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A Description and Analysis of the Speaking in the Louisiana Anti-Lottery Movement

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Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1959 A Description and Analysis of the Speaking in the Louisiana Anti-Lottery Movement. Joseph Charles Mele Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Recommended Citation Mele, Joseph Charles, "A Description and Analysis of the Speaking in the Louisiana Anti-Lottery Movement." (1959). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 565. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/565 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Copyright by Joseph Charles Kele I960 A DESCRIPTION AND ANALYSIS OF THE SPEAKING IN THE LOUISIANA ANTI-LOTTERY MOVEMENT A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State Uhiversity and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of Speech by Joseph Charles Mele B. A., Southeastern Louisiana College, 1955 M. A,, Louisiana State University, 1956 August, 1959 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The author wishes to express appreciation to his parents, Mr. and Mrs. Anthony T. Mele, and to his wife, Dolly Gene, who unselfishly made the completion of this work possible. To Dr. Owen M. Peterson gratitude is extended for his months of patient supervision ana valuable criticism. Recognition is given to Dr. Waldo W. Braden for constant encouragement and critical reading of the dissertation. For similar reasons the author extends gratitude to Dr. Giles W. Gray and Dr. Claude L. Shaver. To the efficient staff of the Louisiana State Uhiversity Library, and especially to Miss Evangeline Lynch, recognition is extended for the help received in acquiring valuable research materials. li TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.......................................... ii ABSTRACT ................................................. v LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.................................... vili CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION .................................... 1 II. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF LOTTERIES IN LOUISIANA.................................... 7 Origin and Growth of the Lottery.............. 7 Out-of-State Opposition to the Lottery ........ 16 Formation of the Leagues...................... 18 The Struggle Begins............................ 20 III. THE ANTI-LOTTERY MOVEMENT........................ 22 Prelude to the Popular Movement................ 22 Rev. Carradinet Forerunner of the Movement. 25 Early Public Meetings of the League............ 26 Lottery Battle in Legislature of 1890.......... 27 Anti-Lottery Convention in Baton Rouge ........ 31 Congressional Anti-Lottery Action.............. 36 Anti- and Pro-Lottery Public Meetings.......... 39 IV. THE SPEAKERS.................................... U2 The Anti-Lottery Speakers...................... Ii3 Murphy James Foster.......................... U3 Edvard Douglas White, Jr..................... 50 DoneIson Caffery ............................ 56 Rev. Benjamin Morgan Palmer.................. 63 Other Anti-Lottery Speakers.................... 72 Francis T. Nicholls.......................... 72 Charles Parlange ............................ 73 Edgar Howard Farrar.......................... 7h Randall Lee G i b s o n .......................... 7h Theodore Stark Wilkinson.................... 75 The Pro-Lottery Speakers...................... 75 Gilbert L. D u p r e ............................ 76 Henry Warren Ogden .......................... 78 Horace Lewis Dufour.......................... 60 iii CHAPTER PAGE Other Pro-Lottery Speakers................ .. 81 Wilbur Fisk Blackman........................ 8l Bernard C. Shields.......................... 81 Lawrence 0*Donne11 .......................... 82 V. AUDIENCES AND OCCASIONS.......................... 83 Audiences. ................................ 8ii S i z e ........................................ 8U Composition.................................. 65 Response or Reaction ........................ 89 Occasions...................................... 91 Preliminary Arrangements .................... 91 Events Giving Rise to the Meetings.......... 92 Setting...................................... 93 Conditions Affecting Audience-Occasion .... 97 General Summary................................ 99 VI. ANALYSIS OF THE SPEECHES........................ 101 Issues........................................ 103 Logical Proofs Arguments and Evidence........ loi; Is the Lottery Harmful to the State?........ 10^ Can the State Adequately Meet Its Financial Needs Without Lottery Revenue?. • . 133 Pathetic Prooft Qnotional Appeals............ 1L3 Liberty. ........................... Iii3 Patriotism.................................. 11*5 D u t y ........................................ JJU7 Family Security.............................. lli6 Morality.................................... 150 Humor........................................ 152 Historical Perspective ........................ 155 VII. CONCLUSION...................................... 158 Leading speakers of the Movement.............. 158 Characteristics of the Audiences .............. 16U Conditions Under Which Speaking Took Place . 165 Issues, Arguments, and Proofs.................. 166 Effectiveness of Public Speaking.............. 170 BIBLIOGRAPHY............................................ 173 AUTOBIOGRAPHY............................................ 180 iv ABSTRACT This work is & rhetorical analysis of the speakers, audiences, occasions, and speeches which made the Louisiana Anti-Lottery Move­ ment successful in spite of overwhelming opposition from a wealthy and politically strong gambling monopoly known as the Louisiana State Lottery Company. Texts of speeches for the study came from an anti-lottery news­ paper, the New Orleans New DeIt8} a pro-lottery newspaper, the New Orleans Daily Picayune^ and from the Official Proceedings of the Anti-Lottery Democratic Convention, 1890. further information came from general reference works, histories, government publications, periodicals, personal correspondence and manuscripts. from 1869 through 1892 the Louisiana State Lottery Conqpany was the cause of political unrest. With millions of dollars in assets this giant gambling monopoly all but controlled the state economically and politically. Its corrupting influence extended to the legislature and courts. In 1879 an unsuccessful attempt to cancel the Lottery charter left the concern with more power than it originally had. The Lottery charter was to expire January 1, 189U j however, its managers decided to attenpt to get a twenty-five year renewal in spite of the fact that the constitution forbade lotteries after 1895. A storm of protest arose from many of the responsible ieaaers in the state. By ndd-1890 the Anti-bottery League had been formed by a group of lawyers, v politicians, judges, preachers, and merchants. Through the League members, a statewide public speaking campaign was carried on. Many notable Louisianians including Murphy J. Foster, Edward Douglas White, Donelson Caffery and the Rev. Benjamin Morgan Palmer partici­ pated as orators for the anti-lottery cause. In 1891 the anti-lottery crusade merged with the gubernatorial campaign. The central issue was whether the Lottery should be re­ chartered. Both sides placed their arguments before the voters. Mass meetings took place with bands, barbecues, and grand balls as added attractions. From the farmlands and from the city streets hundreds, and at times thousands, came to participate in the colorful and lively campaign. They cheered, applauded, and encouraged the orators to speak. Gradually the anti-lottery faction gained strength, mostly from the rural parishes, and victory was in sight. Debate was at a heated pitch with the anti-lottery advocates claiming that the Lottery (1) dominated the state politically, (2) offered a financially poor contract for a multi-million dollar busi­ ness, and (3) was an immoral institution. The Lottery backers claimed that the state could not meet its financial obligations without the million and a quarter per year offered by the Canqpany. Each side offered evidence to prove its case, with the anti-lottery group doing the better debating. In April of 1892 the people of Louisiana went to the polls and gave a winning plurality to the anti-lottery candidate, Murphy J. Foster, and rejected the proposed Lottery charter renewal amendment. vi The Anti-Lottery League used the force of the spoken word to defeat a powerful and wealthy foe which had over ninety per cent of the state press supporting its recharter amendment. This study is a tribute to the democratic process of government which allows for dis­ cussion, debate, and orderly change, according to the wishes of the majority, exercised through a free ballot. vii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS FIGURE PAGE I. The Original Lottery Wheel Used by the Louisiana State Lottery Company................ 8a II. Murphy James Foster............................... U5* III. Edward Douglas W h i t e ............................. 5la IV. Donelson Caffery ................................. 58a V. The Rev. Dr. Benjamin Morgan Palmer............... 65a viii CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION The political influence of the lottery was great, and
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