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STUDY on the POPULATION BIOLOGY of SOLDIER CATFISH (Osteogeneiosus Militaris, Linnaeus 1758) in the COASTAL AREA of PENANG

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STUDY on the POPULATION BIOLOGY of SOLDIER CATFISH (Osteogeneiosus Militaris, Linnaeus 1758) in the COASTAL AREA of PENANG STUDY ON THE POPULATION BIOLOGY OF SOLDIER CATFISH (Osteogeneiosus militaris, Linnaeus 1758) IN THE COASTAL AREA OF PENANG. By RADZIAH BINTI JANTAN UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA 2014 STUDY ON THE POPULATION BIOLOGY OF SOLDIER CATFISH (Osteogeneiosus militaris, Linnaeus 1758) IN THE COASTAL AREA OF PENANG. by RADZIAH BINTI JANTAN Thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA FEBRUARY 2014 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Pertama sekali, ucapan syukur tidak terhingga ke hadrat Illahi kerana dengan –Nya saya dapat juga menyiapkan desertasi ini. Terlalu banyak dugaan serta cabaran dalam proses menyiapkan penyelidikkan serta tesis ini. Saya tidak dapat menyangka akhirnya dapat juga impian ini direalisasikan. Sepanjang proses penyediaan tesis ini, dorongan, sokongan, doa serta kritikan yang membina yang banyak saya perolehi dari kedua ibu bapa tercinta yang saya anggap sebagai tulang belakang kerna mereka sentiasa setia berada bersama dikala jatuh bangunnya saya iaitu emak, Pn. Nor‟aini Manap dan ayah, En. Mohd Yusof Jani, Mak Nah serta ahli keluarga di kampong. Tunjuk ajar yang tidak putus-putus dari dua orang insan yang saya gelarkan mentor serta sifu iaitu penyelia saya, Dr. Mansor Mat Isa dan Dr. Khairun Yahya bagi memastikan produk yang dihasil adalah yang terbaik. Tanpa peluang serta kepercayaan yang diberikan oleh Dr. Mansor dan Dr. Khairun, tidak mungkin saya mampu mencapai impian ini. Jutaan ribuan terima kasih saya ucapkan. Antara nama-nama lain yang turut menyumbang jasa dalam kejayaan desertasi ini termasuklah Dr. Amiruddin Shah serta pensyarah-pensyarah di USM khususnya di PPSK yang sudi memberikan nasihat disaat saya menemui jalan buntu. Kepada rakan-rakan yang sentiasa bersama ketika jatuh bangun saya, terima kasih saya ucapkan; Rabiatul Adawiyah Abdul Mutalib, Khairani Amir, Kak Zue, Mohd Asyraf Osman, Farah Alia Nordin, Ayun, Shafiq, Fatin, Aleeyanie, Kak Ayu, Adib, Farah, Sham, Ruziah, Asyraf, Shafikah, Aziella, Wan Neeza dan Azman Aziz. Tidak dilupakan Universiti Sains Malaysia, Perpustakaan Hamzah Sendut II serta warga Pusat Pengajian Sains Kajihayat USM, terutamanya En. Nazri dan Miss Shantini, yang banyak meyediakan kemudahan sepanjang penyelidikan saya ini dijalankan. Tanpa bantuan 3 kewangan USM Fellowship dari IPS USM serta Research University Grant Universiti Sains Malaysia 304/PBIOLOGI/638147, penyelidikan ini tidak dapat dilaksanakan. TABLES OF CONTENTS Acknowledgement ii Tables of Contents iv List of Tables viii List of Figures ix List of Publication xii Abstrak xiii Abstract xv CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 General Overview 1 1.2 Objectives of Study 6 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Osteogenesis militaris 7 2.2 Length-Weight Relationship (LWR) 8 2.3 Relative Condition Factor (Kn) 13 2. 4 Reproductive Biology 14 2.5 Feeding Habits 17 5 2.6 Growth 21 CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY 3.1 Samping Site And Sampling Techniques 25 3.2 Laboratory Work 25 3.2.1 Identification on Osteogeneiosus militaris 27 3.2.2 Length- Weight Relationship 27 3.2.3 Relative Condition Factor 29 3.2.4 Reproductive Biology 30 3.2.4.1 Maturity Stages 30 3.2.4.3 Sex Ratio 34 3.2.4.4 Length at First Maturity 34 3.2.4.5 Spawning Season 35 3.2.4.6 Fecundity 36 3.2.4.7 Oocytes-Size Frequency 36 3.2.5 Feeding Habits 37 3.2.6 Growth Parameter Estimation and Mortality Rate 40 3.2.6.1 Growth Parameters 40 3.2.6.1.1 Linkage Means 42 3.2.6.1.2 Ford-Walford plots 42 3.2.6.1.3 Powel- Wetherall 43 3.2.6.1.4 ELEFAN I 43 3.2.6.2 Mortality Parameters 44 3.2.6.3 Recruitment Pattern 44 3.2.6.4 Length at First Capture 45 3.2.6.4 Exploitation Status 45 CHAPTER 4: RESULTS 4.1.1 Length - Weight Relationship Osteogeneiosus militaris 46 4.1.2 Relative Condition Factor 50 4.1.3 Reproductive Biology 53 4.1.3.1 Maturity Stages 54 4.1.3.2 Sex Ratio 58 4.1.3.3 Length at First Maturity 60 4.1.3.4 Spawning Season 61 4.1.3.4 (a) Frequency of Maturity 62 4.1.3.4 (b) Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) 63 4.1.3.5 Oocyte – Size Frequency 65 4.1.3.6 Fecundity 67 4.1.4 Feeding Habits 67 4.1.5 Growth Estimation 71 CHAPTER 5: DISCUSSION 5.1 Length - Weight Relationship 82 7 5.2 Relative Condition Factor 83 5. 3 Reproductive Biology 84 5.3.1 Sex Ratio 85 5.3.2 Spawning Season 85 5.3.3 Length at First Maturity 87 5.3.4 Fecundity and Mean size of eggs 87 5.4 Feeding habits 88 5. 5 Growth Parameter Estimation 91 5. 6 Mortality Parameter Estimation 93 5. 7 Recruitment Pattern 94 5. 