Spring 2015 2014 –Spring Summer SERIF UNBRACKETED DESCENDER APEX BOWL

Summer 2014 – Spring 2015 STEM BRACKETED SERIF APEX DOT UNBRACKETED SERIF ASCENDER BOWL DESCENDER The Journal of Undergraduate Research is an annual publication by the Center for Undergraduate Research that features the scholarship of undergraduates at the University of Kansas. COVER Claire Zimmerman, Senior in Visual Communication Design Mentor: Andrea Herstowski, Associate Professor of Design See page 34 to learn about Claire’s project designing a typeface representing the characteristics of Trier, Germany. Contents UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH On the Translation of Fear: A Study of Ecuadorian Kichwa Speakers and the US Immigration System ....................................................................... 1 Gustin Bova “Wi Snackt Wedder Platt!” Bringing Low German back to Bremen and Lower Saxony through the Charter for Regional or Minority Languages ............................................................... 14 Sara Sofia Anderson Estimating Fluid Local Velocity within a Novel 3D Collagen Matrix Perfusion System .... 25 Ana M. Villanueva Type in Trier: The Relationship between Letters and the Oldest City in Germany ............. 34 A. Claire Zimmerman “I Don’t Want to Grow Old and Weak Like You!”: Conceptions of Idealized Masculinity in Pre- and Post- Revolutionary Iranian Cinema ................................ 40 Benjamin Ale-Ebrahim Better Adherence, Better Outcome: Differences in Depressed Participants’ Adherence to Elements of the Therapeutic Lifestyle Change Protocol .............................................................52 Carina Fowler Chinese export porcelain and global spaces of imagination ......................................................56 Julia Reynolds “Strong Female Characters” An Analytical Look at Representation in Moffat-Era Doctor Who ....................................................................................................................... 64 Nichole Flynn Q&A How did you become involved in doing research? My experience working at the Centro Hispano here in Lawrence, where many clients speak an Indigenous Mexican language, and my time spent studying Kichwa (at KU and in Ecuador), provided me with my research idea. Then, to provide the helpful thrust of necessity, there was my Latin American Studies Capstone class (a requirement to graduate), looming closer and closer. Thus, at the nexus of inspiration and obligation, was my project born. How is the research process different from what you expected? I had to reformulate my research question profoundly. Also, it turns out that Gustin Bova people, in general, are much more helpful than I originally assumed. HOMETowN What is your favorite part of doing research? Lawrence, Kansas The unexpected discoveries (which can also be maddening!). MAJOR Latin American & Caribbean Studies ACADEMIC LEVEL Senior RESEARCH MENTOR Peter Haney, Assistant Director of the Center for Latin American & Caribbean Studies Bartholomew Dean, Associate Professor of Anthropology On the Translation of Fear: A Study of Ecuadorian Kichwa Speakers and the US Immigration System Gustin Bova ABSTRACT This study addresses the situation of Ecuadorian Kichwa-speaking migrants who, upon arriving at the US border (and being put into Expedited Removal), claim a fear of returning to Ecuador. The study draws data primarily from the Credible Fear Interview stage of this process. The author performed interviews with Kichwa-English interpreters who have worked in Credible Fear Interviews, and complemented this with bibliographic investigation. The study ultimately argues that conflicting understandings grounded in language, class, and culture, along with procedural issues, are likely leading officials to deny the Credible Fear claims, and applications for relief, of Ecuadorian Kichwa speakers at an excessive rate. The study draws on the experience and judgments of interpreters, viewing them as both credible experts and constituents of the process itself. The study concludes with questions for further research and points for practical consideration. Summer 2014 – Spring 2015 | 1 INTroDUCTioN 1993). And finally, scholars in the also speak Spanish at an advanced Over the last few decades, field of interpreting/translation level, and Kichwa at an intermediate Indigenous Latin Americans have studies have done extensive work level). Three of these interviews migrated to the US in greater and unsettling notions of interpretation, were performed with one interpreter: greater numbers (see, e.g., Fox and cross-cultural communication, and Kinti, so the majority of my data Rivera-Salgado 2004). Many of these language comprehension in legal come from my conversations with migrants, upon arriving at the US settings (Hale 2008; Hertog 2002; her. Throughout the work, I