Edited by K. Tuley De Silva EDITOR

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Edited by K. Tuley De Silva EDITOR Edited by K. Tuley De Silva EDITOR K. TULEY DE SILVA PRESENTATIONS MADE BY THE RESOURCE PERSONS AT THE THIRD UNIDO WORKSHOP ON ESSENTIAL OIL AND AROMA CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES HELD AT THE ANADOLU UNIVERSITY MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANT AND DRUG RESEARCH CENTRE IN ESKISEHIR, TURKEY NOVEMBER 1995 UNITED NATIONS lNDUSTRlAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION VIENNA, AUSTRIA Cover design by Dr. Ergun Tunckan THE VIEWS EXPRESSED IN THE PAPERS ARE THOSE OF THE AUTHORS’ AND DO NOT REFLECT THE VIEWS OF THE UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENTORGANIZATION (UNIDO). MENTION OF FIRM NAMES AND COMMERCIAL PRODUCTS DOES NOT IMPLY THE ENDORSEMENT OF THE SECRETARIAT OF UNIDO. CONTENTS FOREWORD CHAPTER 1. Development of Essential Oil Industries in Developing Countries 1 Dr. K. Tuley De Silva CHAPTER 2. Agrotechnology of Aromatic Plants 13 Dr. K. K. S. Bhat CHAPTER 3. The Isolation of Aromatic Materials from Natural Plant Products 57 Dr. Brian M. Lawrence CHAPTER 4. Analysis and Quality Assessment of Essential Oils 155 Professor K. Husnu Can Baser CHAPTER 5. Formulation and Evaluation of Fragrance for Perfumery, Cosmetics 179 and Related products Dr. Wladyslaw S. Brud CHAPTER 6. Commercialization of Essential Oils and Aroma Chemicals 203 Dr. N. Verlet FOREWORD Many developing countries are rich in aromatic plants and this renewable resource could be industrially utilized to produce essential oils for economic benefit. UNIDO has been actively assisting developing countries to establish or upgrade essential oil industries. Many countries have increased their share of the export market in this commodity while diversifying the use of essential oils in local food and fragrance industries. UNIDO organised workshops and seminars on the industrial utilization of medicinal and aromatic plants to update the know how of scientific and technical personnel of developing countries. In fact three workshops on the essential oil industry alone have been held during the past two decades. The first resulted in the publication of a Practical Manual on the Essential Oil Industry which proved to be very useful to scientists and technologists engaged in the production of essential oils. The third workshop which was held in Eskisehir in Turkey in collaboration with the Government of Turkey and the Anadolu University Medicinal and Aromatic Plant and Drug Research Centre, extended the coverage to aroma chemicals and marketing as well. It provided the opportunity for scientists from least developed countries to learn from the experiences of the resource persons and exchange information amongst them. It is a fact that the developing countries face difficulties in gaining access to new developments in technologies and analytical techniques as a result of lack of funds to purchase recent books and journals. UNIDO has contributed in a small measure to disseminate some of the much needed technical information by holding workshops and by publishing manuals on specific subjects. The presentations made by the resource persons at the third UNIDO workshop on essential oil and aroma chemical industries are published in this manual. It includes the latest developments in the essential oil industry. I hope that this manual will serve the scientists and technologists of developing countries to initiate programmes to develop essential oil industries in their countries. I thank the resource persons who readily agreed to share their knowledge and experiences by contributing to this manual. The practical know how included in this manual will enable countries rich in aromatic plants to set up rural based small scale essential oil industries which would contribute to biodiversity conservation and sustainable development. Dr. A. Tcheknavorian-Asenbauer Managing Director Industrial Sectors and Environment Division United Nations Industrial Development Organization Vienna International Centre Austria CHAPTER 1 DEVELOPMENT OF ESSENTIAL OIL INDUSTRIES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES TULEY DE SILVA Chemical Industries Branch Industrial Sectors and Environment Division United Nations Industrial Development Organization 1. INTRODUCTION Developing countries are endowed with vast resources of aromatic plants which have been used by their people for centuries as food, health care products, flavours and fragrances. Apart from the traditional ways of using these plants, many are exported to industrialized countries as raw materials for drugs, fragrances and flavours. The value-added products are then imported back costing the countries