Psychology Newsletter of the Society for the Study of Peace, Conflict, and : Peace Psychology Division of the American Psychological Association

Volume 15, Number 1 • Spring 2006

Division 48, The Society for the Study of Peace, Conflict, and Violence, New Orleans, is well represented at the 2006 American Psychological Association convention in New Orleans. Programming covers a range of timely topics from media violence to Here We Come! international conflict. The convention dates are August 10 – 13 in New Orleans. See http://www.apa.org/convention06/ for more convention information and http:// Division 48 Program at APA 2006 www.peacepsych.org for special Division 48 hospitality suite and New Orleans ser- vice project programming. Michael R. Hulsizer The program committee received nine proposals for symposia, workshops, or discus- sions, 20 poster proposals, and eight paper proposals. Twenty individuals associated with the division served as reviewers. Each individual reviewed at least five proposals resulting in each proposal having three different sets of eyes examine the submission. I offer my sincere thanks to all of the reviewers who participated in this process.

Following the review process, the Division was able to extend invitations to seven of the symposia, workshop, or discussion proposals, twelve of the poster submissions, and three of the paper proposals. Topics addressed in papers, symposia, discussions, and workshops include: ❚ Working for Peace and Justice: Applying Psychology for Positive Actions ❚ Perspectives on , Other Forms of Institutional Violence, and Peace ❚ Ecological Approach to Promoting Peace Psychology ❚ Research in Context: Northern Ireland, South Africa, the Midwest ❚ Gandhi, the Dalai Lama, and : Intervention and Research Strategies ❚ Shaping Post 9/11 Dialogue: Task Force Assessments and Comments ❚ Financial and Symbolic Reparations: Possibilities for Repair and Policy Implications ❚ Just Peacemaking Inventory ❚ Psychiatric Abuse and Psychological Torture of Chinese Falun Gong Practitioners ❚ Psychopolitical Dynamics and Consequences of Torture

Topics addressed in the poster session include: ❚ Attitudes Toward Violence Against Women in the State of Kuwait ❚ Health and Mental Health Effects of Political Forgiveness: Reconciliation in Iraqi Refugees ❚ Community-Based Solutions to the Hindu: Muslim Conflict in Gujarat, India ❚ Endangered Lives of Women: Peace and Mental Health Among Tibetan Refugees ❚ Defying Genocidal Action: Heroism During the Holocaust ❚ Discourse, Liberation Psychology, and U.S.-Based Activism ❚ Collapse of Yugoslavia: Analysis of Tudjman and Milosevic’s Symbolic Narrative ❚ Political and Moral Dimensions in Children’s Trauma and War Narratives ❚ Developing Measures of Conflict Attitudes: A Tool for Peace Psychologists ❚ Why People Conflict in the Virtual World: A SEM Study of Cognitive Behav- ioral Model of Online Hostility ❚ Beyond Trauma: An Exploration of Positive Coping Strategies Among Refugees ❚ Building Bridges Out of Barricades: Understanding NYPD Hostage Spring 2006 Peace Psychology(continued on  p. 5) From the Editor

JW P. Heuchert, Contents The Seeds of Peace Editor New Orleans, Here We Come...... 1 Great people are those who are able What were the “seeds of peace” for you? From the Editor...... 2 to consistently choose peace, despite in- tense provocation and seductive opportu- You are invited to unravel this knot and Message from the President...... 3 nities for violent retribution against their let us know what your conclusions are. The DMZ Forum...... 5 adversaries. But great people, such as the Please write a few sentences (anony- International Perspectives...... 6 winners of the Nobel Peace Prize, were mously if you choose) on what factors influenced your decision to take a stand Buddhist Pathways...... 8 not born great—they became great. An important question now is: What were for peace. Please send these to the address Mohamed ElBaradei...... 9 the factors that guided them towards below (indicating if you would like to re- Kelly Dougherty: IVAW...... 10 peace—what are the seeds of peace? main anonymous) and we will publish Divisions for Social Justice...... 11 some of them in a future edition. Learn- Studying the lives of famous people may ing from you will enrich all of us! Doris Miller: Third Pioneer...... 12 shed light on the factors that influence pro- Woodrow Wilson’s “What If?”...... 12 peace attitudes, values and behaviors. One This edition of Peace Psychology offers several examples of great people of peace: Spreading the Word...... 13 may find that early experiences, such as hav- Kelly Dougherty, Mohamed ElBaradei, Torture...... 14 ing a guide or mentor, may be influential, or being exposed to a religion or significant lay Doris Miller … but we also recognize the Questionnaire...... 15 readings. It is also possible that one’s cul- great work done by the numerous indi- viduals working for peace through the 11th International Conference on ture may provide a strong influence—for Society for the Study of Peace, Conflict Violence, Abuse, Trauma...... 15 example, the principle of Ubuntu (human and Violence: Peace Psychology Divi- 2006 Early Career Award...... 16 interdependence) in many African cultures. Certain values, personality traits, tempera- sion of APA. You will find in the pages of Peace is Possible Poster...... 17 mental styles or cognitive processes may this edition the usual messages, working group, committee and task force reports, From 9/11 to Katrina...... 18 also predispose people to peaceful and non- all the work done by people who didn’t Candidate Statements...... 19 violent solutions to problems. However, many of these traits and values are present have to—but wanted to—work for peace. Trends in Homelessness, Health, in many people, yet only a few become great People like you. Hunger, Dropout Data...... 21 instruments of peace. It will be instructive Enjoy this revamped and redesigned edi- Genocide in Darfur...... 21 to make an analysis of the combination of tion of Peace Psychology, which reflects the Winter Meeting Highlights...... 22 factors that unite to produce this outcome. hard work and artistry of Judy Stainbrook, Morton Deutsch Award...... 23 What made the difference for you? What our graphic designer and copy editor. Reports...... 24 got you to put your energy towards peace See you in New Orleans in August where and non-violent solutions to problems Member News...... 28 we will once again have a terrific program when it would have been easier to just go In Memoriam...... 29 at our annual convention. Please submit about your business, follow the road of least your reactions, responses and contribu- New Members...... 30 resistance, give in to your baser impulses? tions for our next edition by sending Directory...... 31 your submissions to the address below by September 15, 2006.

Peace to you, This edition of Peace Psychology was produced by: JW P. Heuchert, Editor; [email protected] Beth Heuchert, Assistant editor; [email protected] JW P. Heuchert, Editor Judy Stainbrook, Designer, copyeditor; [email protected] [email protected] Contributions from other authors are acknowledged in the bylines. Department of Psychology The opinions of individual authors do not necessarily represent those of Division 48. Allegheny College Printed and published by Division 48 of the American Psychological Association. 520 North Main Street, Meadville, PA, 16335, USA

 Peace Psychology Spring 2006 Message from the President Marketing Peace?

Linda Woolf One of the greatest plea- is a wake-up call to all those who as- Another web site, Discover the Networks: sures of serving within the leader- sume that a college education is sans A Guide to the Political Left, lists not only ship of the Society is the opportunity to hatred of America and the American individuals but also groups and expands meet so many truly amazing colleagues. I military and support for America’s beyond academia to include media, arts have gotten to know peace psychologists terrorist enemies. and culture, politics, and fund raisers. who work around the globe in very dispa- Again many organizations involved in rate contexts such as schools, government, The list of academics included in this text work towards peace are included on these organizations, and NGOs. These individu- can be found online at a number of sites. lists. Unfortunately, the descriptions of als are engaged in myriad activities, such as What is most notable when one examines many of these groups distort their work. research, activism, practice, teaching, and the list, however, is the number of peace For example, in describing the work of consulting. The work being done involves studies professors who have made the list. one highly respected peace organization, such seemingly disparate topics as domes- It appears that the sole rationale for their the web site states, “While no one de- tic violence, school shootings, workplace inclusion in the book is their work related nies that peace is preferable to war, such violence, structural forms of violence to studying and teaching peace. groups use peace (an entirely honorable (e.g., institutionalized forms of bias and if sometimes impractical and unachiev- Although The Professors has many meth- the systematic violation of human rights), able goal) to mask their real agenda: the odological flaws, (for example, Horowitz torture, and mass violence (including eth- fomenting of hatred against the West, does not appear to have attended classes nopolitical conflict, genocide, and war). the destabilization of liberal democracies, or interviewed most of the professors that Yet, despite this incredible variability, and the abolition of capitalism.” he profiles), it appears to be selling. Yes- there are common threads tying together terday, The Professors had a sales ranking the work of these psychologists. All pos- These web sites often provide a link to of 953 on amazon.com. In less than 12 sess an abiding concern for others, reflect FrontpageMag.com where one can find hours, as I finish this column, the ranking a deep commitment to their work, struggle a link to a t-shirt for purchase embossed has moved to 598. Moreover, this book to maintain hope during these challeng- with a picture of Senator Joseph McCar- is being discussed by political pundits as ing times, and endeavor tirelessly to build thy that reads, “McCarthy was right!” fact and as an argument for elimination more peaceful communities at home and This appears to be a message that has of the tenure system. Similarly, Students around the globe. truly been taken to heart. for Academic Freedom is advocating for Those of us involved in efforts toward the passage and adoption of the Aca- Research defines propaganda as a vital tool peace are fundamentally aware of the demic Bill of Rights (ABR) legislatively used by an ingroup elite. It is designed to breadth and depth of the field, as noted by state as well as by individual institu- stigmatize and dehumanize the outgroup, above, as well as the commitment of all tions. The ABR purportedly is aimed at as well as to present the outgroup as an peace practitioners. However, it is clear providing protection for political “con- imminent threat to the well-being or exis- that many individuals in the United servatives” in the hiring process and also tence of the ingroup. Moreover, research States and around the world have numer- as protection for “conservative” students. argues that it is most effective when the ous misconceptions about what it means This ABR is designed to counter what propaganda relates to emotional issues, to work for peace. Moreover, these mis- Horowitz describes as “the colonization is used during times of war, targets those conceptions are being used to attack the of significant parts of the liberal arts acad- whose opinions are not well formed, and fundamental construct of peace and the emy by tenured radicals who are political finally, when there is a vacuum of coun- work of peace practitioners. activists rather than scholars, and the re- ter-information. sulting intellectual corruption.” It should David Horowitz has recently published be noted, that the organization’s web site What all of this means is that those of us a book entitled The Professors: The 101 also provides an online mechanism for involved in work toward peace need to Most Dangerous Academics in America. students to register and permanently log engage in an educational process inform- The book description states: complaints about professors deemed as ing those we know, our communities, and “liberal” through their “Forum on Abus- the media about the true nature of work David Horowitz reveals a shocking es.” Again, many peace studies professors towards peace. We need to present coun- and perverse culture of academics are being targeted via this forum. ter-information and work to alleviate who are poisoning the minds of to- fear. The following are some key points, day’s college students. The Professors (continued on p. 4)

Spring 2006 Peace Psychology  Message from the President draw on examples from history, as these in our search for peace. What this means, (continued from page 3) may be less emotionally charged than of course, is that we should model our own current examples. beliefs and knowledge through our interac- but by no means a definitive list of points, tions with others. that need to be made as part of this edu- Non-violence means cational process. positive action. We must all have a care You have to work for about humanity. whatever you want. Honorable Gabrielle Kirk McDonald 1 It should be stressed that work in You just don’t sit there peace studies is not foundationally based Finally, I would add that in the face of on ideological perspectives or opinions. doing nothing and hope dissent, we must not keep our work and Rather, it is important for individuals to get what you want. knowledge silent. As most of you know, to know that decades of research from in addition to my research, I teach. I love a range of disciplines such a psychol- Daw Aung San Suu Kyi teaching, and I work very hard to be re- ogy and international relations on topics spectful of my students and to model the such as terrorism, war, effective conflict kind of critical thinking that I require of resolution, peacebuilding, reconciliation, 3 It is important to point out that my students. Regardless, I’m convinced etc. form the basis of the field. In other peace is not just an end product but also that no matter what one teaches, does, or words, the work of peace practitioners the process by which one achieves that states, he or she may still be accused of and the pedagogy of peace are based on a goal. Violence and disregard for human bias. For example, I had a complaint on foundation of scholarship, research, and rights have very real consequences not a course evaluation in my Holocaust class study. It is important to present examples only for the victims but also for everyone stating that I was biased against the Nazis of such research and scholarship to high- involved—from bystanders to those and that it was unfair that I painted them light one’s points when teaching or dis- defined as perpetrators. Moreover, traumas in such a negative light. It appears that cussing one’s work. transcend the immediate victims and can in these current political times, dissent have an impact on a culture in the form and attempts to silence those working for of unhealed group trauma and future peace may be inevitable. generations. Again, there are research For it isn’t enough to talk about literatures examining the impact of It is therefore important to have networks peace. One must believe in it. violence on individuals and groups, for social support and collaboration with including succeeding generations. one’s professional activities. The Society And it isn’t enough to believe in for the Study of Peace, Conflict, and Vio- it. One must work at it. lence can provide a home for such net- Peace is not merely a distant working. Additionally, we can continue Eleanor Roosevelt to grow and learn through the sharing goal that we seek, but a means of our work in such forums as the Peace by which we arrive at that goal. Psychology newsletter, Peace and Con- flict: Journal of Peace Psychology, and the Martin Luther King, Jr. 2 Some seem to believe that peace is Annual Convention of the American the equivalent of passivity or inaction. Psychological Association. I look forward Rather, it is important to note that work to seeing everyone in New Orleans! towards peace involves a significant amount of work. If peace were easy, ev- 4 In addition, it is important to recog- eryone would be doing it! It takes work nize that peace is not simply an issue for to learn the strategies of effective conflict liberals or conservatives, Republicans or resolution and peacebuilding and then Democrats, Right-wing or Left-wing, or any put these into practice. It is important to other group categorization that one would provide examples of the effective use of care to employ. Rather, it is a universal con- these strategies, particularly in relation cern. Therefore, it behooves us not to be- to long-term goals. Moreover, one can gin a similar pattern of demonization of the point to a plethora of examples where “other” simply on the basis of group status. knowledge and research from psychology, While there may be ideologues with which sociology, international relations, peace dialogue is less possible, it is important for studies, etc. has been ignored with tragic us to endeavor to dialogue and work con- results. Additionally, it may be useful to structively together to find common ground

 Peace Psychology Spring 2006 The DMZ forum: A Group Dedicated to Transformation from Hostilities to Peace Ethel Tobach The City University of New York

On February 22 I had the opportunity to meet with a group of remarkable people who are committed to transforming land committed to hostility into a haven for people, plants, and animals. For over 50 years the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) has been part of a geopolitical vacuum and a symbol of war, tension and separation. During this period, nature in the zone has regenerated.

