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Herbal Extract Clove(Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M.Perry) Clove has also been used as a medicinal plant in many cultures including in Ayurveda and Traditional Chinese Medicine as well as western herbal medicine. The main applications were for digestive disorders and pain relief in tooth ache as the oil has an anaesthetic and antiseptic action. The German Commission E has approved the use of clove as a topical antiseptic and anaesthetic. Constituents Clove has a range of constituents including volatile oils, tannins, ferulic acid, gallic acid and gums. The chemical components of the essential oil is primarily the phenol, eugenol (approximately 85%), but it also contains methyl salicylate, pinene and vanillin. Family Actions Myrtaceae. Astringent, anaesthetic, antioxidant, anti-infl ammatory, Parts Used vulnerary, carminative, antibacterial, antifungal. Flower Bud. Pharmacological Activity The research into the whole plant extracts of clove is not Description as extensive as the research into the essential oil of clove Clove is native to Indonesia but is now also grown in or its chief constituent, eugenol. However, given the large Madagascar, Zanzibar, West Indies, Sri Lanka and Pakistan. percentage of essential oil in the extract, similar effects The clove tree is a small, aromatic evergreen tree that may be found with the extract. grows 8 to 12 metres tall and forms a pyramid shape. A member of the Myrtaceae family, the tree has large oblong Antioxideant & immune modulating activity leaves and smooth and greyish bark. The fl owers are Extracts of Syzygium aromaticum, clove essential oil, numerous and appear as clusters at the end of the each and eugenol displayed strong free radical-scavenging branch. The fl ower buds start out green and develop from antioxidant activity in a range of studies.1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Clove was yellow into a bright red, when they are ready for harvest. also shown to inhibit lipid peroxidation6 and reduce cardiac The clove buds are harvested and dried when somewhat and renal damage through antioxidant actions.7 immature to enhance the oil content and potent fragrance. The distinctive fl avour of Clove is due to an aromatic Clove extract and essential oil (eugenol) have been found essential oil that makes up approximately 15 to 20% of to possess varying immune modulating actions in both cell the seed. mediated and humoral immune responses.8, 9,10,11 Traditional and Empirical Use Antibacterial & Antiviral activity Clove has a long history of use as a culinary and A trial examined the effects of various toothpaste household spice in many cultures. The word clove comes compositions on the presence of bacteraemia in 100 from the Latin word “clavus” which means nail – referring adult orthodontic patients. Bacteraemia was assessed to the similarity between the seed and a nail. In cooking, before and after tooth brushing with or without using any clove is used in sweet and savoury dishes alike. In ancient toothpaste. While no bacteraemia was detected in pre- times, cloves were used as a natural preservative in food, brushing blood samples, post-brushing bacteraemia was for embalming and as an ingredient in incense and detected in some patients using standard toothpaste. No herbal cigarettes. bacteraemia could be detected in the pre and post-brushing More full monographs available on: The www.herbalextracts.com.au Version: jul16/01 Herbal ExtractCompany of Australia Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) full monograph cultures of the subjects in the essential oil toothpaste cream or stool softeners and 5% lignocaine cream for group (contained clove, tea tree and peppermint oils).12 six weeks. Patients were included if they had symptoms (defecatory pain, bleeding, or both) lasting for more than Clove demonstrated inhibitory effects against hepatitis six weeks and clinical examination revealed anal ulcer C virus (HCV) protease (PR) in vitro13 and also herpes with fi ssure of anal sphincter. Primary outcome measures simplex virus.14 Clove was also found to inhibit the 15,16 ref included healing of anal fi ssures. Healing occurred in 60% replication of human cytomegalovirus (CMV) in vitro. of patients in the clove oil group and in 12% of patients in the control group. Patients in the clove oil group showed Other Activity: Insect repellent signifi cant reduction in resting anal pressure compared Essential oil of clove has been used in various trials with patients in control group. Two patients in the study along with other essential oils as an effective insect group developed allergic reactions to clove oil (itching and repellent.17,18 Undiluted clove oil repelled multiple species burning).41 of mosquitoes for up to two hours.19 Eugenol has also demonstrated insecticidal activity against the house dust Digestive activity mites Dermatophagoides farinae and Dermatophagoides Syzygium aromaticum reduced ulcer number and area in pteronyssinus. 