several times more than the original revenue gained from exporting the raw materials. The actual value of these resources has not been retained in many countries for want of know how and trained manpower. Only a few developing countries are producing essential oils and even some of these countries are unable to produce good quality conforming to international specifications. With some exceptions, harvesting aromatic plants in developing countries for both local use and export has been from natural wild resources. As a result many plant species have been lost and some are in danger of extinction. It has also caused biodiversity conservation problems. It is therefore vital that systematic cultivation of these plants be introduced in order to conserve the biodiversity and protect endangered species. Systematic cultivation of this type of plants could only be initiated if there is a continuous demand for the raw materials. Hence small scale processing units too have to be established in order the farmer is assured of a market for the raw material. Thus cultivation and processing should be started simultaneously in rural areas. The lack of information on the social and economic benefits to be derived from the industrial utilization of aromatic plants has been a major factor impeding the development of the essential oils industry in the developing countries. Except for the use of these plants for domestic purposes, not much information was available on the market potential and trading possibilities. As a result, the real potential of these plants was not known to the governments or the entrepreneurs. Furthermore inventories on the types of useful plants and their abundance are not available for assessing the possibilities for their industrial utilization. Today the promotion and development of plant based products have gained momentum due to certain ground realities: Green consumerism and the current resurgence on the use of “Naturals” in developed countries which has given a fresh impetus to the development of plant based products. Free market economy bringing in more openness and expanding markets and demand for new resources, materials and products. A growing acceptability of the social responsibility of minimizing socio-economic inequalities in favour of rural people resulting in opening up of additional job and income opportunities for the poor people. Poor economic conditions in developing countries restricting imports thereby placing increasing reliance on substitutes using indigenous plant resources. 2 Increasing awareness regarding biodiversity conservation and therefore sustainable and protective use of plant resources. The growing demand in industrialized countries for natural products in place of synthetic compounds has created a niche market for essential oils. Furthermore the requirements of essential oils for use in aromatherapy is increasing, creating a demand for organically produced exotic oils. The development of the essential oils industry is therefore important to many developing countries which have rich resources of raw materials or the climatic conditions for the initiation of cropwise cultivation programmes. Though a lot of research has gone into synthetic substitutes for essential oils, the demand for natural oils has not declined. Hence the production of essential oils could still be a good source of foreign exchange revenue for developing countries. Even those countries which are producing essential oils have many constraints to be competitive in the world market. Some of the problems associated with the essential oils industry in developing countries are: Poor propagation and agricultural practices Poor raw materials due to indiscriminate harvesting and poor post harvest treatment Lack of research on development of high yielding varieties, domestication etc. Inefficient processing techniques leading to low yields and poor quality products Lack of quality control of raw materials, finished products and cGMP High energy losses during processing Insufficient R & D on product and process development Difficulties in marketing (lack of access to market information and contacts) Lack of downstream processing facilities Lack of trained personnel, equipment and up-to-date technologies Non availability of locally fabricated equipment Lack of commitment and support from governments Lack of financial resources, loans, credit facilities Synthetic substitutes have been produced from petrochemicals to compete with plant products such as resins, aroma chemicals, phytochemicals, rubber, leather etc. In the case of essential oils and flavours, real substitutes having all aroma characteristics of the natural products have not been fully accomplished. Nevertheless, the low cost and certain improvements on the natural, have given the synthetic chemicals a major share of the aroma chemicals market. Back to nature movement which has revived the interest on natural products will be beneficial for the developing countries which are endowed with vast resources of aromatic plants. The entry
