The 1906 Landslide: the Legacy
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For the study of Liberal, SDP and Issue 54 / Spring 2007 / £8.00 Liberal Democrat history Journal of LiberalHI ST O R Y The 1906 landslide: the legacy Ian Packer Economic strategies and the New Liberalism Alison Holmes The development of New Liberalism as a philosophy of transition Ewen A. Cameron ‘Maistly Scotch’ Campbell-Bannerman and Liberal leadership Vernon Bogdanor The Liberals and the constitution Reform of the Lords David Dutton and Martin Pugh Liberals in 1906 Flourishing or doomed? Liberal Democrat History Group A UNIQUE COLLECTION OF BIOGRAPHIES, charting Britain’s 20th century political history from Lord Salisbury to Tony Blair, written by an eclectic mix of talented academics, journalists and politi- cians, including Roy Hattersley on Campbell-Bannerman. ‘Each of the Haus books is handsomely pre- sented, with first-rate and often rare photographs, helpful sidebars about relevant people and events, and illuminating quotes from other writers’ assessments.’ Simon Hoggart, New Statesman Special Reader Offer: To order a complete set for only £160 Or individual volumes for £8.99 (inc. p&p) Call 020 7584 6738 or email: [email protected] www.hauspublishing.co.uk THE 20 BRITISH PRIME MINISTERS OF THE 20TH CENTURY HAUS PUBLISHING The Dictionary of Liberal Thought ‘If I have seen further, it is by standing on the shoulders of giants’. Locke, Bentham, Mill, Hobhouse, Keynes, Rawls … Liberalism has been built on more than three centuries’ work of political thinkers and writers, and the aspirations of countless human beings who have fought for freedom, democracy, the rule of law and open and tolerant societies. Now, in the first-ever such publication, the History Group’s Dictionary of Liberal Thought provides an accessible guide to the key thinkers, groups and concepts associated with liberalism – not only British but also European and American. The essential reference book for every thinking Liberal. The Dictionary of Liberal Thought will be reviewed in a future issue of the Journal. Copies are available from the Westminster Bookshop, 8 Artillery Row, London SW1; www. westminsterbookshop.co.uk; price: £35 Journal of Liberal History 54 Spring 2007 Journal of Liberal History Issue 54: Spring 2007 The Journal of Liberal History is published quarterly by the Liberal Democrat History Group. ISSN 1479-9642 The 1906 landslide: the legacy 4 Editor: Duncan Brack David Dutton and Alison Holmes introduce this special issue of the Journal. Biographies Editor: Robert Ingham Reviews Editor: Dr Eugenio Biagini Deputy Reviews Editor: Tom Kiehl Problems of continuity 6 Dr T. G. Otte examines the 1906 general election and foreign policy. Patrons Economic strategies and the New Liberalism 14 Dr Eugenio Biagini; Professor Michael Freeden; New Liberal economic strategies, including free trade and social reform, Professor John Vincent analysed by Ian Packer. Editorial Board The development of the New Liberalism as a 22 Dr Malcolm Baines; Dr Roy Douglas; Dr Barry Doyle; philosophy of transition Dr David Dutton; Professor David Gowland; Dr Dr Alison Holmes looks at the philosophy that underpinned the Liberal Richard Grayson; Dr Michael Hart; Peter Hellyer; Ian Hunter; Dr J. Graham Jones; Tony Little; Professor Party’s revival in the 1906 election. Ian Machin; Dr Mark Pack; Dr Ian Packer; Dr John Powell; Jaime Reynolds; Iain Sharpe ‘Maistly Scotch’: Campbell-Bannerman and 30 Liberal leadership Editorial/Correspondence Assessment of the record of the man who led the Liberals into the 1906 Contributions to the Journal – letters, articles, and landslide; by Ewen A. Cameron. book reviews – are invited. The Journal is a refereed publication; all articles submitted will be reviewed. Contributions should be sent to: ‘I am a Liberal as much as a Tory’: Winston 38 Duncan Brack (Editor) Churchill and the memory of 1906 38 Salford Road, London SW2 4BQ Richard Toye examines how Churchill frequently summoned up the email: [email protected] memories of 1906 to bolster his own position in politics. All articles copyright © Journal of Liberal History. The Liberal Party and the constitution 46 Advertisements Vernon Bogdanor argues that the Liberals regarded the 1911 Parliament Full page £100; half page £60; quarter page £35. Act as a final settlement of the second-chamber question. Discounts available for repeat ads or offers to readers (e.g. discounted book prices). To place ads, please contact the Editor. Liberals in 1906: flourishing or doomed? 