementation of -Strengthen youth rootedness by ▪ -Strengthen the participation of targeted education projects linking young people to LED young people in processes of focused on migration in line with processes (entrepreneurship, links citizen participation and social SEDUC policy. to other actions within the auditing framework of LED agendas and plans) Recommended Activities:
-Replicate the YouthBuild in new municipalities
DO1 and DO2, SEDUC, DLAL, DO2, LED team, Red ICT, TMS DO1 and DO2, ACJ, CASM, NGOs, CSOs, local government and other USAID partner projects, OCDI, Implementation NGOs, government institutions, Zone(s), private sector Implementing FUNADEH, and other USAID Partners and Relation partner projects to the Work Plan:
Result: Result 2 Result 2 Result 1
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VII. APPENDIX
Appendix 1: Glossary
Sexual abuse: Any form of physical contact with or without carnal access, imposed on a child, performed without Violence or intimidation and without consent. May include vaginal, oral and anal penetration, digital penetration, caresses or explicit verbal statements.
Sexual abuse is not necessarily a violation. There may be direct contact, touching of genitals and/ or sexual penetration (rape or incest), but also considers abusive manipulation of the child for pornographic purposes, forcing him to observe sexual attitudes, as well as talk about obscene topics face to face or through the telephone or the Internet.
Access to resources. These are the legal and institutional provisions that are implemented to benefit certain social groups as holders of property rights over socially productive resources. In the case of women, access to resources is considered a strategic action for their empowerment, since it favors their economic position to make decisions in the family and in the community and to participate in the market and in the State as citizens with their own rights.
Access to and control of resources. The binomial "access and control of resources" refers to the dynamics of power that occurs between the formal recognition of property rights over socially productive resources and the exercise of them. This dynamic is the result of sexist customs and practices in the community, family and institutional contexts that discriminate against women from the exercise of the rights to the ownership of resources, especially land.
Street sexual harassment. Street sexual harassment is a type of violence that usually does not involve a relationship between the victim and their abuser. It includes practices such as whistles, sexually explicit comments, fixed stares, public masturbation, tracking, touching, exhibitionism, among others, on the street or in public space.
Acts of lust. "The introduction of objects or instruments of any nature into the sexual organs or other natural or artificial orifices that simulate the sexual organs of the body of the passive person." Its sanction is from nine to thirteen years of imprisonment (Article 141 of the Penal Code).
Bisexual. A man or woman who has an emotional, romantic and sexual attraction towards people of both genders. For some, the attraction to each gender is equitable, whereas for others there may be a preference for one gender over another, this is known as sexual orientation.
Gaps. It is a statistical measure that shows the distance between women and men in relation to an indicator. It is used to reflect the gap between the sexes regarding opportunities for access and control of economic, social, cultural and political resources. Its importance is to qualitatively compare to women and men with similar characteristics, such as age, occupation, income, schooling, economic participation and the balance between domestic and paid work, among other indicators that serve to measure gender equity.
Worldview. It is the way of seeing and interpreting the world. It is the set of beliefs that allow us to analyze and recognize reality from our own existence. One can speak of the worldview of a person, a culture, an epoch, etc. A worldview is integral; that is, it covers aspects of all areas of life. Religion, morality, philosophy and politics are part of a worldview.
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Culture. It is the set of life forms and social, economic and political expressions of a particular society that encompasses all practices and representations, such as beliefs, ideas, myths, symbols, customs, knowledge, norms, values, attitudes and relationships (between persons and between their environment), which shape human behavior and are transmitted from generation to generation.
Share. Reserve for women a specific percentage of decision-making positions or political candidacies.
Disability. According to the World Health Organization is a general term covering deficiencies, limitations of activity and restrictions of participation. Deficiencies are problems that affect a body structure or function; The limitations of the activity are difficulties to perform actions or tasks, and the restrictions of participation are problems to participate in vital situations.
Consequently, disability is a complex phenomenon that reflects an interaction between the characteristics of the human organism and the characteristics of the society in which it lives.
Discrimination. It is the distinctive or special treatment of individuals or groups violating the principle of justice that all persons should be treated as equals.
Distalia. Developmental disorder of speech articulation that can affect the production of a single unit of sound or phoneme or that of many phonemes, originating from improper learning.
Dyslexia. It is the difficulty in the ability to read and understand words, of cerebral origin - occipitoparietal-, with no compromise of visual acuity or ability to write.
Empowerment (Strengthening, power) action to gain power.
Gender equality is a set of ideas, beliefs and social values in relation to sexual difference, gender, equality and justice in relation to behaviors, functions, opportunities, valuation and relationships between men and women. About this issue, discrimination over women has been seen over the years, which could not be expressed, and its role in society was differentiated from that of men, since men were seen with the ability to work, and for her part, the woman was dedicated only to the home and the family. Over the years, however, women have demonstrated that they possess skills and abilities for the economic, political, and social spheres, due to large decisions in the above-mentioned contexts by women. Similarly, women are still in constant struggle, due to the existence of groups that show a lack of gender equity.
Stigmatization. It is a severe social disapproval of personal characteristics or beliefs that are perceived to be contrary to established cultural norms.
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Statutory rape. Sexual intercourse with a minor, using deception, trust, hierarchy or authority exercised over them. Honduran legislation establishes this minor when the woman is over fourteen but under the age of eighteen. When he uses trust, hierarchy or authority, he will be punished with six to eight years of imprisonment; If by deception, the penalty is four to six years of imprisonment (Article 142 of the Penal Code).
Ethnic group. It is a human community that shares a cultural affinity that allows its members to feel identified with each other. Beyond shared history, members presently maintain cultural practices and similar social behaviors.
Femicide. "Death of a woman on grounds of gender, with hatred and contempt for her or her status as a woman, when one or more of the following occurs: a) when the active subject of the crime maintains or has maintained a relationship with the victim, whether by marriage, de facto, free union or any other similar relationship in which there is, was or was not cohabitation, including those in which a sentimental relationship is sustained or was sustained; b) When the crime is preceded by acts of domestic or intrafamily violence, whether or not there is a history of a report; c) When the crime is preceded by a situation of sexual violence, harassment, or persecution of any nature; d) When the crime is committed with cruelty or when infamous, degrading or mutilation injuries have been inflicted before or after the deprivation of life "(Reform Article 118-A of the Penal Code, 2013).
Gay. A man or woman who has an emotional, romantic and sexual attraction towards another person of the same gender; Some people only use the term in reference to gay men. The word "gay" is preferable to the word "homosexual", which can be associated with clinical nuances that some people find offensive.
Gender. It is the social definition of the roles, rights, responsibilities, duties and obligations of men and women in society. The social definition of what it means to be a man, or a woman varies according to culture and often changes over time.
Sexual harassment. Any behavior with unwanted or unsolicited sexual implications, whether verbal or physical, that humiliates, insults and degrades people. It can be repetitive or present only once; Occur anywhere or come from a higher to a lower hierarchical level. In many cases, it disguises affection or attraction, but it is a demonstration of power that intimidates or threatens, and can cause distress, health disorders and affect work performance. (Special Women's Procuratorate / UNFPA). “One who, using a situation of hierarchical superiority in the workplace, administrative, teaching or similar, causes the victim to be unstable at work, disqualification in the performance of their work or for promotion of work or prevent access to a job, as a reprisal to the rejection of indecent acts carried out through innuendo or solicitation of sexual favors for themselves or for a third party. " Is punished with a term of imprisonment of one to three years of special disqualification. (Art. 147 of the Penal Code).
Social Inclusion. It is the situation that ensures that all citizens without exception, can exercise their rights, take advantage of their abilities and of the opportunities they find in their environment.
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Gender equality. It is a constitutional principle that men and women are equal before the law, which means that all people without any distinction have the same rights and duties to the State and society.
Intersexual. It defines a type of people who are born with both male and female biological characteristics, that is, the traits of one sex or the other are combined. An intersexual person may be chromosomally male but have a feminine appearance. Intersexuality is a genetic condition, which is considered by experts as a disorder of sexual development.
MSM. The term men who have sex with men was coined in the 1990s by some epidemiologists who studied the spread of sexually transmitted infections in men who, regardless of their sexual identity, had sex with men. Today, the use of the abbreviation MSM is common in medical literature and in social research to describe these cases, with a group of research studies that does not consider issues of sexual orientation.
Lesbian. A woman who has an emotional, romantic and sexual attraction towards other women.
Masculinity. It is the cultural construction of gender that designates the role of men in society. "Masculinity" is understood as a set of characteristics associated with the traditional role of the male. Some examples of these characteristics are strength, courage, virility, triumph, competition, security, not showing affection, etc. So that throughout history, and still today, men have suffered great social pressure to respond with behaviors associated with those attributes.
But the new masculinity ends with these stereotypes and adds to them characteristics of women such as receptivity, understanding, feeling, emotion, protection.
Battered/Attacked Woman. It is the physical aggression towards the woman provoked by a man linked to her sentimentally in the present or in the past. All acts of gender-based violence resulting in physical harm (Bulletin No.36 of IUDPAS from January-December 2014, published in February 2015).
Parity: Is related to correcting the lack of representativeness of women in the public sphere, especially in politics. Parity has to do with the so-called gender quotas that continue to generate rejection by some sectors unable to accept the existing historical debt to women.
Vulnerable Population: Group of people who are in a state of lack of protection or incapacitation in the face of a threat to their psychological, physical and mental condition, among others. The factors that give rise to inequality can be historical, economic, cultural, political and biological (cognitive, physical, sensory, communication, emotional and psychosocial agents).
Sex. It refers to the biological differences between man and woman. Gender differences are related to the physiology of man and woman and usually remain constant between cultures and over time.
Transgender. It is a general term that describes people whose mental sex or gender identity, the inner sense of being a man or a woman, is different from the gender assigned by the physician at birth. Sex is determined by several factors, the most important being information in the brain or
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mental sex. Gender transitions emphasize changing the body so that it aligns with the mind, because the information in the brain does not change. Gender identity is innate. People who are not attached to gender stereotypes are people whose gender expressions, including their behavior or appearance, differ from social expectations about the sex roles assigned to them at birth. A transgender girl is a young woman who identifies herself with the female gender, but was assigned the male gender at birth. A transgender boy is a young man who identifies with the male gender, but was assigned the female at birth. We all have a sexual orientation and a gender identity; they are two different things. Transgender people can be identified as heterosexual, lesbian, gay, bisexual, or in doubt. Transgender people may need specialized medical care to assist them with their gender transition.
Violence against women. “Any act of violence based on belonging to the female sex which has or may result in physical, sexual or psychological harm or suffering to women, as well as threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, both if they occur in public life as in private life. (Article 1 of the Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women).
Violence against women is manifested both within the family or domestic unit or in any other interpersonal relationship or in the community and is perpetrated by any person. Inter-American Convention on the Prevention, Punishment and Eradication of Violence against Women (Belém do Pará Convention).
Gender violence. Violence towards women "as a woman" is the most common covert crime in the world, recognized in 1980 the United Nations.
Domestic Violence. That exercised by the couple, ex-partner or person with whom he has maintained or maintains relations of coexistence. According to the Law against domestic violence this can be physical, psychological, sexual and patrimonial.
Violence within the family. “Whoever employs force, intimidation or objects of persecution to a spouse or former spouse, to the person with whom he lives or has had a concubinage relationship or to the person who has fathered a child, for causing them physical or emotional harm or to their property shall be punished with imprisonment of one (1) to three (3) years, without prejudice to the penalty that corresponds to the injuries or damages caused. The same penalty shall apply when the violence is exercised over the common children or the children of the persons mentioned who are subject to parental authority, or over the minor or incapacitated under guardianship or guardianship or ascendants. (Penal Code)." (Article 179-A of the Criminal Code of Honduras).
Sexual violence. “Any conduct that involves threat or intimidation and which affects the sexual self-determination of women, such as unwanted sexual relations, denial of contraception and protection, among others.”
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Appendix 2: Bibliography
1. Breaking the Silence Against Indigenous Girls, Adolescents, and Young Women. UNICEF, UN Women, UNFPA, (ILO) and the UN Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Violence against Children, 2013.
2. Carter, J., Patriarchy and Violence against Women and Girls, 2015.
3. Child Marriage Profile: Honduras, UNFPA, 2012.
4. CIPPDV, Caracterización del desplazamiento interno en Honduras de la Comisión Interinstitucional para la Protección de las personas desplazadas por la Violencia, 2015.
5. Contreras, M., B. Heilman, G. Barker, A. Singh, R. Verma, and J. Bloomfield. 2012. Bridges to Adulthood: Understanding the Lifelong Influence of Men’s Childhood Experiences of Violence: Analyzing Data from the International Men and Gender Equality Survey. International Center for Research on Women (ICRW) and Instituto Promundo.
6. Convention on the Rights of the Child. UNICEF: New York. 1989.
7. Country Development Cooperation Strategy for Honduras 2015-2019. USAID, 2015.
8. Congreso Nacional de Honduras, Página web.
9. Crime and Violence in Central America's Northern Triangle: How U.S. Policy Responses are Helping, Hurting, and Can be Improved. Woodrow Wilson Center, December 19, 2014.
10. Crimen y Violencia en Centroamérica: Un Desafío para el Desarrollo. World Bank, 2011.
11. Decreto Legislativo 286-2009 Ley Visión de País y Plan de País
12. ECLAC, Statistical Yearbook for Latin America and the Caribbean 2015.
13. Electing Peace: What Works in Preventing Violent Elections. US Institute of Peace, March 2016.
14. Ellsberg, M., D. Arango, M. Morton, F. Gennari, S. Kiplesund, M. Contreras, and C. Watts. Prevention of Violence Against Women: What does the Evidence Say? The Lancet, 385:9977, 1555-1566, 2015.
15. ENDESA, Encuesta Nacional de Demografía y Salud (ENDESA 2011-2012), 2012.
16. Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Población para el periodo 2011- 2012
17. Espinosa, I. (2011). Honduras: una aproximación a la situación de las mujeres a través del análisis de los indicadores de género. ECLAC, Santiago de Chile.