Recommended publications
  • Effect of N-Hexane Oil Extract of Two Spices on Serum Lipid Profile and Blood Glucose Concentration of Albino Rats by Ogunka-Nnoka C
    Global Journal of Science Frontier Research Biological Science Volume 13 Issue 6 Version 1.0 Year 2013 Type : Double Blind Peer Reviewed International Research Journal Publisher: Global Journals Inc. (USA) Online ISSN: 2249-4626 & Print ISSN: 0975-5896 Effect of N-Hexane Oil Extract of Two Spices on Serum Lipid Profile and Blood Glucose Concentration of Albino Rats By Ogunka-Nnoka C. U. & Igwe F. U. Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Nigeria Abstract - Consumers are concerned with their health and physical fitness and are seeking for alternative plant products with potential for providing nutrients with enhanced health benefits. Hence, this study investigates the effect of mixture of Ehuru (Monodora myristica) and Njasang (Ricinodendron heudelotii) oil extract on serum lipid profile and blood glucose concentration of albino rats. The spices were processed into fine flour and the oil was extracted with n-hexane as the solvent. A total of twenty five rats weighing 125-160g were separated into five groups of five each to represent control, olive oil and varying concentrations of the spices. After acclimiatization for one week, experimental administration of the extract was carried out daily for 28 days. Blood samples were collected by cardiac puncture into tubes. A portion of the blood was used for fasting blood glucose determination. Serum was separated from the other portion and used for assay of lipid profile using standard kit methods. The results obtained showed percentage fatty acid yield for Ehuru and Njasang as 79.54 and 81.0 (polyunsaturated) and 13.40 and 15.0 (monounsaturated) respectively. Fasting blood glucose assay showed that only rats in group 1 (6.46mmol/L) became significantly (p<0.05) hyperglycaemic while groups 2-4(6.03, 5.98 and 5.53mmol/L) showed a hypoglycaemic effect with respect to control (6.13mmol/L).
    [Show full text]
  • (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 6,531,115 B1 Singh Et Al
    USOO6531115B1 (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 6,531,115 B1 Singh et al. (45) Date of Patent: Mar. 11, 2003 (54) ANALGESIC AND REFRESHING HERBAL SU 1782 589 * 12/1992 COMPOSITION AND A PROCESS FOR WO 9844901 * 10/1998 PREPARING THE SAME OTHER PUBLICATIONS (75) Inventors: Anil Kumar Singh, Lucknow (IN); Farooqi et al (II) “Medicinal Plants in Oral Health Care in Ratan Lal Bindra, Lucknow (IN); India' Jl. Medicinal & Aromatic Plant Sci. 20:441–450, Rashmi Gupta, Lucknow (IN); 1998.* Yogendra Nath Shukla, Lucknow (IN); Sushi Kumar et al “Plants Used Traditionally in the Care of Sushil Kumar, Lucknow (IN) the Tooth CIMAP Medicinal Plants: 80-89, 1994.* Martindale Extra Pharmacopoeia 28' 00, 1982.* (73) Assignee: Council of Scientific & Industrial Rawat et al Biochem Syst. Ecol. 17(1): 35–38, 1989.* Research, New Delhi (IN) Douglas Flavor Ind(2): 152–154, 1971.* (*) Notice: Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this Sharma et all Indian Perfume 27(2): 91–93, 1983.* patent is extended or adjusted under 35 Sharma et al Indian Perfum. 26(2-4): 134-137, 1982." U.S.C. 154(b) by 0 days. Bradu et al Dev. Act. Source of Clove Oil from 'Clocimum Ocimum Gratissimum, 1989.* Androsova Tsitologiya 28(9): 1031-1 Substitute Eugenol (21) Appl. No.: 09/752,822 from “ ” for Clove Oil, 1986.* (22) Filed: Jan. 3, 2001 Nair et al Ind. Perfum. 27(2): 125 Clocimum-Substitute of 7 Eugenol for Clove Oil, 1983.* (51) Int. Cl. ... ... A61K 7/26; A61K 35/78 Subti et al Ind. Perfum 24(2): 66-71 Ocimum Gratissimum (52) U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • (Eugenia Caryophyllata) and Mexican Oregano