consider border, speak little to no Spanish. Mikkelson 2008). However, research my interviewees’ accounts to be The principal sending regions for remains scant on Indigenous Latin both raw data on legal processes these migrants are Southern Mexico, American migrants and the US themselves and authoritative analysis Central America, and, to a lesser legal system—on the nature of of those processes (plus related extent, the Andes. While these communication in these encounters political and cultural phenomena). I migrants are easily distinguished and the implications for due process attempt to engage both aspects of my in their home countries, the United (one exception being León 2014). collaborators’ contributions in order to States immigration system has In this paper, I seek to examine illuminate the multi-faceted, historical often failed to accommodate their the interactions of a particular and transnational interactions that linguistic and cultural distinctness. population with a particular aspect they described for me. Ultimately, They have been frequently of the US legal system: namely, those the lack of certain quantitative data4, incarcerated, interviewed, processed of Ecuadorian Kichwa-speaking the small number of interviewees, and deported in a language they migrants3 with the Credible Fear and the inability to perform direct do not command (e.g,, Camayd- Interview (and, by extension, the observation substantially limit this Freixas 2008, 2009). They have, full Merits Hearing). In doing so, I study, but it is my hope that it will in criminal trials, been deemed seek not only to expose a problem still prove valuable, as the germ of mentally deficient, emotionless, but to explain its nature in detail, something more. and monstrous due to lack of in order to strengthen efforts interpretation.1 And while recent at reform. I ultimately conclude II. BAckGroUND: events, including the “border crisis” that conflicting understandings ECUADORIAN KICHWA of 2014, have brought increased grounded in language, class, and SPEAKERS; THE CREDIBLE attention to these migrants,2 they culture, along with procedural FEAR INTerview remain a largely invisible and issues, are likely leading officials to disadvantaged population within the deny the Credible Fear claims, and Ecuadorian Kichwa US legal system. applications for relief, of Ecuadorian For starters, it is generally agreed Although scholars have worked Kichwa speakers at an excessive rate. upon that there are approximately to address closely related issues, While the claim is indeed modest, two million speakers of Ecuadorian there is a dearth of research on it accounts fairly for the study’s Kichwa (e.g., Adelaar and Muysken this particular topic. For example, limitations, and the discussion that legal scholars have worked to supports it applies to a broad array of establish the right to interpretation immigrant populations. in one’s best language, even for undocumented migrants who speak I. METHODoloGY rare languages (Ackermann 2010; To begin, my principle method of Davis et al. 2004; León 2014). And discovery for this study was the anthropologists and linguists have qualitative interview. I performed 5 analyzed the interface of Indigenous one hour-long interviews with three defendants and Neo-colonial Kichwa-English legal interpreters: legal systems—particularly in the Kinti, Charlie Uruchima, and Australian and Alaskan contexts Amy. I performed the interviews Two Kichwa women outside their home. (Cooke 2002; Eades 2008; Morrow primarily in English (although I 1. See the cases of Nicolas Dutan Guaman and María Guaman Guaman, which are discussed in greater detail in a forthcoming MA thesis by Charlie Uruchima (New York University) 2. See, for example, “Immigrants Who Speak Indigenous Languages Encounter Isolation” (New York Times 2014), or “Language Barriers Pose Challenges For Mayan Migrant Children” (NPR 2014). 3. A note on terminology: I will switch between the terms ‘migrant’ and ‘applicant’ in this work, depending on what I want to emphasize. 4. Namely, the precise success rate of Ecuadorian Kichwa-speakers in the Credible Fear Interview or Merits Hearing. The available quantitative evidence only allows us to see that Ecuadorians in general are relatively unsuccessful at getting Asylum in particular (only one part of the overall process), which is suggestive but not conclusive (see: EOIR Asylum Statistics Chart). 2 | journal OF UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH and Kichwa’s status Immigration and Nationality Act, the as an official language Credible Fear process took on new of Ecuador, but, all in importance, as the new legislation all, Kichwa culture and created the process of Expedited language face a complex, Removal. Today, after expansions uncertain future, full of in 2002 and 2004,

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