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Chapter 5. Between Gleichschaltung and Revolution
Chapter 5 BETWEEN GLEICHSCHALTUNG AND REVOLUTION In the summer of 1935, as part of the Germany-wide “Reich Athletic Com- petition,” citizens in the state of Schleswig-Holstein witnessed the following spectacle: On the fi rst Sunday of August propaganda performances and maneuvers took place in a number of cities. Th ey are supposed to reawaken the old mood of the “time of struggle.” In Kiel, SA men drove through the streets in trucks bearing … inscriptions against the Jews … and the Reaction. One [truck] carried a straw puppet hanging on a gallows, accompanied by a placard with the motto: “Th e gallows for Jews and the Reaction, wherever you hide we’ll soon fi nd you.”607 Other trucks bore slogans such as “Whether black or red, death to all enemies,” and “We are fi ghting against Jewry and Rome.”608 Bizarre tableau were enacted in the streets of towns around Germany. “In Schmiedeberg (in Silesia),” reported informants of the Social Democratic exile organization, the Sopade, “something completely out of the ordinary was presented on Sunday, 18 August.” A no- tice appeared in the town paper a week earlier with the announcement: “Reich competition of the SA. On Sunday at 11 a.m. in front of the Rathaus, Sturm 4 R 48 Schmiedeberg passes judgment on a criminal against the state.” On the appointed day, a large crowd gathered to watch the spectacle. Th e Sopade agent gave the setup: “A Nazi newspaper seller has been attacked by a Marxist mob. In the ensuing melee, the Marxists set up a barricade. -
ETE Road Map
ETE Road Map According to Chapter IV and V of the “Conclusions of the Melk Process and Follow-Up” Item 6 Site Seismicity Preliminary Monitoring Report Report to the Federal Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, Environment and Water Management of Austria Vienna, August 2004 Project Coordination Katja Lamprecht (Umweltbundesamt – Federal Environment Agency Ltd. – Austria) Layout Manuela Kaitna/Claudia Kubelka (Umweltbundesamt – Federal Environment Agency Ltd. – Austria) Technical Project Management Helmut Wenzel (VCE Holding GmbH – Vienna, Austria) Wolfgang Kromp (Institute of Risk Research – University of Vienna, Austria) Contributions by Kurt Decker (Institute of Geology – University of Vienna, Austria) Ralph Hinsch (Institute of Geology – University of Vienna, Austria) Helmut Hirsch (Working Group CERVUS – Germany) Gerhard Jentzsch (Working Group CERVUS, Institute of Applied Geophysics – University of Jena, Germany) Franz Kohlbeck (Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics – Vienna University of Technology, Austria) Roman Lahodynsky (Institute of Risk Research – University of Vienna, Austria) Mustapha Meghraoui (Ecole et Observatoire des Sciences de la Terre (EOST) – Strasbourg, France) Roger M.W. Musson (British Geological Survey – Edinburgh, UK) Barbara Theilen-Willige (Büro für Angewandte Geowissenschaftliche Fernerkundung (BAGF) – Stockach, Germany) The present report is financed by the Federal Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, Environment and Water Management of Austria. Masthead Editor: Federal Environment Agency Ltd. Spittelauer Lände 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria In-house reproduction © Federal Environment Agency Ltd., Vienna, August 2004 All rights reserved ISBN 3-85457-744-3 Note to the Reader The report is published on the Temelín homepage provided by the Federal Environment Agency at http://www.umweltbundesamt.at. Should you encounter technical problems, please do not hesitate to contact mailto: [email protected]. -
Hitler's Personal Security: Gaps and Contradictions by Peter Hoffman*