I long ago saw their effort as one that is of the Natural Resources Defense Coun- en by the Forum and those who support the mission of Division 48: The Society cil (NRDC); Peter Hayes of the Nautilus it for the conservation of the DMZ: the for Peace, and Pre- Institute for Security and Sustainability of promotion of a coalition of people from vention of Violence. Many of our members Australia, among others. South Korea, Japan, China and Russia are busily engaged in efforts to bring about with organizations, such sustainable human/animal environments Dr. Ke Chung Kim, an entomologist at as UNESCO, UNEP and IUCN. The co- that will encourage solution of many of Pennsylvania State University, and the alition could work to convince leadership our ecological and societal problems. chair and founder of the DMZ Forum was and public of both North and South Ko- present, as were Seung-Ho Lee and Wil- rea to support the building of a permanent, The convocation was held by the Turner liam Shore, officers of the Forum, and Hall protected area occupying the DMZ corri- Foundation, the DMZ Forum, and the Ko- Healy, principal of Facilitated Solutions dor and the adjacent civilian control ar- rea Society at the New York Headquarters International, consultant to the Forum. eas for conservation, thus leading to peace of the Korea Society. In addition, repre- and security. sentatives of a number of organizations Safeguarding the DMZ as a transbound- were similarly committed: Mark A. Buck- ary reserve will provide: 1) significant jobs I think he spoke for many of us in Divi- nam of the Council on Foreign Relations; and revenues from sustainable agriculture sion 48. I hope that those of us whose Margaret L. Fox and Stephen Mills of and eco-tourism; 2) water resources for dedication and expertise would be most the Sierra Club; Hazel Smith, a professor the Peninsula; 3) a symbol of peace, an useful in this effort will avail themselves of international relations at the Univer- example of cooperation; 4) an opportu- of a wonderful opportunity to unite our sity of Warwick, Coventry, UK; Harry G. nity to maintain and reintroduce species mission with their efforts. Barnes, Jr. of the Asia Society; George W. and habitats largely eliminated from the Archibald of the National Crane Foun- rest of Korea; 5) a rare chance to study Their URL is http://www.dmzforum.org. dation; John Waugh of IUCN (World what happens when an area like this is Anyone interested in working with me Conservation Union); Choony Kim of left untouched for over 50 years. and the Forum, please write me at tobach@ the Korean Federation for Environmental Dr. Kim has shared his vision of the im- amnh.org. Students very welcome. Movement (KFEM); Christopher E. Paine mediate activities that might be undertak-

New Orleans, Here We Come (continued from page 1)

The program committee is also pleased to announce five invited symposia, discussion, or workshops: ❚ Reconciliation in Changing Times: Challenges and Possibilities ❚ Many Faces of Racism: Beginning the Healing Process ❚ Reducing Media Violence Impact on Families and Young Children ❚ Careers in Peace Psychology ❚ Human Rights, Torture, and Professional Responsibility

Lastly, the Division has three invited addresses at the 2006 convention. Daniel L. Shapiro, Ph.D., recipient of the Early Career Award, will be discussing “Reducing Large-Scale Violence: Psychological Challenges and Strategies.” Mohammed Abu-Nimer, Ph.D., recipient of the Morton Deutsch Conflict Resolution Award, will be presenting “Religion and Peace: Islamic Sources of Peace.” Linda M. Woolf, Ph.D., will be giving her presidential address on the topic of “Human Rights and Psychology: An Agenda for the 21st Century.”

Spring 2006 Peace Psychology  International Perspectives on War & Peace Kathleen Malley-Morrison, Maria Daskalopoulos, Julia Gefter, Julia Wenger, Kyleen Hashim, Daniel Seichepine, Tanvi Zaveri, Daria M. Harlin, Charlene Sung, & Fallon Rossi, Boston University; Karina Rinsky, Harvard University; Kimberly Rapoza, Mercy College

Globally, various forms of sanctioned violence (e.g., war, capital punishment) are rife; however, there have been few cross-national empirical stud- ies on the views of lay people about issues such as the rights of governments to invade other countries, torture suspected terrorists, administer capital punishment, violate human rights treaties, and suppress dissent. We know even less about the views of lay people around the world concerning such revolutionary ideas as a “right to peace.”

to the book International Perspectives on Family Violence and Abuse (Malley-Mor- rison, 2004)—has launched a major new research effort addressing international perspectives on war, other forms of insti- tutional violence, and peace. Our current project, like the earlier one, is grounded in a cognitive-ecological model of per- spectives on violence.

According to this model, perspectives on violence, which are important contribu- tors to actual violence, are influenced by Do lay people from countries that have However, we believe that there has been factors at four levels: recently engaged in armed conflicts insufficient work focusing on lay people’s use similar or different arguments to justify cognitions, emotions, and motivations 1) The macrosystem or society at large—e.g., their own nation’s involvement with the concerning peace, war, and other forms the nation’s involvement in internal con- other in the conflict? Do individuals from of institutional violence, and insufficient flict or external , its historical status countries subjected to foreign rule since work linking those cognitions, emotions, as colonized or colonizer, its status as de- World War II differ in their view concern- and motivations to a well-developed eco- veloped, developing, or underdeveloped, ing the extent to which it is okay to break logical framework, in a broad range of its treatment of women and children. international human rights treaties? To countries. Psychology is a relative new- 2) The exosystem—e.g., the level of vio- what extent do lay people believe that all comer to the field of war and peace, and lence in the neighborhood, the extent individuals have an inherent right to peace as noted by Moerk (2002), can comple- to which the media are controlled by the and that children have a right to grow up in ment perspectives from other disciplines government, the extent to which religious a world of peace? To what extent do judg- such as history and political science with organizations promote war or peace. ments concerning institutional violence its focus on psychological principles (e.g., vary as a function of such variables as ex- the revenge motive). Seeking informa- 3) The microsystem—e.g., involvement of posure to invasion, level of poverty, and in- tion on the cognitions, emotions, and any family members in military service, come inequality in the countries in which motivations of lay people from around the status of women within the family, the respondents live or grew up? What kinds the world is an important contribution to the amount of violence in the family. of emotions do lay people report when faced the psychology of peace because, as Ad- with instances of their own country’s aggres- ams and Mayór (2000), pointed out, “We 4) The individual—e.g., the person’s sion? Another country’s aggression? To what must address the cultural roots of war and gender, age, religion, personal experi- extent do people feel motivated and able to violence and transform our values, atti- ences with violence, and implicit theo- take some sort of action in the face of gov- tudes and everyday behaviours into those ries of politics and morality. Positions on ernmental violence? These are some of the of a new culture, a culture in which pow- violence or nonviolence at each of these questions that members of our international er is based on reason and dialogue, not levels (e.g., the government, the pulpit, research group have begun to address. on violence, whether overt or structural. the family, the individual) can influence This is a transformation that requires the positions at all the other levels. There is a good deal of scattered evi- involvement of every person, every fam- For the past three years, we have been dence—much of it from rating scales, case ily, every teacher and every institution in the conducting pilot testing of a survey (the studies, or official governmental or NGO world” (p. 4; emphasis added). statistics, and much of it focusing on spe- Personal and Institutional Rights to Ag- cific wars—addressing many of these ques- In recent years, our research team—many gression Scale; PAIRTAS) on judgments tions separately and in selected countries. of whose members contributed chapters concerning the rights of governments to wage war, kill civilians, and torture pris-

 Peace Psychology Spring 2006 oners, as well as the rights of individuals vasion of another country and ignoring God’s blessing,” the majority of the par- to live in a world of peace. This work has treaties than those with parents born in ticipants disagreed, with most of them led to several conference presentations an oppressor country. arguing strongly that God does not con- as well as a publication in the American done war and there is nothing holy about Psychological Association Division 52 Using a deductive qualitative analysis this particular war. newsletter, the International Psychology approach (Gilgun, 2005), we have also Reporter (Malley-Morrison & Daskalo- begun preliminary analyses of the quali- 8) Finally, rationales favoring war were poulos, 2006). The PAIRTAS incorpo- tative responses to several open-ended more common and specific than those rates both a quantitative and qualitative PAIRTAS items. In general, we have first against war. Men, Republicans, and approach to assessment. Respondents in- categorized each codeable unit as showing Christians showed more support for a dicate on a scale from 1 (completely dis- agreement, disagreement, or uncertainty/ nation’s right to wage war than women, agree) to 7 (completely agree) the extent ambivalence for the specified action. Democrats, and agnostics/atheists. Chris- to which they agree with statements like Then we coded responses into subcat- tians were significantly more likely than “Sometimes the police or military have egories based on the particular arguments others to argue that a country has the the right to use violence against their used. Preliminary analyses included chi right to invade in specific circumstances own citizens.” They also provide qualita- square goodness of fit tests to determine such as World War II, Nazi Germany, and tive explanations of their ratings. whether some response categories occur the existence of “weapons of mass de- more than others, and chi square contin- struction.” Principal findings from analyses of the gency tests to explore gender differences quantitative scale scores include the fol- in response patterns. As we continue our analyses, we are par- lowing: ticularly interested in the extent to which Among our preliminary findings from rationales can be categorized for the ex- 1) Participants from a domestic sample these analyses are the following: tent to which they show moral disengage- (they and their parents were born in the ment (Bandura, 1999; Bandura, et al., U.S.) scored higher than participants 1) There was significantly more agree- 2001). Some of our work with both the from an international sample (they and ment than disagreement with individu- qualitative and quantitative data will be their parents were born in countries out- als’ rights to protest against wars. presented at the 2006 annual meeting of side the U.S.) in tolerance for five forms the American Psychological Association. 2) A significant number of individu- of governmental violence—i.e., violence We welcome inquiries from psychologists als who agreed with the right to protest against citizens by the police and mili- and graduate students in other countries against war argued that the government tary; capital punishment; invasion of an- who are interested in working with us. granted its citizens such a right. other country; violation of international References treaties; and killing innocent civilians in 3) In regard to: “Sometimes a country the war on terrorism. has the right to ignore international trea- Adams, D. (2000). Toward a global movement ties or international human rights agree- for a . Peace and Conflict: Jour- Participants from the developed na- nal of Peace Psychology, 6, 259-266. 2) ments,” participants were significantly tions scored significantly higher than more likely to justify never ignoring trea- Bandura, A. (1999). Moral disengagement in the those from the developing nations on ties because of a characteristic of these perpetration of inhumanities. Personality and So- tolerance for police/military violence, treaties than for any other reason. cial Psychology Review. [Special Issue on Evil and invasion, ignoring treaties, and killing Violence], 3, 193-209. civilians (but not on tolerance for capital 4) In comparison to participants who op- Bandura, A., Caprara, G.V., Barbaranelli, C., & punishment). posed ignoring agreements, individuals Pastorelli, C. (2001). Sociocognitive self-regula- tolerating this act were significantly more tory mechanisms governing transgressive behav- Men showed more tolerance for ag- 3) likely to refer to another nation’s faults. ior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, gression than women on police/military 80, 125-135. violence, capital punishment, invasion, 5) Males were significantly more likely Gilgun, J. F. (2005). Qualitative research and fam- and ignoring treaties (but not on killing than females to believe that nations have ily psychology. Journal of Family Psychology, 19, civilians). the right to violate or ignore internation- 40-50. al treaties and human rights agreements. 4) Participants from oppressed countries Malley-Morrison, K. (Ed.). (2004). Internation- al perspectives on family violence and abuse: (colonized, occupied, or externally gov- 6) Females scored significantly higher A cognitive ecological approach. Mahwah, NJ: erned) scored lower than participants than males on agreement with children’s Erlbaum. from oppressor countries (colonizer, oc- right to peace and in the use of psycho- cupier, invader, or intruder in the gov- Moerk, E.L. (2002). Scripting war-entry to make logical reasoning in support of that right. it appear unavoidable. Peace and Conflict: Jour- ernmental affairs of another nation) on nal of Peace Psychology, 8 (3), 229-248. tolerance for invasion and the right to 7) More males than females agreed that kill to fight terrorism. Participants whose “The United States’ involvement in Iraq mother or father was born in an oppressed is a moral activity.” In regard to the item country, regardless of personal birth loca- “The United States’ involvement in the tion, scored lower on tolerance for in- Iraq war is a holy war undertaken with

Spring 2006 Peace Psychology  Building Nonviolence Through Buddhist Pathways to Resilience Kathleen H. Dockett, Ali Rahmaan, and Eder Lemus University of the District of Columbia

Resilience has been viewed as a precondition for productive nonviolence (Joseph, as cited in MacNair, 2003). Joseph suggests that having a resilient “hardy” personality style may be an essential component that distinguishes peace activists who engage in proactive actions from citizens who do not. Resilience is defined as the capacity for successful adaptation despite challenging or threatening circumstances. Helping people gain a sense of personal control over their lives, helping them become hardy in coping with adversity, helping them experience positive growth and meaning in life as a result of adversity are recognized as foundational steps toward better psychological and physical adjustment (Maddi, 2002), and may be helpful in developing nonviolent activists as well.

As part of a larger study designed to identify CHALLENGE: Transforming “poison into factors in Buddhist practice that promote medicine” reflects the “challenge” - ori resiliency (Dockett, Rahmaan, Lemus, & entation of the hardy personality style— Barber, 2005), a purposive sample of 49 the notion of using adversity to grow, experienced Soka Gakkai International strengthen, and gain new insights and (SGI)-USA Buddhists of African Ameri- skills (i.e., thriving). can (42%), Caucasian (30%), and Asian (28%) descent in a southeastern region The SGI-USA organizational life was of the United States participated in focus viewed as providing caring, supportive re- group concept mapping sessions (Trochim, lationships, which afford emotional sup- 1989). Participants brainstormed, sorted, port that is known to buffer the effects of and rated statements on how they had per- adverse events (Cohen & Wills, 1985). It sonally grown and the Buddhist practices also offered social integration into a large most responsible for their growth. from everything, and studying Buddhist support network with opportunities to philosophy, among others. enter meaningful roles and receive daily Six domains of personal growth emerged doses of positive feedback. These social that were consistent with traits of resil- The Buddhist philosophy of life is a ties are key factors in managing adversity ience: self-esteem and self-identity; har- teaching of deep commitment to com- (Cohen & Wills, 1985). In addition, re- diness; optimism; interconnectedness passionate altruism and nonviolence, ligious settings that promote higher levels with others; here-and-now orientation; self-responsibility, personal control of of social support, adaptive coping skills, and quest for meaning in life. one’s destiny, and a view of challenge as and meaningful role involvement have essential opportunities to uncover one’s been found to be more effective in buffer- Multidimensional scaling and hierarchi- potential. In keeping with this, the Bud- ing the detrimental impact of stressful life cal cluster analysis yielded three clusters dhist teachings rated as most important in events (Maton, 1989). of factors that represent pathways to re- fostering resiliency were consistent with silience. The pathways with their mean the control, commitment, and challenge This study found that Buddhist practices, ratings of importance in contributing to teachings, and organizational processes components of the hardiness construct. resilient growth on a 5-point Likert scale foster the development of personality re- were: (1) the basic spiritual practice for CONTROL: Understanding the universal silience and hardiness. As a social move- self and others (4.26–4.36); (2) under- law of causality and karma, understanding ment for , the Soka Gakkai standing and living key Buddhist teach- the oneness of self and environment, and International-USA Buddhist practices ings (3.58–3.87); and (3) the availability understanding that genuine happiness lies may be contributing to the development of organizational support and role oppor- within (thus to never seek the causes and of nonviolent activists as well. In discuss- tunities (3.25–3.70). solutions to one’s problems outside one- ing “components of ,” Elliott (as self), all teach an internal locus of control cited in MacNair, 2003) proposed that The spiritual practices viewed as most and self-responsibility for one’s life. having an active orientation (being will- fundamental in contributing to resilient ing to act) and an internal locus of con- growth consisted of chanting Nam Myo- COMMITMENT: Commitment to the trol (being able to act) are indispensable, ho Renge Kyo, striving simultaneously to great compassionate vow of the Bodhisat- together with a commitment to nonvio- attain enlightenment for self and others, tva to alleviate the suffering of others, to lence, in producing pacifists of the kind taking personal responsibility for one’s practice altruism and nonviolence, and Gandhi described. life, believing in the equality and dignity simultaneously to pursue one’s own en- of all life, determining to create value lightenment. (continued on page 9)

 Peace Psychology Spring 2006 Mohamed ElBaradei: Peacemaker

Catriona Todd

Dr. Mohamed ElBaradei, Director General of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), shares the Norwegian Nobel Committee’s belief that the threat of nuclear arms must be met through the “broadest possible international cooperation.” (http://www.nobelprize.org/peace/.) In accepting the 2005 Nobel Peace Prize, jointly awarded to the IAEA and its Director General, ElBaradei commented, “The award also shows the will of humanity to address challenges and to seize the opportunity for a better life for future generations.”

