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Obtaining the Essential Oil of Syzygium Aromaticum, Identification of Eugenol and Its Effect on Streptococcus Mutans

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Obtaining the Essential Oil of Syzygium Aromaticum, Identification of Eugenol and Its Effect on Streptococcus Mutans Obtaining the essential oil of Syzygium aromaticum, ORIGINAL ARTICLE identification of eugenol and its effect onStreptococcus mutans. Osvelia Rodríguez1, 2. Abstract: Dental caries is a disease which affects the human oral cavity. Cu- Rosa Sánchez1, 2. rrently, the search for active principles of plants with antimicrobial effect seems María Verde3. promising for dental therapy. In this article the activity of the essential oil of María Núñez3. Syzygium aromaticum (clove) was evaluated with an emphasis on its antimicro- Rocío Ríos1. bial properties. The oil was obtained by hydrodistillation, characterized by thin Abelardo Chávez3. layer chromatography and chemical tests. The main compound was identified in the oil obtained from the flower buds and its antibacterial activity against plank- 1 Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, tonic cells Streptcoccus mutans ATCC700611 was assessed by performing serial Monterrey, Nuevo León. México. dilutions, from 15 up to 1000 µg/mL, compared with 0.12% chlorhexidine and 2 Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, dimethylsulfoxide. MIC was also determined. Subsequently, UFC was analyzed Escobedo, Nuevo León. México. and compared with CMR® Test Ivoclar Vivadent. The efficiency in obtaining the 3 Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, oil was 2.20%. By using the CCD technique, a fraction was revealed by UV light, San Nicolás de los Garza. Nuevo León. corresponding to eugenol. It had a good response for triterpenoids and flavonoids. It showed greater antimicrobial activity at concentrations of 1000, 500 and 250µg/ Corresponding author: Osvelia Rodrí- ml. The MIC and MBC of the oil was 125 to 250µg/mL, respectively. Eugenol guez. Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo was found as an active principle in the oil obtained. Currently, the impact of using León, Facultad de Odontología, Departa- plant extracts has favored the evaluation of alternative, effective and biocompatible mento de Microbiología. Phone:+52 (81) 83465612. E-mail: osvelia.rodriguezl@ antibacterial agents for the formulations of oral hygiene products applied to the uanl.mx. Eduardo Aguirre, Mitras Cen- prevention or treatment of oral diseases. tro, Monterrey Nuevo León CP 64460, Keywords: Eugenol, Streptococcus mutans, Syzygium aromaticum, antimicrobial, México. E-mail:[email protected]. minimum inhibitory concentration MIC. Receipt: 08/21/2014 Revised: 09/09/2014 Cite as: Rodríguez O, Sánchez R, Verde M, Núñez M, Ríos R & Chávez A. Obtaining the Acceptance: 10/01/2014 Online: 10/01/2014 essential oil of Syzygium aromaticum, identification of eugenol and its effect on Streptococcus mutans. J Oral Res 2014; 3(4):218-224. INTRODUCTION. analgesic3, antibacterial4, antiinflammatory5 and antifungal6 The essential clove oil is derived from the flower buds of Syzi- activity, apart from the synergistic antimicrobial activity of gium aromaticum(L.) belonging to the family Myrtaceae. Bet- the essential oil with other plants7 which allows it to be con- ween its chemical components are ß-caryophyllene, which sidered with great potential for dental application8,9. represents 14-21% of its compounds, 10-13% of tannins The oral cavity is considered as an ecosystem. It allows the as well as phenols and sesquiterpenes. The most important development and growth of a wide diversity of microorga- component of the oil is phenylpropene, apart from eugenol, nisms, favored by its temperature and humidity. Streptococcus which is responsible for the characteristic scent of the plant spp have a “cocci” spherical shape and are grouped in chain and its main component. A 49 to 98% of the essential oil is or pairs, do not move and are Gram-positive. Streptococcus contained in the flower buds1,2. mutans is the main organism which colonizes the surfaces of The traditional use of clove is supported by its many the teeth after dental eruption. This organism has a tendency properties which have been described in numerous scienti- to change its morphology, thus it may be found as cocci or fic reports highlighting its antioxidant, hypotensive, dental coccobacillus. It has a diameter of 0.5 to 0.75µm, is facul- 218 ISSN Online 0719-2479 - ©2014 - Official publication of the Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Concepción - www.joralres.com Rodríguez O, Sánchez R, Verde M, Núñez M, Ríos R & Chávez A. Obtaining the essential oil of Syzygium aromaticum, identification of eugenol and its effect on Streptococcus mutans. J Oral Res 2014; 3(4): 218-224. tative anaerobe α-hemolytic, heterofermentative and has an until its use. outer covering called glycocalyx. It is considered as the main Chemical methods for the identification of functional isolated organism in carious lesions in humans10. It is able to groups and secondary metabolites. acquire new properties which allow the expression of patho- For the partial identification of compounds present in the genicity favoring its virulence in specific environmental con- essential oil, a