18. Estimación del Tamaño de Poblaciones Clave con Mayor Riesgo de Exposición al VIH en Honduras, mediante la metodología de Mapeo Programático , Informe Final, Freddy Tinajeros y Elvia Ardon (investigadores principales), 2016.
19. FAO, Honduras, Situación de las mujeres rurales pobres en Honduras y su acceso a la tierra y el crédito, 2013.
20. Fondo de Naciones Unidas para la Infancia (UNICEF), Estudio sobre Exclusión en el servicio de agua y saneamiento en Honduras, Honduras, 2011.
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21. Grupo Banco Mundial, Rafael de Hoyos, Halsey Rigers y Miguel Szekely, Ninis en AméricaLatina, Washington, 2016.
22. Honduras Briefing for the Human Rights Council Universal Periodic Review. UNHCR Global Initiative to End All Corporal Punishment of Children, 2010.
23. Human Rights Watch, Human Rights for Women and Children with Disabilities, 2012.
24. INAM, II Plan de Igualdad y Equidad de Género de Honduras 2010-2022. Tegucigalpa, Honduras. 2010.
25. INE, XVII Censo de Población y Vivienda 2013, 2013.
26. INE, Encuesta de Hogares de Propósitos Múltiples (EPHPM), junio 2016.
27. Instituto Universitario en Democracia, Paz y Seguridad, IUDPAS. 2015. Observatorio Nacional de la Violencia. Boletín especial No 39.
28. Interventions to Prevent or Reduce Violence Against Women and Girls: A Systematic Review of Reviews, World Bank. 2014.
29. Keeping Gender on the Agenda: Gender-Based Violence, Poverty and Development. Irish Joint Consortium on Gender Based Violence, 2011, La Gaceta, Decree No. 143-2009, Congress of the Republic of Honduras, January 23, 2010.
30. Leyes Nacionales de Honduras.
31. Ministerio Público de Honduras, Página Web, 2017.
32. Objetivo del Desarrollo del Milenio 3: Promover la Igualdad de género y el empoderamiento de la mujer.
33. Oficina Regional de la OIT para América Latina, Panorama Laboral de América Latina y el Caribe 2015, Lima, 2015.
34. Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative, Country Briefing, 2016.
35. PAHO/CDC, Violence Against Women in Latin America and the Caribbean: A Comparative Analysis of Population-Based Data from 12 countries, 2012.
36. Prensa de Honduras.
37. Ronderos, K. (2011). Poverty reduction, political violence and women’s rights in Honduras. Community Development Journal, 46(3), 315-326. doi:10.1093/cdj/bsr038
38. Report of the Special Rapporteur on Violence against Women, its Causes and Consequences. Rashida Manjoo (Addendum), Mission to Honduras, UN General Assembly, March 2015.
39. REDLACTRANS, The Night is Another Country: Impunity and Violence against Transgender Women Human Rights Defenders in Latin America, 2012.
40. Secretaría de Derechos Humanos, Justicia, Gobernación y Descentralización, Categorización Municipal en Honduras, 2015.
41. Secretaría de Desarrollo e Inclusión Social, Política de Protección Social, segunda edición, 2015.
42. Secretaría de Desarrollo e Inclusión Social, Política Pública contra el Racismo y la Discriminación Racial para
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el Desarrollo Integral de los Pueblos Indígenas y Hondureños .PIAH), 2016.
43. Secretaría de Educación, Comunidades de Aprendizaje, 2015.
44. Secretaría de Educación, Informe Nacional de Rendimiento Académico 2015. Español y Matemáticas 1 a 9 grado, 2016.
45. Secretaría de Salud, Modelo Nacional de Salud de Honduras, 2012.
46. Sexual Violence in Latin America and the Caribbean: A Desk Review. PAHO, 2010.
47. Sistema de Naciones Unidas, Marco de Asistencia de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (MANUD) Honduras 2017-2021, Tegucigalpa, 2016.
48. Special Report of the feminist organizations in Honduras: Situation of Violence against Women in Honduras, Centro de Derechos de Mujeres, Red Nacional de Defensoras de Derechos Humanos de Honduras, Foro de Mujeres por la Vida, JASS-Honduras and Centro de Estudios de la Mujer, 2014.
49. Transformemos Honduras, Guía Metodológica Auditoría Social sectorial, 2013.
50. UN, Country Profile for Honduras.
51. UNESCO, School-related Gender-based Violence: A Global Review of Current Issues and Approaches in Policy, Programming and Implementation Responses to School-related Gender-based Violence (SRGBV) for the Education Sector, 2014.
52. UNICEF, Hidden in Plain Sight: A Statistical Analysis of Violence Against Children, 2014.
53. UNICEF - WHO, Progress in Drinking Water, 2012.
54. UNICEF, Estudio de Exclusión en el Sector de Agua y Saneamiento en Honduras, 2011.
55. UNICEF, A Statistical Snapshot of Violence Against Adolescent Girls. 2014.
56. UN Women, Progress of the World’s Women 2015-2016: Transforming Economies, Realizing Rights, 2015.
57. UNICEF, The State of the World’s Children 2013: Children with Disabilities, 2013.
58. UNICEF, Together for Girls Sexual Violence Fact Sheet, 2012.
59. UNDP, Informe de Desarrollo Humano de Honduras 2008/2009, 2009.
60. UNDP, Human Development Report, Sustainability and Equity: A Better Future for All, 2011.
61. UNDP website, Articulo: “Oficinas Municipales de la Mujer, un espacio que debe garantizar el respeto de los derechos de las mujeres”.
62. UNIFEM (2010) “La Institucionalización sociocultural y jurídica de la desigualdad: el trabajo doméstico remunerado: resúmenes de estudios de la región de Centroamérica y República Dominicana”.
63. USAID, Análisis de Género: Actividad Gobernanza en Ecosistemas, Medios de Vida y Agua, 2016.
64. USAID, Gender-Based Violence Analysis for USAID/Honduras, 2015.
65. USAID, Gender Equality and Female Empowerment Policy, 2012.
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66. USAID, Gender Integration in Democracy, Human Rights, and Governance (DRG), Programming Toolkit, June 2016.
67. USAID, Guía de Autogestión para Implementar la Agenda de la Mujer, Manual 10. Caja de Herramientas, 2016.
68. USAID, LAPOP, Impact of USAID Community-based Crime and Violence Prevention Approach in Central America: Regional Report for El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and Peru, October 2014.
69. USAID, Beyond Access: Toolkit for Integrating Gender-based Violence Prevention and Response into Education Projects, 2015.
70. USAID, OPHI, IFPRI, Women’s empowerment in Agriculture Index, 2012.
71. USAID, Working with Men and Boys to End Violence Against Women and Girls, 2015.
72. USAID ProParque, Resultados de Base de datos de Juntas Administradoras de Agua, Julio, 2016.
73. United States Strategy to Prevent and Respond to Gender-based Violence Globally, August 2012.
74. US State Department Website, United States Strategy in Central America, 2016.
75. US State Department Website, United States Fact Sheet: The US and Central America: Honoring Our Commitments, 2016.
76. U.S. Department of State, Honduras Country Report on Human Rights Practices for 2014, 2014.
77. Violence against Women, its Causes and Consequences, Report of the UN Special Rapporteur on Violence Against Women. A/69/368, September 1, 2014.
78. Violence Against Women: The Situation. UN Department of Public Information, DPI/2546A, 2011.
79. Violent Women and Violence Against Women: Gender Relations in the ‘Maras’ and Other Street Gangs of Central America’s Northern Triangle Region, Initiative for Peace Building- Early Warning Analysis to Action. Interpeace, 2012.
80. World Bank, Violence Against Women and Girls (VAWG) Resource Guide: Introduction, 2014.
81. What Works in Reducing Community Violence: Spotlight on Central America and Mexico. Woodrow Wilson Center, February 22, 2016.
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Appendix 3: List of Persons and Organizations Consulted
1. Edgardo Benítez, Leader of the Indigenous Ecological Organization, Alianza Verde, member of CONPAH
2. Ing. Zoila Cruz, Vice-Ministra de Desarrollo Social de Honduras, Tegucigalpa
3. Lic. Erika Amaya, Director of Casa Hogar in Santa Rosa de Copán
4. Maritza Perdomo, Technical Director of INAM, Tegucigalpa
5. Attorney Alma Coello, Coordinator of Violence Prevention, INAM, Tegucigalpa
6. Dra. Irma Mendoza, Human Rights Commission, Tegucigalpa
7. Sr. Reyes, LGBTI Rainbow Group, Tegucigalpa
8. Margarita Bueso, Representative of UN Women in Honduras, Tegucigalpa
9. Gloria Avilés, Gender Specialist, Director of Fortas Project, Tegucigalpa
10. Karla Cueva, Ex Vice Minister of Human Rights, Tegucigalpa
11. Ana María Pineda, Ex Viceminister of Justice and Human Rights, Tegucigalpa
12. Ana Cruz, Quality of Life director (Casa Refugio in Tegucigalpa), Tegucigalpa
13. Kenia Irias, Secretary of Governance, Justice and Human Rights, Tegucigalpa
14. Karla Flores, Representative of Women from La Paz Network
15. Javier Medina, LGBTI Kukulkan Association, Tegucigalpa
16. Reina Martínez, Economics Coordinator of INAM, Tegucigalpa
17. Women Focus groups in en Santa Bárbara
18. Youth Focus Groups in La Paz
19. Miriam Suyapa Girón, Youth Coordinator, Los Dolores Parish, La Paz
20. Ángela Flores Galeas, Youth, La Paz
21. Ena Suyapa Mejia, Youth, La Paz
22. Nelly Carias, La Paz Women Network
23. Carmen Angelina Aguilar, Teacher Instituto Genaro Muñoz, La Paz
24. Julia del Carmen Galeas, Executive Director of CRIP Centro de Rehabilitación Integral Paceño, La Paz
25. Jessica Melissa Cáceres, disabled person, La Paz
26. Claudia Cerna, Department Education Coordinator, La Paz
27. Karen David Terapeuta del CRIP (Salud), La Paz
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28. Eduardo Ordoñez, Student, La Paz
29. Gustavo Iscoa, Youth, Physiotherapy Technician (Health), La Paz
30. Ibelise Martínez, Youth Pastor Iglesia Los Dolores, La Paz.
31. Karla Flores, Coordinator of Women’s Network TRADEPAZ, La Paz
32. Francisco López, LGBTI, La Paz
33. Marina de Sagastume, Lawyer, AMHON, Ocotepeque
34. Jenny Penman, Judicial Power, Ocotepeque
35. Marlon Pineda, Youth, Ocotepeque
36. Patricia Reyes, Municipality, Santa Rosa de Copán
37. Bethsaida Cardoza, Judicial Power, Santa Rosa de Copán
38. Osmar Cáceres, Youth, Santa Rosa de Copán
39. Henry Chinchilla, World Vision, Santa Rosa de Copán
40. Rolando Milla, CONADEH, Santa Rosa de Copán
41. Suyapa Díaz, Municipal Council Member, Gracias, Lempira
42. Arturo Morales, Youth, Gracias
43. Karen Mencia, Lenca, Intibucá
44. Erick Martinez, Youth, Intibucá
45. Víctor Manuel Baide, Human Resources Manager, Santa Bárbara Municipality
46. Irma Ventura Urbina, Coordinator of the Women’s Municipal Office (OMM) Santa Bárbara Municipality
47. Rodiel Manuel Quiroz, Community Development Manager, Santa Bárbara Municipality
48. Jessenia Sorto, Municipal Secretary, Santa Bárbara Municipality
49. Juan Solano Alvarado, Municipal Mayor, Santa Bárbara Municipality
50. José Lorenzo Funez, Abriendo Puertas Association (Asociación Abriendo Puertas), Santa Bárbara
51. Reynaldo Muñoz, Abriendo Puertas Association (Asociación Abriendo Puertas),, Santa Bárbara
52. Marilyn Alvarado, Lenca from Guayabito, Santa Bárbara
53. Adán Ramos Alvarado, Lenca from Guayabito, Santa Bárbara
54. José Mario Rodriguez, Environmentalist Lenca, Santa Bárbara
55. Celenia Erazo, Parent Association, Santa Bárbara
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56. Rosely Leiva, ACAN peasant, Santa Bárbara
57. Dunia Licon, Honduran Red Cross, Santa Bárbara
58. Marvin Danilo Corea, Youth Pastor, Santa Bárbara
59. Ing. Tania Najarro, previous Director of the Agriculture and Cattle Secretary’s Women’s Office, currently Works for Spain’s Climate Foundation, Tegucigalpa
60. Ing. Olenka García, Gender Specialist, USAID/GEMA, Tegucigalpa.
61. Lic. Georgina O´Connor, Experienced in nutrition projects and M&E from GEMA, Tegucigalpa
62. Wilma Calderón, Expert on Indigenous Towns and Human Rights, Tegucigalpa
63. José Lino, Director of Integration and Regionalization, Secretary of Development and Social Inclusion, Tegucigalpa.
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Appendix 4: CHARACTERIZATION OF HLG’S TARGETED DEPARTMENTS
Atlántida Department
Atlántida is in the north of the country and borders the Department of Cortes to the west, Colon to the east, and Yoro to the south.
It is 4,227 km² and holds 8 municipalities, 224 villages, and 879 small villages. Its 8 municipalities are Arizona, El Porvenir, Esparta, Jutiapa, La Ceiba, La Masica, San Francisco, and Tela. Its population is 493,489 people: 32.8% of which live in rural areas.76
The economic activity of the department of Atlántida is based on agriculture, livestock, trade, and tourism. The Standard Fruit Company, an American company, dominates most of the department's economy. The main crops of Atlantida are: banana, African palm, pineapple, cocoa, sugar cane, coconut, coffee and citrus.77
Copán Department
Copán is in the west of the country. It borders Guatemala in the north, the Department of Ocotepeque in the south, the Departments of Santa Bárbara and Lempira in the east, and Guatemala and Ocotepeque in the west. Its departmental head is the city of Santa Rosa de Copán, the biggest city in the West of Honduras.