On October 7, 2005, it was announced that the 2005 Nobel Peace Prize would be shared Photo Credit: Dean Calma/IAEA equally between the International Atomic Energy Agency and Mohamed ElBaradei. The organization and its director are committed to the prevention of nuclear energy “If there is any lesson from for militaristic purposes and to ensuring that nuclear energy is used safely for peaceful purposes. During a meeting, one week after the Nobel Committee’s announcement, recent history, it should be the IAEA’s 35-member Board of Governors approved Dr. ElBaradei to establish a fund for the organization’s portion of the 1.07 million Euro award. This fund will be used to that global approach to our finance the peaceful application of nuclear energy in developing countries. problems and to our future is The IAEA, according to the Norwegian Nobel Committee, sees to it that nuclear energy is not misused for military purposes, and their efforts are of “incalculable im- the only approach.” portance” at a time when the spread of nuclear arms to states and terrorist groups is an active threat. Furthermore, Dr. Mohamed ElBaradei has been a strong advocate of new Mohamed ElBaradei measures to fortify the nuclear non-proliferation regime.

Set up as the “Atoms for Peace” organization, a part of the United Nations Family, in 1957, today’s IAEA works with its Member states to promote safe, secure, peaceful nuclear technologies. The work of the Agency circles three main pillars in its mission: Safety and Security; Science and Technology; and Safeguards and Verification. The first pillar helps countries to upgrade nuclear safety and preparation/response plans for emergencies. Mainly, the aim of this pillar is to protect people and the environment from nuclear radiation. The next pillar works toward developing and improving uses of nuclear energy to help in the fight against pov- erty, disease, environmental pollution and energy shortages in developing countries. The final pillar makes sure that nuclear energy is not being used for military purposes.

Dr. Mohamed ElBaradei was born in Cairo, Egypt on June 17, 1942. After earning a Bachelor’s degree in law from the University of Cairo in 1962, ElBaradei completed a doctorate in international law at New York University’s School of Law in 1974. His experience as Egypt’s diplomat to the UN and his knowledge of international peace and security and international law has helped Dr. ElBaradei in his career path leading toward this Nobel Award. In addition to working with the International Atomic Energy Agency, ElBaradei lectures in various fields, including international law and international organizations, arms control, and peaceful uses of nuclear energy.

Building Nonviolence sented at the 2006 annual meeting of the East- (continued from page 8) ern Psychological Association in Baltimore, MD, March 17, 2006. References Maddi, S. R. (2002). The story of hardiness: Cohen, W. & Wills, T. (1985). Stress, social sup- Twenty years of theorizing, research, and practice. port, and the buffering hypothesis, Psychological Consulting Psychology Journal, 54, 173-185. Bulletin, 98, 310-357. Maton, K. I. (1989). Community settings as buffers Dockett, K. H., Rahmaan, A., Lemus, E., & Bar- of life stress? Highly supportive churches, mutual ber, C. (2005). Developing a model of factors help groups, and senior centers. American Journal in Buddhist self-transformation through concept- of Community Psychology, 17, 203-232. mapping. Poster presented at the annual meet- ing of the American Psychological Association, MacNair, R. M. (2003). The Psychology of Peace: Washington, DC. An introduction. Westport, CN: Praeger. Dockett, K. H., Rahmaan, A., & Lemus, E. (2006). Trochim, W. (1989). An introduction to concept Buddhist pathways to resilience: Teachings, prac- mapping for planning and evaluation. Evaluation tices, and organizational processes. Poster pre- and Program Planning, 12, 355-366.

Spring 2006 Peace Psychology  Kelly Dougherty and the Iraq Veterans Against the War (IVAW) Andrea Jermain

When she joined the Colorado National Guard in 1996, 17-year old Kelly Dougherty couldn’t have imagined herself serving in the war in Iraq, a war she never supported. Dougherty, daughter of a Vietnam veteran, initially signed up to serve as a medic for the medical training and funding to further her studies. Photo: Mike Coletta In January 2003, however, her last semes- justices were and are a constant presence Kelly Dougherty speaking at ter of university was interrupted by the during the occupation of Iraq. Camp Casey. order to report to military police training and a one-hour briefing about the country Dougherty’s eight-year contract was final- she and the 220th Military Police Compa- ly up in 2004, after nearly a year in Iraq. ny would be occupying. She and her col- Dougherty then realized the recklessness leagues were told little about Arab culture, of the administration, the weakness of its foreign policy, and how little it cared for I think it is a great which left much to be misunderstood by American soldiers. Those misunderstand- its soldiers and the Iraqi people. With this, “ and her personal experiences in mind, disservice to the U.S. ings, coupled with repeatedly lengthened stays and changes in missions, says Dough- Dougherty decided to leave the military erty, lead to violence and hatred. and was honorably discharged. A few and its citizens to months later, Dougherty attended a Vet- What Dougherty witnessed during her erans for . There, she blindly support a war ten months in Iraq was the abuse of the spoke with five Iraq veterans about their Iraqi people by American soldiers, no im- experiences, and the six soon announced without thinking provement, or worsening, in poverty, and the formation of Iraq Veterans Against the orphaned children. While policing Iraq’s War (IVAW). Within a year, membership about the human costs cities and roads, Dougherty’s company reached 150, with support continuously used “less than lethal” ammunitions like expanding. Dougherty and the IVAW for the U.S. citizens bean bags, rubber bullets and smoke gre- work tirelessly to inform Americans about nades, often misused in random, and po- the war and the politics behind it. “I think and the people tentially lethal, drive-by shootings of Iraqi it is a great disservice to the U.S. and its adults and children. Once, while visiting citizens to blindly support a war without of Iraq. an orphanage to donate items meant for thinking about the human costs for the ” soldiers, Dougherty realized that no sup- U.S. citizens and the people of Iraq,” says port was coming from the American gov- Dougherty. The IVAW and Dougherty urge ernment, and that most of the children individuals, as well as countries, to take a there were probably orphaned because stand against this crime against humanity. of bombings and parents being killed at She and the IVAW support peace activists checkpoints. With no interpreters un- and those engaged in civil disobedience, til her last month of service, Dougherty and encourage others to join in the call witnessed many Iraqi people being killed, for peace in any way possible: “Even if you or arrested and held for months at a time save just one life, it’s worth it.” without questioning, simply because no one knew what was going on. These in-

10 Peace Psychology Spring 2006 DIVISIONS FOR SOCIAL JUSTICE By Judith Van Hoorn

Representatives of DSJ divisions continue to increase their contributions to APA’s work on peace and social jus- tice issues, both within and outside the APA Council of Representatives. The work of DSJ Council Representatives

Following the Council meeting, Neil Alt- tional points to be raised about the PENS Prior to the February 2006 Council meet- man and other Council members sum- Report during the Council session. ing, Linda Woolf, President of Division marized the work of DSJ Council Repre- 48, had drafted the statement overnight, sentatives during the February Council On Friday, following the Council meeting, drawing upon the UN declarations and meeting. I’d like to underscore the collab- DSJ Council Representatives met again principles. At the Council Meeting, Jean orative way in which DSJ representatives to review and edit the list of points. Plans Chin (Division 35) and Andy Benjamin worked, how hard they worked, as well as were made for presenting them to Coun- (Washington) helped Corann Okorodu- what was accomplished in so short a time. cil. Work continued until midnight. du and me to craft it into the new busi- ness item. Although not the traditional format for The next morning, as Neil Altman a newsletter article, I hope the following writes: narrative provides a vivid account. By Saturday evening we had printed the New Business Item—a resolution against Fifteen to twenty of us rose (during torture and other cruel, inhuman, and de- Prior to the Council meeting, Neil rep- the Council Meeting) to read this grading treatment and punishment. On resented other DSJ representatives and statement, each point read by a differ- Sunday, the DSJ Representatives circu- met with Olivia Moorehead-Slaughter ent person; I believe this had a pow- lated the New Business Item so that rep- (Chair, Ethics Committee) and Steve erful effect on the Council members. resentatives from all divisions and state Behnke (Director, APA Ethics Office) One military psychologist, along with associations could sign on as co-sponsors. who had requested a meeting with DSJ several other members of Council, We received about 60 co-sponsor signa- representatives prior to their planned Re- rose to say that he was grateful for our tures within about 2 hours! port on the Implementation of Council’s work. One member of Council rose to actions regarding the PENS Report. Dur- say that we should keep in mind that DSJ Convention Program ing this meeting, Neil Altman expressed the mission of the Guantanamo Bay his concern about the delay in changing detention center is legally and ethi- The DSJ Representatives have planned the ethics code in line with Council’s rec- cally questionable, reminding us to a major program: Ethical Dilemmas and ommendation that when there is a con- keep in mind the big picture when Issues for Psychologists Dealing with War, flict between law or orders and the APA we consider the role of psychologists Terrorism, Torture, and Coercion. The ethics code, psychologists may ethically there. Some of us from DSJ also sub- program involves a symposium, followed obey laws, regulations and orders only to mitted a new business item to update by round table discussions. In addition, the extent that they are consistent with the 1985-1986 APA resolutions on DSJ has been planning its annual DSJ basic human rights. torture in the light of the new dilem- Social Hour for late Saturday night so Immediately following the opening mas that have arisen with respect to that members of all divisions can attend Thursday night session of Council, there interrogations since 9/11/01. after the division meetings and other so- cials that occur that evening. were meetings of several caucuses, e.g. On Saturday, during lunch, DSJ reps met Public Interest Caucus, Ethnic Minority together with Gwen Keita, Director of Complete information on the program Caucus, Women’s Caucus, at which DSJ the Public Interest Directorate. We dis- and social hour will be included in the fall reps called upon other Council represen- cussed a range of issues, including submis- newsletter. tatives to respond to the Report on the sion of the New Business Item sponsored implementation of the PENS Report. by Division 48 to update the 1986 Hu- Following the caucus meetings, DSJ reps man Rights Resolution, which we need- and “friends” then met at 10:00 pm to ed to submit by the end of the Council. discuss strategies and begin a list of addi-

Spring 2006 Peace Psychology 11 Doris Miller featured as PAC’s Third Pioneer in Peace Psychology Richard Wagner

Doris Miller, long-time peace activist, is featured in the final issue of the 2005 volume of Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology. She is the third “pioneer in peace psychol- ogy” cited by Peace and Conflict. The issue contains an autobiographical article derived from an interview conducted by Susan McKay, one of the three organizers of the issue (along with Micheal Roe and Michael Wessells).

The issue also includes statements by Ethel Tobach and Bernice Zahm, longtime friends and colleagues of Doris Miller; Anne Anderson, reflecting on Miller’s many contributions to Psy- chologists for Social Responsibility; and Milton Schwebel’s essay on “peace activism and cour- age,” citing Doris Miller as exemplar.

Miller herself contributed an article on the “risks and payoffs of skepticism,” based on a talk she gave to students at Pace University in 1986, illustrating her constant promotion of responsible activism in Doris Miller receives a pre-publication copy the cause of peace and social justice. Her paper is as relevant today as it was 18 years ago. of the Peace and Conflict issue devoted to her pioneering activities. Making the Doris Miller currently resides in Haverford, Pennsylvania, where she continues to march, picket, presentation is Eric Wagner, son of PAC and cajole for peace. A photograph in Peace and Conflict, taken during a petition drive in neigh- editor Richard Wagner. boring Bryn Mawr, PA, attests to her limitless energy and dedication to the cause of peace.

Woodrow Wilson’s “What If ?” Caroline Lang

In the twentieth century, many small countries’ affairs were plagued by the meddling hands of superpowers, ostensibly for a greater good. His- tory has repeatedly shown us the error in this course. People of any nation have rarely responded well to a dictatorial presence in their midst or the imposition of a foreign doctrine; instead, they flourish in situations, both political and social, where they are in charge of their own destiny. However, in a post-war period, foreign powers often need to step in to help rebuild or restructure a country. If done with cooperation and understanding, the presence is smooth.

Following the Paris Peace conference of Oberlin College, and Charles R. Crane, the world. It was a move towards peace. 1919, Woodrow Wilson suggested the a successful American entrepreneur fa- But the King-Crane Commission went U.S., Britain, and France send an infor- miliar with international business. Dur- unnoticed and the U.S.’s commitment mation gathering team to the Middle ing the summer of 1919, the two men to stability in the region too, was swept East. The Ottoman Turks’ defeat in traveled throughout the Middle East and away in the shuffle. WWI liberated many groups of people; gained valuable insight about the region’s the proposed expedition would poll their needs, wants and goals. The existence Middle Eastern countries hoped the Unit- opinions and desires regarding their post- of the Commission was a visible sign of ed States would bring a new approach to imperial move towards independence. American commitment to peace and un- the stagnancy of western imperialism. The region needed a helping hand estab- derstanding; therefore, the Commission Because of the King-Crane Commission, lishing independent nations since they naturally found a strong regional desire inhabitants of the former Turkish Empire had been under Ottoman control for for an American mandate. fervently believed a different relationship centuries; the commission aimed to find with a foreign power was possible. Wood- out what sort of help they wanted and But because the U.S. did not join the row Wilson understood the importance from whom. League of Nations, the findings of the of self-determination in a world reeling Commission were not used to decide how from a war of unprecedented scope. However, neither Britain nor France was to proceed in the region. Central to the interested in participating in the expe- commission was an ability to embrace Do we finally have an opportunity to ful- dition, so the United States alone sent diversity, a desire to forge strong bonds fill his ideal for peace in the Middle East, a team. The delegation consisted of Dr. despite difference, and an acknowledge- or have we become the new western im- Henry Churchill King, the president of ment of the permanent heterogeneity of perialists?