    & Bioch ial em b ic ro a c l i T M e c Cano et al., J Microb Biochem Technol 2017, 9:1 f h o Journal of n l o a n l DOI: 10.4172/1948-5948.1000342 o r g u y o J ISSN: 1948-5948 Microbial & Biochemical Technology Research Article Open Access Antifungal Activity of Microcapsulated Clove (Eugenia caryophyllata) and Mexican Oregano (Lippia berlandieri) Essential Oils against Fusarium oxysporum Carlos Estrada-Cano, María Antonieta Anaya Castro, Layla Muñoz-Castellanos, Nubia Amaya-Olivas Antonio García-Triana* and León Hernández-Ochoa* Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas. Circuito Universitario, Campus Universitario México Abstract The aim of the present study was to determine the antifungal activity of microcapsules of essential oil of clove (Eugenia caryophyllata) and Mexican oregano (Lippia berlandieri) against Fusarium oxysporum. Different essential oil to β-cyclodextrin weight ratios were tested, (4:96, 8:92, 12:88 and 16:84 w/w) and encapsulation efficiency same as rate, were determined. GC-MS and GC-FID analysis were also performed to determine. The main oil constituents, which were eugenol and carvacrol in clove and Mexican oregano essential oils respectively and to quantify their ratio in microcapsules. The oxford cup method was used to determine the antifungal inhibitory activity of essentials oils and microcapsules of essential oils. The results showed that the 4:96 ratio (clove essential oil:β-cyclodextrin) gave the highest Eugenol content and the greatest microencapsulation efficiency; and the 8:92 and 12:88 ratios (Mexican oregano essential oil: β-cyclodextrin) gave the highest carvacrol content.
    [Show full text]
  • Monodora Myristica) As a Flavourant in Cookie Production
    International Journal of Food Studies IJFS October 2019 Volume 8 pages 1{12 Potentials of African Nutmeg (Monodora myristica) as a Flavourant in Cookie Production Kazeem K. Olatoyea*, Omololu O. Fapojuwoa, Joshu A. Olorunsholaa, and Julianah O. Ayorindea a Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, Kwara State University, Malete, P.M.B 1530, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria *Corresponding author [email protected] Received: 13 November 2017; Published online: 18 October 2019 Abstract African nutmeg, a possible local substitute for a commercial food flavourant, remains largely un- derutilized in Nigeria. Its application potential in cookie production was investigated in this study. African nutmeg (Monodora myristica) seed flour (ANM) was produced using a standard method. The flour was substituted for vanilla flavour (VFL) in ratio of 0, 1, 2, 3, and 3.5 g and functional proper- ties of the flour blends (water absorption capacity (WAC), oil absorption capacity (OAC), and bulk density) were determined, using standard methods. Cookies were developed and characterized chem- ically, physically (colour) and organoleptically using the AOAC method, a colourimeter and sensory panellists respectively. Data were analysed using ANOVA at p<0.05. Replacement of vanilla with African nutmeg had no significant effect on bulk density (0.62 g cm−3-0.68 g cm−3), but significantly affected WAC (133-142 %) and OAC (147-156 %) of flour blends. Crude protein (9.44-15.49 %), crude fat (3.17-6.50 %), total ash (2-2.73 %) and crude fibre (0.12-0.23 %) contents of the cookie increased, whilst metabolizable energy (385.33-367 kcal) decreased.
    [Show full text]
  • Versatile and Synergistic Potential of Eugenol
    A tica nal eu yt c ic a a m A r a c t Raja et al., Pharm Anal Acta 2015, 6:5 h a P DOI: 10.4172/2153-2435.1000367 ISSN: 2153-2435 Pharmaceutica Analytica Acta Review Article Open Access Versatile and Synergistic Potential of Eugenol: A Review Mamilla R Charan Raja, Varsha Srinivasan, Sharmila Selvaraj and Santanu Kar Mahapatra* Medicinal Chemistry and Immunology Lab, ASK-II, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur 613401, Tamil Nadu, India Abstract Eugenol (1-allyl-4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzene) is the phenolic component of essential oil and the main constituent of Eugenia caryophyllata, Ocimmum gratissimum and several others medicinal plant. In view of its non- mutagenic and non-carcinogenic properties, eugenol is generally regarded as safe by the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations. Eugenol has been recently shown to be effective for antimicrobials and treatment of different life threatening diseases including sepsis, leishmaniasis, and cancer. However overall, activity of eugenol is not discussed elsewhere. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of the mechanisms involved the antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer and anti-inflammatory potential of eugenol. Keywords: Eugenol; Antioxidant; Antimicrobials; Anticancer; Anti- orally and rapidly distributed in all organ when administered inflammatory potential intraperitoneally. According to Thompson et al. (1991), metabolism of eugenol resulted in the formation of conjugates with sulfate, glucuronic Introduction acid (major) and glutathione studied in vitro with 1mM concentration (lethal dose). Eugenol is eliminated and excreted as expired CO and Eugenol, a phenolic photochemical extracted from certain 2 essential oils especially from clove oil, nutmeg, cinnamon, basil and through urine studied in rabbit model (WHO, Food additive series 17 bay leaf; possess a range of antimicrobials to anticancer activity.