53 Debate between David Dutton (pessimistic) and Martin Pugh (optimistic). Subscriptions/Membership An annual subscription to the Journal of Liberal Reviews: Prime Ministers of the 20th century 59 History costs £20.00 (£12.50 unwaged rate). This Hattersley, Campbell-Bannerman, reviewed by Alison Holmes; Bates, includes membership of the History Group unless Asquith, reviewed by David Wrench; Purcell, Lloyd George, reviewed by Dr J. you inform us otherwise. The institutional rate is £30.00. Non-UK subscribers should add £5.00. Graham Jones; Green, Balfour, reviewed by Bob Self. Online subscriptions cost £40.00 (individuals) or £50.00 (institutions). Instead of printed copies, online subscribers will be able to access online copies of current and all past Journals. Cheques (payable to ‘Liberal Democrat History Group’) should be sent to: Patrick Mitchell Cover illustration: how Punch saw the 6 Palfrey Place, London SW8 1PA; approaching 1906 election email: [email protected] Payment is also possible via our website, www.liberalhistory.org.uk. Liberal Democrat History Group The Liberal Democrat History Group promotes the discussion and research of historical Cover design concept: Lynne Featherstone topics relating to the histories of the Liberal Democrats, Liberal Party, and SDP, and of Published by the Liberal Democrat History Group, Liberalism. The Group organises discussion meetings and produces the Journal and other c/o 38 Salford Road, London SW2 4BQ occasional publications. Printed by Kall-Kwik, For more information, including details of publications, back issues of the Journal, tape 426 Chiswick High Road, London W4 5TF records of meetings and archive and other research sources, see our website at: www.liberalhistory.org.uk. March 2007 Chair: Tony Little Honorary President: Lord Wallace of Saltaire Journal of Liberal History 54 Spring 2007 thE 1906 LANDSLIDE: thE LEGACY HERE IS something about in 1997 contemporaries were decades later Blair’s first reaction an electoral landslide conscious of a seminal moment to the landslide was somewhat that inevitably captures in the country’s political history. less eloquent. ‘I don’t believe it. the popular imagina- ‘Where were you when Por- This isn’t real, you know. Don’t tion – the sense of a new tillo lost?’ was a question that pay attention.’3 Tera, a decisive change in public summed up for many the night History may one day look opinion, the occasion for a fun- of 1–2 May 1997, as eighteen kindly upon the Blair govern- damental reappraisal of the way years of Conservative govern- ment, but at the time of writ- in which Britain is governed. Of ment came to a largely unre- ing it is difficult to escape a course, an element of deception gretted end. Back in 1906 some mood of disillusionment and is involved. Neither in 1906 nor seemed to sense almost revolu- disappointed expectations. The in 1945, 1983 or 1997 did the vic- tionary change. As Tory seats promise of 1997 has not, it seems, torious beneficiary of an elec- tumbled, with even the party been fulfilled. In its day, like toral landslide manage to secure leader, Arthur Balfour, among all administrations, the Liberal even half of the popular vote. the defeated, the Manchester government was also loudly When rates of turn-out are taken Guardian commented with only criticised by its opponents over into account, any notion of a slight exaggeration: its controversial programme but, decisive pronouncement on the after the passage of 100 years, the part of the electorate becomes A candidate had only to be a reputation of the government even more problematic. Free-trader to get in, whether elected in 1906 is beyond ques- The British electoral system, he was known or unknown, tion. The administration that moreover, can easily translate semi-Unionist or thorough followed was, by any criteria, a relatively narrow victory in Home Ruler, Protestant or one of distinction. In expand- terms of the popular vote into a Both in Catholic, entertaining or dull. ing ideas about the role and runaway supremacy in the new 1906 and He had only to be a Protec- scope of government in Brit- House of Commons. Even in tionist to lose all chance of get- ish society, altering perceptions 1906 the defeated Conservatives in 1997 ting in, though he spoke with about the limits of taxation and (Unionists) held on to more the tongues of men and angels, beginning a process of constitu- than 43 per cent of the votes, contem- though he was a good employer tional reform, it can credibly be roughly the same share that saw to many electors, or had led the described as one of the two or them romp home in 1983 and poraries House of Commons, or fought three decisive administrations of 1987, and a considerably higher were con- in the Crimea.1 the entire century. percentage than was necessary It is timely to celebrate the to secure them a crushing vic- scious of ‘What is going on here’, sug- Liberal victory and to review tory in 1922. gested the cerebral Balfour, with the achievements of the govern- For all that, history will a seminal one eye warily contemplating ment which flowed from it. In surely note that at both the the success of thirty representa- this edition of the Journal Tho- beginning and the end of the moment in tives of the Labour Representa- mas Otte looks at a neglected twentieth century the main the coun- tion Committee, ‘is a faint echo aspect of the campaign of 1906 anti-Tory party secured a stun- of the same movement which has – the role of foreign affairs.