12 Peace Psychology Spring 2006 Spreading the Word about Division 48, from Div 48’s new “Media Advisor” Judy Kuriansky

Which one of these headlines would catch your eye more:

“Coffee Competition” or “Coffee Wars”?

In a research study about this, an over- Your ideas about this are extremely wel- whelming majority of people paid more come. One example of a type of story is attention to the hypothetical article about my own column for the New York Daily coffee when the word “War” was in the News (see http://www.nydailynews. headline than when the word “Competi- com/city_life/advice/drjudy/). tion” was used. This particular story is about dialogu- I am sure you are all aware of how bad ing efforts to resolve conflict between news trumps good news—you have only Arabs and Jews—one of the topics cov- to watch television or read the front page ered in the book I am currently editing of any newspaper to note this. I will never on resolving conflict between the Pales- forget a phrase I heard when starting in tinians and Israelis from a psychosocial the broadcasting business over 25 years point of view. Another is in the works ago—one that defined the nature of the about psychosocial efforts after the tsu- business. On the day of my first appearance nami disaster. Do contact me about your on a new show, all havoc broke loose with work in these areas. news of the Iranian hostage-taking crisis. The phrase was, “If it bleeds, it leads.” Of Convention is soon upon us—in New course, important news should lead, but Orleans. Having recently been to the what became evident to me over years of region and in ongoing contact with being in the media, was that “happy news” people there (the lieutenant gover- gets no attention or is relegated to back nor pledged his support for projects pages or to what’s called the “kicker”—the story at the end of we might do), it is evident to me that the efforts, energy and a TV newscast. This at least reflects smart psychology: to leave spirit of Division 48 members could be immensely useful for the audience in a better mood than when they started. recovery efforts. One project being considered to tie into the convention involves several elements, which follow guidelines That brings me to the point: it’s time words like “Peace,” “Rec- of the APA Board of Convention Affairs: teaming up with a onciliation,” and “Conflict Resolution” get more mainstream local organization for a community service project that would attention than “War.” Those words are the spirit of this divi- provide a psycho-educational program for teachers in a local sion. Many members are doing important work in these areas school (a “train the trainers” model) and include a fund-raiser that deserves widespread public attention and visibility. Having held at a local organization’s premises, with money to go to re- been asked to serve as the media advisor for the division, I’m covery efforts. Membership chair Joan Gildemeister has made glad to use my experience as a journalist to help make that hap- valuable contacts in New Orleans to realize this project. We pen. Please let me know about work in progress you feel deserves heartily welcome your ideas, participation, and support of this, more media attention, as well as new ideas. or any other project for convention, to contribute to the relief efforts, and to give peace, conflict resolution, reconciliation and This initiative is consistent with past APA President Ron recovery away. Contact Joan at [email protected] or me at Levant’s presidential initiative called “Making Psychology a [email protected]. Household Word”—a nice continuation of the mission that some of us started in the 1980s when we founded the Division of Media Psychology with our slogan to “Give Psychology Away.”

Spring 2006 Peace Psychology 13 Torture Marc Pilisuk

In February, 2006, Division 48 endorsed a letter originated by Division 9 (SPSSI) to the APA Monitor and intended for broader distribution. It responded to APA President Gerald Koocher. Reflecting upon the Abu Ghraib and Guantanamo torture scandals, the letter expressed concern over the inadequacy of the stance taken so far regarding the use of psychological knowledge and psychologists’ participation in coercive inter- rogations. I would like to share a bit of background on the use of psychology in torture.

Torture, as policy, has been used Techniques were developed for attacking hib suggest more than creative sadism of by occupying military forces throughout human sensory receptors: sight, sound, a few cruel soldiers. They reflect the work history. It is designed for two purposes. heat and cold, sense of time. The stud- of our profession. In fact, the guidance of The first is to create great fear against ies of the effects of sensory disorientation practices by actual behavioral science pro- being suspected of collaboration with and deprivation at McGill were followed fessionals, the BSCT (biscuit: Behavioral dissident groups. The second is to ex- by further research at Harvard, Princeton, Science Consultation Teams) has been tort information about the identity and Cornell and Yale. Research showed that documented. When General Miller was whereabouts of adversaries so they may be people could be broken down by what is sent from Guantanamo to Abu Ghraib, found and killed. Unpopular military oc- called “self-inflicted pain.” They are made he brought his techniques of abusive in- cupations typically use, promote or con- to stand immobile with arms raised for terrogation with him. He brought a CD done torture, but the craft has also been long periods of time and are told that they and a manual of techniques and gave promoted by law enforcement and by are causing it because it can stop as soon them to military intelligence officers and agencies engaged in intelligence gather- as they give in. The physiological conse- to General Ricardo Sanchez, the U.S. ing. Physical torture does inspire fear, but quences are enormous and involve stress commander in Iraq. its effects are hard to conceal, it provides on kidneys, swelling and oozing lesions, little information that is reliable, and it and hallucinations. Subjects experience a The use of such practices appears in agen- sometimes generates retaliation in kind. great deal of pain that augments the psy- cy manuals and has been a long-term part The modern emphasis has added the sys- chic effects of sensory disorientation. of U.S. policy. The material is included in tematic use of psychological torture. manuals used by the School of the Ameri- To this, psychology and related disciplines cas in its training of Latin American mili- Much of the systematic use of psychologi- have added the concept of fitting the type tary leaders. It has long been available in cal knowledge in torture originated in the of cruelty to the particular belief systems the CIA KUBARK Counterintelligence Soviet Union where authorities consid- of individuals and of their cultures. One Manual. When the U.S. signed the UN ered dissent to be a form of misguided and group of studies involved the secret pho- Anti-Torture Convention, the version dangerous thinking. Coercive behavioral tographing of people in brothels to use as sent to Congress for ratification in 1994 techniques were employed to correct the threats to induce cooperation with inter- removed any restraints on “mental” tor- pathology of dissenting ideas. The Gulag rogators. ture. The U.S. government provides false was reserved for the incurables. rationalizations for military actions, acts The pictures from AbuGrahib depicted secretly to intervene in foreign elections, U.S. torture policy evolved during the 50s individuals who were hooded, standing, engages in covert manipulations to over- when the CIA Technical Services Unit and with arms coercively outstretched by throw popular governments and finds it of its Plans Division began adding psy- wires. Some had been shackled, blind- useful to instill fear by torture. That such chological measures to practices of physi- folded, and isolated in small cubicles. practices are denied or condoned by gov- cal torture already employed. The major This reflected the psychological contribu- ernment officials does not alter the ethi- psychological and behavioral foundations tions of both sensory disorientation and cal responsibilities of psychologists to use for this work came from prominent uni- self-induced pain. The forced nudity, tell- their knowledge in ways that do not harm versities with funding often from CIA and ing prisoners that they were being doused human beings. Grants for research on other defense-related sources. A series of with menstrual blood, and the abuse of such methods, fees for consultation, and experiments using LSD, electro-shock, the Koran reflected the knowledge of claims that we just did not know how our and related disrupters failed to attain the gearing the psychological torture to the psychology was being used, do not excuse goal of control over people’s minds. Break- cultural vulnerabilities of the victims. the practices. The U.S. may be torturing throughs began with studies by Donald Finally, the well-known Milgram experi- people, but APA must not grant legitima- Hebb showing how sensory deprivation cy to the practice by refusing to hold its could, within a short time, produce symp- ments showed the government that it is easy to find ordinary people to administer members accountable. In addition to ac- toms of psychological breakdown. Further counts from Amnesty International, Hu- studies of sensory overload and sensory such abuse if one controls the external disorientation produced analogous results. circumstances. The patterns at Abu Gra- (continued on page 15)

14 Peace Psychology Spring 2006 QUESTIONNAIRE REVEALS CONCERNS OF MEMBERS Joan Gildemeister, Recruitment, Retention and Public Relations Chair

TORTURE The Division questionnaire was sent out last fall to obtain your visions and suggestions (continued from page 14) about how Peace Psychology can meet the expectations and goals of its members. This was the product of a committee and gave everyone a chance to give an opinion about man Rights Watch, The Impunity Proj- what the division should be doing that it is not doing. ect, and School of the Americas Watch, there are three important and eye-open- The questionnaire gave our members an opportunity to inform the committees about ing books providing information about missing publications and also indicate interests of concern and activism in the com- torture as part of U.S. policy. munity and the larger national and international settings. The collective effort is im- pressive, including those who are no longer at the ramparts but continue to be influ- A Question of Torture: CIA Interrogation, ential shapers of opinion. New members, on the other hand, need to be introduced to from the Cold War to the War on Terror the various modes of interaction and cooperation open to them. (hardcover), by Alfred McCoy 2005. Eighty members took the time to indicate their length of membership, areas of inter- Truth, Torture, and the American Way: est, and concerns, giving information about their work in and study of the processes of The History and Consequences of U.S. In- peace and conflict resolution. About a third of the respondents were members of over volvement in Torture (paperback) Boston: 10 years’ standing, a third between 2-10, and a third were new members, the majority Beacon Press Books, by Jennifer K. Har- students. Their record of achievement is truly impressive. International peace is the bury 2005. area that is shared across generations and length of membership.

Torture and Truth: America, Abu Ghraib, Many great ideas came back to us, and work is proceeding on a task force on Human and the War on Terror (paperback) New Rights as a consequence of the input of two members with a strong scholarly inter- York Review of Books Press, by Mark est in the topic willing to put together a proposal. The next questionnaire may deal Danner 2004. with such questions as your satisfaction with division publications and activities, and will invite members’ views on how to disseminate psychological knowledge more ef- Marc Pilisuk is professor emeritus of the fectively. The knotty problems of reduction of destructive conflict and the weight University of California, and professor of professional ethics and international codes of conduct in armed conflict provide with the Saybrook Graduate School and a challenge for us all. The questionnaire also netted many resources for the division, Research Center. He is a member of the including a public relations consultant, Judy Kuriansky, a leader in media psychology steering committee of Psychologists for who brings experience in research and with projects that are congruent with the goals Social Responsibility and a past president of Peace Psychology. of Division 48. He can be contacted at: [email protected]. The questionnaire is a work in progress. Your ideas and suggestions are welcome. I will need to have them by September 15 to include them in the next APA mailing to our complete membership. Please contact me at [email protected].

The 11th International Conference on Violence, Abuse, and Trauma: Working Together to End Abuse

September 16 – September 19 San Diego, CA Co-hosted by the Institute on Violence, Abuse and Trauma For more information, see: http://IVAT.alliant.edu

Spring 2006 Peace Psychology 15 Peace is Possible On the right-hand side page you will find a Peace is Possible poster☞ Please use it in any, and every, way you can. • Post it somewhere. • Photocopy and post several. • Photocopy it enlarged and post. • Hand out as flyers. • Photocopy reduced on cardstock. • Use as postcards...

Use whatever creative way you can to get the word out that peace is possible, and that our Division is a resource.

Intrigued by words for “peace” in other languages? There are more where these came from. See http://www.columbia.edu/~fdc/pace/ for translations into more than 300 languages, out of about 5,000 languages spoken in the world.

2006 Peace Psychology Early Career Award Society for the Study of Peace, Conflict, and Violence (Division 48) American Psychological Association

Purpose and Eligibility Criteria for Selection Review Committee The Early Career Award recognizes schol- Scholarship (quantity and quality of pub- Members of the Early Career Award ars in peace psychology who have made lications) and activism (breadth and im- Review Committee consist of Dan substantial contributions to the mission pact of teaching, training, fieldwork, poli- Christie, Eric Green, Kathleen Kostelny, of the society, which is “the develop- cy work, etc.), are primary considerations. and Susan Opotow. The entire packet ment of sustainable societies through the Generally, the scholar/activist model is can be sent to Dan Christie, Chair of the prevention of destructive conflict and most desirable but in exceptional cases, Peace Psychology Early Career Award violence, the amelioration of its conse- the recipient may emphasize scholarship Committee, preferably electronically at quences, the empowerment of individu- or activism. [email protected] or via post to: als, and the building of cultures of peace Dan Christie and global community.” Nominees should How to Apply have made their contributions within five Department of Psychology years of receiving a graduate degree and Self-nominations are welcome. In addi- 257 Morrill Hall need not be members of Division 48. tion, senior scholars are encouraged to Ohio State University identify nominees who meet the criteria Marion, Ohio 43302 for the award. The nominee should ar- Award range to have the following submitted: Deadline The recipient will receive $500 and rec- ognition at the awards banquet at the 1. A cover letter outlining relevant Applications must be received by June 1, annual convention of the American accomplishments to date 2006. The recipient of the award will be Psychological Association. Recipients announced by July1, 2006. 2. Selected copies of most significant are also invited to give an address at the and relevant publications or other convention. evidence of scholarship 3. A current curriculum vitae 4. Two letters of support

16 Peace Psychology Spring 2006 You can say “peace” in any language, Afrikaans to Zulu…

VrEdETaika Maluha Vride Fred Pace Fandriampahalemana

Magogoso sülh SàN Eãrønh PaciЄ HasÎtÎ Anachemowegan НХ Alaáfía Mier Runkun Irqigsiniq Sìth Pardamean Muka-Muka Tecócatú Heddwch Síocháin PEACE Goom-jigi Fräd Kgotso Emirembe Chibanda Pau Satta Pava Runyaro Dendemaro Cres pas Pau ТаЙВаН Hasîtî MIR Smirom Li-k’ei Mir PACI Nanomononsetôtse Ráfi Shee Kedamaian Paghidait Thayu Ukuthula

In Cheyenne or Manx, whether you say Fandriampahalemana or Goom-jigi, it all means the same…Peace!

peace is possible think it. plan it. do it.

For information, or to join the Society for the Study of Peace, Conflict and Violence: Peace Psychology Division of the American Psychological Association, log onto www.peacepsych.org

Spring 2006 Peace Psychology 17 From 9/11 to Katrina: Has there been an evolution in political preferences?

Matthew S. Motyl and William A. DeLamarter

Recent decades have shown a marked increase in women holding prestigious positions in fields such as medicine, law, and the academy (Eagly, 2003). However, national political offices still lack a significant female presence despite the strides made by the feminist movement to bring equality to the American political machine. Women compose a meager 13 percent of the United States’ Senate and 14 percent of the House of Representatives (Carli & Eagly, 2001). Furthermore, no woman has ever run for president of the United States and only one has been a vice-presidential candidate. Although 65.5 percent of women are registered voters and show up to the polls more often than men, female politicians continue to lose elections.

