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Investigations of Pasteuria and the Root-Lesion Nematode Pratylenchus Penetrans in Soils Collected from Certified Organic Farms in the Mid-Atlantic United States

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Investigations of Pasteuria and the Root-Lesion Nematode Pratylenchus Penetrans in Soils Collected from Certified Organic Farms in the Mid-Atlantic United States Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports 2015 Investigations of Pasteuria and the Root-Lesion Nematode Pratylenchus penetrans in Soils Collected from Certified Organic Farms in the Mid-Atlantic United States Tiara Nicole King Follow this and additional works at: https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd Recommended Citation King, Tiara Nicole, "Investigations of Pasteuria and the Root-Lesion Nematode Pratylenchus penetrans in Soils Collected from Certified Organic Farms in the Mid-Atlantic United States" (2015). Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports. 5981. https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd/5981 This Thesis is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by the The Research Repository @ WVU with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Thesis in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you must obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/ or on the work itself. This Thesis has been accepted for inclusion in WVU Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports collection by an authorized administrator of The Research Repository @ WVU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Investigations of Pasteuria and the Root-Lesion Nematode Pratylenchus penetrans in Soils Collected from Certified Organic Farms in the Mid-Atlantic United States Tiara Nicole King Thesis submitted to the Davis College of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Design at West Virginia University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Plant and Soil Science with an emphasis in Plant Pathology James B. Kotcon, Ph.D., Chair Louis M. McDonald, Ph.D. Joseph B. Morton, Ph.D. Alan J. Sexstone, Ph.D. Division of Plant and Soil Sciences Morgantown, West Virginia 2015 Keywords: bacterial parasite, biological control, certified organic, green bean, Mid-Atlantic, organic agriculture, organic farm survey, Pasteuria, Phaseolus vulgaris, plant-parasitic nematode, Pratylenchus, root lesion nematode, soil suppression Copyright 2015 Tiara Nicole King ABSTRACT Investigations of Pasteuria and the Root-Lesion Nematode Pratylenchus penetrans in Soils Collected from Certified Organic Farms in the Mid-Atlantic United States Tiara Nicole King Occurrence of lesion nematodes and Pasteuria, an obligate bacterial parasite, was surveyed in 34 soils collected from certified organic farms in the Mid-Atlantic United States. Pasteuria endospores were observed on Pratylenchus crenatus in six of 22 soils. Population density of Pratylenchus in soils lacking signs of Pasteuria correlated positively with soil pH, cation exchange capacity, and concentration of phosphorus pentoxide and calcium. Pasteuria was detected on Pratylenchus in nematode suppressive soils at the West Virginia University Organic Research Farm. Interactions between Pasteuria and Pratylenchus penetrans were studied in two laboratory bench-top experiments. Soil treatment effects on reproduction of Pratylenchus penetrans on green bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) cv. Jade in soils with Pasteuria were compared. Sterile and non-sterile Organic Research Farm soil treatments were planted with Phaseolus vulgaris cv. Jade and three of four treatments were inoculated with Pratylenchus penetrans. Mean population densities of Pratylenchus were significantly different among soil treatments (P > 0.0001) and Pasteuria endospores were observed on Pratylenchus crenatus from a control treatment. Twelve soils from the survey samples, six with and six without Pasteuria endospores detected on lesion nematodes, were used to compare eight soil treatment combinations in three randomized blocks. Treatment combinations consisted of soil type, time of harvest, presence of Pasteuria, and lesion nematode inoculation. Populations of Pratylenchus penetrans decreased in both Pasteuria soil treatments (P > 0.03). Population densities of Pratylenchus were not significantly different among soils with and without Pasteuria at the two-week harvest period (P > 0.17). At the 8-week harvest, lesion nematode population densities were significantly lower in soils with Pasteuria than in soils without Pasteuria (P = 0.09). Results suggest that reproduction of Pratylenchus penetrans on Phaseolus vulgaris cv. Jade is lower in soils with Pasteuria detected on lesion nematodes than in soils without Pasteuria detected on Pratylenchus. Dedication This work is dedicated to the memory of several family members, and especially to my dear friend Meredith