Detailed Table of Contents

Preface...... xiv

Chapter 1 The Treaty of Meaux-Paris (1228): A Forerunner of the Nueva Planta Decrees – Consequences of the Right of Conquest for the Crown of Aragon...... 1 Vicent Martines, University of Alicante, Spain

The authors analyze the Treaty of Meaux-Paris (1228) signed between France and Toulouse. It has extraordinary relevance as it establishes the terms of the application of French law over the powerful county of Toulouse and by extension over Occitan lands, as the result of the Battle of Muret (1213). They offer the first translation ever (into English) of this treaty and they analyze it as the legal rendering of the centralized expansion of the French Crown on its way towards becoming an absolutist monarchy. They also study for the first time this treaty in comparison to the Decrees of Nova Planta issued in Spain between 1707-1716 by a king of French origin which represented the fulfillment of an authoritarian process that began in France in the 13th century. The treaty and the decrees used the concept of the “just right of conquest,” which provided a (debatable) legitimacy to the interests of the winning parties. They analyze literary texts such as the Cançó de la Croada as well as historical contemporary accounts creation of a Catalan collective identity.

Chapter 2 From Catalans and Aragonese to Valencians: The Role of Politics in the Making of the Medieval Valencian Identity...... 30 Vicent Baydal Sala, Jaume I University, Spain

The medieval Kingdom of Valencia was created in 1238, after the conquest of Islamic lands in the Eastern part of the Iberian Peninsula by Catalan and Aragonese people. New Christian settlers arrived from Catalonia and Aragon with distinct identity feelings, but after a century a new identity was formed, whose first expression was the creation of a gentilic, “Valencian,” for all the inhabitants of the new kingdom, regardless of their Catalan or Aragonese origins. As this chapter explains, this process was closely linked to the development of the political and fiscal structures of the kingdom, based primarily on the Valencian Parliament, where subsides and laws were negotiated between the king and the community of the realm.

Chapter 3 The Meaning of Hispania in Mediaeval Majorca...... 46 Gabriel Ensenyat Pujol, University of Balearic Islands, Spain

  

The mediaeval concept of Hispania/España has been used by some in Spanish historiography to legitimize the existence of the Spanish nation from the Middle Ages. Leaving aside the manipulative and ideological aspect of this approach, when looked at from the perspective provided by documents from Majorca, the authors perceive a very different impression. The choronym Hispania was used between the 13th and 15th centuries to denote mainly al-Andalus (i.e., Islamic Iberia). At other times (rarely), it was also used to refer to Christian regions, albeit excluding the lands of the Crown of Aragon and the Balearic Islands themselves.

Chapter 4 Proposals for Social Pedagogy and the Best Political Practices From the Crown of Aragon: Eiximenis and His Regiment de la Cosa Pública...... 57 Rosabel Roig-Vila, University of Alicante, Spain Gladys Merma-Molina, University of Alicante, Spain Diego Gavilán-Martín, University of Alicante, Spain

The authors analyze the figure of the Franciscan Francesc Eiximenis, and especially his Regiment de la cosa pública, from a reflection on medieval pedagogy and politics. Likewise, they establish meeting points between the thought, the words and the pedagogy of Eiximenis and those of other authors. So, the chapter draws a chronological-analytical line between him and other relevant figures of the 13th through the 16th centuries, such as Saint Thomas Aquinas, Beatus Ramon Llull, Niccolò Machiavelli, (Saint) Thomas More, Saint Vincent Ferrer, and Joan Lluis Vives.

Chapter 5 The Catalan Collective Identity in the Early Modern Era (1479–1714): Catalanity and Spanishness in the Principality of Catalonia During the Old Regime...... 72 Cristian Palomo, Jaume I University, Spain

Catalonia, politically formed as the principality of Catalonia and the counties of Roussillon and Cerdanya, was a political entity that, like those of the kingdoms of Aragon, Valencia, or Navarra, existed in the late medieval and the early modern periods linked to great dynastic empires such as the Crown of Aragon, the Hispanic Monarchy, and the French Monarchy. In these centuries, the Catalans developed a collective identity, and this chapter offers a synthetic explanation of its characteristics during the reign of the Catholic Monarchs and their successors, the Hispanic sovereigns of the House of Austria.

Chapter 6 Catalan Identity and Banditry in the Ancient Regime...... 89 Alejandro Llinares, Universidad de Málaga, Spain

The authors examine how the concepts of nation, country, monarchy, and Spain, which have significantly different meanings today, were understood in the Modern Age. From here, they first examine the disputes that existed among the monarchist Hispanic forces in the Principality of Catalonia under the command of the viceroys and the Catalan powers, enshrined in law and served by the rise in banditry. These disputes gave rise, among other factors, to the growth in the so-called institutional patriotism.