It is 3,242 km² and holds 23 municipalities, 337 villages, and 897 small villages. Its 23 municipalities are: Santa Rosa de Copán, Cabañas, Concepción, Copán Ruinas, Corquín, Cucuyagua, Dolores, Dulce Nombre, El Paraíso, Florida, La Jigua, La Unión, New Arcadia, San Agustín, San Antonio, San Jerónimo, San Jose, San Juan de Opoa, San Nicolás, San Pedro, Santa Rita, Trinidad de Copán, and Veracruz.
Its population is 418,889 people: 60% of which live in rural areas.78 23.8% of the population is vulnerable to poverty and 13.4% live in extreme poverty.79 6% of the Copán population, or 22,997 people, are indigenous. The Maya-Chortí ethnic group (82.9%) is the most representative, followed by Lenca (3.53%), and Nahua (1.55%). Please see the summary table at the end of this section for further population breakdowns by gender, age, ethnic group, and disability.
The Department of Copán is a geographically mountainous area, its main source of income is tourism to the Mayan archaeological zones, followed by the cultivation and production of coffee, tobacco, livestock, the agriculture of vegetables and basic grains, production of articles in leather or saddlery.80 INE (2014) statistics state that 6,179 people migrated from Copán, with a distribution of 2,026 urban people (1,344 men and 682 women) and 4,153 rural people (3,165 men and 988 women).
76 INE, Proyecciones de población 2013-2030 Censo Nacional de Población y Vivienda 2013 77 https://www.ecured.cu/Departamento_de_Atlántida_(Honduras) 78 INE, Proyecciones de población 2013-2030 Censo Nacional de Población y Vivienda 2013 79 Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI), Country Briefing, 2016. 80 https://redhonduras.com/geografia/departamento-de-copan/ | ANALYSIS OF GENDER, VULNERABLE POPULATION AND SOCIAL INCLUSION // 70
Cortés Department
Cortés is in the northwest of the country and borders the Departments of Atlántida and Yoro to the east, Santa Barbara to the west, and Comayagua to the south.
It is 3,911 km² and holds 12 municipalities and 284 villages. It’s 12 municipalities are Choloma, La Lima, Omoa, Pimienta, Potrerillos, Puerto Cortés, San Antonio de Cortés, San Francisco de Yojoa, San Manuel, San Pedro Sula, Santa Cruz de Yojoa, and Villanueva.
Its population is 1,818,981 people: 17% of which live in rural areas.81 Please see the summary table at the end of this section for further population breakdowns by gender, age, ethnic group, and disability.
Francisco Morazán Department
Francisco Morazán is in the south of the country and borders the Departments of Vale and Choluteca to the south, El Paraiso and Olancho to the east, and La Paz and Comayagua to the west.
It is 8,580 km² and holds 28 municipalities and 274 villages. Its 28 municipalities are Alubarén, Cedros, Curarén, Distrito Central (cap. Tegucigalpa), El Porvenir, Guaimaca, La Libertad, La Venta, Lepaterique, Maraita, Marale, Nueva Armenia, Ojojona, Orica, Reitoca, Sabanagrande, San Antonio de Oriente, San Buenaventura, San Ignacio, San Juan de Flores, San Miguelito, Santa Ana, Santa Lucía, Talanga, Tatumbla, Valle de Ángeles, Vallecillo and Villa de San Francisco.
Its population is 1,699,753 people: 22.7% of which live in rural areas. Francisco Morazán's economy is based on Commerce, hotels and restaurants 24% distributed in non-metallic mineral products, chemicals, machinery and equipment products, paper and printing products, food products, beverages, tobacco, wood derivatives, clothing and textiles, followed by communal services 21% and Agriculture that occupies 13%: sugarcane, mango, orange, potato, onion, cabbage, tomato, watermelon, melon, tobacco, corn, beans and sorghum; cattle, horses and pork production.82
81 INE, Proyecciones de población 2013-2030 Censo Nacional de Población y Vivienda 2013 82 https://redhonduras.com/geografia/departamento-de-francisco morazán | ANALYSIS OF GENDER, VULNERABLE POPULATION AND SOCIAL INCLUSION // 71
Intibucá Department
Intibucá is in the southwest of the country. It is bordered in the north by the Comayagua and Santa Bárbara Departments, in the south by El Salvador, to the east by the La Paz and Comayagua Departments, and to the west by the Lempira Department.
Intibuca is 3.126 km² and has 17 municipalities, 126 villages, and 1,277 small villages. The 17 municipalities are La Esperanza, Camasca, Colomoncagua, Concepción, Dolores, Intibucá, Jesús de Otoro, Magdalena, Masaguara, San Antonio, San Isidro, San Juan de Flores, San Marcos de La Sierra, San Miguel Guancapla, Santa Lucía, Yamaranguila, and San Francisco Opalaca. Its head of Department is La Esperanza city.
Its population is approximately 269,674 people, 78% of which live in rural areas.83 Please see the summary table at the end of this section for further population breakdowns by gender, age, ethnic group, and disability.
population is mainly engaged in agriculture, livestock, and commerce. Its main crops are potato, cabbage, sweet potato, sugar cane, maicillo, maize, cassava, pataste, sesame, and fruits. They are also engaged in the sale of handicrafts and in tourism, especially the Lenca culture.
In 2014, according to INE statistics, 5,275 people migrated from Intibucá, with a distribution of 1,110 urban people (750 men and 360 women) and 4,165 rural people (3,395 men and 770 women).
La Paz Department
La Paz is in the southwest of the country. It borders the Comayagua and Intibucá Departments to the north; El Salvador and the Valle Department to the south; the Francisco Morazán and Comayagua Departments to the east, and Intibucá to the west.
It is 2,534 km² and has 19 municipalities, 116 villages, and 1,143 small villages. Its Head of Department is La Paz city. Its municipalities are: La Paz, Aguanqueterique, Cabañas, Cane, Chinacla, Guajiquiro, Lauterique, Márcala, Mercedes de Oriente, Opatoro, San Antonio del Norte, San José, San Juan, San Pedro de Tutule, Santa Ana, Santa Elena, Santa María, Santiago Puringla, and Yarula.
Its population is 228,214 people (48.7% men and 51.3% women). Please see the summary table at the end of this section for further population breakdowns by gender, age, ethnic group, and disability.
71.4% of the population live in rural areas.84 32.1% of the population is vulnerable to poverty; and 7.6% live in extreme poverty.85 According to the 2013 Census, the population with disabilities is 6,987 people, representing 3.5% of the Department’s total population.
83 INE, Proyecciones de población 2013-2030 Censo Nacional de Población y Vivienda 2013 84 INE, Proyecciones de población 2013-2030 Censo Nacional de Población y Vivienda 2013 85 OPHI, Ibid, 2016. | ANALYSIS OF GENDER, VULNERABLE POPULATION AND SOCIAL INCLUSION // 72
Its inhabitants are mainly engaged in agriculture (especially coffee production) and horticulture. In addition to coffee, they produce maize, maicillo, henequen, sugar cane, and fruits. They are also engaged in livestock and trade.
In 2014, according to INE statistics, a total of 2,784 people migrated from La Paz Department, with a distribution of 783 people from the urban area (471 men and 312 women) and 2,001 people from rural areas (1,456 men and 545 women).
Lempira Department
The Lempira Department is located to the west of the country. It borders Santa Bárbara and Copán in the north; El Salvador in the south; Intibucá and Santa Bárbara in the east, and Ocotepeque and Copán in the west.
Lempira includes 28 municipalities, 303 villages, and 2,159 small villages. Its 28 Municipalities are: Gracias, Belén, Candelaria, Cololaca, Erandique, Gualcinse, Guarita, La Campa, La Iguala, Las Flores, La Unión, La Virtud, Lepaera, Mapulaca, Piraera, San Andrés, San Francisco, San Juan Guarita, San Manuel Colohete, San Rafael, San Sebastián, Santa Cruz, Talgua, Tambla, Tomalá, Valladolid, Virginia, and San Marcos de Caiquín. Its Department Head is Gracias City.
Its population is 369,964 people (50.1% men and 49.9% women), 90% of which live in rural areas.86 Please see the summary table at the end of this section for further population breakdowns by gender, age, ethnic group, and disability..
The main economic activity of the municipality is agriculture, especially coffee, corn, rice, and tobacco. Its inhabitants also perform livestock activities, as well as cultural tourism, particularly in the COLOSUCA Commonwealth area.
In 2014, according to INE statistics, 5,232 people migrated from Lempira, with a distribution of 354 from urban areas (265 men and 89 women) and 4,878 people from the rural area (4,072 men and 806 women).
Santa Bárbara Department
The Santa Bárbara Department is in northwestern Honduras, bordering the Cortes Department and Guatemala to the north; the Intibucá, Comayagua, and Lempira Departments to the south; the Cortes and Comayagua Departments to the east, and the Copán Department to the west.
It is 5,013 km², and its territory is divided into 28 municipalities, 370 villages, and 1,128 small villages. Its 28 Municipalities are: Santa Bárbara, Arada, Azacualpa, Ceguaca, Colinas, Concepción del Norte, Concepción del Sur, Chinda, El Níspero, Gualala, Llama, Macuelizo, Naranjito, Nueva Celilac, Petoa, Protección, Quimistán, San Francisco de Ojuera, San Luis, San Marcos, San Nicolás, San Pedro Zacapa, Santa Rita, San Vicente Centenario, Trinidad, Las Vegas, and Nueva Frontera. Its department head is the city of Santa Bárbara.
86 INE, Proyecciones de población 2013-2030 Censo Nacional de Población y Vivienda 2013
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Its population 476,368 inhabitants (50.8% men and 49.2% women), 65% of which live in rural areas. 87 Please see the summary table at the end of this section for further population breakdowns by gender, age, ethnic group, and disability. Its population is mainly engaged in livestock and agriculture, particularly coffee, sugar cane, banana, plantains, beans, citrus, tobacco, and corn. It has an artisan industry that undertakes the production of hats, carpets, baskets, and articles of reed and palm,88 among others. It also has deposits of cadmium, copper, lead, zinc, silver, and gold.
INE 2014 statistics indicate that 5120 people migrated from Santa Bárbara, 2258 from urban areas (1488 men and 769 women), and 2862 from rural areas (2152 men and 710 women).
Ocotepeque Department
Ocotepeque has binational borders, since it borders El Salvador to the south and Guatemala to the west. It also borders the Copán Department in the north and the Lempira and Copán Departments in the east.
It is 1,636 km ², and has 6 municipalities, 126 villages, and 884 small villages. The department’s 16 municipalities are: Ocotepeque, Belén Gualcho, Concepción, Dolores Merendón, Fraternidad, La Encarnación, La Labor, Lucerna, Mercedes, San Fernando, San Francisco del Valle, San Jorge, San Marcos, Santa Fe, Sensenti, and Sinuapa. Its Department head is the city of Nueva Ocotepeque.
Its population is 168,350 people (49.4% men and 50.6% women), 70.3% of which live in rural areas.89 Please see the summary table at the end of this section for further population breakdowns by gender, age, ethnic group, and disability.72% live in rural areas. 25.1% of the population is vulnerable to poverty and 8.5% live in extreme poverty.90
Its main economic activities are agriculture, livestock, and pig farming. Its agricultural products include coffee, corn, wheat, rice, tobacco, cabbage, sugar cane, and onions.
In 2014, according to INE statistics, 2,199 people migrated from Ocotepeque, with a distribution of 614 inhabitants from urban areas (422 men and 192 women) and 1,585 inhabitants from rural areas (1,295 men and 290 women).
87 INE, Proyecciones de población 2013-2030 Censo Nacional de Población y Vivienda 2013 88 https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfarer%C3%ADa 89 INE, Proyecciones de población 2013-2030 Censo Nacional de Población y Vivienda 2013 90 OPHI, Ibid, 2016. | ANALYSIS OF GENDER, VULNERABLE POPULATION AND SOCIAL INCLUSION // 74
Summary Table of the Characterization of Departments
MSM and transgender Total population with total population disabilities and Sex Youth from 12 Majority ethnic group percentage of the Most frequent disability (and to 30 years of (and percentage of the department’s percentage of the total cases) age (% of the Percentage of total indigenous group) Transgender population (2013) total indigenous Women Department Total population department’s population MSM population) M W
Atlántida 449,822 48,3% 51,7% 156.279 4% Garifuna (60,68%) NA NA 8,885 NA
(39.16%)
Sight limitations (26.4%)
Maya Chortí Copán 49,5% 50,5% 145.876 6% 2.538 133 16.230 (4,3%) (82,9%) 371.057 (39.3%)
562209 Cortes 1,621,762 48% 52% (40.41%) 2% Garifuna (19,81 %) NA NA 27,701 NA
529.130 Francisco 1,553,379 47,7% 52,3% Morazán (39.25%) 3% Lenca (70,31%) NA NA 36,744 NA
92.103 Sight Limitations (26.1%)
Intibucá 232.553 48,9% 51,1% (39.6%) 53% Lenca (97,99%) 1.544 69 11.088 (4,7%)
78.504 Sight Limitations (26.5%)
La Paz 198.926 48,7% 51,3% (39.46%) 55% Lenca (98,72%) 1.338 65 6.987 (3,5%)
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124.860 Sight Limitations (26%)
Lempira 321.179 50,1% 49,9% (38.8%) 54% Lenca (97,46%) 2.208 92 15.265 (4,7%)
58.189 Sight Limitations (27.6%)
Ocotepeque 146.430 49,4% 50,6% (39.7%) 11% Lenca (84,61%) 1.048 51 6.256 (4,2%)
Santa Bárbara 421.337 50,8% 49,2% 158.592 2.8% 3.029 152 18.729 (4,4%) Sight Limitations (27.6%) (37.64%) Lenca (62,83%)
*Own Elaboration, based on data from the Population Census (INE, 2013), some data processed with Redatam + Sp, and the National Center of Information of the Social Sector (2018)
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Appendix 5: Characterization of Municipal Performance
In terms of municipal performance, the Secretaría de Derechos Humanos, Gobernación y Descentralización (Ministry of Human Rights, Governance and Decentralization) evaluated the performance of municipal management in 2014, ranking municipalities nationwide through development scales according to their effectiveness and efficiency into the following categories: Municipality D (No Progress / Critical Performance), Municipality C (Little Progress / Low Performance), Municipality B (Intermediate Progress / Satisfactory Performance), and Municipality A (Advanced Municipalities / High Performance)91
57% (75 municipalities) in western Honduras are categorized into Type D (no progress or critical performance); 33.5% (44 municipalities) in type C (little advance or low performance); 6% (8 municipalities) in type B (intermediate progress or satisfactory performance); and 3% (4 municipalities) in type A (advanced municipalities or high performance). This results in the following categorization:
Categories by Department, 2014
Department Type A Type B Type C Type D Total
Atlántida 2 4 2 0 8
Copán 1 3 10 9 23
Cortés 4 7 1 0 12
Francisco Morazán 2 5 14 7 28
Intibucá 1 0 5 11 17
La Paz 0 2 4 13 19
Lempira 0 0 4 24 28
Ocotepeque 0 2 5 9 16
Santa Bárbara 2 1 16 9 28
Grand Total 4 8 44 75 131
As shown in the table, Lempira is the department with the highest number of category D municipalities (no progress or critical performance), with 24 municipalities in Type D and no municipalities considered Type A (advanced) or Type B (satisfactory). It is followed by La Paz with 13 Type D municipalities, Intibucá with 11, and Ocotepeque with 9. Most of Santa Bárbara’s municipalities (16) fall in category C (little advance or little performance); the same is true of Copán, with 10 municipalities with little advance or little performance.