Ann Thompson of Annandale, Virginia. Meredith was a fellow scientist, environmentalist, and nature aficionado. She would have been proud of this work and the lessons I learned. To my grandparents, John Robert King and Lois Virginia Woods King of Marion, Virginia, who brought unconditional love and patience to our family’s table. To my great- grandmothers, Nannie Mae Reeves King, who modeled happiness as a choice, and Louise Virginia Thomas Woods, who taught me how to give loving hugs and pick a good switch off of a Forsythia bush. To my brother and sister, Mikal Wayne Deel, who made everyone near him feel loved, and Aimee Michelle Fisher, who was always an angel. This work is also dedicated to all of my TIRELESS cheerleaders: family, friends, and colleagues; and especially to CE who showed me compassion, patience, and grace. To my siblings, Tiffany Leigh King-Hash, Robb Fisher, and Jenny Workman-Fisher. To my father, Michael Joseph Barrett, who teaches me to be kind and to value others based on their character. Most of all, this work is dedicated to my mother, Tonda Gail King-Barrett, for teaching me to be independent and introspective, and for being the greatest advocate of my efforts to live my dreams with passion and tenacity. iii Acknowledgments Financial support for this research was provided by the Organic Farming Research Foundation; The West Virginia University Davis College of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Design; and the USDA Hatch project NE-1040. Cultures of Pratylenchus penetrans were generously provided by the Nematology Laboratory at USDA-ARS Beltsville, MD. Soil analyses were conducted by the WVU Soil Chemistry Research Laboratory and the WVU Soil Testing Laboratory. I pay deepest gratitude to my graduate advisor, Dr. James B. Kotcon, for his assistance, guidance and endless patience throughout this endeavor. His fervor and respect for science are unmatched and he has an unwavering ability to be positive and supportive at all times. I sincerely appreciate the guidance, support, and feedback provided by my advisory committee members: Dr. Louis McDonald, Dr. Joseph Morton, and Dr. Alan Sexstone. Based on their unique areas of expertise, their recommendations provided me with a stronger foundation and a broader perspective for this research. This work could not have been completed without the help of Joshua S. LaValle, Caroline A. Copenhaver, Angel Sampson, Evan Anderson, and Michelle Apolaro, all of whom reviewed sections of this report. Special thanks to Joshua and Caroline for their assistance with organizing the survey of organic farm soils, collecting and processing soil samples, and harvesting experiments. I am thankful for the farm managers and growers who kindly participated in the survey of certified organic farms. It was a pleasure visiting your farms and getting to know you. Additionally, I would like to thank and recognize the following individuals: Dr. Barton Baker for granting a teaching assistantship and extended funding during my tenure at WVU. Drs. iv Gary K. Bissonnette and Barton Baker for funding to attend a Nematode-Bacteria Symbioses Workshop hosted by the University of Arizona. Dr. Daniel Panaccione for his support in preparation for seminar presentations and for inspiring my lifelong adoration of Mycology. Dr. William Bryan for his guidance during my teaching assistantship and many hours of engaging dialogue. Drs. Gary K. Bissonnette, William MacDonald, Mannon Gallegly, and Yong-Lak Park for enlightenment and entertainment during pastime conversations. I am also grateful to every member of the WVU faculty and staff for all they do to provide a positive and memorable experience for every student. Finally, I would like to say thank you to every person who remained patient and supportive of me during this project. v Table of Contents Page Abstract ....................................................................................................................................... ii Dedication .................................................................................................................................. iii Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................... iv Table of Contents ....................................................................................................................... vi List of Figures .......................................................................................................................... viii List of Tables ............................................................................................................................. ix 1.0 Introduction ...........................................................................................................................1 2.0 Literature Review ..................................................................................................................2
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