Following the terrorist attacks of 9/11, she is living according to the prescrip- Participants then evaluated each candi- women lost a great deal of political mo- tions of a particular worldview. date on a scale, designed by the research- mentum, and this has magnified their er, assessing aspects such as competency, The attacks of 9/11 and the resulting me- struggle to attain positions of political likeableness and effectiveness in national dia coverage overwhelmed United States’ power (Hill, 2002). Terror management security policies. The results obtained citizens with pervasive thoughts of death, theory (TMT) may provide a plausible were mixed. When induced with death- which were then manifested in politi- explanation for the recent faltering suc- related thought, participants preferred cal behavior. President George W. Bush cess rates of women in politics, especially “feminine” candidates to “masculine” managed to significantly increase his rat- when considering the implications of that candidates in almost every evaluative ings from 50 percent on September 9th model in the psychology of gender roles. measure. Feminine candidates were well (Berke & Sanger, 2001) to 90 percent on liked and perceived as more competent Greenberg, Pyszczynski, and Solomon September 13th (Morin & Deane, 2001) senators overall, while male leadership (1990) suggest that human beings have by strongly advocating a conservative Re- was only perceived to be effective for an innate desire for self-preservation and publican worldview that provided comfort military action. Unexpectedly, the sex of will, therefore, experience fear when their to the electorate by emphasizing a singular the candidates produced no significant survival is threatened. Death is both inev- group identity (Landau et al., 2004). effects. However, in support of TMT, a itable and uncertain, a combination that sample of liberal participants strongly Landau et al. (2004) compared the provokes a great deal of insecurity. No endorsed the female candidates that they president’s message with that of Senator individual is able to predict the time, the perceived to be more liberal and rejected John Kerry, who presented a more liberal place, nor the means by which one’s quest the more stereotypic masculine positions worldview emphasizing less in-group sol- for self-preservation will end, whether it is and interpreted them as being too con- idarity and greater pluralism. Under nor- accidental, by disease, old age, or the rare servative and thus, ineffective. mal conditions, the Senator was rated event of a Boeing 757 crashing through his more favorably than the President. How- or her workplace window. This heightened Years after 9/11, the American public ever, when participants were primed by state of awareness may lead to a chronic endured an additional reminder of their thoughts of death, their preference shift- form of anxiety, which, if not buffered, can own mortality—the devastation brought ed drastically in favor of President Bush lead to paralyzing existential, psychologi- by Hurricane Katrina, the costliest and and his conservative worldview. cal terror (Becker, 1973). deadliest storm since 1928 (Comte, 2006). It reminded many Americans of The current study was conducted to as- Thus, TMT theorists suggest the exis- their inevitable mortality. Instead of fa- sess the effects of death-related thought tence of a dual-process system that shields voring aggressive masculine leadership, on evaluations of political candidates humans from dealing with this perpetual voters may have found refuge in the nur- as a function of the candidates’ sex and fear of death (Jonas & Greenberg, 2004). turing qualities embedded in stereotypi- gender role (as described in a profile pro- The protective effect of this system in- cally feminine positions. vided to the participants). Using TMT, it volves interplay between one’s cultural was hypothesized that people would show worldview and his or her self-esteem. The Recently, the “masculine” approach to a preference for gender role consistent cultural worldview provides meaning for the war in Iraq has been subject to a great candidates. Following a death-related human beings by answering cosmological deal of criticism. The population’s desire thought induction, the 147 participants questions such as: “How did I get here?” for aggressive leadership is in decline, read a national security position state- “How should I live my life?” and “What possibly due to continued sectarian vio- ment that was presented either in a “mas- happens after I die?” Self-esteem is the lence in Iraq and the increasing number culine” or “feminine” manner and was individual’s belief about how well he or paired with a male or female photograph. (continued on page 30)

18 Peace Psychology Spring 2006 Statements of Candidates for the Position of President of Division 48

James M. Statman, Ph.D. cal psychologist. Most of this has been ethnic conflicts and peace. When I joined I am truly honored to be nominated for in chaotic and impoverished contexts: Division 48 almost seven years ago, I the Presidency of Division 48 and ap- grassroots projects for youth; community was conducting research and counseling proach the prospect of serving with great development; institutional transforma- women and children exposed to domestic excitement, humility and, I must admit, tion; and local capacity building and violence. I was reminded that while many some trepidation. For in these times when empowerment projects, with a focus on enjoy or take for granted a home free of those working for peace, equity and posi- underserved, marginalized and violent violence, a small but growing segment tive social change can easily feel discour- populations. I have recently completed of society is not as fortunate. Domestic aged, it becomes ever more important to working in Nigeria and South Africa to violence affects individuals, families and assert the mandate of our Division in our assist chronically unemployed former gue- communities. I was reminded of the global teaching, research, practice, interaction rilla fighters and other ex-combatants ac- scope of domestic violence when I gave a with colleagues, within the APA, through cess the psycho-social support, life-skills keynote address on the intergenerational activism and in our daily lives: to present and career training they need to success- impact of domestic violence at a confer- a realistic vision of a more just and peace- fully enter civilian life and am currently ence in Pretoria, South Africa. Knowing ful world, backed by sound practice and working in Guyana using Appreciative the importance of this issue, I was pleased solid psychological research. Inquiry and conflict management meth- to find that Division 48 included domes- ods to help address mounting ethno-po- tic violence in its mission. I believe that it is our shared challenge litical violence. My professional writing to move peace psychology from the aca- has focused on case studies that seek to As a member of Division 48, I expanded demic and organizational margins into describe and understand the personal and my work in peace psychology when I be- the center of academic and professional social dynamics of political conflict and came one of six APA Representatives to discourse. As president of Division 48 I change and particularly to elucidate and the UN. I was proud to represent both would work with divisional colleagues give voice to hidden dimensions of resis- APA and Division 48 on international and reach out to many new ones, particu- tance to domination. issues pertaining to violence, injustice larly graduate students and early career and health disparities affecting peoples psychologists, minorities and interna- Since returning from South Africa in of all nations. My role as an APA repre- tional members, to strengthen, diversify 2000 Division 48 has been my home base sentative helped me to understand the and build the Division, to give us greater through which I have been able to meet enormity of the task we confront as peace presence and voice within APA and to and work with colleagues, present aca- psychologists, and to collaborate with link with the many individuals and insti- demic and applied work, and contribute, other non-governmental organizations tutions that comprise our growing field of twice as program chair and as liaison to (NGOs), UN member states, and Am- peace psychology. I will work to ensure Division 45. Should I be elected Presi- bassadors to address the needs and rights that Division 48 is an open and welcom- dent I will happily and energetically de- of people, including the right to live in ing place, a stimulating, vibrant, active, vote myself to doing all I can to help the peace. Through papers, panel discussions collaborative center for promoting peace Division continue to prosper and grow. and workshops presented at APA con- psychology. We have much to do. To ferences, I helped highlight the role of move our field forward we must begin peace psychologists in international and to document and share best practice, to Deborah Fish Ragin, Ph.D. national conflicts. identify the skills, knowledge and com- When I joined Division 48 I did not petencies that constitute effective peace know that I would have the great fortune As a Co-Chair of the Division’s Ethnicity psychology, and to encourage and mentor of working with very committed and and Peace Working Group, I was pleased rigorous, creative research into key issues dedicated individuals who share a vision to be part of efforts to further discussions such as state violence, socio-economic of peace and social justice among peoples and understanding about the complex inequity, , fundamentalism and and between nations. Division 48 is my nature of ethnicity and peace both at terrorism. And we must bring our exper- “home” within APA where I can work home and abroad. Currently, I serve as tise, our constructs and methodologies with others on initiatives to advance the the Division’s representative to a newly into the world where they can be tested, Division’s mission. I would welcome the formed APA Task Force on Diversity. refined and utilized. opportunity to take a greater leadership I believe that the mission of our Division role in Peace Psychology. For the past 35 years I have been working “to promote peace in the world at large, domestically and internationally (primar- My interest in peace psychology reflects within nations, in communities and ily in Africa) as an applied social/politi- my personal and professional interest in families,” positions us to provide leader- ship and expertise on issues of peace and

Spring 2006 Peace Psychology 19 social justice. Members of our Division groups remind us of the seamless connec- opportunity to use my past seven years of have provided outstanding examples of tion between international and national experience to promote the goal of peace leadership as peace psychologists through interests. And for that reason, in part, we and social justice shared by members of their work on international events and need to balance our work by increasing our Division. crises. Some of the current conflicts be- our attention to domestic issues of peace tween ethnic, religious and political and social justice. I would welcome the

Statements of Candidates for the Position of Member-at-Large of Division 48

Julie Levitt, Ph.D. As a 48 MAL completing her first term, ters about political messages on children’s I am a clinical psychologist who has I have used my systems skills to assess television. I have been teaching courses worked extensively in the area of peace group interaction and suggest approaches on children’s political socialization, and building, believing that the practice of that would increase member involvement am developing a certificate program on psychology includes participation in and diversity. I developed outreach mate- working with children and families inter- many levels of society. rials and programming that incorporated nationally, for teachers and other human diverse perspectives and a wide range of service professionals in training. My cur- My involvement as a peace psychologist applications. Now I serve on the Society’s rent writing is about teacher training in po- has included political and community Diversity Task Force, formed this year to litical socialization and political education. volunteerism with non-profit organiza- explore the meaning of difference within tions promoting social justice. I orga- the Society and how best to meet the I have presented my work both nationally nize programs to inform about local and needs of members and create an environ- and internationally at conferences of the national policy, serve on the boards of ment of and model for inclusion. I would International Society of Political Psychol- community action organizations, and like to complete this initiative while on ogy, the American Psychological Associa- currently work on violence prevention the Executive Committee. tion, the Society for Research on Child by collaborating with several organiza- Development, the National Association tions to develop legislative initiatives My work as a 48- Executive Committee for the Education of Young Children and and educational programs. Member, clinician, clinical researcher, the Alliance for a Media Literate Amer- peace activist, and community advocate, ica. I have published in a variety of My election twice to the National Steer- qualifies me for a second term as MAL. I European and American publications: ing Committee of Psychologists for Social would be most honored to serve. Psychosocial, Telemedium, International Responsibility has increased my invest- Journal of Mental Health, Young Children, ment in peace psychology. Four years ago Petra Hesse, Ph.D. and Contemporary Psychological Review. I sought a project that would further the I have been a member of Division 48 field of international humanitarian assis- since its inception. I have presented As member-at-large, I would continue tance. That resulted in PsySR conferences my work at many APA conventions, to contribute actively to Division 48. I in 2002 and 2003, which brought together and served a term as Secretary-Trea- would be interested in building alliances 50-60 researchers, administrators, and surer from 1993-1996. Currently, I and partnerships with sister organiza- clinicians from governmental and non- am one of the co-chairs of the Task tions (e.g. the International Society governmental agencies, including foreign Force on Children, Families and War. of Political Psychology) and organiza- program directors. We explored assump- tions with compatible missions and tions and field practices in order to de- I hold advanced degrees in child develop- projects (e.g. the World Organization velop guidelines for intervention and to ment (Ph.D., Harvard University, 1985) of Early Childhood Education and the identify areas for further investigation. and international relations (M.A.L.D., National Association for the Educa- How to engage participants and maintain Tufts University, 1985), and have been try- tion of Young Children). Of course, I momentum among participants also was ing to integrate my educational backgrounds would also be open to developing other studied. In August 2005 I co-chaired a and training ever since graduate school. projects with members of Division 48. PsySR program for field workers based on I have written about children’s fears of the findings of our conferences. nuclear war, about children’s and adoles- cents’ enemy images in different cultures, My research areas include study of sur- about German adolescents before and after vivors of trauma, particularly those who reunification, and about children’s reac- suffered during the Holocaust, with focus tions to 9/11. I also produced a videotape on resilience. and wrote several articles and book chap-

20 Peace Psychology Spring 2006 Trends in Homelessness, Health, Hunger, & Dropout Data Suggest a “Society at Risk” Neil Wollman

We in the United States consider ourselves to be a generous people, and in many ways we are. Yet hunger, homelessness and inadequate health care continue to increase in our nation, while a worrisome school dropout rate has shown little improvement in recent years.

◗ Emergency food requests increased ◗ The improvement in dropout rate is part of a longer term dramatic and con- 14.4 percent from 2003 to 2004, with jeopardized by the Administration’s FY tinuing deterioration for those most at 38.2 million people (or 13.2 percent of 2006 request for the “No Child Left risk in our society. And unless new forces the population) living in households Behind” Act. It is $12 billion below come into play, the overall picture can- experiencing “food insecurity.” the amount needed to fully fund it, not be expected to improve in the fore- including cutting funds for programs seeable future. With financial demands ◗ In 2004, 81 percent of major cities to reduce the number of high school for Katrina and permanent tax cuts do- turned people away from shelters be- dropouts. mestically, and for Iraq and Afghanistan cause they were filled to capacity, while abroad, the plight of the poor will surely families with children comprised 35-40 Researchers and the media have looked at worsen further. Given the basic nature of percent of the U.S. homeless popula- these factors individually. But by examin- these long unfulfilled needs—and the fact tion, depending on which survey’s re- ing them together, we can see whether that all other industrialized countries pro- sults are used. our society responds adequately to the vide in these areas—we may need to look needs of its citizens, particularly those ◗ In that same year, 45.8 million people more closely at ourselves and our self-im- who are most vulnerable. As the lead age of being a compassionate people. were without health insurance. researcher, I think that such findings are

Genocide in Darfur

The reality of the genocidal policies under the regime of Sudanese dictator Omar al-Bashir: ◗ Over 400,000 men, women and children dead ◗ Mass rape as a form of genocide is common ◗ Over 2 million displaced persons ◗ Genocide spilling over into neighboring country of Chad

Iridimi refugee camp, Chad. Hawa Salihdin What you can do: and her children. Her father, brother, ❑ Contact the media informing them of your concern and if appropriate, cousin and 30 other people were killed offer your expertise related to the causes and consequences of genocide. when the militias attacked her village. Her mother, Hadiya Ahmed, disappeared and ❑ Contact your governmental officials. is still missing. ❑ Organize and support programming in your area (e.g., at your university, religious Credit: Jerry Fowler, staff director of the organization, community centers) concerning the realities of genocide in Darfur. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum’s Committee on Conscience ❑ Support relief efforts.

Download a Darfur resource kit from the Committee on Conscience at: http://www.ushmm.org/conscience/alert/darfur/pdf/resource_kit.pdf

Spring 2006 Peace Psychology 21

Highlights from the Winter Executive Committee Meeting January 2006 in Washington, D.C.