However, Copán, Intibucá, and Santa Bárbara also contain municipalities considered Type A (advanced) (1, 1 and 2 municipalities, respectively). Additionally, Copán, La Paz, Ocotepeque, and Santa Bárbara also feature municipalities with satisfactory performance, with3, 2, 2 and 1 municipalities respectively falling under Type B. To see the list and detailed explanation of the categorization of municipalities by department, see Appendix 4(Characterization of municipal performance in the six HLG departments).
91 Secretariat of Human Rights, Justice, Governance and Decentralization, Municipal Categorization in Honduras, 2015. | ANALYSIS OF GENDER, VULNERABLE POPULATION AND SOCIAL INCLUSION // 77
No. Department Municipality Final Index
61 La Paz Opatoro 34.87
62 Lempira Virginia 33.72
63 Lempira San Manuel de Colohete 33.68
64 La Paz Lauterique 33.67
65 Lempira Valladolid 33.31
66 Lempira Santa Cruz 33.05
67 Lempira San Marcos de Caiquín 31.94
68 La Paz San Juan 31.29
69 La Paz Mercedes de Oriente 30.92
70 Ocotepeque San Jorge 30.61
71 Ocotepeque Fraternidad 30.28
72 Lempira San Sebastián 29.82
73 Ocotepeque Dolores Merendón 29.71
74 Lempira San Francisco 27.97
75 Intibucá San Francisco de Opalaca 25.49
The department of Lempira has 24 municipalities with critical performance: Mapulaca, Belén, Tambla, Las Flores, La Unión, La Iguala, Cololaca, Tomalá, Talgua, Candelaria, La Virtud, Gualcinse, San Rafael, San Andrés, San Juan Guarita, Guarita, Pirarera, Virginia, San Manuel de Colohete, Valladolid, Santa Cruz, San Marcos de Caiquín, San Sebastián, and San Francisco.
La Paz has 13 municipalities with critical performance: Chinacla, San José, Aguanqueterique, San Antonio del Norte, Santa Ana, Cabañas, Yarula, Guajiquiro, Santa Elena, Opatoro, Lauterique, San Juan, and Mercedes de Oriente.
The department of Intibucá has 11 municipalities with critical performance: Concepción, Colomoncagua, Magdalena, Masaguara, San Isidro, San Antonio, Santa Lucía, San Miguelito, Dolores, San Marcos de la Sierra, and San Francisco de Opalaca.
The department of Copán has 9 municipalities with critical performance: Cabañas, Trinidad de Copán, San Juan de Opoa, San Jerónimo, San Agustín, La Jigua, Dolores, Veracruz, and Concepción.
The department of Ocotepeque has 9 municipalities with critical performance: Mercedes, La Encarnación, San Fernando, Lucerna, Concepción, Belén Gualcho, San Jorge, Fraternidad and Dolores Merendón. | ANALYSIS OF GENDER, VULNERABLE POPULATION AND SOCIAL INCLUSION // 78
The department of Santa Bárbara has 9 municipalities with critical performance: Protección, Atima, Naranjito, Ceguaca, Nueva Celilac, Santa Rita, Chinda, Concepción del Norte, and San Francisco de Ojuera.
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Appendix 6: Some International Agreements Relevant to Vulnerable Populations Subscribed by Honduras
1. Universal Human Rights Declaration, 1948 UN.
2. Human Rights American Convention, 1969, OAS.
3. Economic, Social and Cultural Rights International Convention, 1966, UN
4. The Civil and Political Rights Pact of 1966, UN
5. Convention on Children’s Rights of 1989, UN
6. 138 Minimum Age Convention, 1996, OIT.
7. Convention 182 Concerning the Worst Forms of Child Labor of 2000.
8. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women of 1979, UN.
9. Ibero-American Convention on the Rights of Youth 2006, OIJ.
10. Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities of 2006, UN
11. International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination 1966, UN.
12. ILO Convention 169 on the Rights of Indigenous and Tribal Peoples, 1989 UN.
13. United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples 2007.
14. Convention on Biological Diversity, article eight, item j, 1992, UN.
15. International Convention on Migrant Workers and Members of their Family, 2005.
16. Madrid International Plan of Action on Aging of 2002, ECLAC.
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Appendix 7: Illiteracy Rate of Persons with Disabilities, by Sex, Domain, Quintile of Income, and Age Range
National Total Men Women Categories Illiteracy Average Illiteracy Average Study Illiteracy Average Study Rate Study Years Rate Years Rate Years Total 39.6 5.4 40.1 5.4 39.3 5.4 Domain Urban 28.2 6.4 27.3 6.6 28.8 6.3 Central Department 20.3 7.7 16.8 8.2 22.9 7.4 San Pedro Sula 20.0 6.3 14.7 6.6 24.8 6.1 Remaining Urban 33.8 5.6 35.8 5.4 32.5 5.8 Rural 50.1 4.1 50.8 4.0 49.4 4.2 Quintile of Income 1 59.0 3.7 59.4 3.6 58.7 3.8 2 47.1 4.3 46.3 4.1 47.7 4.4 3 36.4 4.9 35.0 4.8 37.5 5.1 4 30.9 5.4 32.2 5.6 30.0 5.3 5 18.1 8.1 17.3 8.6 18.7 7.8 Do not report income 35.1 6.6 28.3 4.6 39.0 8.2 Age range From 15 to 18 years of age 39.0 5.7 43.7 5.1 34.6 6.2 From 19 to 24 years of age 38.4 6.8 41.5 5.9 35.2 7.7 From 25 to 29 years of age 38.6 6.5 41.2 5.6 35.9 7.4 From 30 to 35 years of age 33.3 6.3 37.8 6.3 29.0 6.4 From 36 to 44 years of age 30.7 6.2 38.5 6.0 25.5 6.3 From 45 to 59 years of age 29.3 5.5 24.8 5.6 32.2 5.4 From 60 onwards 48.1 4.5 46.8 4.8 49.2 4.3
Source: STSS, INE 2009.
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Appendix 8: Some Relevant Milestones for Gender Equality in Honduras
1. By Decree No. 979, May 1980, the Government of Honduras adopted the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women. It enshrined the obligation of States to adopt temporary positive action measures aimed at accelerating de facto equality between men and women. The instrument of ratification was deposited with the Secretariat of the United Nations in May 1982. It has not yet been ratified.
2. In 1982, Honduras adopted the Declaration on the Participation of Women in the Promotion of Peace and International Cooperation, based on the Declaration of Mexico on the Equality of Women and its Contribution to Development and Peace.
3. International Conference on Population and Development (1994).
4. Creation of the Special Prosecutor's Office for Women in 1994.
5. In 1995, the country ratified the Inter-American Convention to Prevent, Punish, and Eradicate Violence against Women, promoted by the Organization of American States (OAS)).
6. Approval of the Law on Domestic Violence in 1997.
7. Legislation to Create the National Institute of Women (INAM) in 1999. The National Institute of Women - (INAM). Entity responsible for the development and implementation of the National Policy on Women and the Second National Plan for Gender Equality and Equity (IIPIEG 2010-2022).
8. Approval of the National Policy on Sexual and Reproductive Health in 1999.
9. Approval of the Law on Equal Opportunities for Women in 2000.
10. Approval of the National Policy for Women in 2002, raised to State Policy in 2002.
11. Approval of the National Plan against Violence towards Women (2002).
12. Approval of the Amendments to the Law on Domestic Violence in 2006. Ratification and signatures of international treaties on women's rights.
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Appendix 9: Composition of COMDE and CED
The Municipal Educational Development Council (COMDE) is integrated by:
1. The Department / Municipal Director of Education, who presides over it.
2. A member of the Municipal Corporation.
3. A representative of the Boards of Directors.
4. A representative of Student Governments.
5. A representative of the Teaching Direction.
6. A representative of Parents organizations by level.
7. A representative of the Community Boards of the Municipality.
8. A representative of the beneficiaries of social educational programs and projects that are being implemented in the municipality.
9. A representative of Non-Governmental Organizations that implement activities related to education in the municipality.
10. Two church representatives, from churches located within the municipality, respecting the constitutional principle that education is secular.
11. The School Council for Educational Development (CED), is integrated by:
12. A representative of Parents Organizations.
13. A representative of the Teachers Council of the educational center.
14. A representative of the student government of the school.
15. A representative of the Community Board.
16. A representative of the beneficiaries of social educational programs and projects that are being implemented in the municipality.
17. A representative of Non-Governmental Organizations that implement activities related to education in the municipality.
18. Two church representatives, from churches located within the municipality, respecting the constitutional principle that education is secular.
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Appendix 10: National Legislation Relevant to Vulnerable Populations and to Municipalities and Status of Laws in Revision
1. Constitution of the Republic: Recognizes fundamental rights such as: right to health, right to education, right to full participation, right to housing, equality before the law.
Article 298 states that in the exercise of their exclusive functions and provided they are not contrary to the laws, Municipal Corporations shall be independent of the State Powers, they shall be liable to the courts for any abuses they commit individually or collectively, without prejudice to administrative responsibility.
Article 299 states that: The economic and social development of municipalities should form part of National Development Programs.
2. National Policy on Women: The II PIEGH is based on gender and rights approaches, which implies that the State should assume the role of holder of duties on the promotion, protection, guarantee and restitution of rights, in accordance with the obligations assumed by the country of Honduras through ratification and adhesions to International Women's Human Rights Conventions and Treaties.
3. Public Policy for Exercise of Public Policy for the Exercise of Rights of the Disabled and their Social Inclusion: The fundamental objective of this Policy is to equate opportunities; eliminate discrimination and social and architectural barriers, which prevent people with disabilities from exercising full citizenship, in order to facilitate their participation in political, economic, cultural and social life, based on the recognition and affirmation of this population group as subject of rights, the sectoral articulation with the existing public policies in the country and the governmental action.
It includes strategies so that individuals, their families, non-governmental organizations, the State, society and private enterprise can prevent deficiencies and their consequences generating disability, mitigate and overcome their difficulties in their many manifestations, in their personal environments and during the life cycle. Through the operation of these strategies, it is contemplated to transform the whole society into an inclusive environment, where people with disabilities can exercise their rights, while having access to social opportunities, in conditions of equity and equality with their fellow citizens.
4. Decentralization Legislation of Honduras Aims to regulate and promote the decentralization process to inspire the integral development of the country, as well as the democratization and modernization of the State. Decentralization is an alternative for the development of the country's municipalities. It ensures autonomy by allowing the choice of authorities, free administration, fundraising, budget execution, management of local public services, and while giving freedom to create a proper administrative structure.
Regarding attributions, the legal framework makes the municipality a local development entity; Gives broad powers for the management of municipal services, for the management of local infrastructure, for ecological protection and promotion, for the promotion and regulation of commercial, industrial and service activity, and gives legitimacy for the celebration of different forms of recruitment. The law establishes a Decentralization Observatory, a Decentralization Council and a Decentralization Forum.
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5. Municipality Legislation: It is the legal framework that regulates action at the local level. It provides the formal framework for social participation in municipal structures. The first Municipalities Legislation of the country dates from 1927. Since its approval this law has had seven reforms. The Law on Municipalities bestows on local governments autonomy for the development of their roles and opens spaces for citizen participation in local public decisions. Its Article 14 emphasizes that the Municipality is the governing and administrative body of the Municipality and exists to achieve the well-being of the inhabitants, to promote their integral development and the preservation of the environment, and among its objectives seeks to ensure the participation of the community in the solution of the problems of the municipality.
6. Law of Territorial Organization Regulates that the management and maintenance of the National Registry of Land Use Regulations (RENOT), corresponds to SEPLAN and that it is established as the specialized system to register all territorial information, such as laws, regulations, regulations, ordinances, legal documents , plans and provisions that determine any incidence of territorial order that they manage and that regulate or limit the rights of use or disposition of the national real estate: Municipal and private.
7. Regulation for the formulation of Municipal Development Plans with a Territorial Organization approach: Created under Agreement No. 00132 of June 26, 2013. This regulation is based on the following guiding principles:
a. Focus on the human being and its equitable and integral development.
b. Citizen participation to generate governability.
c. Respect the culture and customs of ethnic groups.
d. Integrity and transparency as a basis for action.
e. Sustainable development in harmony with nature.
f. Decentralization in procedures and decisions related to development.
g. Shared public and private procedures to provide efficient public services.
h. Development planning.
i. Competitiveness and Innovation.
j. The main transversal axes that should guide the municipal planning with a territorial ordering approach are the following: 1. Focus on Gender and Territorial Planning. 2. Risk Management for Disasters and Territorial Planning, 3. Local Economic Development. 4. Food and Nutrition Safety 5. Social Inclusion.
8. Food and Nutrition Safety Legislation Its objective is to establish the normative framework to structure, harmonize and coordinate actions of Food and Nutritional Security that contribute to the improvement of the quality of life of the Honduran population, prioritizing the most vulnerable groups.