Summer 1984 Hitler's Personal Security: Gaps and Contradictions by Peter Hoffman* INTRODUCTION The world, certainly Europe, would look very different if in No vember 1938 the Führer and Reich Chancellor of Nazi Germany had been killed. Perhaps people would have regarded him as a "Great German," as a noted colleague has speculated; more important, the suffering, destruction and division resulting from the Second World War might have been avoided. It is well known that attempts to as sassinate Hitler were made repeatedly, though it is probably less well known how many such attacks there were. At last count, no fewer than fourteen individuals made at least thirty separate, documented attempts to murder Hitler during the years 1933 to 1945. In the light of so much anti-Hitler energy, it seems reasonable and interesting to look at the circumstances in which Hitler survived all this hostility for so long. The author's interest in those circumstances grew out of a study of anti-Hitler activities, of the German Resistance and their efforts to do away with the Dictator. It soon became clear that the problems of Hitler's personal protection went far beyond those with which modern leaders ordinarily have to live, and that they had far greater implications, for they affected the lives of literally millions of people. The obvious question was how Hitler survived the many attempts on his life. There were conflicting claims as to how easy or difficult it was for a would-be assassin to get close enough to Hitler for a chance to kill him. -
Shirt Movements in Interwar Europe: a Totalitarian Fashion
Ler História | 72 | 2018 | pp. 151-173 SHIRT MOVEMENTS IN INTERWAR EUROPE: A TOTALITARIAN FASHION Juan Francisco Fuentes 151 Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain [email protected] The article deals with a typical phenomenon of the interwar period: the proliferation of socio-political movements expressing their “mood” and identity via a paramilitary uniform mainly composed of a coloured shirt. The analysis of 34 European shirt movements reveals some common features in terms of colour, ideology and chronology. Most of them were consistent with the logic and imagery of interwar totalitarianisms, which emerged as an alleged alternative to the decaying bourgeois society and its main political creation: the Parliamentary system. Unlike liBeral pluralism and its institutional expression, shirt move- ments embody the idea of a homogeneous community, based on a racial, social or cultural identity, and defend the streets, not the Ballot Boxes, as a new source of legitimacy. They perfectly mirror the overwhelming presence of the “brutalization of politics” (Mosse) and “senso-propaganda” (Chakhotin) in interwar Europe. Keywords: fascism, Nazism, totalitarianism, shirt movements, interwar period. Resumo (PT) no final do artigo. Résumé (FR) en fin d’article. “Of all items of clothing, shirts are the most important from a politi- cal point of view”, Eugenio Xammar, Berlin correspondent of the Spanish newspaper Ahora, wrote in 1932 (2005b, 74). The ability of the body and clothing to sublimate, to conceal or to express the intentions of a political actor was by no means a discovery of interwar totalitarianisms. Antoine de Baecque studied the political dimension of the body as metaphor in eighteenth-century France, paying special attention to the three specific func- tions that it played in the transition from the Ancien Régime to revolutionary France: embodying the state, narrating history and peopling ceremonies. -
The Kpd and the Nsdap: a Sttjdy of the Relationship Between Political Extremes in Weimar Germany, 1923-1933 by Davis William
THE KPD AND THE NSDAP: A STTJDY OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN POLITICAL EXTREMES IN WEIMAR GERMANY, 1923-1933 BY DAVIS WILLIAM DAYCOCK A thesis submitted for the degree of Ph.D. The London School of Economics and Political Science, University of London 1980 1 ABSTRACT The German Communist Party's response to the rise of the Nazis was conditioned by its complicated political environment which included the influence of Soviet foreign policy requirements, the party's Marxist-Leninist outlook, its organizational structure and the democratic society of Weimar. Relying on the Communist press and theoretical journals, documentary collections drawn from several German archives, as well as interview material, and Nazi, Communist opposition and Social Democratic sources, this study traces the development of the KPD's tactical orientation towards the Nazis for the period 1923-1933. In so doing it complements the existing literature both by its extension of the chronological scope of enquiry and by its attention to the tactical requirements of the relationship as viewed from the perspective of the KPD. It concludes that for the whole of the period, KPD tactics were ambiguous and reflected the tensions between the various competing factors which shaped the party's policies. 