Julie Levitt

Our winter meeting this year members-at large, Corann Okorodudu torture. This position is endorsed by the began the evening of January 19 with and Judith Van Hoorn, APA Council Divisions of Social Justice (DSJ) of which an emotionally moving reception at representatives, Diane Perlman, from the we are a divisional member. American University for Mohammed Globalization and Abu-Nimer, Ph.D., the recipient of the and Disarmament Working Group, and John Gruszkos, treasurer, reviewed Society’s annual Morton Deutsch Con- Sarah Robertson (PsySR Intern). We expenses. He will report separately about flict Resolution Award. Since 1997, Dr. worked hard, plowing through an agenda the financial status of the Society. There Abu-Nimer has been on the faculty of the from 9 a.m. to 6 p.m. was Committee approval for funds to sup- School of International Service (SIS) at port the Multi-Cultural Conference and American University where he concen- Now to themes of the day: the Divisions for Social Justice (DSJ). As trates on the theory and practice of inter- for the work of our Society, this includes Mike Wessells’ resignation from the national peace and conflict resolution. At maintaining the International Peace APA Presidential Task Force on National the award ceremony, he spoke eloquently Practitioners’ Network (IPPN), which in Security (PENS) was discussed. Mike and with humility about the develop- partnership with Psychologists for Social Wessells’ concerns about the task force ment of his career as a trainer and inter- Responsibility, provides an opportunity include the absence of any investigative faith dialogue facilitator who has worked for international humanitarian workers or adjudicating role for the task force and with thousands from widely diverse back- to post information about issues, confer- therefore, its inability to consider the grounds in areas of conflict. The award, ences, requests for information, as well events that may have occurred in US de- given to a practitioner who has made vi- as connect one-to-one and converse via tainee prison camps. He maintains that tal contributions to the field of peace and a moderated listserv format. In addition, APA has come short of condemning the conflict resolution, is one for which Dr. there are two publications, our newslet- abuses that have occurred in such camps Abu-Nimer is eminently qualified. He ter and journal, as well as task forces. The and that APA needs a bipartisan com- was among the first PhD graduates of the Society welcomes monetary contribu- mission to investigate possible psycholo- Institute for Conflict Analysis and Reso- tions from our members to our newly es- gist involvement in the abuses. He also lution (ICAR) at George Mason Uni- tablished Division Diversity Task Force, contends that APA must state clearly versity, where he defended a pioneering described below, the Multi-Cultural Con- opposition to and condemnation of harsh dissertation that evaluated the Arab-Jew- ference, and the DJS. Members may send methods such as sleep deprivation and ha- ish dialogue and other conflict resolution contributions for these worthy causes by rassment and educate policy makers about models used in Israel by 15 organizations writing to John Gruszkos, Ph.D., 7301 the profoundly negative effects of harsh, in the late 1970s into the 1980s. This Forest Avenue, Suite 201, Richmond, pressuring methods of questioning that research was updated in 1999 and pub- Virginia 23226. Contributions should be are subsumed under cruel, degrading, in- lished as the first comprehensive book on made out to the Peace Division, APA. humane treatment. His resignation from the conflict resolution models used in Is- the TF was understood and supported by The Executive Committee rael. His work to combine theory and ap- the Executive Committee. strongly supported efforts to get more plication is extensive. Among his recent members involved in ongoing projects publications is Peace-building and Nonvio- The theme calling for APA and heartily endorsed the idea that we lence in Islam: Theory and Practice (2003), leadership in matters related to tor- should move in the direction of increased the first single-authored book considering ture and other treatment of detainees in showcasing of how peace psychologists these two content areas from a peace and U.S. military prison camps was repeated work at various stages of their careers. conflict resolution perspective. throughout the meeting. Specifically dis- Defining peace psychology in its broadest cussed was the Executive Committee’s On January 20th the Executive sense was emphasized. This includes the call for action in July 2005, that includ- Committee met at the APA building for possibility of E-publication of resources. ed no torture against prisoners or use of the Winter Divisional Meeting. In at- highly coercive interrogation techniques, John Paul Szura & Mike Wes- tendance were: President Linda Woolf, no mitigating circumstances for psy- sells are continuing to work on a writ- Anne Anderson (PsySR), Eileen Borris, chologists to use torture or be a part of ten history of the , a way to past-president, Leila Dane, chair, Fellows highly coercive interrogation techniques, help us both remember our roots, goals, Committee, Kathleen Dockett, secretary, the investigation of the charges against and envision our future directions. Joan Gildemeister, membership chair, psychologists at Guantanamo Bay, and Dan Mayton, president-elect, Eric Green, the wide circulation of the APA 1986 student representative, John Gruszkos, Resolution concerning human rights and treasurer, Julie Levitt and Donna Read,

22 Peace Psychology Spring 2006 Corann Okorodudu reported on our working groups. Our divisional task in August. Members are encouraged to issues now before APA Council. The ac- force will help with the development of a share their ideas about recruitment and tive involvement of our two representa- larger inter-divisional task force that will how best to be “user friendly.” Use of e- tives, Corann and Judith Van Hoorn, is explore conflict resolution models and mail for better communication with divi- important as a way to question policy and a develop a handbook addressing how sion members is in the works. provide direction to our APA leadership. APA divisions can operationalize the Judy commended Corann for her specific resolutions on Enhancing Diversity, pre- From my review of notes from initiatives against racism, including ste- sented in May 2005. Congratulations to our meeting, it is clear to me that the reotyping of any group membership, and Evie and Eileen who, with APA divisions Peace Society is moving forward in mak- torture. The Multicultural Conference 20, 35, 44, and 45, have been awarded a ing peace psychology a recognized, im- in January 2007 will focus on structural competitive inter-divisional grant to do portant specialty within the profession violence. Our participation at the con- this work. of psychology. The Society, which cel- ference as presenters and participants of ebrates and respects diversity, is working course is important. In the afternoon, the bylaws were toward a greater incorporation of diver- discussed and are under possible revision sity within our membership and leader- Eileen Borris discussed the Division to better meet the needs of our rapidly ship. The Society also is exploring ways Diversity Task Force, chaired by Eileen growing Society. of connecting research and practice so and Evie Garcia, that provides an op- that psychologists everywhere can see portunity to study how we can work well Joan Gildermeister has been the place of peace with social justice as together within our division, a complex working on member recruitment. Among a part of their practice. A tall order and and difficult task for any group. The TF several efforts to increase membership, a unique position for a division. But it is also will explore ways to encourage par- she has devised a questionnaire to ex- possible, especially as we dialogue, reach ticipation of a greater number of people plore what new members want from the out, and are open to the ideas of others. coming from different backgrounds with Division, and is working on outreach and Ideas are welcome. Please feel free to different experiences to join our lead- public relations components for us in let us know what you as members think ership and our other activities, such as conjunction with the APA convention about our proposed directions.

Morton Deutsch Conflict Resolution Award

Leila F. Dane

On January 19, a festive ceremony munity of Northern Israel, he worked marking the 4th annual Morton Deutsch throughout his twenties facilitating Conflict Resolution award, sponsored community level dialogue among Arabs by APA Division 48, the Society for the and Jews before moving to Jerusalem to Study of Peace, Conflict and Violence, was develop Arab language held in Washington, D.C. at American curricula. The first Intifada (1987) -elic University, hosted by the Peacebuilding ited in him such profound feelings that & Development Institute of the School he immigrated to the U.S. and eventually of International Service, where the recip- enrolled in the first doctoral level gradu- ient currently teaches. The awardee, Dr. ating class of George Mason University’s Mohammed Abu-Nimer, was honored Institute for Conflict Analysis & Reso- President Linda M. Woolf presenting for his outstanding contributions to the lution, where he presented a pioneering award to Dr. Abu-Nimer. integration of theory and practice within dissertation evaluating the Arab-Jewish the field of conflict resolution. The hall dialogue and coexistence models used in “Peace is made with was packed with his admiring students, 15 organizations in Israel. His continued colleagues, family, and those Division 48 productivity in training, research, and enemies, not with members who were in town for the mid- theory development has won him the ad- people who are already winter meetings of APA. miration of thousands worldwide. For the in agreement. I hope full text of APA Division 48 President we will someday grasp Dr. Abu-Nimer is remarkable in several Linda Woolf’s pre-presentation speech, ways other than being fourth in the world a synopsis of the work of the first three this opportunity.” to receive this prestigious award, which awardees, and criteria for consideration Mohammed Abu-Nimer is open to scholars and practitioners from as a nominee for the 5th annual award, all walks of life. Born into a Muslim com- go to the Division 48 web site.

Spring 2006 Peace Psychology 23 REPORTS

Peace and Education Working Student and Early Career Working Group Group Report Eric Green Linden Nelson, Co-Chair The Student and Early Career (SEC) nizing awareness or activist events that We are continuing efforts to distribute Working Group is trying to respond to a could help aspiring students. We will the “Every Child, Every Day” brochure growing need to connect interested stu- try to match your experience and skills to school board members, administra- dents with Division 48 members for ca- with a student’s interest to help create tors, and teachers. The brochure de- reer and research mentoring. Many of our an appropriate connection. Please visit scribes benefits of school-based conflict student affiliates attend colleges and uni- http://www.ericpgreen.com/d48mentor/ resolution education and related pro- versities that do not have faculty mem- memberform.asp to learn more and register. grams. All Division 48 members are en- bers who are knowledgeable about peace couraged to use the brochure to promote psychology issues, research, education, Student Affiliates: If you are interested peace education in their local school training, or careers. Furthermore, there is in learning more about peace psychology districts. Brochures may be ordered from a growing need in our Division to increase research, careers, or activism, this pro- the Psychologists for Social Responsibil- student involvement and retention. Thus gram might be for you. Please visit http:// ity office by e-mail ([email protected]) or we have created a Student-Member Men- www.ericpgreen.com/d48mentor/student- phone (202-543-5347). toring Program. All members and student form.asp to register and provide us with affiliates are invited to participate. information about you and your interests. We are also distributing to college teach- If you indicate that you want to discuss ers a package of resources for teaching Members: For this program to work, we career options in peace psychology, you about peace, conflict, and violence in In- need members who are willing to give may call on your mentor periodically to troductory Psychology, Social Psychology, some of their time to share their knowl- discuss grad school options, first job op- and other relevant courses. This includes edge about peace psychology with in- portunities, etc. If you indicate that you lecture outlines, class activities, informa- terested students. Early career members want a research mentor, you may collabo- tion about useful web sites, textbook rec- are especially encouraged to give back rate with a mentor on a pre-existing proj- ommendations, Power Point outlines on some time to up and coming students. ect or consult your mentor on research Conflict and on Service Learning Proj- You might have on-going research proj- design issues. If you indicate that you ects, and syllabi for courses on conflict ects that could incorporate new student want to learn more about activism, you resolution, terrorism, and peace psychol- assistants. You might help a student and your mentor may discuss methods for ogy. Please contact me (llnelson@calpo- to design and conduct his or her own organizing groups and events. ly.edu) to request an e-mail attachment study. Maybe you have experience orga- with these materials or to contribute ad- Eric Green, [email protected]. ditional resources for this project. TREASURER’S REPORT John Gruszkos All Division 48 disbursements for 2005 than had been predicted at the beginning 2006. This projection allowed the commit- have been finalized and we can note with of last year. A further contributing factor tee to allocate additional funds in a num- a guarded smile that we displayed a small was that printing and mailing expenses ber of areas, notably in APA convention budget surplus for the year! The Division for the newsletter and for membership expenses for August in New Orleans. This actually wound up spending less than had materials were lower than their respective is one budget item that was underfunded been proposed and allocated, while taking allocations. A word of caution is in order, in 2005, and expenses for the social hours in more income than had been expected. in that some expenses for 2005 may not and the hospitality suite at last year’s APA There were a number of factors that con- have been billed yet and may yet show up convention in Washington were consider- tributed to this pleasant state of affairs. as expenses in 2006. ably higher than anticipated. It now ap- Income from member dues was higher pears that the cost of these items in New than anticipated in 2005, as was income At the executive committee meeting in Orleans will be even higher, and the new from royalties on publications. Addition- Washington, D.C. in January, a working budget has been adjusted accordingly. Ad- ally, because of the rise in interest rates budget for 2006 was proposed, amended, ditionally, funds have been allocated to al- and the growth of the economy this past and approved. Based upon the 2005 data, low the Division to be a participating and year, income from interest and dividends a slightly more optimistic projection was sponsoring organization in the biannual on Division 48 investments was higher made for several sources of income in Multicultural Conference.

24 Peace Psychology Spring 2006 REPORTS

Report on the February 2006 Meeting of APA Council of Representatives by Division 48 Council Representatives Corann Okorodudu and Judy Van Hoorn

2006 APA 2006 Convention women. Jerry Koocher ended with cele- that the APA Ethics Committee was brating the social justice courage and ac- asked to address the ethical challenges in New Orleans tivism of Rosa Parks, mother of the U.S. faced by psychologists on these matters. Prior to the Council of Representatives civil rights movement. We encourage APA to consider how it (COR) meeting, there had been consid- might play a more proactive role in this erable discussion on the COR listserv Report on the Implementation critical social justice issue. We would like regarding the plans for holding the APA of Council’s Actions Regarding APA to be clear and unequivocal in its Convention in New Orleans. At the be- the PENS Report position against torture or other cruel, ginning of the Council Meeting, Nor- inhuman, or degrading treatment, and man Anderson, APA CEO, presented an Olivia Moorehead-Slaughter, chair of the take a leadership role to act in the public overview of APA’s review of convention APA Ethics Committee, made a report interest. plans. He noted that a team of APA staff to Council regarding the PENS Report had traveled to New Orleans to make in which she briefly reiterated the APA’s Having asked to make a brief presenta- sure that the city could support the re- 1986 position against torture according tion, council members of the Divisions quirements of such a large convention to which “Psychologists do not engage for Social Justice took turns reading each in terms of accommodations for lodging in, direct, support, facilitate, or offer of the following ten suggestions regarding and good health support, etc. The team training in torture or other cruel, inhu- the implementation of Council’s actions recommended that APA go ahead with man, or degrading treatment” and that regarding the PENS report. its plans. “Psychologists are alert to acts of torture 1. We are pleased that the Ethics Commit- and other cruel, inhuman, or degrading tee will prepare the casebook/commentary Dr. Anderson also emphasized that the treatment and have an ethical responsi- Board, COR, Divisions and Staff were on the PENS Report. This committee has bility to report these acts to appropriate a diverse membership that represents and committed to finding appropriate ways to authorities.” Dr. Moorehead-Slaughter contribute to the city as well as the larger interacts with a range of constituencies. indicated that with the dissolution of This Committee also has substantial expe- Gulf area, including Mississippi. Since the PENS Task Force, its recommenda- the meeting, there has been continued rience and broad context for considering tion that called for the development of ethical issues. discussions about ways to implement a commentary/casebook to guide psy- ideas among Council representatives on chologists on the appropriate boundaries 2. Given that public allegations exist re- the COR listserv, as well as within and of their roles in matters of national secu- garding psychologists’ involvement in the among divisions. rity had been assumed by the APA Ethics violation of the human rights of detain- Committee. ees, we ask APA to determine the facts Council Honors Coretta Scott so that the allegations can be refuted or King, Rosa Parks & Betty Friedan Immediately following the Report, repre- substantiated. sentatives from the Divisions for Social At the opening of the Council meeting Justice spoke as a group, with each rep- 3. Because there has been ambiguity and on Friday, President Koocher asked that resentative reading one point from the confusion about specific actions that are we honor Coretta Scott King, Rosa Parks statement we had prepared. The state- alleged to have occurred and the defini- and Betty Friedan. Corann Okorodudu, ment included the following: tions of these practices, we hope that the Judy Van Hoorn, and Martha Banks (Di- casebook will identify specific psycho- vision 45) honored the life and work of The Divisions for Social Justice (made logical interrogation practices that are Coretta Scott King, noting her own im- up of ten APA Divisions) met about the coercive, cruel, or degrading. portant contributions to social justice PENS Task Force Report. We are pleased and peace issues, including civil rights, with the position taken by this presiden- 4. We believe that it would be helpful for women’s rights, and ending Apartheid tial task force that, “psychologists have APA to draw on international conven- in South Africa. Bernice Lott (Division an ethical responsibility to not engage in, tions to define “torture,” “torture lite,” 9) spoke about pioneering contributions directly support, facilitate, or offer train- “cruel and degrading,” and other con- of Betty Friedan to the understanding ing in torture or other cruel, inhumane, cepts that are key to this report. of equal rights and participation for all or degrading treatment.” We are pleased