    [Show full text]
  • Directory of Incense Ingrediënts
    Directory of Incense ingrediënts Acacia -see Gum Arabic Agar Wood or Agarci Wood -see Oud Aloes resin. Not to be confused with the sweet smelling diseased wood known as Lignum Aloes, or Aloes Wood (which we stock under the name of Agar Wood). The name confusion arises from a mistranslation in the King James Authorised version of the Bible. Most biblical references simply to "Aloes" should be read as meaning "Lignum Aloes". The Aloes resin is prepared by boiling down the sap of Aloe ferrox -a plant similar to the better publicised Aloe vera. Smoulders to give off a strange green smoke, with a sweet, but "dark" smell. Aloes Wood -see Oud or Lignum Aloes Alum Alum is a white crystalline substance traditionally produced by processing certain rocks and clays. It has many uses such as a “mordant” (ie a fixative) in dying, and for curing animal skins. It is non-toxic. It is also one of the most useful chemicals in the incense-makers cupboard. Alum has no smell when smouldered (although it does have a slight lemon-sherbet taste). However, when ground up with herbs and used in incense it has the amazing property of bubbling up around the herb, and carrying the scent of that herb without the "bonfire" effect that you get if you try to burn the herb by itself. For making incense always use the lump or crystal form of Alum, as the grinding process breaks up the leaves of the herb. Powdered alum does not grind the herb and ends up with a paste.
    [Show full text]
  • Herbs, Spices and Essential Oils
    Printed in Austria V.05-91153—March 2006—300 Herbs, spices and essential oils Post-harvest operations in developing countries UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION Vienna International Centre, P.O. Box 300, 1400 Vienna, Austria Telephone: (+43-1) 26026-0, Fax: (+43-1) 26926-69 UNITED NATIONS FOOD AND AGRICULTURE E-mail: [email protected], Internet: http://www.unido.org INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION OF THE ORGANIZATION UNITED NATIONS © UNIDO and FAO 2005 — First published 2005 All rights reserved. Reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product for educational or other non-commercial purposes are authorized without any prior written permission from the copyright holders provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of material in this information product for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without written permission of the copyright holders. Applications for such permission should be addressed to: - the Director, Agro-Industries and Sectoral Support Branch, UNIDO, Vienna International Centre, P.O. Box 300, 1400 Vienna, Austria or by e-mail to [email protected] - the Chief, Publishing Management Service, Information Division, FAO, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy or by e-mail to [email protected] The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the United Nations Industrial Development Organization or of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
    [Show full text]
  • Obtaining the Essential Oil of Syzygium Aromaticum, Identification of Eugenol and Its Effect on Streptococcus Mutans
    Obtaining the essential oil of Syzygium aromaticum, ORIGINAL ARTICLE identification of eugenol and its effect onStreptococcus mutans. Osvelia Rodríguez1, 2. Abstract: Dental caries is a disease which affects the human oral cavity. Cu- Rosa Sánchez1, 2. rrently, the search for active principles of plants with antimicrobial effect seems María Verde3. promising for dental therapy. In this article the activity of the essential oil of María Núñez3. Syzygium aromaticum (clove) was evaluated with an emphasis on its antimicro- Rocío Ríos1. bial properties. The oil was obtained by hydrodistillation, characterized by thin Abelardo Chávez3. layer chromatography and chemical tests. The main compound was identified in the oil obtained from the flower buds and its antibacterial activity against plank- 1 Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, tonic cells Streptcoccus mutans ATCC700611 was assessed by performing serial Monterrey, Nuevo León. México. dilutions, from 15 up to 1000 µg/mL, compared with 0.12% chlorhexidine and 2 Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, dimethylsulfoxide. MIC was also determined. Subsequently, UFC was analyzed Escobedo, Nuevo León. México. and compared with CMR® Test Ivoclar Vivadent. The efficiency in obtaining the 3 Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, oil was 2.20%. By using the CCD technique, a fraction was revealed by UV light, San Nicolás de los Garza. Nuevo León. corresponding to eugenol. It had a good response for triterpenoids and flavonoids. It showed greater antimicrobial activity at concentrations of 1000, 500 and 250µg/ Corresponding author: Osvelia Rodrí- ml. The MIC and MBC of the oil was 125 to 250µg/mL, respectively. Eugenol guez. Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo was found as an active principle in the oil obtained.