8 Probability of Capture 94 CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION 6.1 General Conclusion 95 6.2 Recommendation 99 REFERENCES 100 APPENDICES A Statistical Analysis for Length-Weight Relationship 125 APPENDICES B Abstract for Poster Presentation. 126 LIST OF TABLE Table 3.0 Macroscopic characteristics of testis in O. militaris 31 modified from Kailola (2003), Murua et al., (2003), and Gomes and Araujo (2004). Table 3.1 Macroscopic characteristics of ovaries in O. militaris 32 modified from Kailola (2003), Murua et al., (2003), and Gomes and Araujo (2004). Table 4.0 Length and weight parameters with body group for 47 O. militaris in Southwestern part of Penang coastal waters from February 2009 to August 2010. Table 4.1 Sex ratio data for O. militaris during the period of 59 February 2009 to August 2010 in southwestern part of Penang coastal water. Table 4.2 The percentage of relative importance index (IRI%) 69 showing the importance food items that contain in the O. militaris’s stomach content from March 2009 until September 2009 in southern part of Penang coastal waters according to (a) sex and (b) length class. Table 4.3 Summary of growth parameters values estimated from 71 different routine for O. militaris. 9 LIST OF FIGURE Figure 1.0 Landing trend of Ariidae from 2000 to 2010 in Malaysia 3 waters; a) West coast Peninsular Malaysia; b) Penang waters. Figure 2.0 Dorsal (a) and ventral (b) view of Osteogeneiosus militaris 10 found in Penang coastal waters. Figure 2.1 Morphology of head and teeth of Osteogeneiosus militaris 12 Figure 2.2 Two type of teeth found in Ariidae species 19 (a) viliform; (b) globular Figure 3.0 Standard measurements of bony fish. 26 Figure 3.1 Measurement for length of the gastro-intestinal 38 tract (GIT) in fish. Figure 4.0 Frequency distribution for the mid length class SL 48 with 1.0 cm interval according to the sexes in O. militaris collected from February 2009 to August 2010 in the southwest Penang coastal water. Figure 4.1 The length weight relationship of O. militaris in 49 parabolic form (a) immature, (b) female and (c) male. Figure 4.2 Monthly data mean relative condition factor (Kn) 51 and total rainfall (mm) collected in Bayan Lepas represents the rainfall in southeast Penang coastal water from January 2009 to December 2010: (a) immature; (b) female; (c) male. Figure 4.3 Mean relative condition factor (Kn) against 52 the length class SL for O. militaris from February 2009 to August 2010: (a) immature; (b) female; (c) male. Figure 4.4 The gonad of immature O. militaris in threadlike shape. 54 Figure 4.5 Female gonad macroscopic examination for gonad 55 maturity stages identification on O. militaris Figure 4.6 O. militaris’s gonad development in (i) immature 56 stage to (ii) maturing. Figure 4.7 Male O. militaris with ripe eggs in mouth for oral incubation. 57 Figure 4.8 Male gonad macroscopic examinations for gonadal maturity 57 stages in O. militaris: MI – immature stage, whitish color with ribbon-like shape; MII – developing stage, gonad increase in size. Figure 4.9 A logistic relationship between the numbers of reproductive 62 individuals expressed as a proportion of the reproductive population and standard length (cm) for O. militaris in the southwest Penang coastal water from February 2009 to August 2010. Figure 4.10 The monthly frequency of maturity stages in female 62 O. militaris obtained from southeast Penang coastal water from February 2009 to August 2010. Figure 4.11 The monthly frequency of maturity stages in male 62 O. militaris obtained from southeast Penang coastal water from February 2009 to August 2010. Figure 4.12 Mean monthly in gonadosomatic index (GSI) (±SE) of 63 O. militaris from February 2009 to August 2010 in southeast Penang coastal water: (a) female; (b) male. Figure 4.13 Mean monthly in gonadosomatic index (GSI) of O. militaris 64 and total rainfall (mm) from February 2009 to August 2010 in southeast Penang coastal water: (a) female; (b) male. Figure 4.14 Frequency of oocytes diameter in O. militaris (a) female in 66 stage 3 (b) female in stage 4. Figure 4.15 The monthly of von Bertalanffy plot from February 2009 73 to August 2010 for O. militaris generated from FiSAT software. Figure 4.16 Linking mean routine from FiSAT software. 74 Figure 4.17 The Ford – Walford routine with the value of 74 L∞ = 44.61 cm and K = 0.18 years-1 were obtain from this routine. Figure 4.18 Powell – Wetherall routine from FiSAT software to 75 generated the VBGF parameters; L∞ = 44.61 cm and K = 0.75 years-1. Figure 4.19 ELEFAN I routine from FiSAT software to generated 76 VBGF parameters; (a) K Scan routine and (b) Response Surface routine. 11 Figure 4.20 VBGF curve from ELEFAN I routine with different 77 value of starting length and starting sample indicating that the first cohort spawn in May and June.
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