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE abbreviations 4 INTRODUCTION 7 CHAPTER I THE CONSTRAINTS ON CONFLICT 24 CHAPTER II 1923: THE FORMATIVE YEAR 67 CHAPTER III VARIATIONS ON THE SCHLAGETER THEME: THE CONTINUITIES IN COMMUNIST POLICY 1924-1928 124 CHAPTER IV COMMUNIST TACTICS AND THE NAZI ADVANCE, 1928-1932: THE RESPONSE TO NEW THREATS 166 CHAPTER V COMMUNIST TACTICS, 1928-1932: THE RESPONSE TO NEW OPPORTUNITIES 223 CHAPTER VI FLUCTUATIONS IN COMMUNIST TACTICS DURING 1932: DOUBTS IN THE ELEVENTH HOUR 273 CONCLUSIONS 307 APPENDIX I VOTING ALIGNMENTS IN THE REICHSTAG 1924-1932 333 APPENDIX II INTERVIEWS 335 BIBLIOGRAPHY 341 4 ABBREVIATIONS 1. -
German Communists
= ~•••••••••• B•••••••~•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• a• •= :• COMING PUBLICATIONS: •= =• / ~ • .= "ABOUT BELGIUM" by Camille Huysrnans. ; "THE FLAMING BORDER" by Czeslaw Poznanski. "GERMAN CONSERVATIVES" by Curt Geyer. "THE ROAD TO MUNICH" by Dr. Jan Opocenski. "THE WOLF AS A NEIGHBOUR" by M. van Blankenstein. NEW SERIES: THE FUTURE OF EUROPE AND THE WO~LD "GERMANY AT PEACE" by Walter Loeb. "FRENCH SECURITY AND GERMANY" . by Edmond Vermeil. "PROGRESS TO WORLD PEACE" by K. F. Bieligk. - HUTCHINSON & CO. (Publishers), LTD. ••••m•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••2. "FIGHT FOR FREEDOM" Editorial Board LUIS ARAQUISTAIN CAM!LLE HUYSMANS JOSEF BELINA PROFESSOR A. PRAGIER JOHN BROWN M. SLUYSER CURT GEYER RENNIE SMITH W . W. HENDERSON MARY E. SUTHERLAND,7 j.P. GERMAN COMMUNISTS by ./ SPARTAKUS Foreword by ALFRED M. WALL Translated from the German by. E. Fitzgerald TO THE MEMORY OF ROSA LUXEMBURG KARL LIEBKNECHT PAUL- LEVI - SPARTAKUS has lived in Germany all. his life andIeft shortly after Hitler came.,.10 power. ' From his youth he has worked in the German Labour Movements-Socialist and Communist. He was one of the early "Spartakists" in the last war and he is still . today . a devoted fighter against German aggression and 'nationalism from whatever source it may spring. CONTENTS PAGE . FOREWORD 4 PART l THE SPARTACUS LEAGUE 1914-1918 7 PART II THE COMMUNIST PARTY 1919-1933 22 THE PARTY AND THE VERSAILLES TREATY 22 THE KAPP "PUTSCH" 28 THE UNITED COMMUNIST PARTY OF GERMANY 30 THE W..ARCH ACTION . 34 THE NATIONALISTIC LINE . ..... .. ' 36 THE RAPALLO TREATY' 38 THE OCCUPATION OF THE RUHR 39 SCHLAGETER 42 CORRUPTION 45 THE UNSUCCESSFUL RISING OF 1923 46 THE DECLINE OF THE GERMAN COMMUNIST PARTY 48 GERMAN MILITARY EXPENDITURE 53 "THE HORNY-HANDED SON OF TOIL". -
Cr^Ltxj
THE NAZI BLOOD PURGE OF 1934 APPRCWBD": \r H M^jor Professor 7 lOLi Minor Professor •n p-Kairman of the DeparCTieflat. of History / cr^LtxJ~<2^ Dean oiTKe Graduate School IV Burkholder, Vaughn, The Nazi Blood Purge of 1934. Master of Arts, History, August, 1972, 147 pp., appendix, bibliography, 160 titles. This thesis deals with the problem of determining the reasons behind the purge conducted by various high officials in the Nazi regime on June 30-July 2, 1934. Adolf Hitler, Hermann Goring, SS leader Heinrich Himmler, and others used the purge to eliminate a sizable and influential segment of the SA leadership, under the pretext that this group was planning a coup against the Hitler regime. Also eliminated during the purge were sundry political opponents and personal rivals. Therefore, to explain Hitler's actions, one must determine whether or not there was a planned putsch against him at that time. Although party and official government documents relating to the purge were ordered destroyed by Hermann GcTring, certain materials in this category were used. Especially helpful were the Nuremberg trial records; Documents on British Foreign Policy, 1919-1939; Documents on German Foreign Policy, 1918-1945; and Foreign Relations of the United States, Diplomatic Papers, 1934. Also, first-hand accounts, contem- porary reports and essays, and analytical reports of a /1J-14 secondary nature were used in researching this topic. Many memoirs, written by people in a position to observe these events, were used as well as the reports of the American, British, and French ambassadors in the German capital. -
Buddhism from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia Jump To: Navigation, Search