Chapter 7 Catalan “Sedition” in the 17th Century: An Anti-Catalan Poem in Latin About the Reapers’ War – The Seditio Catalaunica...... 101 Antoni Biosca, University of Alicante, Spain 

The Latin poem Seditio Catalaunica, still unedited and lacking studies and translation, is a clear example of the anti-Catalan mentality typical of the Reapers´ War in 17th-century Spain. In this poem, kept in a 17th-century MS held at the Biblioteca de la Real Academia de la Historia, Madrid, we can find clear references to Catalonia´s and Catalans´ guilt in the war, as well as accusation of treason and sedition. The epic poem, composed of over 1,200 Latin hexameters, is accompanied by five brief that insist on the same idea. This accusation of sedition has also served in recent times to try in a court of law pro- independence Catalan leaders in 2019, so that we can analyze this poem as a precedent of Spanish politics with regard to Catalonia.

Chapter 8 Spain in the 19th Century: Spanish Nation Building and Catalonia’s Attempt at Becoming an Iberian Prussia...... 108 Hans-Ingo Radatz, Independent Researcher, Germany

Spain’s nation building in the 19th century came to an early start during the War of Independence, but the new idea of a “Spanish Nation” soon ran into major adversities. When Fernando VII reinstated his absolutist monarchy, most of the American colonies broke away, and a series of civil wars turned Spain into a failed state for the greater part of the 19th century. During this period, an important segment of Catalonia’s buoyant bourgeoisie tried to emulate Prussia’s role in Germany and Piedmont’s in Italy and pushed for Catalonia to become the leader of a modernization process. Catalan aspirations were, however, frustrated when in 1898 the last overseas colonies were lost and the Generación del 1898 rebooted the Spanish nation-building process – now as a European country with a clear-cut centralist and Castilian ideology behind it. Modern regional nationalism in Spain can only be understood against the background of these developments in the 19th century.

Chapter 9 Francesc Borrull and Bartomeu Ribelles: The Appeal of Medieval Valencian “Constitutionalism” in 1810...... 123 Vicent Josep Escartí, Universitat de València, Spain

In 1810, two works were printed in Valencia that defended the validity of the Valencian foral system established in our lands as a result of the conquest of James I when it was abolished since 1707, after the defeat of Almansa. These are the Discurso sobre la constitución que dio al reyno de Valencia su invicto conquistador, el señor don Jayme Primero by Francesc Xavier Borrull and the Memorias histórico-críticas de las antiguas Cortes del reyno de Valencia, a work by the Dominican friar Bartolomé Ribelles. This chapter analyzes the interests of those authors and places these works within the political context of the Spain of the moment, invaded by the Napoleonic troops.

Chapter 10 Patronage and Traditional Culture in the Early 20th Century: The Llegendari Popular Català Project...... 137 Carme Oriol, Rovira i Virgili University, Spain

In the 1920s, the industrialist and humanist Rafael Patxot i Jubert (1872-1964) promoted and sponsored four cultural patronage projects on Catalan folklore. These were the Obra del Cançoner Popular de Catalunya, the Masia Catalana, the Llegendari Popular Català, and the Refranyer català. The aim of the projects was to collect large corpora of materials to showcase the vast wealth of traditional Catalan culture. 

In this chapter, the author studies the third of these projects, the Llegendari Popular Català (a collection of folk Catalan legends), by analyzing the importance of this private initiative, the competitions held to promote the collection, and the results achieved by the project. The author also evaluate the importance of one award-winning legend collection from the first competition – that presented by the modernist architect Cèsar Martinell.

Chapter 11 Catalan Identity in the 20th Century Novel: A Sociological Study...... 150 Adolf Piquer Vidal, Jaume I University, Spain

The 20th century is definitely the consolidation of Catalan literary movements in which Catalan identity plays a fundamental role. Modernism and avant-garde movements prompted a renewal of literary genres. The Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) was a point of conflict that led to the exile of most writers in Catalan. However, they continued publishing their works in Catalan. That´s the case of La Plaça del Diamant by Mercé Rodoreda and Cròniques de la veritat oculta by Pere Calders. That process of exile came to an end between 1962 to 1975 (death of Franco). Terenci Moix, Montserrat Roig, and others belonged to a generation called “generació literària dels setanta.” Most of them were born in Spanish postwar, educated in Francoism, concerned to recover the Catalan national identity, democratic politics, and social liberation of women and gay people.

Chapter 12 A Study of References in Contemporary Collections of Valencian Folktales...... 165 Vicent Vidal, Universitat d’Alacant, Spain

The publication of folktale collections in the Valencian Country becomes especially notable from the 1980s. Many such publications are aimed at children and young readers, but some are targeted at general adult, or even specialized, audiences. Collections often include explicit references to authors and folklorists who serve as models or references to varying degrees. Sometimes comparisons are made between the plots of specific folktales, sometimes the reference is in the form of a scholarly commentary while at other times the reference serves to locate the collection within a wider literary tradition (Valencian, Catalan, European, international, etc.). The purpose of this chapter is to study these references in Valencian folktale collections after the 1980s, because not only do such references play a fundamental role in understanding and researching folktale collections, but they also make it possible to analyze the way—and the extent to which—these publications identify themselves within a particular linguistic, literary, or cultural framework.

