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Advances in Engineering Research, volume 151 Rare SpeciesInternational Conference of on InulaSmart Solutions Lfor Agriculture. Genus (Agro-SMART and 2018) Their Protection in Central Caucasus Tamakhina A.Ya. Gadieva A. A. Department of Commodity, tourism and law Department of Gardening and Forestry Kabardino-Balkaria State Agrarian University Kabardino-Balkaria State Agrarian University Nalchik, Russia Nalchik, Russia e-mail: [email protected] Tiev R. A. Shibzukhov Z.-G.S. Department of Technology of production and Department of Gardening and Forestry processing of agricultural products Kabardino-Balkaria State Agrarian University Kabardino-Balkaria State Agrarian University Nalchik, Russia Nalchik, Russia e-mail: [email protected] Kantsalieva Z. L. Department of Commodity, tourism and law Kabardino-Balkaria State Agrarian University Nalchik, Russia e-mail: [email protected] Abstract - The article presents the results of studies of Among the species of Inula, which grow in the North diversity of species and condition of cenopopulations of Inula L. Caucasus, britannica and germanica species are of particular species in ecotopes of the Central Caucasus on the example of interest. These species are used for various purposes, such as Kabardino-Balkaria republic. Inula L. genus is represented by medicine, food industry, feed production, beekeeping, Inula helenium L., I. orientalis L., I. magnifica Lipsky, I. ornamental plant growing. [4]. The goal of this study is to grandiflora Willd., I. britannica L., I. ensifolia L., I. germanica evaluate diversity of Inula L. species and estimate the L., I. aspera Poir., I. conyza DC., designated to various conditions of cenopopulations of Britannica and germanica altitudinal belts. The results of the analysis of I. britannica и I. species in ecotopes of the Central Caucasus on the example of Germanica cenopopulations are indicative of the necessary Kabardino-Balkaria republic. activities to protect and reproduce the species by: restricting cattle grazing, establishing a seed bank for complementary seeding in damaged plant associations, creating conditions for II. METHODS AND MATERIALS vegetative and seed reproduction, building reserve populations. We used the materials of natural observations and expeditions in Kabardino-Balkaria republic in 2014-2017 to Keywords- Inula britannica L., Inula germanica L., phytocenosis, cenopopulation, areal, ontogenetic spectrum, vitality. study diversity of species and phytocenotic environment of the species of Inula L. genus. Condition of I. britannica и I. Germanica cenopopulations was evaluated. Censuring of I. INTRODUCTION quantity and age structures was performed using transects 1m One of the objectives of vegetative studies is evaluation of wide and 10 m long; transects were divided into square areas condition of rare and endangered cenopopulations, as well as by 1m2; 20-30 areas for each habitat. A censuring unit for species that are typical for a certain territory and are of cenopopulation’s evaluation was a specimen of generative resource and economic value. Representatives of Inula L. ontogenetic state, for which we measured several genus are such species for Kabardino-Balkaria republic. morphometric parameters (sprout height, number of leaves, Previous studies of species diversity and condition of length and width of middle canopy leaves, anthode diameter, cenopopulations of Inula were performed sporadically, mostly number of seeds in one anthode, number of semiflorets in one in a form of mentioning in botanical references and anthode). For our evaluation, we used the vitality index identifications. [1-3]. In view of current increasing (IVC), age index (Iв), index of reproduction(Δ) and anthropogenic impact (ploughing, pasture degradation, effectiveness (ω) [5-7]. The type of cenopopulation was recreational impact), areals of many species are narrowing and identified by the “delta-omega” classification[7]. Statistical becoming focal. Hence, investigation of diversity and analysis included correlation index(r), calculation of variation cenopopulation of Inula L. species is relevant in order to (CV) and minimum significant difference at 5% significance develop activities on rational use, protection and reproduction. value (НСР05) [8]. Copyright © 2018, the Authors. Published by Atlantis Press. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/). 946 Advances in Engineering Research, volume 151 III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION where Botriochloa ischaemum L. is dominant. Graminaceous According to our botanical research, 9 species of Inula plants are subdominant: (Bromopsis riparia (Rehmann) Holub, were identified on the territory of the republic. Horse-heal Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers., Elytrigia repens (L.) Desv. ex (Inula helenium L.) can be found in all areas of the republic, Nevski). The following legumes are represented in the except the highlands. The largest root harvest is typical for phytocenosis: Trifolium repens L., T. pratense L., Medicago sub-mountain areas and highest belts of mountain areas (520- lupulina L., Lotus corniculatus L. Mized herbs are as follows: 1600 m A. S. L). Exploitable volume of roots for this species Achillea millefolium L., Origanum vulgare L., Cichorium is approximately 60 t, and it is possible to harvest intybus L., Salvia verticillata L., Plantago lanceolata L., P. media L., Galium verum L., Ligusticum scoticum L., approximately 10 t per year. Inula orientalis L. is represented in the flora of alpine and subalpine meadows (1500-3100 m A. Convolvulus arvensis L., Onopordum acanthium L., Thymus S. L.) The largest root harvest of this species is typical for marschallianus Willd. mountain area. Exploitable volume of roots for this species is In the phytocenoses of mountain steppe meadows (Cherek, over 4 t, whereas it is possible to harvest around 1 t.