Buddhism From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search A statue of Gautama Buddha in Bodhgaya, India. Bodhgaya is traditionally considered the place of his awakening[1] Part of a series on Buddhism Outline · Portal History Timeline · Councils Gautama Buddha Disciples Later Buddhists Dharma or Concepts Four Noble Truths Dependent Origination Impermanence Suffering · Middle Way Non-self · Emptiness Five Aggregates Karma · Rebirth Samsara · Cosmology Practices Three Jewels Precepts · Perfections Meditation · Wisdom Noble Eightfold Path Wings to Awakening Monasticism · Laity Nirvāṇa Four Stages · Arhat Buddha · Bodhisattva Schools · Canons Theravāda · Pali Mahāyāna · Chinese Vajrayāna · Tibetan Countries and Regions Related topics Comparative studies Cultural elements Criticism v • d • e Buddhism (Pali/Sanskrit: बौद धमर Buddh Dharma) is a religion and philosophy encompassing a variety of traditions, beliefs and practices, largely based on teachings attributed to Siddhartha Gautama, commonly known as the Buddha (Pāli/Sanskrit "the awakened one"). The Buddha lived and taught in the northeastern Indian subcontinent some time between the 6th and 4th centuries BCE.[2] He is recognized by adherents as an awakened teacher who shared his insights to help sentient beings end suffering (or dukkha), achieve nirvana, and escape what is seen as a cycle of suffering and rebirth. Two major branches of Buddhism are recognized: Theravada ("The School of the Elders") and Mahayana ("The Great Vehicle"). Theravada—the oldest surviving branch—has a widespread following in Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia, and Mahayana is found throughout East Asia and includes the traditions of Pure Land, Zen, Nichiren Buddhism, Tibetan Buddhism, Shingon, Tendai and Shinnyo-en. In some classifications Vajrayana, a subcategory of Mahayana, is recognized as a third branch. -
The Fourth Reich Gavriel D. Rosenfeld Index More Information
Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-49749-7 — The Fourth Reich Gavriel D. Rosenfeld Index More Information INDEX Achenbach, Ernst, 126–127, 329, 331 Baldwin, James, 15, 182, 186, Adenauer, Konrad, 6, 12, 100–101, 344–345, 388 107–108, 116, 121–122, 124, 128, Barbie, Klaus, 83–85, 87, 146, 299, 130–132, 135–156, 160–161, 164, 318–319, 372, 374, 382, 384, 386 168–169, 175, 201–204, 209, 250, Benford, Timothy B., 219, 228, 352, 299, 302, 323–324, 326–340, 373, 354, 372 376, 380, 387 Berlin Express, 94–96, 321 African-Americans Berlusconi, Silvio, 280 racism against, 171–172, 179, Bernhard, Georg, 19–20, 34–36, 303, 181–182, 185, 231 306–308, 372, 385, 390 Allen, Charles, 166–167 Best, Werner, 127, 329, 332–334, 354, alt-right, 4 367, 378 American Nazi Party (ANP), 17, Biddiscombe, Perry, 65, 72, 75, 87, 179–180, 196, 207, 293, 344, 388 313–316, 318–320, 372 Andreas-Friedrich, Ruth, 44–45, Black Front, 39–42, 103, 307, 322, 386 309, 371 Black nationalists, 179, 185 antisemitism, 38, 116, 153, 158–159, Book of Daniel, 28–30, 299, 305–306, 162, 169, 171, 179, 181, 238, 324, 345–347, 350, 381, 383, 386, 265–266, 307 388, 390 Apocalypse Watch, 271–273, 365 Bormann, Martin, 67, 77, 82, 123, Argentina, 48, 159, 191, 193–196, 192–194, 196–199, 209, 216–217, 199–203, 210, 217, 244, 220–222, 224, 230, 271, 348–349, 290–291, 346–350, 372, 374, 351, 353–354, 375, 383, 388 379 Bormann Receipt, The, 235 Axmann Agenda, The, 214 Boys from Brazil, The, 15, 217–218, Axmann, Artur, 16, 67, 76–79, 83, 123, 229–230, 232–233, 235, 238, 289, 125, 221, 230, 299, 316–317, 352, 381, See Levin, Ira 352–353, 385, 388 Brandenburg, 271–273, 364–365 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-49749-7 — The Fourth Reich Gavriel D. -
Paginae Historiae