    [Show full text]
  • Oxidative Stress Modulation by Cameroonian Spice Extracts in Hepg2 Cells: Involvement of Nrf2 and Improvement of Glucose Uptake
    H OH metabolites OH Article Oxidative Stress Modulation by Cameroonian Spice Extracts in HepG2 Cells: Involvement of Nrf2 and Improvement of Glucose Uptake Achille Parfait Atchan Nwakiban 1 , Stefania Cicolari 2 , Stefano Piazza 2, Fabrizio Gelmini 3, Enrico Sangiovanni 2 , Giulia Martinelli 2 , Lorenzo Bossi 2, Eugénie Carpentier-Maguire 4, Armelle Deutou Tchamgoue 5, Gabriel A. Agbor 5 , Jules-Roger Kuiaté 1 , Giangiacomo Beretta 3 , Mario Dell’Agli 2,* and Paolo Magni 2,6,* 1 Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 96 Dschang, Cameroon; [email protected] (A.P.A.N.); [email protected] (J.-R.K.) 2 Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via G. Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milano, Italy; [email protected] (S.C.); [email protected] (S.P.); [email protected] (E.S.); [email protected] (G.M.); [email protected] (L.B.) 3 Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Università degli Studi di Milano, via G. Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy; [email protected] (F.G.); [email protected] (G.B.) 4 Department of Science and Technology, University of Lille, Rue de Lille, 59160 Lille, France; [email protected] 5 Centre for Research on Medicinal Plants and Traditional Medicine, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies (IMPM), Yaoundé 4124, Cameroon; [email protected] (A.D.T.); [email protected] (G.A.A.) 6 IRCCS MultiMedica, Sesto San Giovanni, Via Milanese, 300, 20099 Sesto San Giovanni Milan, Italy * Correspondence: [email protected] (M.D.); [email protected] (P.M.); Tel.: +39-0250318398 (M.D.); +39-0250318229 (P.M.) Received: 26 March 2020; Accepted: 29 April 2020; Published: 1 May 2020 Abstract: Oxidative stress plays a relevant role in the progression of chronic conditions, including cardiometabolic diseases.
    [Show full text]
  • Seeds and Plants Imported
    V? * •';' {."i'V i U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE BOREAD OF PLANT INDUSTRY-BULLETIN NO. 132. B. T. GALLOWAY, Chief,of Bureau. SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED DURING THE PERIOD FROM JULY, 1906, TO DECEMBER 31,1907: INVENTORY No. 13; Nos. 19058 TO 21730. ISSUED DECEMBER 4, 1908. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 190 8. BULLETINS OF THE BUREAU OF PLANT IJTOUSTRY. The scientific and technical publications of the Bureau of P.lant Industry, which was organized July 1, 1901, are issued in a single series of bulletins, a list of which follows. Attention is directed to the fact that the publications in this series are not for general distribution. The Superintendent ox Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington, D. cr, is authorised by law to sell them at cost, and to him all applications for these bulletins should be made, accompanied by a postal money order for the required amount or by cash. Numbers omitted from this list can not be furnished. No. 1. The Relation of Lime and Magnesia to Plant Growth. 1901. Price? 10 cents. 2. Spermatogenesis and Fecundation of Zamia. 1901, Price, 20 cents. 3. Macaroni Wheats. 1901. Price, 20 cents. 4.'Range Improvement in Arizona. 1901. Price, 10 cents. 6. A List of American Varieties of Peppers. 1902. Price, 10 cents. 7. The Algerian Durum Wheats. 1902. Price, 15 cents. 9. The North American Specie's'of Spartina. 1902. Price, 10 cents. 10. Records of Seed Distribution, etc. 1902. Price, 10 cents. 11. Johnson Grass. 1902. Price, 10 cents. , • 12. Stock Ranges of Northwestern California. 1902. Price, 15 cents.