Spring 2006 Peace Psychology 25 REPORTS

5. We suggest that APA actively involve Council Resolutions Council Actions Relating to the the Committee on International Relations On the February Council meeting agenda, Public Interest Directorate in Psychology (CIRP) in distributing and there were comparatively few resolutions publicizing relevant United Nations (and Council acted to provide funds for a to be discussed and or voted on. Of special other) documents mentioned in APA’s own number of task forces and working groups note to members of Division 48, Council 1986 and 1987 resolutions on torture. that relate to the interests of Division 48. voted for the representation of four mi- Among these were the funds provided for 6. We suggest that the consultative func- nority psychological associations: Ameri- the Multicultural Leadership Workshop; tion of the Ethics Committee be utilized can Association of Asian Psychologists, the Task Force on Socioeconomic Sta- to offer consultation to psychologists, and Association of Black Psychologists, Soci- tus; the Task Force on the Sexualization especially those working in or with the ety of Indian Psychologists, and National of Girls; and the Task Force on Gender military, who face ethical issues related to Latino/a Psychologists Association. Identity, Gender Variance and Intersex interrogation and other practices. Conditions. Council adopted the Report of a Task 7. We suggest that APA provide support Force on a Resolution on Prejudice and for psychologists who refuse to engage in Discrimination in all its Forms. At the practices that conflict with professional August 2005 meeting, Council had ad- ethics and standards. opted a Resolution on Anti-Semitic and Anti-Jewish Prejudice. At the February 8. Dr. Ron Levant, when he was APA meeting, Bernice Lott (Division 9), with | president, visited Guantanamo (as men- support from other DSJ representatives, tioned in his past president report on introduced a new business item as an Ad- Bequest Friday morning). We would appreciate dendum to this resolution, with the hope his providing a report on his visit, and es- that Council would consider the item at to the Society pecially focus on what he observed about the February meeting. Council voted in- the roles that psychology and psycholo- stead to refer this item to review by vari- gists may have been playing in the treat- ous committees for consideration at its The Executive Committee of the ment of detainees there. next meeting in August. Society for the Study of Peace, 9. We suggest that the ethical issues Council had previously discussed propos- raised by the PENS Report and related als that two new divisions be established: Conflict and Violence wishes to discussions be used to inform the train- the Trauma Psychology Division and the ing and education of students. That is, Society of Human-Animal studies. acknowledge a bequest of $1000 we suggest that APA consider developing educational materials for students and During the February meeting, Council from the estate of Jerome Frank, professionals. voted to establish the Trauma Psychol- ogy Division. Spokespeople representing Ph.D., which has been provided 10. We suggest that APA, in the form of a the proposed division emphasized that Task Force or Working Group, take a new numerous divisions have shown an on- without restriction on use. look at the 1986 and 1987 resolutions on going focus on issues related to trauma torture. The resolutions may need revi- and that the field of trauma psychology sion, or likely updating, in light of almost is well established and continues to grow. 20 years of practice and research since Proponents of this new division are in- | the time of these resolutions. terested in collaborating with other divi- sions (such as Division 48) on issues and These coordinated statements were then programs of mutual interest. followed by numerous comments by other Council Representatives, many of whom Council voted not to establish the Soci- referred to DSJ as a group and most of ety of Human-Animal Studies. whom applauded and were supportive of DSJ comments.

26 Peace Psychology Spring 2006 REPORTS

Peace and Spirituality Working Group Report Steve Handwerker

The Working Group for Peace and Spiri- 45 programs have been generated for ference) and in Maryland (at the APA tuality begins its ninth year this year and APA conventions that have addressed Midwinter Division 36 Conference) continues to engage and expand its re- values that promote peace—all of which spreading the theme of the impact of search projects and community work. To have received wonderful attendance! values on peacebuilding to hundreds of this point in time we have documented interested international practitioners. over 400 inquiries! Some of the broad Recent projects that have been at the Additional work is currently going on range of interests that have been part of forefront of the Group’s efforts include: in relation to working with religious and this Group’s activities include: interna- research involving a Peace Inventory in community leaders to expose the ideas tional research on values that promote two forms (for children between 7-10 of building interfaith harmony through peace especially amongst school children and 11-17 years of age) which explore the generation of various curricula within ranging in ages from 7 to 17; working the impact on values and their role in the settings of each of the various groups. within communities with religious lead- peacebuilding ( on individual and group We are very excited about all this won- ers to create curricula that address tol- levels) as well as their impact on cop- derful work. Please know that any and erance and understanding between the ing with trauma. These measures were all interested people who have ideas and faiths; research in relation to resiliency administered locally (in a Montessori projects of concern in regard to values (and the prevention of burnout) and the school setting of 80 children) as well as and their impact on Peace are welcome. establishment of a reliable measure; par- administered nationwide. Recently we We gladly invite your input into this vital ticipating in conferences of an interdivi- have received requests for permission to arena of peacebuilding. Please contact sional nature and that reach beyond the use the measure internationally and in Steve Handwerker (peacewk@peacewk. borders of APA; and working within the a greatly expanded number of venues! org) 7300 W. Camino Real Ste 229, Boca group to consolidate efforts on individual This past March some members of the Raton, FL 33433. projects addressing difficulties that arise Group presented in various programs in therein. Over the previous eight years San Francisco (at a World QiGong Con-

A New Edition of Working for Peace

A new edition of Working for Peace: A Handbook of Practical Psychol- ogy and Other Tools, this time edited by Rachel M. MacNair, in collaboration with PsySR, has been published. Several Division 48, and PsySR, members, col- leagues, and friends have collaborated to produce this edition. The publishers describe it as: “The most complete guidebook yet to the psychology of social activism. Forty active peace workers—psychologists, social workers, communication special- ists and other professionals—offer detailed practical guidance on getting yourself together, maintaining an effective group of volunteers, and getting the word out to the larger community. Thirty-two information-packed chapters include: Cultivating Inner Peace; Overcoming Anger and Anxiety; Overcoming Helplessness and Discouragement; Overcoming Burnout; Motivating Others; Effective Group Meetings and Decision Making; Using Conflict Creatively; Promoting Peaceful Interaction; Nonviolent Communication; Conflict Transformation Skills; From Anger to Peace; Preparing for Nonviolent Confrontations; Effective Media Communication; Techniques of Behavior Change; Humor for Peace.” It is published by Impact and the ISBN is 1-886230-72-2. Congratulations to all involved!

Spring 2006 Peace Psychology 27 mem b er ne w s

SOLVING THE MEMBERSHIP NUMBERS PUZZLE Several of our members,

Joan Gildemeister, Recruitment, Retention and Public Relations Chair colleagues & friends recently published articles of interest in the The Society has as its stable base APA members who send in their dues packet at the Journal of Social Issues (Volume end of the year for the coming year. There are four categories of members: Associates, 62, Number 1, 2006), edited by Dan Dues Exempt, Fellows, and Members. J. Christie. The theme for the edition was Post-Cold War Peace Psychology: This year many APA members and students indicated interest in the Society when More Differentiated, Contextualized, they were asked to send in their dues to the national organization. A good percent of and Systemic. Contributions include: these responded to the Society letter inviting them to join by signing up, and many have sent in dues that have not yet been processed. A number have responded to the Daniel J. Christie: What is Peace Psychol- special introductory year offer of $25 for the 2006 dues. So we are basically in mid- ogy the Psychology of? stream in signing up new members who have indicated interest while beginning the Deborah D. Winter & Mario M. Cava: reminder to send in dues for 2006. We need your ideas about the scope and quality of The Psycho-Ecology of Armed Conflict the Society’s publications, working group activities and convention programs and will ask you to give us your views in a survey that will be sent after the convention. Marc Pilisuk & Joanne Zazzi: Toward a Psychosocial Theory of Military and Eco- Here are the numbers to date, with many renewing and joining up whose nomic Violence in the Era of Globalization applications have not yet been processed: Michael B. Greene: Bullying in School: A APA MEMBERS 2005 (9/30/05) 2006 (2/15/06) Plea for Measure of Human Rights Associates...... 31 16 Dues Exempt...... 96 91 Diane Bretherton & David Mellor: Rec- Fellows...... 23 21 onciliation between Aboriginal and Other Members...... 300 244 Australians: The “Stolen Generations” Total...... 440 372 Miles Hewstone, Ed Cairns, Alberto SOCIETY AFFILIATES Voci, Juergen Hamberger & Ulrike Niens: Affiliates...... 59 34 Intergroup Contact, Forgiveness, and Expe- International Affiliates...... 1 2 rience of “the Troubles” in Northern Ireland New Members...... 43 19 Renewed Students...... 1 0 Michael Wessells & Carlinda Montiero: New Students...... 160 84 Psychosocial Assistance for Youth: Toward Total...... 264 139 Reconstruction for Peace in Angola

APA & SOCIETY TOTAL...... 704 511 Cheryl de la Rey & Susan McKay: Peace- building as a Gendered Process Dues Exempt...... 161 160 Richard V. Wagner: Terrorism: A Peace How to interpret the above? Psychological Analysis

Sign up your students and distribute our brochure to colleagues. Cristina Jayme Montiel: Political Psychol- Contact the Recruitment, Retention and Public Relations Chair for a supply of ogy of Nonviolent Democratic Transitions in brochures: [email protected]. Southeast Asia

Milton Schwebel: Realistic Empathy and Marc Pilisuk writes that he is in the midst of writing a book on global violence. Active Nonviolence Confront Political Reality It is tentatively titled, Caring and Conquest: The Costs and Vulnerabilities of the Warfare State.

He has four (of nine) chapter drafts completed: The Consequences of War; Killing: War and the Minds of Men; The Hidden Structure of Violence; Globalization: the Land and the Narcotics Trade. These chapters are available as attachments for anyone curious about them and of course feedback is more than welcome. Please contact Marc at [email protected].

28 Peace Psychology Spring 2006 ❧ IN MEMORIAM ❧

In 2005 Division 48 lost three members Loss of a Division Fellow is noted in the reviewing for the National Registry of through death. Jerome Frank, psy- death of Robert Nichols. Accord- Health Service Providers in Psychology chologist and psychiatrist, has been me- ing to Mike Wessells, our archivist, Rob- (’75), and teaching at the Union Institute morialized in many publications. We all ert was a former president of Division 19, Graduate School (’80), a university-with- know of his accomplishments as profes- Military Psychology, and in the early days out-walls originally based in Cincinnati, sor of psychiatry at the Johns Hopkins of Division 48 was very helpful in orga- Ohio. Noel’s interest in and involvement School of Medicine. He made the teach- nizing joint dialogues and events across with international issues was awakened, ing of psychotherapy coherent and em- Divisions 19 and 48. He was a warm and and he worked to find ways to be engaged phasized, according to a colleague, that articulate human who cared for peace, without the harmful excesses of travel. patients are unique in the causes of their and he will be missed. He became a founding member of the In- problems, though they might be similar ternational Society of Political Psychol- in the expression of them. He was among Seymour Levy, one of our dues ex- ogy (1986) and served the first ten years the first physicians to take a stand to op- empt members, also passed away in 2005. as its Treasurer. He was president and pose the idea of nuclear war and was also senior Board member of the Institute for Noel Markwell, who called him- active in the civil rights movement. He Victims of Trauma (’87–’06) addressing self primarily a psychology educator to- inspired others and was a mentor to many, international issues of political victims. ward the end of his life, died March 22, including Herb Kelman. By coincidence, These two organizations served to inform 2006, at his home in Sarasota, Florida. this author met his widow, Liza, at an all him of emerging academic disciplines He was 73 years old. Born and raised in day conference on outcomes of the thera- such as conflict resolution, ethno-politi- Ft. Mitchell, Kentucky, Dr. Markwell peutic process. She shared the personal cal warfare and trauma recovery, popular earned his BA from Lafayette College recollections of the Frank daughters: topics among the graduate students he (’55), and his MS (’58) and PhD (’59) Emily’s: “In all his personal interactions, advised. He moved to Sarasota in 1990, from Purdue University. He sat one year whether with son’s-in-law, or his children and reduced his ongoing professional ac- at the University of Stockholm as Ameri- or students, father was explicit in recog- tivities to those of a psychology educa- can-Scandinavian Foundation Scholar, nizing each person’s qualities, exalting in tor. For more information, please contact and worked in a British hospital (Essex) our accomplishments and celebrating the Leila F. Dane, at (703) 847 8456. to complete his licensing requirements differences among us.” Julia’s: “[Dad] was before settling into a career of consult- completely clear on his own thoughts, yet Joan Gildemeister, ing and private practice in the Washing- Recruitment, Retention and Public open and willing to let me formulate and ton, D.C. area (’64–’90). As opportuni- Relations Chair share my own.” An inspiring legacy. ties emerged, he started consulting and

“In all his personal interactions, whether with son’s-in-law, or his children or students, father was explicit in recognizing each person’s qualities, exalting in our accomplishments and celebrating the differences among us.”

DONATIONS TO THE SOCIETY A number of members have inquired about making monetary gifts to the Society. All such donations are greatly welcomed to help the Society meet our budget and to fund new and important peace-making activities! Donation checks should be made out to APA, Division 48, and should be sent to:

John Gruszkos, Division 48 Treasurer 7301 Forest Ave, Suite 201 Richmond, VA 23226

Please identify any such amounts as donations. Donations of this sort are tax-exempt.