It is based on the principles of equity and non-discrimination; respect for the dignity of the human person; focusing; participation and co-responsibility; solidarity; and transparency.
This law establishes certain obligations of local governments: ensuring the availability of food, ensuring access to food, ensuring the correct biological utilization of food and safety, improving the nutrition of the population and promoting compliance with the objectives of the Food and Nutrition Safety Legislation.
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The National Council of Food and Nutritional safety has as one of its attributes to generate and integrate the information that reflects the state of the situation of the SAN in the country, each year the Technical Unit for Food and Nutrition Security (UTSAN), must provide a detailed report on SAN. Likewise, the Food and Nutrition Safety Monitoring Commission oversees carrying out the monitoring and evaluation of the National Food and Nutritional Safety System.
9. Penal Code: On April 26, 2013, the amendment to article 118 of the Penal Code took effect, establishing that “Commits the crime of femicide, the man or women who kills a woman for reasons of gender, with hatred and contempt for her status as a woman, and shall be punished with a penalty of thirty (30) to forty (40) years of imprisonment ". Its approval is an advance in human rights because to recognize femicide in a legal framework is to recognize that there are unequal power relations between men and women.
Summary Table of Status of Certain Laws by Population Group in Situation of Vulnerability
Population International National Status of the Legislation Group Framework Framework
Women CEDAW It has not been subscribed by the country, which is basic to the operation of the CEDAW Convention. Optional protocol The document is being reviewed, in view of the importance of the Protocol as advocated by women's movements.
Agrarian Legislation In review. It is considered that there are deficiencies in the application. Indigenous communities must be endorsed for the occupation of their lands; Can obtain deeds of full domain extended by the National Agrarian Institute (INA).
Forestry Legislation In Review. Recognizes the right of indigenous and Afro- Honduran peoples to forest areas, such as lands traditionally owned in accordance with National Laws and Convention 169 of
the International Labor Organization
Property Legislation In review. It establishes the regularization of indigenous lands by the Property Institute. The law recognizes traditional forms of indigenous land tenure and inalienability; however, it allows communities to "terminate [communal] land regime, authorize leases in favor of third parties," or authorize contracts for development investments.
Ethnic groups
Youth Children and Teenage In review. There are challenges in its application: the regulation Legislation of reformed laws; The need for wide dissemination of legal reforms to operators, national and local authorities, related to its implementation; Make the necessary institutional adjustments; As well as the budgetary allocation indispensable for the implementation of these laws that guarantee the rights of Honduran children
Family Legislation of these laws that guarantee the rights of Honduran children
Civil Code, Penal Code
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Disabled Law of Equity and In review, to adapt it to the inclusive language. Integral Development for people with disabilities
Sexual Principles of It is not under review nor prioritized. The women’s organizations Diversity Yogyakarta advocate that it should be signed to incorporate international human rights legislation in relation with sexual orientation and gender identity.
Appendix 11: Implementation and training of COMDEs in the 6 HLG Target Departments in western Honduras
Departments No. of municipalities No. of trained municipalities
Copán 23 23
Intibucá 17 17
La Paz 19 19
Lempira 28 28
Ocotepeque 16 16
Santa Bárbara 28 28
Atlántida 8 8
Cortés 12 11
Francisco Morazán 28 27
Total 179 177
Source: Proyecto de Calidad de la Educación, Gobernabilidad y Fortalecimiento Institucional HO-4381 BM.Informe de Logros, 2013.
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Appendix 12: Congressmen and Congresswomen Elected to the National Congress (electoral processes 2002-2014)
Electoral Processes Deputy % Alternate % Deputy % Alternate % Congressmen Congress Congressw Congress men omen women
2002-2005 119 92.97 106 82.81 9 7.03 22 17.19
2006-2010 97 75.78 101 78.91 31 24.22 27 21.09
2010-2014 103 80.47 97 75.78 25 19.53 31 24.22
Source: Social and Political Participation Unit, INAM.
Appendix 13: Men and Women as Mayors or Deputy Mayors in Local Governments (2002-2014)
Men and Women as Mayors or Deputy Mayors in Local Governments (2002-2014)
Period/ Mayors % % Deputy Mayors % % Aldermen % % Position M W M W M W M W M W M W
2002-2005 271 27 90.9 9.1 262 36 87.9 12.1 1540 306 83.4 16.6
2006-2010 274 24 91.9 8.1 248 50 83.2 16.8 1650 349 82.5 17.5
2010-2014 282 17 94.6 5.7 219 77 73.5 25.8 1549 448 77.6 22.4
Source: Supreme Electoral Court
Appendix 14: Mayors in six department head municipalities in the 2013 elections
Municipality Mayor M W Total Re-election
Santa Rosa de Copán Aníbal Erazo Alvarado 1 0 1 Yes
La Paz Gilma Ondina Castillo 1 1 Yes
Santa Bárbara Juan Solano Alvarado López 1 1 Yes
Ocotepeque Marvin José Santos Portillo 1 1 Yes
La Esperanza Miguel Antonio Fajardo Mejía 1 1 Yes
Gracias Javier Antonio Enamorado Rodríguez 1 1 Yes
Own elaboration. Source: Supreme Electoral Tribunal (none of the people holding mayor's offices belong to ethnic groups, people with disabilities, or young people). | ANALYSIS OF GENDER, VULNERABLE POPULATION AND SOCIAL INCLUSION // 88
Appendix 15: Congresswomen in the nine departments. 2013 Elections
Total Congress Congress positions positions
M % W % Departments
Atlántida 8 4 50% 4 50%
Copán 7 6 85% 1 15%
Cortes 20 13 65% 7 35%
Francisco Morazán 23 15 65% 8 35%
Intibucá 3 3 100% 0 0%
La Paz 3 2 66.6% 1 33.4%
Lempira 5 5 100% 0 0%
Ocotepeque 2 2 100 0 0
Sta. Bárbara 9 7 77.7 2 22.3%
Own elaboration. Source: Supreme Electoral Court (none of the people holding a Congressmen position belong to ethnic groups, persons with disabilities, or young people)
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Appendix 16: List of Women’s Offices (OMM) by Department (April 2017)
Municipality Department Coordinator
CABAÑAS COPÁN Urmila Torres Vasquez
CONCEPCION COPÁN Maria del Carmen Deras Sanchez
COPÁN RUINAS COPÁN Elida Aldana
CORQUIN COPÁN Oneyda Nohemy Lara Dubon
CUCUYAGUA COPÁN Yeni Dennisse Pinto
DOLORES COPÁN Oneyda Ondina Ramos
EL PARAISO COPÁN Heydi Yessenia Pinto
SAN AGUSTIN COPÁN Doris Yanira Contreras Miranda
SAN JUAN DE OPOA COPÁN Maria Esperanza Rodriguez
SAN PEDRO COPÁN Norma Iris Paz
SANTA RITA COPÁN Maria Julia Garcia
TRINIDAD COPÁN Flor Idalia Arita Alvarado
VERACRUZ COPÁN Gissela Maria Perez Lopez
CAMASCA INTIBUCÁ Lili Carmelina Cruz
CONCEPCION INTIBUCÁ Maria del Carmen Nolasco Martinez
DOLORES INTIBUCÁ Rossibel Reyes Recinos
INTIBUCÁ INTIBUCÁ Maria Angeles Dominguez Melgar
SAN MARCOS DE LA SIERRA INTIBUCÁ Mayra Leticia Mendoza
SAN MIGUELITO INTIBUCÁ Cendy Abigail Cantero Reyes
YAMARANGUILA INTIBUCÁ Lida Leticia Lemuz
SAN FRANCISCO DE OPALACA INTIBUCÁ Maria Estela Lopez
CABAÑAS LA PAZ Concepcion Benitez
CHINACLA LA PAZ Benigna del Carmen Mejia Ordoñez
GUAJIQUIRO LA PAZ Rosa Lizeth López García
MARCALA LA PAZ Rosmery Alvarez
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MERCEDES DE ORIENTE LA PAZ Nohemi Consuelo Maldonado
SAN ANTONIO DEL NORTE LA PAZ María Ercilia Crúz
SAN JOSE LA PAZ Belinda Concepcion Garcia Ocampo
SAN JUAN LA PAZ Sulay Manzanares Hernandez
SAN PEDRO DE TUTULE LA PAZ Blanca Mesa
SANTA ANA LA PAZ Maria Gloria Granados Reyes
SANTA ELENA LA PAZ Angelica Martinez
SANTA MARIA LA PAZ Silvia Paz Hernandez
YARULA LA PAZ Rosa Linda
GRACIAS LEMPIRA Wendy Xiomara Reyes
BELEN LEMPIRA Eshni Elisa Reyes
COLOLACA LEMPIRA Lorena Beatriz Urbina
Municipality Department Coordinator
ERANDIQUE LEMPIRA Darsy Idexis Reyes Perez
LA CAMPA LEMPIRA Reina Matilde Valentin O.
LA IGUALA LEMPIRA Gladis Suyapa Perez Sanchez
LAS FLORES LEMPIRA Hilda Pinto
LA UNION LEMPIRA Alba Dina Membreño
LEPAERA LEMPIRA Maria Luisa Lopez
PIRAERA LEMPIRA Lucia Franco
SAN ANDRES LEMPIRA María Irma Cruz Mendez
SAN FRANCISCO LEMPIRA Adelayda Gomez Lopez
SAN MANUEL DE COLOHETE LEMPIRA Oneyda Orbelina López
SAN RAFAEL LEMPIRA Vilma Hernandez
SAN SEBASTIAN LEMPIRA Celia Claribel Mejia Andrade
SANTA CRUZ LEMPIRA Digna Lourdes Hernandez Gomez | ANALYSIS OF GENDER, VULNERABLE POPULATION AND SOCIAL INCLUSION // 91
TALGUA LEMPIRA Dina Luly Alvarado Lara
TAMBLA LEMPIRA Marlen Samira Melgar Murcie
TOMALA LEMPIRA Blanca Adelayda Serrano
VALLADOLID LEMPIRA Sandra Beatriz Vasquez Pineda
VIRGINIA LEMPIRA Antonia
SAN MARCOS DE CAIQUIN LEMPIRA Karina Dalisey Garcia
BELEN GUALCHO OCOTEPEQUE Gloria Ventura
DOLORES MERENDON OCOTEPEQUE Mirna Aracely Guzman
FRATERNIDAD OCOTEPEQUE Dilcia Oneida Serrano
LA LABOR OCOTEPEQUE Maria Yessenia Mejia
LUCERNA OCOTEPEQUE Bessy Griselda Melgar
MERCEDES OCOTEPEQUE Mercedes Yamileth Ventura Romero
SAN FRANCISCO DEL VALLE OCOTEPEQUE Lilian Nohemy Calderon
SAN MARCOS OCOTEPEQUE Gladis Amanda Fuentes
SENSENTI OCOTEPEQUE Blanca Victoria Hernandez
ARADA SANTA BÁRBARA Yolany Moreno
ATIMA SANTA BÁRBARA Skarleth Ivette Zuniga Madrid
AZACUALPA SANTA BÁRBARA Norma Lizeth Suazo Sandoval
CEGUACA SANTA BÁRBARA Sandra
SAN JOSE DE COLINAS SANTA BÁRBARA Vice Alcaldesa Vilma Perdomo
CONCEPCION DEL NORTE SANTA BÁRBARA Delcy Johana Paredes
CONCEPCION DEL SUR SANTA BÁRBARA Maria Carmen Jimenez
CHINDA SANTA BÁRBARA Blanca Chavez
EL NISPERO SANTA BÁRBARA Ruth Evelynda Ramos
MACUELIZO SANTA BÁRBARA Aura Estela Recinos
NUEVA CELILAC SANTA BÁRBARA Maria Josefa Mateo
PETOA SANTA BÁRBARA Bibian Sarahi Borjas Paz | ANALYSIS OF GENDER, VULNERABLE POPULATION AND SOCIAL INCLUSION // 92
PROTECCION SANTA BÁRBARA Merlin Cañada
SAN LUIS SANTA BÁRBARA Yadira Perdomo/Gema Rivera
SAN MARCOS SANTA BÁRBARA Cristina Milla
SAN NICOLAS SANTA BÁRBARA Delsy Cardona
SANTA RITA SANTA BÁRBARA Nelsi Maely Bonilla
SAN VICENTE CENTENARIO SANTA BÁRBARA Riccy Rodriguez
TRINIDAD SANTA BÁRBARA Lastenia Isabel Reyes
LAS VEGAS SANTA BÁRBARA Bertha Martinez
| ANALYSIS OF GENDER, VULNERABLE POPULATION AND SOCIAL INCLUSION // 93
Appendix 17: List of Municipal Offices for Youth (OMJ) by Department (April 2017)
* Gray shows persons assigned to OMJs only, and not to OMMs.
Municipality Department Coordination
CABAÑAS COPÁN José Milla
CONCEPCIÓN COPÁN Maria del Carmen Deras Sanchez
COPÁN RUINAS COPÁN Elida Aldana
CORQUIN COPÁN Oneyda Nohemy Lara Dubon
CUCUYAGUA COPÁN Maria Carmen Jimenez
DOLORES COPÁN Oneyda Ondina Ramos
EL PARAISO COPÁN Heydi Yessenia Pinto
SAN AGUSTIN COPÁN Doris Yanira Contreras Miranda
SAN JUAN DE OPOA COPÁN Maria Esperanza Rodriguez
SAN PEDRO COPÁN Norma Iris Paz
SANTA RITA COPÁN None
TRINIDAD COPÁN Flor Idalia Arita Alvarado
VERACRUZ COPÁN Gissela Maria Perez Lopez
CAMASCA INTIBUCÁ Lili Carmelina Cruz
CONCEPCIÓN INTIBUCÁ None
DOLORES INTIBUCÁ Rossibel Reyes Recinos
INTIBUCÁ INTIBUCÁ Odalma Ramos
SAN MARCOS DE LA SIERRA INTIBUCÁ Mayra Leticia Mendoza
SAN MIGUELITO INTIBUCÁ Cendy Abigail Cantero Reyes
YAMARANGUILA INTIBUCÁ Rene Mendoza
SAN FRANCISCO DE OPALACA INTIBUCÁ Maria Estela Lopez /Rene Mencia
CABAÑAS LA PAZ Concepcion Benitez
CHINACLA LA PAZ Ramon Argueta
GUAJIQUIRO LA PAZ Rosa Lizeth López García
| ANALYSIS OF GENDER, VULNERABLE POPULATION AND SOCIAL INCLUSION // 94
MARCALA LA PAZ Eva Yaneth Mantilla/Oscar Humberto Moreno
MERCEDES DE ORIENTE LA PAZ Elena Martinez
SAN ANTONIO DEL NORTE LA PAZ Alejandro Zuniga
SAN JOSÉ LA PAZ Belinda Concepcion Garcia Ocampo
SAN JUAN LA PAZ None
SAN PEDRO DE TUTULE LA PAZ Blanca Mesa
SANTA ANA LA PAZ Maria Gloria Granados Reyes
SANTA ELENA LA PAZ Angelica Martinez
SANTA MARÍA LA PAZ Silvia Paz Hernandez
YARULA LA PAZ Rosa Linda
GRACIAS LEMPIRA Ruben Rodriguez
BELÉN LEMPIRA Eshni Elisa Reyes
COLOLACA LEMPIRA Laura Martinez
ERANDIQUE LEMPIRA Alexis Garmendia
LA CAMPA LEMPIRA Reina Matilde Valentin O.