PAGINAE HISTORIAE SBORNÍK STÁTNÍHO ÚSTØEDNÍHO ARCHIVU V PRAZE 1 10 © Státní ústøední archiv v Praze 2002 ISBN 80-85475-92-8 ISSN 1211-9768 2 OBSAH POKUS O REKONSTRUKCI KATALOGU ORDINACÍ PRAKÉ STAVOVSKÉ EVANGELICKÉ KONSISTOØE V LETECH 16091619 (Karel Beránek).....................................................5 Zusammenfassung Ein Versuch um die Wiederherstellung der Namensliste der Priesterweihungen des Prager ständischen evangelischen Konsistoriums aus den Jahren 16091619 .........................................................................39 SNAHY O ZALOENÍ PIARISTICKÉ KOLEJE V PRAZE V 17. A V 1. POLOVINÌ 18. STOLETÍ (Václav Bartùek)..........................40 Zusammenfassung Die Bestrebungen um die Gründung des Piaristencolleges in Prag im 17. und in der 1. Hälfte des 18. Jahrhunderts............................70 NARODNI SVET V LJUBLJANE 1918 (NÁRODNÍ VÝBOR V LUBLANI 1918) A PROBLEMATIKA BUDOVÁNÍ NOVÝCH STÁTNÍCH STRUKTUR NA ÚZEMÍ DNENÍHO SLOVINSKA V OBDOBÍ ØÍJEN PROSINEC 1918 (Jan Krlín) .................................72 Zusammenfassung Nationalausschuss in Leibach und die Problematik des Aufbaus der neuen staatlichen Struktur auf dem Gebiet des heutigen Slowenien in der Zeit vom Oktober bis Dezember 1918.............................................................107 JALTA: DÌLENÍ SVÌTA NEBO LEGENDA? Z ÈESKOSLO- VENSKÉHO ZORNÉHO ÚHLU (Ivan Pfaff) .........................................108 Zusammenfassung Jalta: Die Weltteilung oder eine Legende?...................................................152 RUSKÉ ZAHRANIÈNÍ -
Modernism Without Jews? German-Jewish Subjects and Histories 1St Edition Pdf, Epub, Ebook
MODERNISM WITHOUT JEWS? GERMAN-JEWISH SUBJECTS AND HISTORIES 1ST EDITION PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Scott Spector | 9780253026279 | | | | | Modernism Without Jews? German-Jewish Subjects and Histories 1st edition PDF Book In the Free City of Frankfurt , only 12 Jewish couples were allowed to marry each year, and the , gulden the city's Jewish community had paid in for its emancipation was forfeited. In , Jews were banned from all professional jobs, effectively preventing them from participating in education, politics, higher education and industry. These truths he regarded as fixed and determinate, and philosophy was used as an aid to truth , and a means of arriving at it. The language of the book and its whole content show that it is the work of someone who lacked command of either literary language or good style, and in many passages it contains words which are out and out heresy. When the Great Depression hit in , it surged again as Adolf Hitler and his Nazi party promoted a virulent strain. A special officer, the Judenmeister , was appointed by the government to protect Jewish privileges. Dorff of American Jewish University [49] also see themselves in the rationalist tradition, as does David Novak of the University of Toronto. Avraham son of Rambam , continued fighting for his father's beliefs in the East; desecration of Maimonides' tomb, at Tiberias by Jews, was a profound shock to Jews throughout the Diaspora and caused all to pause and reflect upon what was being done to the fabric of Jewish culture. You cannot strike them dead. The end of the Cold War contributed to a growth of the Jewish community of Germany. -
The Prisoner of Ottawa: Otto Strasser
THE PRISONER OF OTTAWA: OTTO STRASSER by Douglas Reed published: 1953 * this PDF prepared by www.douglasreed.co.uk * I am taken captive, and I know not by whom, but I am taken. SENECA If you wish to be someone, dare to do something worthy of banishment and imprisonment. JUVENAL CONTENTS Exordium * Part One 1897 – 1918 01 Fin De Siècle 02 … Father Of The Man 03 To The Wars, My Boy …! Part Two 1918 – 1933 01 Withered Garland 02 In Search Of Socialism 03 To Gain Or Lose … 04 Solidarism 05 The Iceberg Theory Part Three 1933 – 1945 01 Into Exile 02 … For Him That Goeth Away 03 An Epic Of Defiance 04 Fight In France 05 A Peece Of The Continent … 06 Whence All But He … 07 Sauvez Vous 08 Die Nuernberger Haengen Keinen 09 Europe The Lesse … 10 Oasis, With Wells 11 The Last Frontier? 12 Slings And Arrows Part Four 1945 – 1953 Cat And Mouse * Peroration Appendix Footnote Postscript (and Addendum) EXORDIUM Early in 1940 I sat at a Devonshire window that overlooked the English Channel and wrote a book about a German, Otto Strasser. I had for many years written against time, so that the waiting presses might have their daily record of violent historic events that consummated themselves around me, and once more I felt in me the familiar urgent need to complete my story (this time a book) before an invasion prevented me (I had finished two others, Insanity Fair in 1938 and Disgrace Abounding in 1939, just ahead of such armed incursions). Thus I scanned sea and sky, between writing lines and chapters, for the oncoming shapes of German ships or aircraft.