    [Show full text]
  • Diplomarbeit
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by OTHES DIPLOMARBEIT Titel der Diplomarbeit Evaluation of the traditional and well-established use of Tormentillae rhizoma, Caryophylli flos and Caryophylli aetheroleum angestrebter akademischer Grad Magister/Magistra der Pharmazie (Mag.pharm.) Verfasserin / Verfasser: Birgit Hochenegg Matrikelnummer: 0202171 Studienrichtung /Studienzweig Pharmazie (lt. Studienblatt): Betreuerin / Betreuer: Univ.-Doz. Dr. Reinhard Länger Wien, am 30. Mai 2010 Acknowledgements I want to thank Univ. – Doz. Dr. Reinhard Länger for his loving care, his expertise and assistance while writing on my diploma thesis. At this point I want to thank my family, especially my mother. Without her support this work would not come off. Thanks to all of you very much. 2 Table of Contents 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................. 5 2. Methodology ........................................................................................................... 7 2.1. Literature search:.........................................................................................................7 2.2. Procedure for the development of community monographs.......................................7 3. Results ..................................................................................................................... 9 3.1. Potentilla erecta (L.) Raeusch., rhizoma .....................................................................9
    [Show full text]
  • Price List Is Updated Daily
    Disclaimer: This price list is updated daily. Eden Botanicals, LLC Please see our website for the most current information. 3820 Cypress Dr. #12 Petaluma, CA 94954 USA Distilled Essential Oils · Expresed Citrus Oils www.edenbotanicals.com Absolutes - CO2 Extracts · Organic Extracts (Extraits) [email protected] Wildcrafted Essential Oils & Extracts · Rare & Precious Oils Organic Essential Oils · Organic CO2 Extracts · Dilutions Toll Free 1-855-EDENOIL Antioxidants · Carrier Oils · Essence Blends Tel 1-707-509-0041 Containers · Accessories Fax 1-707-949-2526 Eden Botanicals Catalog - Page 1 Updated Sep 24, 2021 COMMON NAME ITEM SAMPLE 5 10 15 ML 30 ML 2 4 8 16 1 (Scientific Name) CODE VIAL ML ML (1/2 OZ) (1 OZ) OZ OZ OZ OZ KG NEWLY ADDED HAS ORIFICE REDUCER IS TINY AGARWOOD 57 $12 $169 / $404 $711 $1,265 $2,299 / / / (Aquilaria crassna) Steam Distilled Essential Oil Use: Aromatherapy/Natural Perfumery/Incense. Rich and complex, sweet, warm, deep, precious woody aroma, shades of smoky, amber-y Origin: Vietnam incense and honeyed tobacco, and animalic notes of musk/castoreum - in a word, amazing! AGARWOOD - 5% 58 $3 $14 / $33 $57 $100 $178 $320 $580 $1,167 (Aquilaria crassna) Steam Distilled Essential Oil Use: Aromatherapy/Natural Perfumery/Incense. Rich and complex, sweet, warm, deep, precious woody aroma, shades of smoky, amber-y Origin: Vietnam incense and honeyed tobacco, and animalic notes of musk/castoreum - in a word, amazing! ALMOND, BITTER 59 $3 $20 / $46 $80 $142 $253 $455 / / (Prunus armeniaca L.) Steam Distilled Essential Oil Use: Natural Perfumery. Prussic acid has been removed, making this oil non-toxic for use in perfumery.
    [Show full text]