LA IGUALA LEMPIRA Gladis Suyapa Perez Sanchez
LAS FLORES LEMPIRA Hilda Pinto
LA UNIÓN LEMPIRA Alba Dina Membreño
LEPAERA LEMPIRA Maria Luisa Lopez
PIRAERA LEMPIRA Lucia Franco
SAN ANDRES LEMPIRA María Irma Cruz Mendez
SAN FRANCISCO LEMPIRA Adelayda Gomez Lopez
SAN MANUEL DE COLOHETE LEMPIRA Juan Blas
SAN RAFAEL LEMPIRA Maria Paula Benitez
SAN SEBASTIAN LEMPIRA Celia Claribel Mejia Andrade
SANTA CRUZ LEMPIRA Digna Lourdes Hernandez Gomez
| ANALYSIS OF GENDER, VULNERABLE POPULATION AND SOCIAL INCLUSION // 95
TALGUA LEMPIRA Dina Luly Alvarado Lara
TAMBLA LEMPIRA Marlen Samira Melgar Murcie
TOMALA LEMPIRA Blanca Adelayda Serrano
VALLADOLID LEMPIRA Sandra Beatriz Vasquez Pineda
VIRGINIA LEMPIRA Antonia
SAN MARCOS DE CAIQUÍN LEMPIRA None
BELEN GUALCHO OCOTEPEQUE Gloria Ventura
DOLORES MERENDÓN OCOTEPEQUE Mirna Aracely Guzman (9936-3895)
FRATERNIDAD OCOTEPEQUE Dilcia Oneida Serrano
LA LABOR OCOTEPEQUE Maria Yessenia Mejia
LUCERNA OCOTEPEQUE Bessy Griselda Melgar
MERCEDES OCOTEPEQUE Marco Tulio Rodriguez
SAN FRANCISCO DEL VALLE OCOTEPEQUE Lilian Nohemy Calderon
SAN MARCOS OCOTEPEQUE Gladis Amanda Fuentes
SENSENTI OCOTEPEQUE Blanca Victoria Hernandez
ARADA SANTA BÁRBARA Yovanni Lagos
ATIMA SANTA BÁRBARA Skarleth Ivette Zuniga Madrid
AZACUALPA SANTA BÁRBARA Norma Lizeth Suazo Sandoval (9547-5623)
CEGUACA SANTA BÁRBARA Sandra
SAN JOSE DE COLINAS SANTA BÁRBARA Vice Alcaldesa Vilma Perdomo
CONCEPCION DEL NORTE SANTA BÁRBARA Mario Diaz
CONCEPCION DEL SUR SANTA BÁRBARA Maria Carmen Jimenez
CHINDA SANTA BÁRBARA Blanca Isabel Chavez
EL NISPERO SANTA BÁRBARA Elmer Leiva
MACUELIZO SANTA BÁRBARA Aura Estela RecinosRecinos (9788-0071)
NUEVA CELILAC SANTA BÁRBARA Maria Josefa Mateo (9737-2475)
PETOA SANTA BÁRBARA Bibian Sarahi Borjas Paz
| ANALYSIS OF GENDER, VULNERABLE POPULATION AND SOCIAL INCLUSION // 96
PROTECCION SANTA BÁRBARA Merlin Cañada
SAN LUIS SANTA BÁRBARA Yadira Perdomo/Gema Rivera
SAN MARCOS SANTA BÁRBARA Cristina Milla
SAN NICOLAS SANTA BÁRBARA Danilo Chavez
SANTA RITA SANTA BÁRBARA Nelsi Maely Bonilla (9651-2373)
SAN VICENTE CENTENARIO SANTA BÁRBARA Reynaldo Macias
TRINIDAD SANTA BÁRBARA Lastenia Isabel Reyes
LAS VEGAS SANTA BÁRBARA Joaquin Romero Diaz
| ANALYSIS OF GENDER, VULNERABLE POPULATION AND SOCIAL INCLUSION // 97
Appendix 18: Educational Entities Created in 2014 and 2015 HLG Departments
Governmental Non-Governmental
District Elementary Middle Preschool Elementary Middle Preschool Education Education Education Education Education Education
2014 2015 2014 2015 2014 2015 2014 2015 2014 2015 2014 2015
Copán 22 4 5 12 15 12 2 3 0 5 1 3
Intibucá 3 1 3 11 14 4 0 1 1 3 0 1
La Paz 2 1 1 9 1 16 1 0 1 0 0 0
Lempira 1 8 6 19 3 47 0 0 0 1 0 1
Ocotepeque 0 1 1 3 6 6 0 0 1 1 0 0
Santa Bárbara 2 8 5 11 3 25 4 2 5 5 3 2
Total Education 30 23 21 65 42 110 7 6 8 15 4 7 Centers
Source: Ministry of Education of Honduras – Honduran Educational System in figures – Academic Period 2015.
In the department of Copán in 2014 y 2015, creation of 26 basic governmental education centers, 5 non-governmental centers, 17 governmental middle education centers and 5 non-governmental centers and 27 preschool governmental centers and 4 non-governmental centers.
In the department of Intibucá in 2014 y 2015, creation of 4 basic governmental education centers, 1 non-governmental center, 14 governmental middle education centers and 4 non-governmental centers and 18 preschool governmental centers and 1 non-governmental center.
In the department of La Paz in 2014 y 2015, creation of 3 basic governmental education centers, 1 non-governmental center, 10 governmental middle education centers and 1 non-governmental center and 17 preschool governmental centers and 0 non-governmental centers
In the department of Lempira in 2014 y 2015, creation of 9 basic governmental education centers, 0 non-governmental centers, 25 governmental middle education centers and 1 non- governmental centers and 50 preschool governmental centers and 1 non-governmental center.
In total in the department of Ocotepeque in 2014 y 2015, creation of 1 basic governmental education center, 0 non- governmental centers, 4 governmental middle education centers and 2 non-governmental centers and 12 preschool governmental centers and 0 non-governmental centers.
In total, in the department of Santa Bárbara in 2014 y 2015, creation of 10 basic governmental education centers, 6 non-governmental centers, 16 governmental middle education centers and 10 non-governmental centers and 28 preschool governmental centers and 5 non-governmental centers.
| ANALYSIS OF GENDER, VULNERABLE POPULATION AND SOCIAL INCLUSION // 98
Appendix 19: Water Boards: Composition of the Water Boards of Copán and Lempira, by Gender
GENDER OF PRESIDENTS OF WATER GENDER OF VICE-PRESIDENTS OF WATER MANAGEMENT BOARDS IN COPÁN MANAGEMENT BOARDS IN COPÁN
Gender Municipalities of Copán Gender Municipalities of Copán
Corquín Total Corquín Total
M 5 5 M 5 5
Total 5 5 Total 5 5
GENDER OF TREASURER OF WATER MANAGEMENT BOARDS IN COPÁN
GENDER OF LEGAL ADVISOR OF WATER MANAGEMENT BOARDS IN COPÁN Gender Municipalities of Copán
Corquín Total
Gender Municipalities of Copán M 4 4
Corquín Total F 1 1
M 4 4 Total 5 5
F 1 1
Total 5 5 GENDER OF MEMBERS-AT-LARGE OF WATER MANAGEMENT BOARDS IN COPÁN
GENDER OF SECRETARY OF WATER MANAGEMENT BOARDS IN COPÁN Gender Municipalities of Copán
Corquín Total
Gender Municipalities of Copán M 4 4
Corquín Total F 1 1
M 1 1 Total 5 5
F 4 4
Total 5 5
Source: USAID Proparque, 2016.
| ANALYSIS OF GENDER, VULNERABLE POPULATION AND SOCIAL INCLUSION // 99
GENDER OF MEMBERS AT LARGE II OF WATER MANAGEMENT BOARDS IN COPÁN
Gender Municipalities of Copán
Corquín Total
M 5 5
Total 5 5
Fuente: USAID Proparque, 2016.
| ANALYSIS OF GENDER, VULNERABLE POPULATION AND SOCIAL INCLUSION // 100
GENDER OF VICE-PRESIDENTS OF WATER MANAGEMENT BOARDS IN LEMPIRA
Gender Municipalities of Lempira
Belén Gracias La La Las San San San Talgua Total Campa Iguala Flores Manuel de Marcos de Sebastián Colohete Caiquín
M 4 26 1 1 15 4 1 3 3 58
F 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 2 6
No data 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Total 4 28 1 2 16 5 1 3 5 65
Source: USAID Proparque, 2016.
GENDER OF LEGAL ADVISORS OF BOARDS OF WATER MANAGEMENT BOARDS IN LEMPIRA
Gender Municipalities of Lempira
Belén Gracias La La Las San Manuel San San Talgua Total Campa Iguala Flores de Marcos de Sebastián Colohete Caiquín
M 4 24 1 2 14 3 1 3 3 55
F 0 4 0 0 2 2 0 0 2 10
Total 4 28 1 2 16 5 1 3 5 65
Source: USAID Proparque, 2016.
GENDER OF TREASURERS OF BOARDS OF WATER MANAGEMENT BOARDS IN LEMPIRA
Gender Municipalities of Lempiras
Belén Gracias La La Las San Manuel San San Talgua Total Campa Iguala Flores de Marcos de Sebastián Colohete Caiquín
M 3 22 1 2 14 5 1 2 3 53
F 1 6 0 0 2 0 0 1 2 12
Total 4 28 1 2 16 5 1 3 5 65
Source: USAID Proparque, 2016.
| ANALYSIS OF GENDER, VULNERABLE POPULATION AND SOCIAL INCLUSION // 105
GENDER OF SECRETARIES OF BOARDS OF WATER MANAGEMENT BOARDS IN LEMPIRA
Gender Municipalities of Lempiras
Belén Gracias La La Las San San San Talgua Total Campa Iguala Flores Manuel de Marcos Sebastián Colohete de Caiquín
M 2 18 1 2 9 5 1 3 4 45
F 2 10 0 0 7 0 0 0 1 20
Total 4 28 1 2 16 5 1 3 5 65
Source: USAID Proparque, 2016.
GENDER OF MEMBERS AT LARGE I OF BOARDS OF WATER MANAGEMENT BOARDS IN LEMPIRA
Gender Municipalities of Lempiras
Belén Gracias La La Las San San San Talgua Total Campa Iguala Flores Manuel de Marcos Sebastián Colohete de Caiquín
M 4 20 1 2 10 4 1 3 4 49
F 0 8 0 0 6 1 0 0 1 16
Total 4 28 1 2 16 5 1 3 5 65
Source: USAID Proparque, 2016.
GENDER OF MEMBERS AT LARGE 11 OF BOARDS OF WATER MANAGEMENT BOARDS IN LEMPIRA
Gender Municipalities of Lempiras
Belén Gracias La La Las San San San Talgua Total Campa Iguala Flores Manuel de Marcos Sebastián Colohete de Caiquín
M 2 21 1 2 8 4 0 3 2 43
F 2 7 0 0 8 1 1 0 3 22
Total 4 28 1 2 16 5 1 3 5 65
Source: USAID Proparque, 2016
SUBSCRIBERS OF WATER BOARDS IN LEMPIRA (MAN-WOMAN RELATION) LEMPIRA | ANALYSIS OF GENDER, VULNERABLE POPULATION AND SOCIAL INCLUSION // 106
The subscribed users of running water systems in the municipalities of Belén, Gracias, La Campa, La Iguala, Las Flores, San Manuel de Colohete, San Marcos de Caiquín, San Sebastian, and Talgua are distributed in the following manner:
SUBSCRIBERS TO WATER BOARDS IN MUNICIPALITY OF BELÉN
No. Water Board Gender
Men Women No Data
1 El Suntul Village 66 23 0
2 La Puerta Village 0 0 1
3 Las Cañadas Village 0 0 1
4 El Carrizal 0 0 1
Total 66 23 3
Source: USAID Proparque, 2016.
SUBSCRIBERS TO WATER BOARDS IN MUNICIPALITY OF GRACIAS
No Water Board Gender
Men Women No Data
1 Altos de Guanteque Village 149 17 0
2 Bonilla Village 46 24 0
3 Camalote Campuca Village 137 22 0
4 Cones CampucaVillage 59 7 0
5 ConsolacaVillage 52 27 0
6 Aldea de Catulaca No.1 El Carrizal 25 15 0
7 Aldea de Guanteque 72 30 0
8 Aldea El Guineo Cedros Mejicapa 53 8 0
9 Aldea El Pacayal 23 2 0
10 Aldea El Refugio 73 44 0
11 Aldea El Rodeo Campuca 17 1 0
12 Aldea Lagunita Platanares 17 3 0
13 Aldea Las Planadas 40 15 0
| ANALYSIS OF GENDER, VULNERABLE POPULATION AND SOCIAL INCLUSION // 107
14 Aldea Pinal de San Antonio 26 5 0
15 Aldea Pinalito Las Mesas 37 28 0
16 Aldea Platanares (Gracias) 36 18 0
17 Aldea San José de Quelacasque 65 7 0
18 Aldea Villa Verde (Sector Uno) 36 27 0
19 Aldea Villamí Río Grande 71 48 0
20 Aldea El Pinal San José 34 7 0
21 Arcilaca 163 86 0
22 Comunidad Catatao 62 23 0
No Water Board Gender
Men Women No Data
23 Comunidad El Sile 158 28 0
24 Comunidad El Tablón 79 40 0
25 Comunidad La Cañada 63 28 0
26 Comunidad La Misión 220 54 0
27 Comunidad Limón Cedros 127 20 0
28 Comunidad San José del Alto 81 20 0
Total 2021 654 0
Source: USAID Proparque, 2016.