preliminary phytochemical analysis was ca- ditions. It presents a mechanism of adherence to solid surfaces rried out14. Dilutions of the oil obtained were prepared by so it can colonize the oral cavity and form a bacterial biofilm. taking 100µl aliquot and solubilizing it in 2ml of metha- It can survive in an acidic environment, produce polysaccha- nol (MeOH). They were placed in test tubes and ran various rides associated with the maturation of the plaque and lactic chemical reactions including: Shinoda, Buchard Libermann, acid derived from sugar metabolism. It is identified as a pri- coumarins, 10% sodium hydroxide (NaOH) Baljet for ses- mary pathogen because it interacts specifically with other co- quiterpene lactones, among others15. lonizing microorganisms. Streptococcus mutans has properties Chromatographic analysis in the thin layer. associated with the formation of biofilms, which determine Chromatographic separation was done using Sigma-Al- its virulence in the development of dental caries11. According drich silica gel plates (10x2.5cm). Samples of the oil obtained to the WHO, caries is the main oral disease causing loss of were taken with a capillary and various standard compounds teeth. The pathogenicity of the organism is centered on the which were placed on the plate in three replicates were sub- production of acids and the ability to allow bacterial aggrega- sequently moved with various eluent systems and dried on tion in biofilm formation12. silica, judging the presence of the main components in the This study evaluated the antimicrobial effect of the es- oil by identifying the fractions revealed with cobalt cloride sential oil of Syzigium aromaticum(L.) against Streptococ- (CoCl2) and 254nm ultraviolet (UV) light. cus mutans in planktonic cells. The minimum inhibitory Bacterial strain and growth condition. and bactericidal concentration and the main compound The bacterial strain of Streptcoccus mutans ATCC 700611 in the oil, which is responsible for its antimicrobial pro- was used. It was provided by the Laboratory of Molecular perty, were analyzed. Biology at the Faculty of Odontology, U.A.N.L. It was cul- tivated in Muller Hinton agar for 24 hours at 37ºC, taking MATERIAL AND METHODS. between 4 and 5 colonies of microorganisms to adjust them Plant material and obtaining the essential oil. to the pattern of inoculum of 0.5 on the scale of McFarland, For the purpose of this study, 250g of flower buds of which is equivalent to 1.5x106 CFU. Subsequently, 100µL Syzygium aromatic “clove”, family Myrtaceae, were obtained inoculum was taken for each analysis. from recognized places of selling. They were identified in the Microbiological testing, minimum inhibitory Herbarium of the Department of Botany at the Faculty of concentration. Biological Sciences at the Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo The trials of antimicrobial activity of the oil were León (U.A.N.L), with registration number 025574. performed in Muller Hinton broth. Tubes were prepa- Obtaining the essential oil. red with 800µL of media and dilutions of clove oil, star- The dry flower buds were powdered and placed in a 1000mL ting from a solution of 5mg/ml and assessing increasing flask. Then, 500ml of distilled water were added to obtain the concentrations from 15 to 1000µg/ml, taking aliquots of essential oil through hydrodistillation, by steam distillation 100µl, comparing them in parallel with the controls. Di- using the glass (pyrex) Clevenger-type trap13. Subsequently, it methyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solvent was determined as a was placed in amber vials with screw cap, dried with sodium negative control and 0.12% v/v chlorhexidine® as positive control. MIC was determined as the lowest concentration sulfate (Na2SO4) anhydrous and preserved in refrigeration ISSN Online 0719-2479 - ©2014 - Official publication of the Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Concepción - www.joralres.com 219 Rodríguez O, Sánchez R, Verde M, Núñez M, Ríos R & Chávez A. Obtaining the essential oil of Syzygium aromaticum, identification of eugenol and its effect on Streptococcus mutans. J Oral Res 2014; 3(4): 218-224. Abundance 8.50 TIC:2600032.D 8000000 7000000 6000000 9.33 5000000 4000000 3000000 2000000 10.52 9.75 1000000 11.35 7.45 8.95 21.48 Time 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 14.00 16.00 18.00 20.00 22.00 24.00 26.00 28.00 30.00 Figure 2. Chromatographic profile of the oil from Sysygium aromaticum. Quantification of the principal component (eugenol), main component in the clove oil by gas chromatography -mass spectrometry. of oil which can inhibit the growth of a microorganism after simmering for 24 hours at 37°C. Results were quali- tatively evaluated and compared. Determination of the minimum bactericidal con- centration. The minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was determined on an aliquot of 25µl of each of the samples tested. They were planted by striated in each sector of the plaque, simmering for 24h to 37ºC. It was done in triplicate. MBC is considered the lowest concentration of the oil needed to kill 99% of the initial inoculum after incubation for 24 hours15. The results were compared with the CRT Bacteria test (Ivoclar Vivadent) for counting colony forming Figure 1.
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