20,21,22 ethanol and HCl-ethanol models and in an indomethacin model.42 Antifungal activity Eugenol has been found to exert a gastroprotective effects Clove has been shown to prevent mycotoxin production against indomethacin-induced ulcer in rats. It was found by Aspergillus species and exhibit activity against other to reduce gastric mucosal lesions, gastric acid outputs, fungal pathogens, including Cryptococcus neoformans and pepsin activity associated with a signifi cant increase and Candidia albicans.23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28 Another study in mucin concentration.43 Clove was also found to relax the suggests that clove may have a high inhibitory effect on tracheal and smooth muscles of the ileum.44 dermatophytic fungi.29 Eugenol was found to have an antifungal action by altering Male reproductive activity both the membrane and cell wall of yeast.30 Another study Clove has been studied in combination with other herbs in indicated that eugenol exerted an anti-candidal effect a topical cream for the treatment of premature ejaculation. by damaging the yeast envelope and interfering with cell growth. The fungicidal activity was similar with the reference drug, nystatin.31,32 Actions Astringent, anaesthetic, antioxidant, anti-infl ammatory, Antifungal activity vulnerary, carminative, antibacterial, antifungal. Clove may exert its anaesthetic action through varying Indications mechanisms. Eugenol was shown to inhibit prostaglandin biosynthesis and thereby depress pain sensory receptors.33 • Tooth aches & gum disorders Eugenol has also been shown to inhibit the formalin- • Candida and other fungal infections induced nociceptive response an effect that may result • Bacterial and viral infections 34,35,36 from action via the capsaicin receptor. Other studies • Digestive disorders, especially ulcers have shown that eugenol produces its antinociceptive • Anal fi ssures (topical) effects via vanilloid receptors expressed by the sensory nerve endings in the teeth37 or through other effects.38 • Immune modulation • Oxidative stress One randomized trial found that a homemade clove gel is as effective as an oral anesthetic benzocaine 20% gel.39 Another trial compared the occurrence and severity Toxicity of postoperative pain after gingivectomy with different Most cases of toxicity or problems with clove have been reported with the essential oil and not the extract. dressings. Some patients received a standard dressing Some individuals have been reported with allergic and others received different dressings that contained reactions to clove oil and nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity eugenol plus local anesthesia. Patients receiving the have been noted in case reports of accidental ingestion of eugenol dressings reported less pain and less need for clove oil.46,47,48 analgesics.40 Use in Pregnancy Vulnerary activity While culinary use is safe, medicinal dosages of clove in A trial examined the effects of a 1% clove oil pregnancy should be avoided as there is insuffi cient safety cream on healing of chronic anal fi ssure. data and some animal studies have shown clove can Patients received 1% clove oil interfere with implantation or have teratogenic effects.49,50 2 of 4 Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) full monograph 13. Kurokawa, M., Nagasaka, K., Hirabayashi, T., Uyama, S., Sato, Contraindications H., Kageyama, T., Kadota, S., Ohyama, H., Hozumi, T., Namba, Clove should be avoided in those with a known allergy or T., and . Effi cacy of traditional herbal medicines in combination hypersensitivity. with acyclovir against herpes simplex virus type 1 infection in vitro and in vivo. Antiviral Res. 1995;27(1-2):19-37. 14. Shiraki, K., Yukawa, T., Kurokawa, M., and Kageyama, S. Drug Interactions [Cytomegalovirus infection and its possible treatment with herbal Based on its actions, Clove has theoretical potential to medicines]. Nippon Rinsho 1998;56(1):156-160 inhibit or potentiate some drugs with similar actions. An 15. Yukawa, T. A., Kurokawa, M., Sato, H., Yoshida, Y., Kageyama, S., animal study found clove could induce cytochrome P450 Hasegawa, T., Namba, T., Imakita, M., Hozumi, T., and Shiraki, K. enzymes, particularly CYP2E1 and potentially decrease Prophylactic treatment of cytomegalovirus infection with traditional herbs. Antiviral Res. 1996;32(2):63-70. levels of drugs metabolized by these enzymes.51,52 16. Trongtokit, Y., Rongsriyam, Y., Komalamisra, N., Krisadaphong, P., and Apiwathnasorn, C. Laboratory and fi eld trial of developing Administration and Dosage medicinal local Thai plant products against four species Dried herb: 1 to 3g daily. of mosquito vectors. Southeast Asian J Trop.Med Public Health 2004;35(2):325-333. Liquid extract: 1:1 45% alcohol 5 to 80mL weekly 17. Trongtokit, Y., Rongsriyam, Y., Komalamisra, N., and Apiwathnasorn, C. Comparative repellency of 38 essential oils against mosquito References bites. Phytother Res 2005;19(4):303-309. 1. Buyukbalci, A. and El, S. N. Determination of in vitro antidiabetic 18. Barnard, D. R. Repellency of essential oils to mosquitoes (Diptera: effects, antioxidant activities and phenol contents of some herbal teas. Culicidae). J Med Entomol. 1999;36(5):625-629. Plant Foods Hum.Nutr. 2008;63(1):27-33.Yadav, A. S. and Bhatnagar, D. Free radical scavenging activity, metal chelation and antioxidant 19. Saad, el, Hussien, R., Saher, F., and Ahmed, Z.
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