[9]. Inula Chegem and Baksan gorges at an altitude of 900–1400 m A. S. magnifica Lipsky is endemic to Caucasus and can be found L.) Inula britannica L. can be found in mountainous beard- only at subalpine belt of the republic (1250–2100 m A. S. L.) grass steppes. The following species are subdominant in Inula grandiflora Willd is endemic to Caucasus and grows on phytocenoses: Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers., Festuca valesiaca alpine and subalpine meadows up to 3000 m A. S. L. Inula Gaudin, Setaria pumila (Poir.) Schult., Koeleria gracilis Pers., britannica L. grows in all areas, except the highlands. Areal of Stipa capillata L., S. lessingiana Trin.&Rupr., Bromopsis Inula. ensifolia L. covers the steppe area of the republic, as riparia (Rehmann) Holub, B. inermis (Leyss.) Holub, Bromus well as the Upper-Balkar arid basin (500–1200 m A. S. L.). arvensis L., Elytrigia repens (L.) Desv. ex Nevski, Eragrostis Inula germanica L. can often be found in plant associations of minor Host, Agropyron fragile (Roth) P. Candargy, the steppe area and arid basins. Inula aspera Poir is widespread Agropyron desertorum (Fisch. ex Link) Schult. The following in the areas from the lowlands to medium altitude (1200–1800 legumes are identified: Trifolium pratense L., Medicago m A. S. L.). Rocky patches (2000-2400 m A. S. L.) host Inula falcata L., M. lupulina L., Lotus caucasicus Kuprian. ex Juz., conyza DC. The majority of Inula species in the republic are Melilotus officinalis (L.) Pall. Herbage is represented by such of rare or sparse occurrence. species as: Cichorium intybus L., Achillea millefolium L., A. Inula britannica grows on the most part of the territory of nobilis L., Ligusticum scoticum L., Origanum vulgare L., the republic within the altitudes 400-1800 m A. S. L. in plant Leontodon autumnalis L., Euphorbia boissieriana (Woronow) associations of sub-mountain and mountain meadow steppes, Prokh., Tragopogon graminifolius DC., Artemisia austriaca steppificated meadows and riverside meadows. Inula Jacq., Verbascum phoeniceum L., Astragalus onobrychis L. britannica cenopopulations are found in the foothill steppes at Beautiful Stipa pulcherrima C. Koch is dominant in the an altitude of 400-600 m A. S. L. (flatlands and moderate herbage of forb-feather meadow steppes (west of the Baksan slopes of the Cretaceous ridge) in humid floodplains of the river), whereas graminaceous plants are subdominant Malka, Baksan, Cherek, Chegem rivers, in the roadside, near (Koeleria gracilis Pers., Bromopsis riparia (Rehmann) Holub, canals and settlements. Phleum phleoides (L.) H. Karst., Festuca pratensis Huds., F. Hydrophytes and mesohydrophytes, that can tolerate long- valesiaca Gaudin, Carex humilis Leyss.). Legumes are term flooding with melt water, are found in the herbage of the represented by Trifolium hybridum L., T. pratense L., T. riverside meadows (floodplains of mountain rivers within the ambiguum M. Bieb., Medicago falcata L., Lotus caucasicus forest and partly steppe belts), as well as xerophytic species Kuprian. ex Juz., Onobrychis biebersteinii Sirj. The most that successfully grow on pebble and shallow undeveloped abundant among herbage are Ranunculus caucasicus M. Bieb., soils. The species composition of the forb-grass formations of Salvia verticillata L., Filipendula vulgaris Moench, Galium the river meadows is unstable. Graminaceous plants are often verum L., Geranium sanguineum L., Achillea millefolium L., dominant (Agrostis graniticola Klokov, A. stolonifera L., Origanum vulgare L., Plantago media L. Calamagrostis epigeios (L.) Roth, С. pseudophragmites In phytocenoses of upland steppificated meadows (Zolskiy (Haller f.)
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    UC Berkeley International Association of Obsidian Studies Bulletin Title IAOS Bulletin 60 Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9741v4tp Author Dillian, Carolyn D., [email protected] Publication Date 2019-01-15 eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California IAOS International Association for Obsidian Studies Bulletin ISSN: 2310-5097 Number 60 Winter 2018 CONTENTS International Association for Obsidian Studies News and Information ………………………… 1 President Kyle Freund Notes from the President……....……….………. 2 Past President Rob Tykot President-Elect Candidate Statements…………...4 Secretary-Treasurer Matt Boulanger Zayukovo (Baksan) Obsidian, Russia…………..11 Bulletin Editor Carolyn Dillian Computing Hydration Rate for Browns Bench…24 Webmaster Craig Skinner Instructions for Authors …..……………………30 About the IAOS………………………………...31 Web Site: http://members.peak.org/~obsidian/ Membership Application ………………………32 NEWS AND INFORMATION CONSIDER PUBLISHING IN THE NEWS AND NOTES IAOS BULLETIN Have news or announcements to share? The Bulletin is a twice-yearly publication that reaches Send them to [email protected] for a wide audience in the obsidian community. Please the next issue of the IAOS Bulletin. review your research notes and consider submitting an article, research update, news, or lab report for publication in the IAOS Bulletin. Articles and inquiries can be sent to [email protected] Thank you for your help and support! IAOS AT THE SAA IN ALBUQUERQUE The annual IOAS business meeting will be held during the SAA conference in Albuquerque, NM, at noon on Friday, April 12, 2019. Please see your conference program for meeting location. All IAOS members are invited to attend. Please also join us in honoring Prof.