Chapter 13 Compositionality, Pluricentricity, and Pluri-Areality in the Catalan Standardisation...... 182 Joan Costa-Carreras, Pompeu Fabra University, Spain

Current language standardization processes must face the challenge of preserving variation, as speakers are very sensitive to their language identity. In the Catalan communicative space, two official agencies are in legal charge of language standardization: the Institut d’Estudis Catalans, whose target is all Catalan speakers and which applies a monocentric “compositionality”, and the Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua, whose target is Valencian speakers only and which applies a “convergent pluricentricity.” This chapter will analyze the official texts of both academies studying how language variation is focused on applying the notions of compositionality, pluri-areality, and pluricentricity. 

Chapter 14 Who Rules the Language? Codifying Orality in a Dispersed Community...... 198 Nicolau Dols, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Spain & Institut d’Estudis Catalans, Spain

Greater attention is paid to oral language by the new prescriptive grammar of Catalan recently issued by the Institut d’Estudis Catalans, and several prescriptive or guiding texts on the same topic published by Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua have put under focus a territorial conflict on language authority and raised questions on the limits between external authority and personal competence in a field (spoken language) especially favorable for the persistence of diversity. This chapter offers a discussion on prescriptivism and standardization in contemporary Catalan, and the conflict experienced on two axes: horizontal or territorial and vertical or bottom-up/top-down options in prescriptivism.

Chapter 15 Cultural Identity and Catalan Language Planning...... 214 Xènia Escolano, University of Alicante, Spain

The aim of this chapter is to provide an overview of the current situation of Catalan as a factor that aids the construction of identity in the areas where language has a long historical presence and has been used as primary language. This introduces a qualitative variable from a sociolinguistic point of view: linguistic identity in the context of languages in contact. This chapter will focus specifically on the Spanish areas where Catalan is spoken and is an official language: Catalonia, the Balearic Islands, and the Valencian Community. It will also analyse the influence of language planning—especially carried out within the educational system—on the maintenance of Catalan language as a vehicle of communication, considering the acquisition of Catalan by Spanish speakers from the above-mentioned areas.

Chapter 16 Catalan Sociolinguistics: Between Essay and Social Science...... 228 Toni Mollà Orts, Universitat de Valencia, Spain

Humans learned to talk a thousand years ago, but our written abilities are more modern. Technological progress—from writing to digitalization—have crucially changed the way we communicate with each other. Yet, research about linguistic uses, which happens under the area of sociolinguistics, is only a modern phenomenon. In fact, the concept sociolinguistics was only coined in 1949. In the Catalan culture, the first sociolinguistic studies took the form of anti-Franco essays. It was only during the late 1960s that these essays took a sociological dimension thanks to Lluís-Vicent Aracil and Rafael-Lluís Ninyoles. Nowadays, in a context of increasing multidisciplinary approaches, Catalan sociolinguistic studies have become a hybrid field. For the discipline, the main challenge that lies ahead is how find its own perspective and how to incorporate theoretical and methodological tools without eroding the goal of sustaining a collective identity, which is the ultimate purpose that led to its foundation.

Chapter 17 Teatre Lliure, En Procés: Theatre Meets Politics...... 241 Veronica Orazi, Università degli Studi di Torino, Italy

En Procés is a project resulting from the collaboration between Lluís Pasqual and Joan Yago. They invited 11 Catalan playwrights to compose as many short plays on the facts relating to the referendum of October the 1st 2017, based on three principles: 10-minute duration, no set design, and involvement 

of up to three actors. The project reaffirms the social role of theatre and renews the model of the Teatro de urgencia, capable of recording history and immediate reality. It, however, transcends the context in which it was conceived and is projected into a global dimension, because it reflects universal social, humanitarian, and political principles. The chapter studies the techniques and strategies with which each author has interpreted and recreated the episodes that inspired him/her, emphasizing the close link between politics, society, theatre, and identity.

Chapter 18 Phraseology and Identity: Idioms and Proverbs in Catalan Culture...... 253 Vicent M. Salvador, Jaume I University, Spain

In recent decades, phraseology has ceased to be a marginal philological discipline and has become an important area in both discourse analysis (“repeated” or “prefabricated” discourse) and applied linguistics (translation and language teaching). The fact that idiomaticity is one of its most characteristic features creates an added difficulty for translators and second language learners, since knowledge of lexicon and regular grammar is not sufficient for the communicative mastery of a language and for the socialization of the speakers in the speech community concerned. This is where sociolinguistics comes into play: the (passive and active) use of phraseological units (PU) or phrasemes becomes a relevant sociolinguistic factor as an index of collective identity in Peirce’s terms and as an indicator, a marker, or a stereotype, according to Labov. Furthermore, the conservation of repertories of PU throughout history, and especially proverbs and other expressive formulas, is a symbol of the linguistic and cultural personality of the Catalan language community.

Compilation of References...... 263

About the Contributors...... 293

Index...... 298