SUBSCRIBERS TO WATER BOARDS MUNICIPALITY OF LA CAMPA
No. Water Board Gender
Men Women No Data
1 Cañadas Village 50 24 0
Total 50 24 0
Source: USAID Proparque, 2016.
| ANALYSIS OF GENDER, VULNERABLE POPULATION AND SOCIAL INCLUSION // 108
SUBSCRIBERS OF WATER BOARDS MUNICIPALITY OF LA IGUALA
No. Water Board Gender
Men Women No Data
1 El Manguito Community 56 10 0
2 El Rodeíto Community 164 41 0
Total 220 51 0
Source: USAID Proparque, 2016
SUBSCRIBERS OF WATER BOARDS MUNICIPALITY OF LAS FLORES
No. Water Board Gender
Men Women No Data
1 El Derrumbo (Las Flores) Village 22 2 0
2 El SocorroVillage 43 16 0
3 Guanás Abajo (La Cuesta) Village 12 5 0
4 Guanás ArribaVillage 13 12 0
5 Las Crucitas Village 36 13 0
6 Las Mariposas Los Planes Village 36 4 0
7 Las MercedesVillage 120 62 0
8 Mongual Village 108 44 0
9 Monte de la Virgen Village 45 25 0
10 Nueva Esperanza Village 58 32 0
11 Platanares (Las Flores) Village 38 5 0
12 Barrio Piedra Pintada 22 13 0
13 Brisas de Coalaca 0 0 1
14 Comunidad de Pacayales 11 5 0
15 El Barrio El Copante 11 5 0
16 Las Flores (Casco Urbano) 77 70 0
Total 652 313 1
Source: USAID Proparque, 2016.
| ANALYSIS OF GENDER, VULNERABLE POPULATION AND SOCIAL INCLUSION // 109
SUBSCRIBERS OF WATER BOARDS MUNICIPALITY OF SAN MANUEL DE COLOHETE
No. Water Board Gender
Men Women No Data
1 Aldea Encontradero 47 6 0
2 Aldea Laguna Seca 16 6 0
3 Aldea Las Brisas 36 8 0
4 Aldea San José 37 5 0
5 Aldea San pedro 72 16 0
Total 208 41 0
Source: USAID Proparque, 2016.
SUBSCRIBERS OF WATER BOARDS MUNICIPALITY OF SAN MARCOS DE CAIQUÍN
No. Water Board Gender
Men Women No Data
1 Aldea Azacualpa 91 8 0
Total 91 8 0
Source: USAID Proparque, 2016.
SUBSCRIBERS OF WATER BOARDS MUNICIPALITY OF SAN SEBASTIÁN
No. Water Board Gender
Men Women No Data
1 Aldea Moncagua 28 2 0
2 Caserío Conroro 29 8 0
3 San Sebastían (Casco Urbano) 295 78 0
Total 352 88 0
Source: USAID Proparque, 2016.
| ANALYSIS OF GENDER, VULNERABLE POPULATION AND SOCIAL INCLUSION // 110
SUBCRIBERS OF WATER BOARDS MUNICIPALITY OF TALGUA
No. Water Board Gender
Men Women No Data
1 Aldea El Aguacate 69 49 0
2 Aldea El Derrumbo (Talgua) 13 11 0
3 Aldea El Pinabetal 60 50 0
4 Aldea Lemanal 19 10 0
5 Aldea Matazano 28 21 0
Total 189 141 0
Source: USAID Proparque, 2016
SUMMARY OF SUBSCRIBERS IN LEMPIRA
Lempira Gender
Men Women No Data
Total 3849 1343 4
Source: USAID Proparque, 2016
| ANALYSIS OF GENDER, VULNERABLE POPULATION AND SOCIAL INCLUSION // 111
MICROBASIN MANAGEMENT IN LEMPIRA
There are 75 Water Boards in Lempira, overseen the management of 15 identified microbasins.
MICROBASINS IN LEMPIRA (PART I)
Microbasin
Güergüerence La Mirona y Río Arcagu El El Río Guaca El Suptal Campuca - al Sucte Borbollo y La Celaque n Quebrada Honda Water Board
1 Aldea Guanás Abajo (La 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cuesta)
2 Aldea Guanas Arriba 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
3 AldeaMongual 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
4 Barrio El Copante 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
5 Barrio Piedra Pintada 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
6 Brisas de Coalaca 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
7 Catatao 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
8 Comunidad Las Flores (Casco 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Urbano)
9 El Rodeíto 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 El Sile 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
11 El Tablón 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
12 AldeaLemanal 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
13 El Aguacate 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
14 El Derrumbo (Las Flores) 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
15 El Derrumbo (Talgua) 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
16 El Pinabetal 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
17 Las Crucitas 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
| ANALYSIS OF GENDER, VULNERABLE POPULATION AND SOCIAL INCLUSION // 112
Microbasin
Güergüere La Mirona y Río Arcagual El Sucte El Río nce El Suptal Campuca - Borbollo Guaca y Celaque n La Quebrad a Honda
Water Board
18 Mariposas Los Planes 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
19 Matazano 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
20 Payacales 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
21 CamaloteCampuca 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
22 El GuineoCedrosMejicapa 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
23 El Pacayal 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
24 LagunitaPlatanares 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
25 Platanares (Gracias) 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
26 Platanares (Las Flores) 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
27 Rodeo Campuca 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
28 Aldea de Guanteque 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
29 Aldea de San José de Quelacasque 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
30 Altos de Guanteque 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
31 Arcilaca 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
32 Pinalito Las Mesas 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
33 Villa Verde I 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
34 El Encontradero 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
35 Laguna Seca 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
36 Las Brisas 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
37 San José 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
38 San Pedro 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
39 Aldea La Puerta 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
| ANALYSIS OF GENDER, VULNERABLE POPULATION AND SOCIAL INCLUSION // 113
40 Aldea Las Cañadas 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
41 Cañadas (La Campa) 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
42 El Carrizal 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
43 Cosonlaca 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
44 Pinal San Antonio 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
45 Pinal San José 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
46 Villamí Río Grande 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Total 11 9 7 6 5 4 4
Source: USAID ProParque 2016.
The following table details the last 19 water boards overseeing microbasin management:
MICROBASINS IN THE DEPARTMENT OF LEMPIRA (PART II)
Microbasin
Caña La La Gua La Río Río Río Río Río Río Río da Ca Queb pin Ca Arci Cam Plat Plan Caj Gua Ca Water Board Gran mot radon ol map laca puca a de e ca mpu de era a ara León ca - Río Blanc o
47 CaseríoConroro 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
48 Moncagua 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Microbasin
Caña La La Gua La Río Río Río Río Río Río Río da Ca Queb pin Ca Arci Cam Plat Plan Caj Gua Ca Water Board Gran mot radon ol map laca puca a de e ca mpu de era a ara León ca - Río Blanc o
49 San Sebastián (Casco Urbano) 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
50 El Socorro 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
51 Monte de La Virgen 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
| ANALYSIS OF GENDER, VULNERABLE POPULATION AND SOCIAL INCLUSION // 114
52 Nueva Esperanza 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
53 Aldea Bonilla 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
54 Aldea El Refugio 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
55 El Manguito 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
56 Las Mercedes 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
57 Azacualpa 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
58 Aldea de Catulaca No.1 Carrizal 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
59 Cones Campuca 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
60 El Suntul 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
61 La Cañada 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
62 La Misión 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
63 Limon Cedros 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
64 Pinal San Antonio (Las Planadas) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
65 San José del Alto 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
Total 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1
Source: USAID ProParque, 2016.
| ANALYSIS OF GENDER, VULNERABLE POPULATION AND SOCIAL INCLUSION // 115
Appendix 20: Total Population that Migrated from 2003 to 2013, Total National, Country of Residence, Distribution among the Nine Departments, Area and Gender
Department, Area and Country of Residence Gender Total U.S. Spain Mexico Canada Central Other America Countries
Total National 126,42 90,769 9,007 3,765 793 3,350 18,741 5
Atlántida 8,159 5,417 387 231 48 162 2,273
Men 5,054 3,467 103 146 27 88 1,223
Women 3,465 1,950 284 84 21 75 1,050
Urban Area 5,861 3408 278 154 36 120 1,866
Men 3,312 2,047 73 98 22 66 1,006
Women 2,549 1,360 205 56 14 54 859
Rural Area 2,658 2,009 109 77 13 42 408
Men 1,741 1,419 29 49 5 22 217
Women 916 590 79 28 7 21 191
Copán 6,179 5,147 121 241 31 312 328
Men 4,509 3,879 26 158 23 138 285
Women 1,670 1,269 94 83 7 174 43
Urban Area 2,026 1,633 74 92 13 72 142
Men 1,344 1,114 19 44 8 37 123
Women 682 519 55 48 4 36 19
Rural Area 4,153 3,514 47 18 239 186
Men 3,165 2,765 7 114 15 101 162
Women 988 749 40 3 138 24
Cortés 18,800 11,147 939 683 138 410 5,484
| ANALYSIS OF GENDER, VULNERABLE POPULATION AND SOCIAL INCLUSION // 116
Men 12,532 7,297 282 396 86 219 4,251
Women 6,268 3,850 656 287 52 190 1,234
Urban Area 14,637 8,163 762 506 112 316 4,777
Men 9,755 5,118 219 285 70 158 872
Women 4,882 3,046 543 221 42 158 872
Rural Area 4,163 2,983 176 177 25 93 708
Men 2,777 2,179 63 112 16 61 346
Women 1,386 804 113 65 9 32 362
Francisco Morazán 22,323 13,251 3,957 708 262 710 3,435
Men 12,862 9,291 996 452 181 364 1,577
Women 9,461 3,960 2,961 256 81 345 1,858
Urban Area 17,852 10,176 3,176 579 200 594 3,127
Men 9,673 6,695 823 361 124 309 1,360
Women 8,179 3,480 2,353 218 76 286 1,766
Rural Area 4,471 3,076 781 129 62 115 308
Men 3,188 2,596 173 91 57 55 216
Women 1,282 480 608 38 5 60 92
Intibucá 5,275 4,675 226 61 25 96 192
Men 4,145 3,868 56 40 23 35 123
Women 1,130 807 170 21 2 61 70
Urban Area 1,110 907 77 11 3 12 100
Men 750 670 20 4 3 5 47
Women 361 236 58 7 - 7 53
Rural Area 4,165 3,768 149 50 22 85 92
Men 3,395 3,197 37 36 20 30 76 | ANALYSIS OF GENDER, VULNERABLE POPULATION AND SOCIAL INCLUSION // 117
Women 770 571 112 14 2 54 16
La Paz 2,784 2,274 174 55 3 162 116
Men 1,927 1,747 36 35 3 55 51
Women 857 527 138 20 - 107 64
Urban Area 783 608 90 27 1 13 44
Men 471 412 20 12 1 9 17
Women 312 196 70 15 - 4 27
Rural Area 2,001 1,666 84 28 2 149 72
| ANALYSIS OF GENDER, VULNERABLE POPULATION AND SOCIAL INCLUSION // 118
Men 1,456 1,335 16 23 2 45 35
Women 544 331 68 5 - 103 37
Lempira 5,232 4,676 103 117 31 185 121
Men 4,337 4,054 16 80 26 66 94
Women 896 622 86 36 5 119 26
Urban Area 354 278 19 18 3 6 30
Men 265 217 4 13 3 4 24
Women 89 61 15 5 - 2 5
Rural Area 4,878 4,398 83 99 28 179 91
Men 4,072 3,837 12 68 23 62 70
Women 807 561 71 31 5 117 21
Ocotepeque 2,199 1,911 23 56 19 93 96
Men 1,717 1,531 6 44 16 44 77
Women 482 380 17 13 3 50 19
Urban Area 614 487 12 15 6 34 61
Men 422 338 1 11 4 13 54
Women 193 149 11 3 2 21 7
Rural Area 1,585 1,424 11 42 13 60 35
Men 1,295 1,193 5 33 12 31 23
Women 289 232 6 9 1 29 12
Santa Bárbara 5,120 4,184 348 224 43 170 150
Men 3,640 3,205 88 149 29 81 88
Women 1,480 980 260 75 14 89 62
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Urban Area 2,258 1,821 214 73 18 67 66
Men 1,488 1,321 57 45 9 22 36
Women 769 499 157 28 9 45 31
Rural Area 2,862 2,364 134 151 25 104 84
Men 2,152 1,883 31 105 20 60 53
Women 710 480 103 47 5 44 31
Developed with data from the XVII National Census of Population and VI of Housing 2013, National Institute of Statistics, some data processed with Redatam + Sp.
Appendix 21: Complaints regarding domestic and inter-family violence received by the National Emergency System – 911 January through June, 2020
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Complaints regarding domestic and inter-family violence received by the National Emergency System - 911 January through June 2020
Department January February March April May June Total
Cortés 1,798 1,824 2,021 2,157 2,232 1,974 12,006
Francisco 1,300 1,625 1,591 2,082 2,138 1,512 10,248 Morazán
Yoro 583 661 742 806 899 713 4,404
Copán 626 352 339 409 434 480 2,640
Choluteca 491 399 374 480 454 355 2,553
Atlántida 302 391 397 515 446 334 2,385
Comayagua 465 399 350 414 371 316 2,315
Santa Bárbara 422 363 335 366 342 342 2,170
Olancho 276 283 313 392 335 332 1,931
El Paraíso 321 316 306 335 299 312 1,889
Colón 276 188 261 244 273 228 1,470
Lempira 235 221 197 222 223 208 1,306
Valle 181 174 178 220 203 140 1,096
La Paz 165 142 152 112 132 104 807
Ocotepeque 130 106 120 126 110 130 722
Intibucá 122 109 111 111 100 101 654
Islas de la Bahía 103 89 133 123 116 90 654
Gracias a Dios 31 15 20 20 43 20 149
Total by 7,827 7,657 7,940 9,134 9,150 7,691 49,399 month
Source: National Emergency System - 911
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Appendix 22: Data Collection Instruments
USAID Honduras Local Governance Activity DAI, February 2017
IN-DEPTH GOVERNMENT AUTHORITIES INTERVIEW
1. What is the legal framework governing decentralization and municipal government? (Laws affecting municipal management and the provision of services in the municipality).