Spring 2006 Peace Psychology 29 From 9/11 to Katrina (continued from page 18) WELCOME TO THE FOLLOWING of American casualties. President Bush’s NEW MEMBERS approval ratings are now below 40 per- cent, with only 32 percent supporting his If you know any of them, please reach out and management of the war in Iraq (Gajewski, extend a personal welcome to them! 2005) and 25 percent believing that he could rebuild the Hurricane Katrina disas- Suzana Adams, AZ Heather Harrison, NJ ter area. The American people appear to Mark Agha Khan, IL Phillip Hammack, IL be seeking the alternative approaches to Adreanna Amari, MD William Herkelrath, WA foreign relations and stronger emphases Kim Andrews, CT Monica Hodges, CA Gisoo Barnes, PA Tera Hoffman, OR on domestic recovery—two characteristics Liza Basiliere, RI Anita Holsapple, CA more often found in “feminine” politics. Theresa Benson, OR Jaymee Holstein, IL The increasingly negative public opinion Karen Brouneus, Sweden Victoria Hudson, CA Karen Brown,NY Greta Kugler, NJ of the Bush Administration’s “masculine” Camille Carvalho, NY Linda Lee, MA approach to foreign war and domestic Michael Castell, CA Kimberly Levan, PA need may explain why participants in Elizabeth Chamberlin, CA Susan Licoan, HI this study favored the feminine candi- Hayley Chapnick, OK Kellan London, CA dates in most conditions. It is possible Stephen Chow, MA Frederick Lord, FL that the non-specific mortality salience Christina Collins-Smith, MD Kathleen Malley-Morrison, MA induction used in this study could have Jacqueline Cleland, VA Christopher Mason, IL also reminded participants of death by Cecilia Cole, IL Robyn Maynard, NH natural disaster in addition to the threat Jonathan Corey, RI Scott Moeschberger, IN of foreign attacks. Based on the low ap- Michelle Crede, CA Joshua Morgan, CA proval ratings of the Katrina relief effort, Hector Crespo, PR T. Kirby Neill, KY Amy Cuddy, NJ Zandra Olliges, CA these fears may have served to diminish Randall Cuthbert, KS Gary Padover, NJ the support for masculine candidates. Theresa Derwalt, WI Latitia Rollo, TX References Ruth Ditlmann, CT Chaya Rubin, NY Aisha Dixon-Peters, CA Luisa Saffiotti, MD Becker, E. (1971). Escape from evil. New York: Angela Donahue-Davutovic, Australia Chie Saito, MA The Free Press. Jeanna Edwards, CA Brian Schwartz, IL Becker, E. (1973). The denial of death. New Anne Escue, CA Regina Sherman, CA York: The Free Press. Jennifer Fallon, VT Thomas Shipley, PA Berke, R. L., & Sanger, D. E. (2001, September Larissa Fast, IN Jennifer Stone, TN 9). Bush’s aides seek to focus efforts on the Amy Farhadzadeh, CA Rhianna Thomas, FL economy. The New York Times, Section 1, p. 1. Catherine Ferreira, CA Susan Varni, VT Stacey Fonseca, CA Jeremy Vose, NY Carli, L. L. & Eagly, A. H. (2001). Gender, hierar- chy, and leadership: An introduction. Journal of Bonnie Fraser, OH Zachariah White, MN Social Issues, 57, 629-636. Karen Gaskins, MD Gangar Zaw, AZ Marco Gimignani, PA Joanne Zazzi, AZ Comte, D. L. (2006). The United States’ weather Stephen Glatt, CA Theresa Zoba, PA highlights from 2005: A stormy year. Weather- wise, 59, 30-38. Jennifer Goldman, NY Eric Green, SC Eagly, A. H., Diekman, A. B., Schneider, M. C., Alexander Gubin, MA Thanks for joining our collective effort to & Kulesa, P. (2003). Experimental tests of an Sue Grand, NJ attitudinal theory of the gender gap in voting. bring about peace in the world! Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 1245-1258. Please spread the word to your friends and colleagues and Gajewski, K. A. (2005). Worth noting. The direct them to www.peacepsych.org to join us. Humanist, 65, 48-49. Greenberg, J., Pyszczynski, T., Solomon, S., Rosenblatt, A., Veeder, M., Kirkland, S., et al. Jonas, E. & Greenberg, J. (2004). Terror manage- Social Psychology Bulletin, 30, 1136-1150. (1990). Evidence for terror management theory ment and political attitudes: The influence of II: The effects of mortality salience on reactions mortality salience on German’s defence of the Morin, R., & Dean, C. (2001, October 8). Public to those who threaten or bolster the cultural German reunification. European Journal of support is overwhelming: poll finds 94% favor worldview. Journal of Personality and Social Social Psychology, 34, 1-9. Bush’s ordering attacks on Afghanistan. The Psychology, 58, 308-318. Washington Post, p. A5. Landau, M. J., Solomon, S., Greenberg, J., Hill, S. (2002). Growth of women legislators Cohen, F., Pyszczynski, T., Arndt, J. et al. (2004). U.S. Bureau of Census. (2001). Voting and stalls. Retrieved November 9, 2005, from http:// Deliver us from evil: The effects of mortality registration in the election of November 2000. www.fairvote.org/e_news/digest103102.htm. salience and reminders of 9/11 on support for Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing president George W. Bush. Personality and Office.

30 Peace Psychology Spring 2006 Division 48 Directory Society for the Study of Peace, Conflict and Violence: Peace Psychology Division of the American Psychological Association As of April 2006

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE JW P. Heuchert – see Newsletter Editor Michael Van Slyck, Co-chair Dept. of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, PRESIDENT Janet Schofield 808 West Franklin St., P.O. Box 842018, Richmond VA, Linda M. Woolf 517 LRDC, University of Pittsburgh, Pitts., PA 15260-0001; 23284-2018; (804) 828-8034; (804) 828-2237 (fax); Webster University, 470 East Lockwood Ave., (412) 624-7473; [email protected] [email protected] Saint Louis, MO 63119-3194; (314) 968-6970; [email protected] Richard V. Wagner – see Journal Editor PEACE AND SPIRITUALITY Steve Handwerker Deborah DuNann Winter PAST PRESIDENT The International Association for the Advancement of Dept. of Psychology, Whitman College, Walla Walla, WA Eileen Borris Human Welfare 99362; (509) 527-5123; [email protected] Institute for Multi-Track , 6450 E. Hummingbird 7300 W. Camino Real Ste. 229, Boca Raton, FL 33433; Lane, Paradise Valley, AZ 85253; (480) 951-0544 (for fax, STRATEGIC PLANNING COMMITTEE (561) 447-6700; [email protected] same number and then press*51); [email protected] Dan Mayton, Chair – see President-Elect STUDENT AND EARLY CAREER PRESIDENT-ELECT Eric Green, Chair Dan Mayton, Chair WORKING GROUPS Dept. of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Professor of Psychology, Lewis-Clark State College, Columbia, SC 29208; (803) 665-5482; [email protected] 500 Eighth Ave., Lewiston, ID 83501-2698; CHILDREN, FAMILIES AND WAR (208) 792-2280; (208) 792-2820 (fax); [email protected] Petra Hesse, Co-chair Wheelock College, 200 The Riverway, Boston, MA 02215 LIAISONS (617) 879-2307; [email protected] SECRETARY PsySR Kathleen Dockett Kathleen Kostelny, Co-chair Anne Anderson, National Coordinator University of the District of Columbia, Psychologists for Social Responsibility, Washington, DC 20008; (202) 274-5705; Erikson Institue, 420 N. Wabash, Chicago, IL 60611; (312) 893-7188; [email protected] 208 I St. NE, Suite B, Washington, DC 20002-4340 (202) 274-5003 (fax); [email protected] (202) 543-5347; (202) 543-5348 (fax); [email protected] TREASURER Judith Van Hoorn, Co-chair Mills College, 5000 MacArthur Blvd., Oakland, CA 94613 DIVISION 2 – TEACHING OF PSYCHOLOGY John Gruszkos Linda M. Woolf – see President above Glen Forest Associates, Ltd, 7301 Forest Ave, (510) 430-3380, (510) 430 3379 (fax); [email protected] Suite 201, Richmond, VA 23226; CONFLICT RESOLUTION DIVISION 9 – SPSSI (804) 285-4121; (804) 285-4123 (fax); [email protected] Steve Fabick, Chair Paul Kimmel – see APA Council Representative above 640 N. Old Woodward, Suite 201, Birmingham, MI 48009 MEMBERS-AT-LARGE DIVISION 35 – PSYCHOLOGY OF WOMEN (248) 258-9288; [email protected] Julie Levitt Corann Okorodudu – see APA Council Representatives above 33 East Princeton Road, Bala Cynwyd, PA, 19004-2242; ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND JUSTICE DIVISION 44 – LESBIAN AND GAY ISSUES (610) 644-3980; (610) 664-3975 (fax); [email protected] Deborah DuNann Winter, Co-chair – see Publications Com- Bianca Cody Murphy mittee above Donna Read Psychology Dept., Coordinator of Women Studies, Wheaton Alliance for Resilient Communities, ETHNICITY AND PEACE College, Norton, MA 02766; (508) 286-3690; (508) 286- 2700 Clarendon Blvd., Arlington, VA 22201; Deborah Fish Ragin, Co-chair 3640 (fax); [email protected] (703) 243-7445; [email protected] Dept. of Psychology, Montclair State University, DIVISION 45 – ETHNIC MINORITY ISSUES 1 Normal Ave., Upper Montclair, NJ 07043 John Paul Szura Jim Statman (973) 655-4176; [email protected] 1165 E. 54th Place, Chicago, IL 60615; (773) 684-6510 ext. 34 Chestnut Street, Rhinebeck, NY 12572 17; (773) 684-9830 (fax); [email protected] FEMINISM AND PEACE Aurora Associates, 1825 Connecticut Ave., NW, Suite 640 Barbara Tint, Co-chair Washington, DC 20009; (845) 876-4211; (202) 588-5881 RECRUITMENT, RETENTION & PUBLIC RELATIONS (fax); [email protected] Joan Gildemeister Director, International and Intercultural Conflict Resolution, Conflict Resolution Graduate Program, Portland State 4406 35th St., N.W., Washington, DC 20008-4204; COMMITTEE ON INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS IN University, P.O. Box 751, Portland, OR 97207-0751 (202) 363-6197; (202) 363-9270 (fax); [email protected] PSYCHOLOGY (CIRP) (503) 291-8183; (503) 725-3693 (fax); [email protected]. Eileen Borris – see Past President APA COUNCIL REPRESENTATIVES Judith Van Hoorn GLOBAL VIOLENCE AND SECURITY Mills College, 5000 MacArthur Blvd., Oakland, CA 94613; Brian Betz, Co-chair SPECIAL TASKS (510) 430-3380, (510) 430 3379 (fax); [email protected] Dept. of Psychology, Kent State University, Stark Campus, 6000 Frank Ave. NW, Canton, OH 44720-7599 ARCHIVES Corann Okorodudu (330) 499-9600 x 414; [email protected] Michael Wessells Dept. of Psychology, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028 Dept. of Psychology, Randolph-Macon College, (856) 256-4500 x3782; (856) 848-0142 (home fax); (856) Marc Pilisuk, Co-chair Ashland, VA 23005; 256-4892 (office fax); [email protected] Saybrook Graduate School and Research Center, (804) 752-7236; (804) 752-4724 (fax); [email protected] 494 Cragmont Ave., Berkeley, CA 94708-1206 (510) 526-0876; (510) 526-0876 (fax); [email protected] DIVISION HANDBOOK COMMITTEES John Paul Szura; see Members-At-Large INTERNATIONAL PEACE PRACTITIONERS FELLOWS COMMITTEE Joanie Connors, Co-chair JOURNAL EDITOR Leila (Lee) F. Dane University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701 Richard V. Wagner Institute for Victims of Trauma, 6801 Market Square Dr., [email protected] Dept. of Psychology, Bates College, Lewiston, ME 04240; McLean, VA 22101; Tel. (703) 847-8456; (207) 786-6185 (w); (207) 784-0645 (h); (207) 786-8338 Fax (703) 847-0470; [email protected] David Adams, Co-chair (fax); [email protected] 256 Shore Drive, Branford, CT, 06405 NOMINATIONS AND ELECTIONS (203) 488-3044; [email protected] NEWSLETTER EDITOR Eileen Borris, Chair – see Past President JW P. Heuchert Diane Perlman, Co-chair Dept. of Psychology, Allegheny College, 520 North Main St., PROGRAM COMMITTEE (202) 775-0777 Meadville, PA, 16335-3902; (814) 332-2397; (814) 332-4321 Michael Hulsizer & Gloria Grenwald, Co-Chairs (fax); [email protected] Webster University, 470 East Lockwood Ave., St. Louis, MO PEACE AND EDUCATION 63119-3194; [email protected], [email protected] Linden Nelson, Co-chair PEACE PSYCHOLOGY TEACHING RESOURCE Dept. of Psychology and Child Development, COLLECTION & LISTSERV MODERATOR PUBLICATIONS COMMITTEE Cal Poly State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407 Linda M. Woolf – See President above Dan Christie, Chair (805) 756-5705; [email protected] Dept. of Psychology, Ohio State University, 1465 Mt. Vernon WEB SITE Ave., Marion, OH 43302; (614) 292-9133 x6244 (w); (740) www.peacepsych.org 363-0518 (h); (614) 292-5817 (fax); [email protected] Linda M. Woolf – See President above

Spring 2006 Peace Psychology 31 Invite Friends to Join Division 48 Division 48 web site Invite your friends to join the Society for the Study of Peace, Conflict, Please visit the Division 48 web site at: and Violence: Peace Psychology Division of the American Psychologi- http://www.peacepsych.org cal Association (Division 48). Give them a membership application and There is a second way to get to our web site—go to the APA web invite them to join the Society and a working group! site, scroll down to Division 48, click on it, and you’ll find our web The Society for the Study of Peace, Conflict, and Violence works to pro- site address at the bottom of that page. The APA URL is: mote peace in the world at large and within nations, communities, and http://www.apa.org/about/division.html. families. It encourages psychological and multidisciplinary research, Let me know if you have any difficulty getting to our web site. education, and training on issues concerning peace, nonviolent conflict resolution, reconciliation and the causes, consequences, and preven- Linda M. Woolf tion of violence and destructive conflict. [email protected]

peace is possible. think it. plan it. do it.

Division 48 Non-Profit Organization US Postage American Psychological Association PAID 750 First Street, NE Permit No 191 Washington, D.C. 20002-4242 Meadville, PA

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32 Peace Psychology Spring 2006