2. What responsibilities does the local government have in this department/ municipality? (Who provides and how to provide basic water and sanitation services, education, health, garbage collection, etc.)
3. How does the legal framework promote or discourage the participation of women, youth, persons with disabilities, members of ethnic or religious minorities, lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex (LGBTI) or indigenous people in municipal government and in providing and access to services? (Laws or regulations that guarantee the creation of structures, committees, meetings, open councils, etc., where these groups can participate, express opinions and / or make decisions regarding the municipality and the services it provides and what these structures or access points for these groups).
4. What policies, such as anti-discrimination policies or affirmative measures, including participation quotas (of women or youth or disabled or indigenous population, etc.), do local government units in the municipality have, to foster diversity and inclusion? How do these policies work?
5. Beyond the law, in practical terms What activities does the Municipal Corporation carry out to encourage citizen participation? (Public consultations, suggestion box, participation in boards or committees, etc.)
6. What activities does the Municipal Corporation carry out to improve access by vulnerable populations to health, water and sanitation services, education, etc.?
7. Are there mandates or responsibilities in the municipality in relation to the formulation of gender-sensitive budgets (GRB) or other vulnerable populations? (i.e., laws or mandates for budgets to take account of women, youth, people with disabilities, members of ethnic or religious minorities, lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex (LGBTI) or indigenous people)? What are they? Describe them.
8. If participatory budgets are formulated in the municipality, how do they ensure the participation of people with disabilities, members of ethnic or religious minorities, lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex (LGBTI) or indigenous people in the formulation of these budgets?
9. How is gender-based violence (GBV) and towards other vulnerable groups, addressed in the municipality / department?
10. In your opinion, what are the main barriers, if any, that prevent women, youth, disabled, members of ethnic or religious minorities, lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex (LGBTI) or indigenous people from your municipality from participating in the following spaces:
a. At municipal government/local decision-making level:
b. Education/schools:
c. Health/water/sanitation/nutrition:
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d. Access and control of resources/land tenure/employment:
e. Other:
11. What are the violence indicators in your municipality?
12. What mechanisms do political parties have in their department / municipality to promote gender equality and social inclusion at the local level? How are women and other traditionally marginalized groups represented within the structures of the political party and leadership at the local level?
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Interview to Women
NAME OF INTERVIEWEE, GROUP/ORGANIZATION:
POSITION WITHIN ORGANIZATION:
DEPARTMENT/MUNICIPALITY:
The purpose of the following information gathering instrument is to learn of the current situation of women in the department or municipality regarding participation and access to municipal services, political and citizen participation, decision making, asset holding and resources, education, health, nutrition, water and sanitation, and violence
In your municipality, is it possible for women to participate in decision-making regarding the provision of municipal services? If so, what are the mechanisms of participation? (Eg, public consultations, open councils, suggestion boxes, participation in boards or committees, participatory budgets, meetings between women's groups and authorities, etc.
1. In which sectors is there more or less participation of women in your municipality and how (eg education, health, water, sanitation, etc.)? Explain by sector
2. To what extent are women represented in the municipality or other local government bodies? At what levels are they represented?
3. How do you consider the access of women to the following services: Education/schools/education centers: Health/water/sanitation/nutrition/water boards:
Access and control of resources/land tenure/employment:
4. Are there formal or informal barriers that limit the participation of women in decision making processes of the following? If so, what are they?
Municipal government / among municipal services: Education/schools/education centers | ANALYSIS OF GENDER, VULNERABLE POPULATION AND SOCIAL INCLUSION // 124
Health/water/sanitation/nutrition/water boards:
5. Do women face barriers or limitations in the Access to and in the use of public services such as….: If so, what are they?
Education/schools/education centers: Health/water/sanitation/nutrition/water boards:
Access and control of resources/land tenure/employment:
6. Are there processes in place to guarantee the transparency and efficiency in municipal services? For example, are there mechanisms for complaints? Do women participate in this process?
7. What Civil Society organizations (CSOs) do you know of that advocate for better gender equality and participation of women in your municipality?
8. In what way do you think may gender equality and social inclusion be a contribution to your municipality?
9. What actions or recommendations do you suggest to encourage gender equality and social inclusion in your municipality?
10. Do you consider you suffer violence because you are a woman? What kind(s) of violence?
11. What do you consider is your level of participation in the following scenarios and/or situations?
No Scenario High Medium Low
01 Political participation (national, municipal, etc)
02 Participation in civil society organizations
03 Education
04 Water and basic sanitation
05 Health
06 Access and tenure of resources
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Interview to Youth
NAME OF INTERVIEWEE, GROUP/ORGANIZATION:
POSITION WITHIN ORGANIZATION:
DEPARTMENT/MUNICIPALITY:
The purpose of the following information gathering instrument is to learn of the current situation of youths in the department or municipality regarding participation and access to municipal services, political and citizen participation, decision making, asset holding and resources, education, health, nutrition, water and sanitation, and violence.
1. In your municipality, is it possible for youths to participate in decision-making regarding the provision of municipal services? If so, what are the mechanisms of participation? (Eg, public consultations, open councils, suggestion boxes, participation in boards or committees, participatory budgets, meetings between youth groups and authorities, etc.
2. In which sectors is there more or less participation of youths in your municipality and how (eg education, health, water, sanitation, etc.)? Explain by sector
3. To what extent are youths represented in the municipality or other local government bodies? At what levels are they represented?
4. How do you consider the access of youths to the following services: Education/schools/education centers: Health/water/sanitation/nutrition/water boards:
Access and control of resources/land tenure/employment:
5. Are there formal or informal barriers that limit the participation of youths in decision making processes of the following? If so, what are they?
Municipal government / among municipal services:
Education/schools/education centers:
Health/water/sanitation/nutrition/water boards:
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6. Do youths face barriers or limitations in the access to and in the use of public services such as….: If so, what are they?
Education/schools/education centers: Health/water/sanitation/nutrition/water boards:
Access and control of resources/land tenure/employment:
7. Are there processes in place to guarantee the transparency and efficiency in municipal services? For example, are there mechanisms for complaints? Do youths participate in this process?
8. What Civil Society organizations (CSOs) do you know of that advocate for a better equality and participation of youths in your municipality?
9. In what way do you think may social inclusion be a contribution to your municipality?
10. What actions or recommendations do you suggest to encourage inclusion of youths in your municipality?
11. Do you consider you suffer violence because you are young? What kind(s) of violence?
12. What do you consider is your level of participation in the following scenarios and/or situations?
No Scenario High Medium Low
01 Political participation (national, municipal, etc)
02 Participation in civil society organizations
03 Education
04 Water and basic sanitation
05 Health
06 Access and tenure of resources
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Interview to Ethnic Groups
NAME OF INTERVIEWEE, GROUP/ORGANIZATION:
POSITION WITHIN ORGANIZATION:
DEPARTMENT/MUNICIPALITY:
1. The purpose of the following information gathering instrument is to learn of the current situation of ethnic groups in the department or municipality regarding participation and access to municipal services, political and citizen participation, decision making, asset holding and resources, education, health, nutrition, water and sanitation, and violence.
2. In your municipality, is it possible for ethnic groups to participate in decision-making regarding the provision of municipal services? If so, what are the mechanisms of participation? (Eg, public consultations, open councils, suggestion boxes, participation in boards or committees, participatory budgets, meetings between ethnic groups and authorities, etc.
3. In which sectors is there more or less participation of ethnic groups in your municipality and how (eg education, health, water, sanitation, etc.)? Explain by sector
4. To what extent are ethnic groups represented in the municipality or other local government
bodies? At what levels are they represented?
5. How do you consider the access of ethnic groups to the following services: Education/schools/education centers:
Health/water/sanitation/nutrition/water boards:
Access and control of resources/land tenure/employment:
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processes of the following? If so, what are they?
7. Municipal government / among municipal services:
8. Education/schools/education centers:
9. Health/water/sanitation/nutrition/water boards:
10. Do ethnic groups face barriers or limitations in the access to and in the use of public services such as….: If so, what are they?
11. Education/schools/education centers: Health/water/sanitation/nutrition/water boards:
12. Access and control of resources/land tenure/employment:
13. Are there processes in place to guarantee the transparency and efficiency in municipal services? For example, are there mechanisms for complaints? Do ethnic groups participate in this process?
14. What Civil Society organizations (CSOs) do you know of that advocate for a better equality and participation of ethnic groups in your municipality?
15. In what way do you think may social inclusion be a contribution to your municipality?
16. What actions or recommendations do you suggest encouraging inclusion of ethnic groups in your municipality?
17. Do you consider you suffer violence because you belong to an ethnic group? What kind(s) of violence?
18. What do you consider is your level of participation in the following scenarios and/or situations?
No Scenario High Medium Low
01 Political participation (national, municipal, etc)
02 Participation in civil society organizations
03 Education
04 Water and basic sanitation
05 Health
06 Access and tenure of resources
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Interview to Disabled Persons
NAME OF INTERVIEWEE, GROUP/ORGANIZATION:
POSITION WITHIN ORGANIZATION:
DEPARTMENT/MUNICIPALITY:
The purpose of the following information gathering instrument is to learn of the current situation of disabled persons in the department or municipality regarding participation and access to municipal services, political and citizen participation, decision making, asset holding and resources, education, health, nutrition, water and sanitation, and violence.
1. In your municipality, is it possible for disabled persons to participate in decision-making regarding the provision of municipal services? If so, what are the mechanisms of participation? (Eg, public consultations, open councils, suggestion boxes, participation in boards or committees, participatory budgets, meetings between them and authorities, etc.
2. In which sectors is there more or less participation of disabled persons in your municipality and how (eg education, health, water, sanitation, etc.)? Explain by sector
3. To what extent are disabled persons represented in the municipality or other local government bodies? At what levels are they represented?
4. How do you consider the access of disabled persons to the following services: Education/schools/education centers:
Health/water/sanitation/nutrition/water boards:
Access and control of resources/land tenure/employment:
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5. Are there formal or informal barriers that limit the participation of disabled persons in decision making processes of the following? If so, what are they?
Municipal government / among municipal services:
Education/schools/education centers:
Health/water/sanitation/nutrition/water boards:
6. Do the disabled face barriers or limitations in the access to and in the use of public services such as….: If so, what are they?
Education/schools/education centers: Health/water/sanitation/nutrition/water boards:
Access and control of resources/land tenure/employment:
7. Are there processes in place to guarantee the transparency and efficiency in municipal services? For example, are there mechanisms for complaints? Do the disabled participate in this process?
8. What Civil Society organizations (CSOs) do you know of that advocate for a better equality and participation of disabled persons in your municipality?
9. In what way do you think may social inclusion be a contribution to your municipality?
10. What actions or recommendations do you suggest encouraging inclusion of persons with a disability in your municipality?
11. Do you consider you suffer violence because you are disabled? What kind(s) of violence?
12. What do you consider is your level of participation in the following scenarios and/or situations?
No Scenario High Medium Low
01 Political participation (national, municipal, etc)
02 Participation in civil society organizations
03 Education
04 Water and basic sanitation
05 Health
06 Access and tenure of resources
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Interview to LGBTI Groups
NAME OF INTERVIEWEE, GROUP/ORGANIZATION:
POSITION WITHIN ORGANIZATION:
DEPARTMENT/MUNICIPALITY:
1. The purpose of the following information gathering instrument is to learn of the current situation of LGBTI groups in the department or municipality regarding participation and access to municipal services, political and citizen participation, decision making, asset holding and resources, education, health, nutrition, water and sanitation, and violence.
2. In your municipality, is it possible for LGBTI groups to participate in decision-making regarding the provision of municipal services? If so, what are the mechanisms of participation? (Eg, public consultations, open councils, suggestion boxes, participation in boards or committees, participatory budgets, meetings between these groups and authorities, etc.
3. In which sectors is there more or less participation of LGBTI groups in your municipality and how (eg education, health, water, sanitation, etc.)? Explain by sector
4. To what extent are LGBTI groups represented in the municipality or other local government
5. bodies? At what levels are they represented?
6. How do you consider the access of LGBTI groups to the following services: Education/schools/education centers?
7. Health/water/sanitation/nutrition/water boards:
8. Access and control of resources/land tenure/employment:
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9. Are there formal or informal barriers that limit the participation of LGBTI groups in decision making processes of the following? If so, what are they?
10. Municipal government / among municipal services:
11. Education/schools/education centers: Health/water/sanitation/nutrition/water boards:
12. Do LGTBI groups face barriers or limitations in the access to and in the use of public services such as….: If so, what are they?
Education/schools/education centers: Health/water/sanitation/nutrition/water boards:
13. Access and control of resources/land tenure/employment:
14. Are there processes in place to guarantee the transparency and efficiency in municipal services? For example, are there mechanisms for complaints? Do LGBTI groups participate in this process?
15. What Civil Society organizations (CSOs) do you know of that advocate for a better equality and participation of LGBTI groups in your municipality?
16. In what way do you think may social inclusion be a contribution to your municipality?
17. What actions or recommendations do you suggest encouraging social inclusion in your municipality?
18. Do you consider you suffer violence because you belong to a LGBTI group? What kind(s) of violence?
19. What do you consider is your level of participation in the following scenarios and/or situations?
No Scenario High Medium Low
01 Political participation (national, municipal, etc)
02 Participation in civil society organizations
03 Education
04 Water and basic sanitation
05 Health
06 Access and tenure of resources
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